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% Copyright (c) Markus Kohm, 2001-2013
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% Copyright (c) Markus Kohm, 2001-2013
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% Chapter about scrbook, scrreprt, and scrartcl of the KOMA-Script guide
% Maintained by Markus Kohm
%
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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% Kapitel ueber scrbook, scrreprt und scrartcl in der KOMA-Script-Anleitung
% Verwaltet von Markus Kohm
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% ============================================================================

\KOMAProvidesFile{scrbookreportarticle.tex}
                 [$Date: 2013-12-13 12:11:01 +0100 (Fr, 13. Dez 2013) $
                  KOMA-Script guide (chapter: scrbook, scrreprt, scrartcl)]

\translator{Jens-Uwe Morawski\and Gernot Hassenpflug\and Markus Kohm\and Krickette Murabayashi}

% Date of translated german file: 2013-05-31

\chapter{The Main Classes: \Class{scrbook}, \Class{scrreprt}, and
  \Class{scrartcl}}
\labelbase{maincls}
\BeginIndex{Class}{scrbook}%
\BeginIndex{Class}{scrreprt}%
\BeginIndex{Class}{scrartcl}%

%\AddSeeIndex{command}{gen}{\GuidecmdIndexShort}{cmd}% <-- set automatically
\AddSeeIndex{macro}{gen}{\GuidecmdIndexShort}{cmd}%
\AddSeeIndex{instruction}{gen}{\GuidecmdIndexShort}{cmd}%

The main classes of the {\KOMAScript} bundle are designed as counterparts to
the standard {\LaTeX} classes. This means that the {\KOMAScript} bundle
contains replacements for the three standard classes:
\Class{book}\IndexClass{book}, \Class{report}\IndexClass{report}, and
\Class{article}\IndexClass{article}. There is also a replacement for the
standard class \Class{letter}\IndexClass{letter}. The document class for
letters is described in a separate chapter, because it is fundamentally
different from the three main classes (see \autoref{cha:scrlttr2}).

\iffalse% Umbruchkorrekturtext
  The names of the {\KOMAScript} classes are composed of the prefix
  ``\texttt{scr}'' and the abbreviated name of the corresponding standard
  class. In order to restrict the length of the names to eight letters, the
  vowels, starting with the last one, are left off as necessary. The
  \autoref{tab:maincls.overview} shows an overview of the correspondence
  between the standard classes and the {\KOMAScript} classes.
\fi

The simplest way to use a {\KOMAScript} class instead of a standard one is to
substitute the class name in the \verb|\documentclass| command according to
\autoref{tab:maincls.overview}. For example, you may replace
\Macro{documentclass}\PParameter{book} by
\Macro{documentclass}\PParameter{scrbook}.  Normally, the document should be
processed without errors by {\LaTeX}, just like before the substitution. The
look, however, should be different. Additionally, the {\KOMAScript} classes
provide new possibilities and options that are described in the following
sections.

\begin{table}
%  \centering
  \KOMAoptions{captions=topbeside}
  \setcapindent{0pt}
%  \caption
  \begin{captionbeside}
    [Class correspondence]{\label{tab:maincls.overview}Correspondence between
      standard classes and {\KOMAScript} classes}% and \Script{} styles.}
    [l]
    \begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
      \toprule
      standard class & {\KOMAScript} class \\%& \Script-Stil (\LaTeX2.09)\\
      \midrule
      \Class{article} & \Class{scrartcl}   \\%& \File{script\textunderscore s} \\
      \Class{report}  & \Class{scrreprt}   \\%& \File{script}   \\
      \Class{book}    & \Class{scrbook}    \\%& \File{script}   \\
      \Class{letter}  & \Class{scrlttr2}   \\%& \File{script\textunderscore l} \\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
  \end{captionbeside}
\end{table}

Allow me an observation before proceeding with the descriptions of the
options. It is often the case that at the beginning of a document one is often
unsure which options to choose for that specific document. Some options, for
instance the choice of paper size, may be fixed from the beginning. But
already the question of the size of the text area and the margins could be
difficult to answer initially. On the other hand, the main business of an
author\,---\,planning the document structure, writing the text, preparing
figures, tables, lists, index, and other data\,---\,should be almost
independent of those settings. As an author you should concentrate initially
on this work. When that is done, you can concentrate on the fine points of
presentation. Besides the choice of options, this means correcting
hyphenation, optimizing page breaks, and the placement of tables and figures.

\LoadCommon{0}% \section{Early or Late Selection of Options}

\LoadCommon{1}% \section{Compatibility with Earlier Versions of KOMA-Script}

\LoadCommon{2}% \section{Draft Mode}

\LoadCommon{3}% \section{Page Layout}

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{flushbottom}\\
  \Macro{raggedbottom}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{raggedbottom}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{flushbottom}%
\begin{Explain}
  In double-sided documents, it's preferred to have the same visual baseline
  in not only the first lines of the text areas in a double-side spread, but
  also in the last lines.  If pages consist of text without paragraphs or
  headlines only, this is the result in general.  But a paragraph distance of
  half of a line would be enough to prevent achieving this, if the difference
  in the number of paragraphs on each page of the double-page spread is
  odd-numbered.  In this case at least some of the paragraph distances need to
  be shrunk or stretched to fit the rule again. \TeX{} knows shrinkable and
  stretchable distances for this purpose. \LaTeX{} provides an automatism for
  this kind of vertical adjustment\Index{adjustment>vertical}.
\end{Explain}

Using double-sided typesetting with option \Option{twoside} (see
\autoref{sec:typearea.options},
\autopageref{desc:typearea.option.twoside}) switches on vertical
adjustment also. Alternatively, vertical adjustment may be switched on
at any time valid from the current page using
\Macro{flushbottom}. \Macro{raggedbottom} would have the opposite
effect, switching off vertical adjustment from the current page
on. This is also the default at one-sided typesetting.

By the way, \KOMAScript{} uses a slightly modified kind of abdication of
vertical adjustment. This has been done to move footnotes to the bottom of the
text area instead of having them close to the last used text line.\iffree{}{
  More information about this may be found at
  \autoref{sec:maincls-experts.addInfos},
  \autopageref{desc:maincls-experts.cmd.footnoterule}.}%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{flushbottom}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{raggedbottom}%
%
\EndIndex{}{page>layout}

\section{Selection of the Document Font Size}
\LoadCommon{4}

The default at \Class{scrbook}, \Class{scrreprt}, and \Class{scrartcl} is
\OptionValue{fontsize}{11pt}.\textnote{\KOMAScript{} vs. standard classes} In
contrast, the default of the standard classes would be \Option{10pt}. You
may attend to this if you switch from a standard class to a \KOMAScript{}
class.%
%
\EndIndex{Option}{fontsize~=\PName{size}}%
%
\EndIndex{}{font>size}

\LoadCommon{5}% \section{Text Markup}

\LoadCommon{14} %\section{Document Titles}

\section{Abstract}
\label{sec:maincls.abstract}
\BeginIndex{}{summary}%
\BeginIndex{}{abstract}%

Particularly\OnlyAt{\Class{scrartcl}\and\Class{scrreprt}} with
articles, more rarely with reports, there is a summary\Index{summary}
directly under the title and before the table of contents. When using an in-page
title, this summary is normally a kind of left- and right-indented block. In
contrast to this, a kind of chapter or section is printed using title pages.

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{abstract}\PName{simple switch}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{abstract~=\PName{simple switch}}%
\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}%
In\OnlyAt{\Class{scrreprt}\and\Class{scrartcl}} the standard classes the
\Environment{abstract} environment sets the text ``\abstractname'' centered
before the summary text\Index[indexmain]{summary}. This was normal practice in
the past. In the meantime, newspaper reading has trained readers to recognize
a displayed text at the beginning of an article or report as the
abstract. This is even more true when the text comes before the table of
contents. It is also surprising when precisely this title appears small and
centered. {\KOMAScript} provides the possibility of including or excluding the
abstract's title with the options \Option{abstract}. For \PName{simplex
  switch}, any value from
\autoref{tab:truefalseswitch}, \autopageref{tab:truefalseswitch} may be used.

Books typically use another type of summary. In that case there is usually a
dedicated summary chapter at the beginning or end of the book. This chapter is
often combined with the introduction or a description of wider
prospects. Therefore, the class \Class{scrbook} has no \Environment{abstract}
environment. A\textnote{Hint!} summary chapter is also recommended for reports in a wider
sense, like a Master's or Ph.D.  thesis.%
%
\EndIndex{Option}{abstract~=\PName{simple switch}}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \XMacro{begin}\PParameter{\Environment{abstract}}\\
  \quad\dots\\
  \XMacro{end}\PParameter{abstract}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Env}{abstract}%
\OnlyAt{\Class{scrartcl}\and \Class{scrreprt}}%
Some {\LaTeX} classes offer a special environment for this summary, the
\Environment{abstract} environment. This is output directly, as it is not a
component of the titles set by \Macro{maketitle}.  Please\textnote{Attention!}
note that \Environment{abstract} is an environment, not a command. Whether the
summary has a heading or not is determined by the option \Option{abstract}
(see above).

With books (\Class{scrbook}) the summary is frequently a component of the
introduction or a separate chapter at the end of the document.  Therefore no
\Environment{abstract} environment is provided. When using the class
\Class{scrreprt} it is surely worth considering whether one should not proceed
likewise. See commands \Macro{chapter*}\IndexCmd{chapter*} and
\Macro{addchap}\IndexCmd{addchap} or \Macro{addchap*} at
\autoref{sec:maincls.structure} from \autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.chapter*}
onwards.

When using an in-page title\Index{title>in-page} (see option \Option{titlepage},
\autoref{sec:maincls.titlepage}, \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.titlepage}),
the abstract is set using the environment
\Environment{quotation}\IndexEnv{quotation} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.lists},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.env.quotation}) internally. Thereby paragraphs will
be set with indentation of the first line. If that first paragraph of the
abstract should not be indented, this indent may be disabled using
\Macro{noindent}\IndexCmd{noindent}\important{\Macro{noindent}} \iffree{just
  after \Macro{begin}\PParameter{abstract}}{at the begin of the environment}.%
%
\EndIndex{Env}{abstract}%
%
\EndIndex{}{summary}%
\EndIndex{}{abstract}


\section{Table of Contents}
\label{sec:maincls.toc}
\BeginIndex{}{table of contents}

The table of contents is normally set after the document title and an
optional existing abstract. Often one may find additional lists of
floating environments, e.\,g., the list of tables and the list of
figures, after the table of contents (see
\autoref{sec:maincls.floats}).

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{toc}\PName{selection}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Option}{toc~=\PName{selection}}%
\label{desc:maincls.option.toc.listof}%
\label{desc:maincls.option.toc.nolistof}%
\label{desc:maincls.option.toc.listofnumbered}\nobreak
It is becoming increasingly common to find entries in the table of contents
for the lists of tables and figures, for the bibliography, and, sometimes,
even for the index. This is surely also related to the recent trend of putting
lists of figures and tables at the end of the document. Both lists are
similiar to the table of contents in structure and intention. I'm therefore
sceptical of this evolution.  Since\important{\OptionValue{toc}{listof}} it
makes no sense to include only one of the lists of tables and figures in the
table of contents, there exists only one
\PName{selection}\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} \PValue{listof}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{listof}} that
causes entries for both types of lists to be included. This also includes any
lists produced with version~1.2e or later of the
\Package{float}\IndexPackage{float} package (see \cite{package:float}) or the
\Package{floatrow} (see \cite{package:floatrow}).
All\important{\OptionValue{toc}{listofnumbered}} these lists are unnumbered,
since they contain entries that reference other sections of the document. If
one wants to ignore this general agreement, one may use \PName{selection}
\PValue{listofnumbered}%
\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{listofnumbered}}.

\leavevmode\phantomsection\nobreak
\label{desc:maincls.option.toc.index}\nobreak
The\important{\OptionValue{toc}{index}} option \OptionValue{index}{totoc}
causes an entry for the index to be included in the table of contents. The
index is unnumbered since it too only includes references to the contents of
the other sectional units. \KOMAScript{} does not have support to ignore this
general agreement.

\leavevmode\phantomsection\nobreak
\label{desc:maincls.option.toc.bibliography}\nobreak
The bibliography is a different kind of listing. It does not list the contents
of the present document but refers instead to external
documents. For\important{\begin{tabular}{@{}r@{}}
    \multicolumn{1}{@{}l@{}}{\Option{toc=}}\\
    ~\PValue{bibliographynumbered}\\
  \end{tabular}} that
reason, it could be argued that it qualifies as a chapter (or section) and, as
such, should be numbered. The option \OptionValue{toc}{bibliographynumbered}%
\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{bibliographynumbered}}
has this effect, including the generation of the corresponding entry in the
table of contents. I personally think that this reasoning would lead us to
consider a classical list of sources also to be a separate chapter. On the
other hand, the bibliography is finally not something that was written by the
document's author. In\important{\OptionValue{toc}{bibliography}} view of this, the bibliography merits nothing more than
an unnumbered entry in the table of contents, and that can be achieved with
\OptionValue{toc}{bibliography}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{bibliography}}.

\leavevmode\phantomsection\nobreak
\label{desc:maincls.option.toc.graduated}\nobreak
The table of contents is normally\ChangedAt{v2.8q}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}%
\important{\OptionValue{toc}{graduated}} set up so that different sectional
units have different indentations. The section number is set left-justified in
a fixed-width field. This default setup is selected with the option
\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}
\OptionValue{toc}{graduated}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{graduated}}.

\leavevmode\phantomsection\nobreak
\label{desc:maincls.option.toc.flat}\nobreak
When there are many sections, the corresponding numbering tends to become very
wide, so that the reserved field overflows. The German FAQ \cite{DANTE:FAQ}
suggests that the table of contents should be redefined in such a
case. {\KOMAScript}\important{\OptionValue{toc}{flat}} offers an alternative
format that avoids the problem completely. If the option
\OptionValue{toc}{flat}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{flat}} is selected, then no variable indentation is applied
to the titles of the sectional units. Instead, a table-like organisation is
used, where all unit numbers and titles, respectively, are set in a
left-justified column.  The space necessary for the unit numbers is thus
determined automatically.%

The \autoref{tab:maincls.toc} shows an overview of possible values for
\PName{selection} of \Option{toc}.

\begin{desclist}
  \desccaption[{Possible values of option \Option{toc}}]{%
    Possible values of option \Option{toc} to set form and contents of the
    table of contents\label{tab:maincls.toc}%
  }{%
    Possible values of option \Option{toc} (\emph{continuation})%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{bibliography}, \PValue{bib}}{%
    The bibliography will be represented by an entry at the table of contents,
    but will not be numbered.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{bibliography}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{bibliographynumbered}, \PValue{bibnumbered},
    \PValue{numberedbibliography}, \PValue{numberedbib}}{%
    The bibliography will be represented by an entry at the table of contents
    and will be numbered.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{bibliographynumbered}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{flat}, \PValue{left}}{%
    The table of contents will be set in table form. The numbers of the
    headings will be at the first column, the heading text at the second
    column, and the page number at the third column. The amount of space
    needed for the numbers of the headings will be determined by the detected
    needed amount of space at the previous \LaTeX{} run.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{flat}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{graduated}, \PValue{indent}, \PValue{indented}}{%
    The table of contents will be set in hierarchical form. The amount of
    space for the heading numbers is limited.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{graduated}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{index}, \PValue{idx}}{%
    The index will be represented by an entry at the table of contents, but
    will not be numbered.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{index}}}%
  \pventry{listof}{%
    The lists of floating environments, e.\,g., the list of figures and the
    list of tables, will be represented by entries at the table of contents,
    but will not be numbered.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{listof}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{listofnumbered}, \PValue{numberedlistof}}{%
    The lists of floating environments, e.\,g., the list of figures and the
    list of tables, will be represented by entries at the table of contents
    and will be numbered.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{listofnumbered}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{nobibliography}, \PValue{nobib}}{%
    The bibliography will not be represented by an entry at the table of
    contents.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{nobibliography}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{noindex}, \PValue{noidx}}{%
    The index will not be represented by an entry at the table of
    contents.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{noindex}}}%
  \pventry{nolistof}{%
    The lists of floating environments, e.\,g., the list of figures and the
    list of tables, will not be represented by entries at the table of
    contents.%
    \IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{nolistof}}}%
\end{desclist}
%
\EndIndex{Option}{toc~=\PName{selection}}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{tableofcontents}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{tableofcontents}%
The production of the table of contents is done by the \Macro{tableofcontents}
command.  To get a correct table of contents, at least two {\LaTeX} runs are
necessary after every change. The contents and the form of the table of
contents may be influenced with the above described option \Option{toc}. After
changing the settings of this option, at least two \LaTeX{} runs are needed
again.

The entry for the highest sectional unit below \Macro{part}, i.\,e.,
\Macro{chapter} with \Class{scrbook}\IndexClass{scrbook} and
\Class{scrreprt}\IndexClass{scrreprt} or \Macro{section} with
\Class{scrartcl}\IndexClass {scrartcl} is not indented. There are no dots
between the text of the sectional unit heading and the page number. The
typographic reasons for this are that the font is usually different, and the
desire for appropriate emphasis. The table of contents of this manual is a
good example of these considerations. The font
style\ChangedAt{v2.97c}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}}\important[i]{\FontElement{partentry}\\
  \FontElement{chapterentry}\\
  \FontElement{sectionentry}} is, however, affected by the settings of the
element \FontElement{partentry}\IndexFontElement{partentry}, and for classes
\Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt} by
\FontElement{chapterentry}\IndexFontElement{chapterentry}, and for
class \Class{scrartcl} by
\FontElement{sectionentry}\IndexFontElement{sectionentry}. The font style of the
page numbers may be set dissenting from these elements using
\FontElement{partentrypagenumber}\IndexFontElement{partentrypagenumber} and
\FontElement{chapterentrypagenumber}\IndexFontElement{chapterentrypagenumber}
respectively 
\FontElement{sectionentrypagenumber}\IndexFontElement{sectionentrypagenumber}
(see \autoref{sec:maincls.textmarkup},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.setkomafont}, and
\autoref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText},
\autopageref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText}). 
%KMU I'm not sure what the previous sentence is saying. How about 
%``The font style of the page numbers are set using
%partentrypagenumber, chapterentrypagenumber, and
%sectionentrypagenumber, respectively.''
The default settings of the
elements may be found at \autoref{tab:maincls.tocelements}.
\begin{table}
%  \centering
%  \caption
  \KOMAoptions{captions=topbeside}%
  \setcapindent{0pt}%
  \begin{captionbeside}
    [Font style defaults of the elements of the table of contents]
    {\label{tab:maincls.tocelements}%
      Font style defaults of the elements of the table of contents}%
    [l]
    \setlength{\tabcolsep}{.9\tabcolsep}% Umbruchoptimierung!
  \begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
    \toprule
    Element & Default font style \\
    \midrule
    \FontElement{partentry} &
    \Macro{usekomafont}\PParameter{disposition}\Macro{large} \\
    \FontElement{partentrypagenumber} & \\
    \FontElement{chapterentry} & \Macro{usekomafont}\PParameter{disposition}
    \\
    \FontElement{chapterentrypagenumber} & \\
    \FontElement{sectionentry} & \Macro{usekomafont}\PParameter{disposition}
    \\
    \FontElement{sectionentrypagenumber} & \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \end{captionbeside}
\end{table}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{tableofcontents}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Counter{tocdepth}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Counter}{tocdepth}%
Normally, the units included in the table of contents are all the units from
\Macro{part} to \Macro{subsection} for the classes \Class{scrbook} and
\Class{scrreprt} or from \Macro{part} to \Macro{subsubsection} for the class
\Class{scrartcl}.  The inclusion of a sectional unit in the table of contents
is controlled by the counter \Counter{tocdepth}. This has the value \(-\)1 for
\Macro{part}, 0 for \Macro{chapter}, and so on. By incrementing
or decrementing the counter, one can choose the lowest sectional unit level to
be included in the table of contents.  The same happens with the standard
classes.

The user of the \Package{scrpage2}\IndexPackage{scrpage2} package (see
\autoref{cha:scrpage}) does not need to remember the numerical
values of each sectional unit. They are given by the values of the
macros \Macro{chapterlevel}, \Macro{sectionlevel}, and so on, down to
\Macro{subparagraphlevel}.
\begin{Example}
  Assume that you are preparing an article that uses the sectional
  unit \Macro{subsubsection}. However, you do not want this sectional
  unit to appear in the table of contents. The preamble of your
  document might contain the following:
\begin{lstcode}
  \documentclass{scrartcl}
  \setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
\end{lstcode}
  You set the counter \Counter{tocdepth} to 2 because you know that
  this is the value for \Macro{subsection}. If you know that
  \Class{scrartcl} normally includes all levels down to
  \Macro{subsubsection} in the table of contents, you can simply
  decrement the counter \Counter{tocdepth} by one:
\begin{lstcode}
  \documentclass{scrartcl}
  \addtocounter{tocdepth}{-1}
\end{lstcode}
  How much you should add to or subtract from the \Counter{tocdepth} counter
  can also be found by looking at the table of contents after the first
  {\LaTeX} run.
\end{Example}
A\textnote{Hint!} small hint in order that you do not need to remember which
sectional unit has which number: in the table of contents count the number of
units required extra or less and then, as in the above example, use
\Macro{addtocounter} to add or subtract that number to or from
\Counter{tocdepth}.%
%
\EndIndex{Counter}{tocdepth}%
%
\EndIndex{}{table of contents}


\LoadCommon{6}% \section{Paragraph Markup}

\LoadCommon{7}% \section{Detection of Odd and Even Pages}


\section{Head and Foot Using Predefined Page Styles}
\label{sec:maincls.pagestyle}
\BeginIndex{}{page>style}

One of the general characteristics of a document is the page style. In
{\LaTeX} this means mostly the contents of headers and footers.

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{headsepline}\PName{simple switch}\\
  \KOption{footsepline}\PName{simple switch}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{headsepline~=\PName{simple switch}}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{footsepline~=\PName{simple switch}}%
In\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}
order to have or not to have a rule separating the header from the text body,
use the option \Option{headsepline} with any value shown in
\autoref{tab:truefalseswitch}, \autopageref{tab:truefalseswitch}. Activation
of the option will result in such a separation line. Similarly, activation of
option \Option{footsepline} switches on a rule above the foot
line. Deactivation of any of the options will deactivate the corresponding
rule.

These options have no effect with the page styles \PValue{empty} and
\PValue{plain}, because there is no header in this case. Such a line always
has the effect of visually bringing header and text body closer together. That
does not mean that the header must now be moved farther from the text
body. Instead, the header should be considered as belonging to the text body
for the purpose of page layout calculations. {\KOMAScript} takes this into
account by automatically passing the option \Option{headinclude} to the
\Package{typearea} package whenever the \Option{headsepline} option is
used. \KOMAScript{} behaves similar to \Option{footinclude} using
\Option{footsepline}. Package \Package{scrpage2} (see \autoref{cha:scrpage})
adds additional features to this.%
%
\EndIndex{Option}{headsepline~=\PName{simple switch}}%
\EndIndex{Option}{footsepline~=\PName{simple switch}}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{pagestyle}\PParameter{page style}\\
  \Macro{thispagestyle}\Parameter{local page style}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{pagestyle}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{thispagestyle}%
Usually one distinguishes four different page styles:
\begin{description}
\item[empty\BeginIndex{Pagestyle}{empty}] is the page
  style with entirely empty headers and footers. In {\KOMAScript} this is
  completely identical to the standard classes.
\item[headings\BeginIndex{Pagestyle}{headings}] is the page style with running
  headings in the header. These are headings for which titles are
  automatically inserted into the header.
  \OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}}With the classes
  \Class{scrbook}\IndexClass{scrbook} and
  \Class{scrreprt}\IndexClass{scrreprt} the titles of chapters and sections
  are repeated in the header for double-sided layout\,---\,with {\KOMAScript}
  on the outer side, with the standard classes on the inner side.  The page
  number is set on the outer side of the footer with {\KOMAScript}; with the
  standard classes it is set on the inner side of the header.  In one-sided
  layouts only the titles of the chapters are used and are, with
  {\KOMAScript}, centered in the header. The page numbers are set centered in
  the footer with {\KOMAScript}.
  \OnlyAt{\Class{scrartcl}}\Class{scrartcl}\IndexClass{scrartcl} behaves
  similarly, but starting a level deeper in the section hierarchy with
  sections and subsections, because the chapter level does not exist in this
  case.

  While the standard classes automatically set running headings always
  in capitals, {\KOMAScript} applies the style of the title. This has
  several typographic reasons. Capitals as a decoration are actually
  far too strong. If one applies them nevertheless, they should be set
  in a one point smaller type size and with tighter spacing. The
  standard classes do not take these points into consideration.

  Beyond this {\KOMAScript} classes support rules below the head and above the
  foot using options \Option{headsepline} and \Option{footsepline} which are
  described above.
\item[myheadings\BeginIndex{Pagestyle}{myheadings}] corresponds mostly to the
  page style \PValue{headings}, but the running headings are not automatically
  produced\,---\,they have to be defined by the user. The commands \Macro
  {markboth}\IndexCmd{markboth} and \Macro{markright}\IndexCmd{markright} can
  be used for that purpose (see below).
\item[plain\BeginIndex{Pagestyle}{plain}] is the page style with empty header
  and only a page number in the footer. With the standard classes this page
  number is always centered in the footer. With {\KOMAScript} the page number
  appears on double-sided\Index {double-sided} layout on the outer side of the
  footer. The one-sided page style behaves like the standard setup.
\end{description}

The page style can be set at any time with the help of the \Macro{pagestyle}
command and takes effect with the next page that is output. If\textnote{Hint!}
one uses \Macro{pagestyle} just before a command, that results in an
implicit page break and if the new page style should be used at the resulting
new page first, a \Macro{cleardoublepage} just before \Macro{pagestyle} will
be useful. But usually one sets the page style only once at the beginning of
the document or in the preamble.

To\important{\Macro{thispagestyle}} change the page style of the current page
only, one uses the \Macro{thispagestyle} command. This also happens
automatically at some places in the document. For example, the instruction
\Macro{thispagestyle}\PParameter{\Macro{chapterpagestyle}} is issued
implicitly on the first page of a chapter.

Please\textnote{Attention!} note that the change between automatic and manual
running headings is no longer performed by page style changes when using the
\Package{scrpage2} package, but instead via special instructions. The page
styles \PValue{headings} and \PValue{myheadings} should not be used together
with this package (see \autoref{cha:scrpage},
\autopageref{desc:scrpage.pagestyle.useheadings}).%
%
\EndIndex{Pagestyle}{empty}% Darueber erfahren wir nun nichts mehr

\BeginIndex[indexother]{}{font>style}%
\BeginIndex{FontElement}{pageheadfoot}%
\BeginIndex{FontElement}{pagefoot}%
\BeginIndex{FontElement}{pagenumber}%
In order to change the font style used in the header, footer, or for the page
number\ChangedAt{v2.8p}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}%
, please use the interface described in \autoref{sec:maincls.textmarkup},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.setkomafont}. The same element is used for header
and footer, which you can designate with
\FontElement{pageheadfoot}\IndexFontElement{pageheadfoot}%
\important{\FontElement{pageheadfoot}}. The element for
the page number within the header or footer is called
\FontElement{pagenumber}\IndexFontElement{pagenumber}%
\important{\FontElement{pagenumber}}.
The element \FontElement{pagefoot}\IndexFontElement{pagefoot}, that is
additionally supported by the \KOMAScript{} classes, will be used only if
a page style has been defined that has text at the foot line, using package
\Package{scrpage2}\IndexPackage{scrpage2} (see \autoref{cha:scrpage},
\autopageref{desc:scrpage.fontelement.pagefoot}).

The default settings can be found in
\autoref{tab:maincls.defaultFontsHeadFoot}.%
%
\begin{table}
%  \centering%
  \KOMAoptions{captions=topbeside}%
  \setcapindent{0pt}%
%  \caption
  \begin{captionbeside}
    [{Default values for the elements of a page style}]
    {\label{tab:maincls.defaultFontsHeadFoot}%
      Default values for the elements of a page style}
    [l]
  \begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
    \toprule
    Element & Default value \\
    \midrule
    \FontElement{pagefoot}\IndexFontElement{pagefoot} &
    \\
    \FontElement{pageheadfoot}\IndexFontElement{pagefoothead} &
    \Macro{normalfont}\Macro{normalcolor}\Macro{slshape} \\
    \FontElement{pagenumber}\IndexFontElement{pagenumber} &
    \Macro{normalfont}\Macro{normalcolor}\\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \end{captionbeside}
\end{table}
%
\begin{Example}
  \leavevmode\phantomsection\label{sec:maincls.pagestyle.example}%
  Assume that you want to set header and footer in a smaller type size
  and in italics. However, the page number should not be set in
  italics but bold. Apart from the fact that the result will look
  horrible, you can obtain this as follows:
\begin{lstcode}
  \setkomafont{pageheadfoot}{%
    \normalfont\normalcolor\itshape\small
  }
  \setkomafont{pagenumber}{\normalfont\bfseries}
\end{lstcode}
  If you want only that, in addition to the default slanted variant, a smaller
  type size is used, it is sufficient to use the following:
\begin{lstcode}
  \addtokomafont{pagehead}{\small}
\end{lstcode}
  As you can see, the last example uses the element
  \FontElement{pagehead}\important{\FontElement{pagehead}}. You can achieve
  the same result using \PValue{pageheadfoot} instead (see
  \autoref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText} on
  \autopageref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText}).
\end{Example}
It is not possible to use these methods to force capitals to be used
automatically for the running headings. For that, please use the
\Package{scrpage2} package (see \autoref{cha:scrpage},
\autopageref{desc:scrpage.option.markuppercase}).

If you define your own page styles, the commands
\Macro{usekomafont}\PParameter{pageheadfoot}, \Macro{usekomafont}\PParameter
{pagenumber}, and \Macro{usekomafont}\PParameter{pagefoot} can be useful.  If
you do not use the {\KOMAScript} package \Package{scrpage2} (see
\autoref{cha:scrpage}) for that, but, for example, the package
\Package{fancyhdr}\IndexPackage{fancyhdr} (see \cite{package:fancyhdr}), you
can use these commands in your definitions.  Thereby you can remain compatible
with {\KOMAScript} as much as possible. If you do not use these commands in
your own definitions, changes like those shown in the previous examples have
no effect. The package \Package{scrpage2}\IndexPackage {scrpage2} takes care
to keep the maximum possible compatibility with other packages itself.
%
\EndIndex{FontElement}{pagenumber}%
\EndIndex{FontElement}{pagefoot}%
\EndIndex{FontElement}{pageheadfoot}%
\EndIndex{Pagestyle}{plain}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{pagestyle}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{thispagestyle}%
%
\EndIndex[indexother]{}{font>style}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{markboth}\Parameter{left mark}\Parameter{right mark}\\
  \Macro{markright}\Parameter{right mark}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{markboth}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{markright}%
With page style \Pagestyle{myheadings}\important{\Pagestyle{myheadings}}%
\IndexPagestyle{myheadings}, there's no automatic setting of the running head.
Instead of this one would set it with the help of commands \Macro{markboth} and
\Macro{markright}. Thereby \PName{left mark} normally will be used at the head
of even pages and \PName{right mark} at the heads of odd pages. With one-sided
printing, only the \PName{right mark} exists. Using package
\Package{scrpage2}\IndexPackage{scrpage2}\important{\Package{scrpage2}}, the
additional command
\Macro{markleft}\IndexCmd{markleft}\important{\Macro{markleft}} exists.

The commands may be used with other page styles too. Combination with automatic
running head, e.\,g., with page style \Pagestyle{headings}, limits the effect
of the commands until the next automatic setting of the corresponding marks.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{markright}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{markboth}%
%
\EndIndex{Pagestyle}{myheadings}%
\EndIndex{Pagestyle}{headings}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{titlepagestyle}\\
  \Macro{partpagestyle}\\
  \Macro{chapterpagestyle}\\
  \Macro{indexpagestyle}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{titlepagestyle}\Index{title>page style}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{partpagestyle}\Index{part>page style}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chapterpagestyle}\Index{chapter>page style}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{indexpagestyle}\Index{index>page style}%
For some pages, a different page style is chosen with the help of the
command \Macro{thispagestyle}. Which page style this actually is, is
defined by these four macros, of which \Macro{partpagestyle} and
\Macro{chapterpagestyle}\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}}
are found only with classes \Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt}, but
not in \Class{scrartcl}. The default value for all four cases is
\PValue{plain}. The meaning of these macros can be taken from
\autoref{tab:specialpagestyles}.
%
\begin{table}
  \centering
  \caption{Macros to set up page style of special pages}
  \label{tab:specialpagestyles}
  \begin{desctabular}
    \mentry{titlepagestyle}{Page style for a title page when using
      \emph{in-page} titles.}%
    \mentry{partpagestyle}{Page style for the pages with \Macro{part}
      titles.}%
    \mentry{chapterpagestyle}{Page style for the first page of a chapter.}%
    \mentry{indexpagestyle}{Page style for the first page of the index.}%
  \end{desctabular}
\end{table}
%
The page styles can be redefined with the \Macro{renewcommand} macro.
\begin{Example}
  Assume that you want the pages with a \Macro{part} heading to have
  no number. Then you can use the following command, for example in
  the preamble of your document:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\partpagestyle}{empty}
\end{lstcode}
  As mentioned previously on \autopageref{desc:maincls.pagestyle.empty},
  the page style \PValue{empty} is exactly what is required in this
  example. Naturally you can also use a user-defined page style.

  Assume you have defined your own page style for initial chapter pages
  with the package \Package{scrpage2} (see
  \autoref{cha:scrpage}). You have given to this page style the
  fitting name \PValue{chapter}. To actually use this style, you must
  redefine the macro \Macro{chapterpagestyle} accordingly:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\chapterpagestyle}{chapter}
\end{lstcode}

  Assume that you want the table of contents\Index{table of
    contents}\textnote{table of contents} of a book to have no page
  numbers. However, everything after the table of contents should work again
  with the page style \PValue{headings}, as well as with \PValue{plain} on
  every first page of a chapter. You can use the following commands:
\begin{lstcode}
  \clearpage
  \pagestyle{empty}
  \renewcommand*{\chapterpagestyle}{empty}
  \tableofcontents
  \clearpage
  \pagestyle{headings}
  \renewcommand*{\chapterpagestyle}{plain}
\end{lstcode}
  Instead of the above you may do a local redefinition using a group. The
  advantage will be that you do not need to know the current page style before
  the change to switch back at the end.
\begin{lstcode}
  \clearpage
  \begingroup
    \pagestyle{empty}
    \renewcommand*{\chapterpagestyle}{empty}
    \tableofcontents
    \clearpage
  \endgroup
\end{lstcode}

  But\important{Attention!} notice that you never should put a numbered head
  into a group. Otherwise you may get funny results with commands like
  \Macro{label}.
\end{Example}

\begin{Explain}
  Whoever thinks that it is possible to put running headings on the
  first page of a chapter by using the command
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\chapterpagestyle}{headings}
\end{lstcode}
  should read more about the background of \Macro{rightmark} at
  \autoref{sec:maincls-experts.addInfos},
  \autopageref{desc:maincls-experts.cmd.rightmark}.
\end{Explain}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{titlepagestyle}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{partpagestyle}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chapterpagestyle}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{indexpagestyle}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{pagenumbering}\Parameter{numbering style}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{pagenumbering}%
This command works the same way in {\KOMAScript} as in the standard
classes. More precisely it is a feature neither of the standard classes nor of
the \KOMAScript{} classes but of the {\LaTeX} kernel.  You can specify with
this command the \PName{numbering style} of page numbers.

The changes take effect immediately, hence starting with the
page that contains the command. It is recommended to use
\Macro{cleardoubleoddpage} to close the last page and start a new odd page
before. The possible settings can be found in
\autoref{tab:numberKind}.  

Using\textnote{Attention!} the command \Macro{pagenumbering} also resets the
page counter\Index{page>counter}\Index{page>number}.  Thus the page number of
the next page which {\TeX} outputs will have the number 1 in the style
\PName{numbering style}.
%
\begin{table}
%  \centering
  \KOMAoptions{captions=topbeside}%
  \setcapindent{0pt}%
%  \caption
  \begin{captionbeside}
    {\label{tab:numberKind}%
      Available numbering styles of page numbers}
  \begin{tabular}[t]{lll}
    \toprule
    numbering style & example & description \\
    \midrule
    \PValue{arabic} & 8 & Arabic numbers \\
    \PValue{roman}  & viii & lower-case Roman numbers \\
    \PValue{Roman}  & VIII & upper-case Roman numbers \\
    \PValue{alph}   & h    & letters \\
    \PValue{Alph}   & H    & capital letters \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \end{captionbeside}
\end{table}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{pagenumbering}%
%
\EndIndex{}{page>style}


\LoadCommon{8}% \section{Interleaf Pages}

\LoadCommon{9}% \section{Footnotes}
\LoadCommon{10}% -"-
\LoadCommon{11}% -"-

\section[Demarcation]{Demarcation\protect\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}}}
\label{sec:maincls.separation}

\BeginIndex{}{front matter}%
\BeginIndex{}{main matter}%
\BeginIndex{}{back matter}%
\BeginIndex{}{matter>front}%
\BeginIndex{}{matter>main}%
\BeginIndex{}{matter>back}%

Sometimes books are roughly separated into front matter, main matter, and
back matter. \KOMAScript{} provides this for \Class{scrbook} also.

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{frontmatter}\\
  \Macro{mainmatter}\\
  \Macro{backmatter}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{frontmatter}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{mainmatter}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{backmatter}%
The macro \Macro{frontmatter}\important{\Macro{frontmatter}} introduces the
front matter in which roman numerals are used for the page numbers. Chapter
headings in a front matter are not numbered.  The section titles which would be
numbered start at chapter 0, and would be consecutively numbered across
chapter boundaries. However, this is of no import, as the front matter is used
only for the title pages, table of contents\Index{table of contents}, lists of
figures\Index{list of>figures}\Index{figures>list of} and
tables\Index{tables>list of}, and a foreword\Index{foreword}. The foreword can
thus be set as a normal chapter.  A foreword should never be divided into
sections but kept as short as possible.  Therefore, in the foreword there is no
need for a deeper structuring than the chapter level.

In case the user sees things differently and wishes to use numbered
sections\Index{section>number} in the chapters of the front matter, as of
version~2.97e\ChangedAt{v2.97e}{\Class{scrbook}}%
\important{\OptionValue{version}{2.97e}} the section numbering no longer
contains the chapter number. This change only takes effect when the
compatibility option is set to at least version~2.97e (see option
\Option{version}, \autoref{sec:maincls.compatibilityOptions},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.version}). It is explicity noted that this
creates a confusion with chapter numbers! The use of \Macro{addsec} and
\Macro{section*} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.structure},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.section*} and
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.addsec}) are thus, in the author's opinion, far
more preferable.

As of version~2.97e\ChangedAt{v2.97e}{\Class{scrbook}} the numbering
of float environments, such as tables\Index{table>number} and
figures\Index{figure>number}, and equation
numbers\Index{equation>number} in the front matter also contain no
chapter number part. To take effect this too requires the
corresponding compatibility setting (see option \Option{version},
\autoref{sec:maincls.compatibilityOptions},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.version}).

\Macro{mainmatter}\important{\Macro{mainmatter}} introduces the main matter
with the main text. If there is no front matter, then this command can be
omitted. The default page numbering in the main matter uses Arabic numerals
(re)starting in the main matter at 1.

The back matter is introduced with
\Macro{backmatter}\important{\Macro{backmatter}}. Opinions differ in what
should be part of the back matter. So in some cases you will find only the
bibliography\Index{bibliography}, in some cases only the index\Index{index},
and in other cases both of these as well as the appendices.  The chapters in
the back matter are similar to the chapters in the front matter, but page
numbering is not reset. If you do require separate page numbering you may use
the command \Macro{pagenumbering} from \autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.pagenumbering}.
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{frontmatter}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{mainmatter}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{backmatter}%
%
\EndIndex{}{front matter}%
\EndIndex{}{main matter}%
\EndIndex{}{back matter}%
\EndIndex{}{matter>front}%
\EndIndex{}{matter>main}%
\EndIndex{}{matter>back}%


\section{Structuring of Documents}
\label{sec:maincls.structure}

Structuring of documents means to divide them into parts, chapters, sections,
and several other structural elements.

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{open}\PName{method}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{open~=\PName{method}}%
\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}}%
\KOMAScript{} classes \Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt} give you
the choice of where to start\Index{chapter>start} a new chapter with
double-sided printing. By default \Class{scrreprt} starts a new
chapter at the next page. This is like \PName{method}
\PValue{any}. However, \Class{scrbook} starts new chapters at the next
right-hand page. This is like \PName{method} \PValue{right} and is
usually used in books. But sometimes chapters should start at the
left-hand page of a double-page spread. This would be accomplished
with \PName{method} \PValue{left}\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}}. An overview of the supported methods may be found
at \autoref{tab:maincls.open}.

\begin{table}
  \caption[{Available values for option \Option{open}}]{Available values for
    option \Option{open} to select page breaks with interleaf pages}
  \begin{desctabular}
    \pventry{any}{Commands
      \Macro{cleardoublepageusingstyle},
      \Macro{cleardoublestandardpage},
      \Macro{cleardoubleplainpage},
      \Macro{cleardoubleemptypage},
      and
      \Macro{cleardoublepage} 
      result in a single page break and therefor are same like
      \Macro{clearpage}.%
      \IndexOption{open~=\PValue{any}}}%
    \pventry{left}{Commands
      \Macro{cleardoublepageusingstyle},
      \Macro{cleardoublestandardpage},
      \Macro{cleardoubleplainpage},
      \Macro{cleardoubleemptypage},
      and
      \Macro{cleardoublepage} 
      result in a page break and add an interleaf page\Index{page>interleaf}
      if needed to reach the next left-hand page.%
      \IndexOption{open~=\PValue{left}}}%
    \pventry{right}{Commands
      \Macro{cleardoublepageusingstyle},
      \Macro{cleardoublestandardpage},
      \Macro{cleardoubleplainpage},
      \Macro{cleardoubleemptypage},
      and
      \Macro{cleardoublepage} 
      result in a page break and add an interleaf page\Index{page>interleaf}
      if needed to reach the next right-hand page.%
      \IndexOption{open~=\PValue{right}}}%
  \end{desctabular}
  \label{tab:maincls.open}
\end{table}

Besides the implicit usage of \Macro{cleardoublepage} at chapter
starts, the option influences also the explicit usage of the commands
\Macro{cleardoublepage}, \Macro{cleardoublepageusingstyle},
\Macro{cleardoublestandardpage}, \Macro{cleardoubleplainpage}, and
\Macro{cleardoubleemptypage}. See \autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.cleardoublepage} for more information
about these. Since \LaTeX{} does not differentiate between left-hand
and right-hand pages in single-sided printing, the option does not have
any influence in that case.

In class \Class{scrartcl} the section is the first structural element below
the part. Because of this, \Class{scrartcl} does not support this option.
%
\EndIndex{Option}{open~=\PName{method}}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{chapterprefix}\PName{simple switch}\\
  \KOption{appendixprefix}\PName{simple switch}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{chapterprefix~=\PName{simple switch}}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{appendixprefix~=\PName{simple switch}}%
With\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}} the standard classes
\Class{book} and \Class{report}, a chapter
title\Index[indexmain]{chapter>title} consists of a line with the word
``Chapter''\footnote{When using another language the word ``Chapter''
  is naturally translated to the appropriate language.}  followed by
the chapter number. The title itself is set left-justified on the
following lines. The same effect is obtained in {\KOMAScript} with the
option \Option{chapterprefix}. Any value from table
\autoref{tab:truefalseswitch}, \autopageref{tab:truefalseswitch} may
be used as \PName{simple switch}.  The default, however, is
\OptionValue{chapterprefix}{false}, which is opposite of the behaviour
of the standard classes, which would correspond to
\OptionValue{chapterprefix}{true}.
These options also affect the automatic
running titles in the headers (see \autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.pagestyle.headings}).

Sometimes one wishes to have the
chapter titles in simplified form according to
\OptionValue{chapterprefix}{false}. But at the same time, one wishes a title
of an appendix\Index{appendix} to be preceded by a line with ``Appendix''
followed by the appendix letter. This is achieved by using the
\Option{appendixprefix} option (see \autoref{tab:truefalseswitch},
\autopageref{tab:truefalseswitch}). Since this results in an inconsistent
document layout, I advise against using this option.

The font style of the chapter number line using
\OptionValue{chapterprefix}{true} or \OptionValue{appendixprefix}{true} may be
changed with element
\FontElement{chapterprefix}\IndexFontElement{chapterprefix}%
\ChangedAt{v2.96a}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}} using commands
\Macro{setkomafont} and \Macro{addtokomafont} (see
\autoref{sec:maincls.textmarkup},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.setkomafont}). Default is the usage of element
\FontElement{chapter}\IndexFontElement{chapter} (see
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.chapter}, as well as
\autoref{tab:maincls.structureElementsFont},
\autopageref{tab:maincls.structureElementsFont}).%
%
\EndIndex{Option}{appendixprefix~=\PName{simple switch}}%
\EndIndex{Option}{chapterprefix~=\PName{simple switch}}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{headings}\PName{selection}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{headings~=\PName{selection}}%
The font size used for the titles\index{title}\index{document structure} is
relatively big, both with the standard classes and with {\KOMAScript}. Not
everyone likes this choice; moreover it is especially problematic for small
paper sizes. Consequently, {\KOMAScript} provides, besides the large title
font size defined by the
\OptionValue{headings}{big}\IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{big}}%
\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}%
\important[i]{\OptionValue{headings}{big}\\
  \OptionValue{headings}{normal}\\
  \OptionValue{headings}{small}} option, the two options
\OptionValue{headings}{normal}\IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{normal}} and
\OptionValue{headings}{small}\IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{small}}, that
allow for smaller title font sizes. The font sizes for headings resulting from
these options for \Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt} are shown in
\autoref{tab:maincls.structureElementsFont},
\autopageref{tab:maincls.structureElementsFont}. For \Class{scrartcl}, smaller
font sizes are generally used. \OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}}The spacing before and after chapter titles is also
influenced by these options.

Chapter\important[i]{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{headings=}\\ \quad\PValue{twolinechapter}\end{tabular}\\
  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{headings=}\\ \quad\PValue{onelinechapter}\end{tabular}\\
  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{headings=}\\ \quad\PValue{twolineappendix}\end{tabular}}
titles are also influenced by the options
\OptionValue{headings}{twolinechapter} and
\OptionValue{headings}{onelinechapter}, that are same as \OptionValue{chapterprefix}{true} and
\OptionValue{chapterprefix}{false} (see above). The appendix titles are
influenced by \OptionValue{headings}{twolineappendix} and
\OptionValue{headings}{onelineappendix}\important[i]{%
  \begin{tabular}[b]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{headings=}\\ \quad\PValue{onelineappendix}
  \end{tabular}}, that are the same as the options
\OptionValue{appendixprefix}{true} and \OptionValue{appendixprefix}{false}
(see also above). 

The\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}} method of beginning new
chapters may be switched by \OptionValue{headings}{openany}\important[i]{%
  \OptionValue{headings}{openany}\\
  \OptionValue{headings}{openright}\\
  \OptionValue{headings}{openleft}}, \OptionValue{headings}{openright}, and
\OptionValue{headings}{openleft} alternatively to option \Option{open} with
the values \PValue{any},
\PValue{right}, and \PValue{left} (see above).

Another\ChangedAt{v3.10}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} special feature of \KOMAScript{} is the handling of the
optional argument of the structural commands \Macro{part}, \Macro{chapter},
etc., down to \Macro{subparagraph}. Function and meaning\important[i]{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{headings=}\\\quad\PValue{optiontohead}\end{tabular}\\
  \OptionValue{headings}{optiontotoc}\\
  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{headings=}\\\quad\PValue{optiontoheadandtoc}\end{tabular}} may be
influenced by the options \OptionValue{headings}{optiontohead}%
\IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{optiontohead}},
\OptionValue{headings}{optiontotoc}\IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{optiontotoc}},
and \OptionValue{headings}{optiontoheadandtoc}%
\IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{optiontoheadandtoc}}.

A summary of all the available selections of option \Option{headings} may be found in \autoref{tab:maincls.headings}. Examples are at the following
description of the structural commands.

\begin{desclist}
  \renewcommand*{\abovecaptionskipcorrection}{-\normalbaselineskip}%
  \desccaption[{Available values for option \Option{headings}}]{%
    Available values for option \Option{headings} to select different kinds of
    structural headings%
    \label{tab:maincls.headings}%
  }{%
    Available values for option \Option{headings} (\emph{continuation})%
  }%
  \pventry{big}{%
    Use very large headings with large distances above and below.
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{big}}}%
  \pventry{normal}{%
    Use mid-size headings with medium distances above and below.
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{normal}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{onelineappendix}, \PValue{noappendixprefix},
    \PValue{appendixwithoutprefix}, \PValue{appendixwithoutprefixline}%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{onelineappendix}}}{%
    Chapter headings at the appendix will be set like other headings too.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{onelinechapter}, \PValue{nochapterprefix},
    \PValue{chapterwithoutprefix}, \PValue{chapterwithoutprefixline}%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{onelinechapter}}}{%
    Chapter headings will be set like other headings too.%
  }%
  \pventry{openany}{%
    Parts, chapter, index, and back matter use \Macro{clearpage} instead of
    \Macro{cleardoublepage}.%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{openany}}}%
  \pventry{openleft}{%
    The commands \Macro{cleardoublepageusingstyle},
    \Macro{cleardoublestandardpage}, \Macro{cleardoubleplainpage},
    \Macro{cleardoubleemptypage}, and \Macro{cleardoublepage} generate a page
    break and if needed insert an interleaf page to reach the next left-hand
    page at double-page printing. Part, chapter, index and back matter use
    \Macro{cleardoublepage}.%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{openleft}}}%
  \pventry{openright}{%
    The commands \Macro{cleardoublepageusingstyle},
    \Macro{cleardoublestandardpage}, \Macro{cleardoubleplainpage},
    \Macro{cleardoubleemptypage}, and \Macro{cleardoublepage} generate a page
    break and if needed insert an interleaf page to reach the next right-hand
    page at double-page printing. Part, chapter, index and back matter use
    \Macro{cleardoublepage}.%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{openright}}}%
  \pventry{optiontohead}{%
    The\ChangedAt{v3.10}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}} advanced functionality of the optional argument of the
    structural commands \Macro{part} down to \Macro{subparagraph} will be
    activated. By default the optional argument will be used for the running
    head only.%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{optiontohead}}%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{optiontoheadandtoc}, \PValue{optiontotocandhead}%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{optiontoheadandtoc}}}{%
    The\ChangedAt{v3.10}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}} advanced functionality of the optional argument of the
    structural commands \Macro{part} down to \Macro{subparagraph} will be
    activated. By default the optional argument will be used for the running
    head and the table of contents.%
  }%
  \pventry{optiontotoc}{%
    The\ChangedAt{v3.10}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}} advanced functionality of the optional argument of the
    structural commands \Macro{part} down to \Macro{subparagraph} will be
    activated. By default the optional argument will be used for the table of
    contents only.%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{optiontohead}}%
  }%
  \pventry{small}{%
    Use small headings with small distances above and below.%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{small}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{twolineappendix}, \PValue{appendixprefix},
    \PValue{appendixwithprefix}, \PValue{appendixwithprefixline}%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{twolineappendix}}}{%
    Chapters at the appendix will be set with a number line with the contents
    of \Macro{chapterformat}\IndexCmd{chapterformat}.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{twolinechapter}, \PValue{chapterprefix},
    \PValue{chapterwithprefix}, \PValue{chapterwithprefixline}%
    \IndexOption{headings~=\PValue{twolinechapter}}}{%
    Chapters will be set with a number line with the contents
    of \Macro{chapterformat}\IndexCmd{chapterformat}.%
  }%
\end{desclist}
%
\EndIndex{Option}{headings~=\PName{selection}}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{numbers}{selection}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{numbers~=\PName{selection}}%
\begin{Explain}%
  In German, according to {\small DUDEN}, the numbering of sectional
  units should have no period at the end if only arabic numbers are used
  (see \cite[R\,3]{DUDEN}). On the other hand, if roman numerals or
  letters are appear in the numbering, then a period should appear at the
  end of the numbering (see \cite[R\,4]{DUDEN}). {\KOMAScript} has an
  internal mechanism that tries to implement this somewhat complex
  rule. The resulting effect is that, normally, after the sectional
  commands \Macro{part} and \Macro{appendix} a switch is made to
  numbering with an ending period. The information is saved in the
  \File{aux} file and takes effect on the next {\LaTeX} run.
\end{Explain}

In some cases the mechanism for placing or leaving off the ending period may
fail, or other languagues may have different
rules. Therefore\important[i]{\OptionValue{numbers}{endperiod}\\
  \OptionValue{numbers}{noendperiod}} it is possible to activate the use of
the ending period manually with the option
\OptionValue{numbers}{endperiod}\IndexOption{numbers~=\PValue{endperiod}} or
to deactivate it with
\OptionValue{numbers}{noendperiod}\IndexOption{numbers~=\PValue{noendperiod}}.
Default is \OptionValue{numbers}{autoendperiod}%
\IndexOption{numbers~=\PValue{autoendperiod}} with auto detection whether to
set the period or not.

Please\textnote{Attention!} note that the mechanism only takes effect on the
next {\LaTeX} run.  Therefore, before trying to use these options to forcibly
control the numbering format, a further run without changing any options
should be made.

The\textnote{Attention!} available values are summarized in
\autoref{tab:maincls.numbers}. Unlike most other selections, this
option may be changed at the document preamble, before
\Macro{begin}\PParameter{document}, only.

\begin{table}
  \caption[{Available values of option \Option{numbers}}]{Available values of
    option \Option{numbers} for selection of the period at the end of numbers
    of structural headings}
  \label{tab:maincls.numbers}
  \begin{desctabular}
    \entry{\PValue{autoendperiod}, \PValue{autoenddot}, \PValue{auto}}{%
      \KOMAScript{} decides, whether or not to set the period at the end of
      the numbers. The numbers consists in Arabic digits only, the period will
      be omitted. If there are alphabetic characters or roman numbers the
      period will always be set. References to numbers will be set without
      ending period always.%
      \IndexOption{numbers~=\PValue{autoendperiod}}}%
    \entry{\PValue{endperiod}, \PValue{withendperiod}, \PValue{periodatend},
      \PValue{enddot}, \PValue{withenddot}, \PValue{dotatend}}{%
      All numbers of structural commands and all dependent numbers will be set
      with ending period. Only references will be set without the ending
      period.% 
      \IndexOption{numbers~=\PValue{endperiod}}}%
    \entry{\PValue{noendperiod}, \PValue{noperiodatend},
      \PValue{noenddot}, \PValue{nodotatend}}{%
      All the numbers are without ending period.%
      \IndexOption{numbers~=\PValue{noendperiod}}}%
  \end{desctabular}
\end{table}
%
\EndIndex{Option}{numbers~=\PName{selection}}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{chapteratlists}\\
  \XOption{chapteratlists}=\PName{value}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{chapteratlists}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{chapteratlists~=\PName{value}}%
As mentioned in \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.listof}\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}}, normally, every chapter entry generated with
\Macro{chapter} introduces vertical spacing into the lists of floats. Since
version~2.96a\ChangedAt{v2.96a}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}} this
applies also for the command \Macro{addchap}, if no compatibility option to an
earlier version was chosen (see option \Option{version} in
\autoref{sec:maincls.compatibilityOptions},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.version}).

Furthermore, now the option \Option{chapteratlists} can be used to change the
spacing, by passing the desired distance as \PName{value}. The default setting
with \OptionValue{listof}{chaptergapsmall}%
\IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{chaptergapsmall}} %
is 10\,pt. If \OptionValue{chapteratlists}{entry}%
\IndexOption{chapteratlists~=\PValue{entry}}%
\important{\OptionValue{chapteratlists}{entry}} or \Option{chapteratlists}
without value is specified, then instead of a vertical distance, the chapter
entry itself will be entered into the lists. This will be done even if
there's no floating environment inside of the chapter.

Please\textnote{Attention!} note that changes to the option will only become
effective in the lists following two more {\LaTeX} runs.%
%
\EndIndex{Option}{chapteratlists~=\PName{value}}%
\EndIndex{Option}{chapteratlists}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{part}\OParameter{short version}\Parameter{heading}\\
  \Macro{chapter}\OParameter{short version}\Parameter{heading}\\
  \Macro{section}\OParameter{short version}\Parameter{heading}\\
  \Macro{subsection}\OParameter{short version}\Parameter{heading}\\
  \Macro{subsubsection}\OParameter{short version}\Parameter{heading}\\
  \Macro{paragraph}\OParameter{short version}\Parameter{heading}\\
  \Macro{subparagraph}\OParameter{short version}\Parameter{heading}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{part}\Index[indexmain]{part}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chapter}\Index[indexmain]{chapter}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{section}\Index[indexmain]{section}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subsection}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subsubsection}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{paragraph}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subparagraph}%
The standard sectioning commands in {\KOMAScript} work in a similar
fashion to those of the standard classes. Thus, an alternative entry
for the table of contents and running headings can be specified as an
optional argument to the sectioning commands.

In addition to this, with\ChangedAt{v3.10}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}\textnote{\KOMAScript{} vs. standard
  classes} option \important{\Option{headings}}
\OptionValue{headings}{optiontohead}%
\IndexOption[indexmain]{headings~=\PValue{optiontohead}}, \KOMAScript{}
does not use
the optional argument \PName{short version} at the table of
contents, but for the running head only. Nevertheless, such a running head
needs an appropriate page style. See \autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle} and
\autoref{cha:scrpage} about this. With option
\OptionValue{headings}{optiontotoc}%
\IndexOption[indexmain]{headings~=\PValue{optiontotoc}}, \KOMAScript{} does not
use the
optional argument \PName{short version} for the running head, but
at the table of contents. Nevertheless, the entry will be shown only if
counter \Counter{tocdepth} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.toc},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.counter.tocdepth}) is great enough. With option
\OptionValue{headings}{optiontoheadandtoc}%
\IndexOption[indexmain]{headings~=\PValue{optiontoheadandtoc}}, \KOMAScript{}
uses the optional argument \PName{short version} in both the table of contents
and running head. All these three selections will also activate the extended
interpretation of the optional argument \PName{short version}, which is not
active by default.

The \ChangedAt{v3.10}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} extended interpretation of the optional argument
determines whether there's an equality sign in
\PName{short version}. If so, the optional argument will be interpreted as
\PName{option list} instead of simple \PName{short version}. Thereby the two
options \KOption{head}\PName{running head}\important{\Option{head}} and
\KOption{tocentry}\PName{table of contents entry} are supported. Commas or
equality signs inside of the values of those options will be accepted only if
they are enclosed by braces.

Please\textnote{Attention!} note that this mechanism is only
functional as long as \KOMAScript{} controls the described
commands. From using a package that controls the sectioning commands
or the internal \LaTeX{} kernel commands for sectioning commands,
\KOMAScript{} can no longer provide this extended mechanism. This is
also valid for the always active extension of \KOMAScript{} to not
create entries to the table of contents % if the heading text
if the text of the
entry is empty. If you really want an entry with empty heading text,
you may use an invisible entry like \lstinline|\mbox{}| instead.

\begin{Example}
  Assume you're writing a document with some very extensive chapter
  headings. These headings should be shown in the table of contents too. But
  for the running head you want only single-line short headings. You will do
  this using the optional argument of \Macro{chapter}.
\begin{lstcode}
  \chapter[short version of chapter heading]
          {The Structural Sectioning Command
           for Chapters Supports not only the
           Heading Text itself but also a
           Short Version with Selectable
           Usage}
\end{lstcode}

  Sometimes later you become aware that the automatic line breaking of this
  heading is somehow inappropriate. Therefore you want to make the breaking
  yourself. Nevertheless, the automatic line breaking should be still used at
  the table of contents. With
\begin{lstcode}
  \chapter[head={short version of chapter heading},
           tocentry={The Structural Sectioning
             Command for Chapters Supports not
             only the Heading Text itself but
             also a Short Version with 
             Selectable Usage}]
          {The Structural\\
            Sectioning Command for Chapters\\
            Supports not only\\
            the Heading Text itself\\
            but also\\
            a Short Version\\
            with Selectable Usage}
\end{lstcode}
  you use independent entries for table of contents, running head, and the
  chapter heading itself. The arguments of the options \Option{head} and
  \Option{tocentry} have been enclosed into braces, so the contents of the
  options cannot influence the interpretation of the optional argument.

  The recommendation of the braces in the example above will make more sense
  with one more example. Assume you're using option
  \OptionValue{headings}{optiontotoc} and now have a heading:
\begin{lstcode}
  \section[head=\emph{value}]
          {Option head=\emph{value}}
\end{lstcode}
  This would result in the entry ``Option head=\emph{value}'' at the table of
  contents but ``\emph{value}'' at the running head. But surely you wanted the
  entry ``head=\emph{value}'' at the table of contents and the complete
  heading text at the running head. You may do this using braces:
\begin{lstcode}
  \section[head{=}\emph{value}]
          {Option head=\emph{value}}
\end{lstcode}

  A similar case would be a comma. With the same \Option{headings} option like
  before:
\begin{lstcode}
  \section[head=0, 1, 2, 3, \dots]
          {Natural Numbers Including the Zero}
\end{lstcode}
  would result in an error, because the comma would be interpreted as the
  separator between the single options of the option list %
  ``\lstinline|0, 1, 2, 3, \dots|''. But writing
\begin{lstcode}
  \section[head={0, 1, 2, 3, \dots}]
          {Natural Numbers Including the Zero}
\end{lstcode}
  will change ``\lstinline|0, 1, 2, 3, \dots|'' into the argument of
  option \Option{head}.
\end{Example}

The title of the level part\important{\Macro{part}} (\Macro{part}) is
distinguished from other sectioning levels by being numbered independently
from the other parts. This means that the chapter level (in \Class{scrbook} or
\Class{scrreprt}), or the section level (in \Class{scrartcl}) is numbered
consecutively over all parts. Furthermore, for classes
\Class{scrbook}\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}} and
\Class{scrreprt}, the title of the part level together with the corresponding
preamble (see \Macro{setpartpreamble},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.setpartpreamble}) is set on a separate page.

\Macro{chapter}\important{\Macro{chapter}}\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}} only exists in book or report classes, that is, in classes
\Class{book}, \Class{scrbook}, \Class{report} and \Class{scrreport}, but not
in the article classes \Class{article} and \Class{scrartcl}. In addition to
this, the command \Macro{chapter} in {\KOMAScript} differs substantially from
the version in the standard class. In the standard classes the chapter number
is used together with the prefix ``Chapter'', or the corresponding word in the
appropriate language, on a separate line above the actual chapter title
text. This overpowering\important[i]{\Option{chapterprefix}\\
  \Option{appendixprefix}} style is replaced in {\KOMAScript} by a simple
chapter number before the chapter heading text, but can be reverted by the
option \Option{chapterprefix} (see
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.chapterprefix}).

Please\textnote{Attention!} note that \Macro{part} and \Macro{chapter} in
classes \Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt}
\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}} change the page style for one
page. The applied page style in {\KOMAScript} is defined in the macros
\Macro{partpagestyle} and \Macro{chapterpagestyle} (see
\autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.titlepagestyle}).

\BeginIndex[indexother]{}{font}%
\BeginIndex[indexother]{}{font>style}%
\BeginIndex[indexother]{}{font>size}%
The font of all headings\ChangedAt{v2.8p}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} can be changed with the commands
\Macro{setkomafont}\IndexCmd{setkomafont} and
\Macro{addtokomafont}\IndexCmd{addtokomafont} (see
\autoref{sec:maincls.textmarkup},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.setkomafont}). In doing this, generally the
element \FontElement{disposition}\IndexFontElement{disposition}%
\important{\FontElement{disposition}} is used, followed by a specific
element\important[s]{%
  \FontElement{part}\\
  \FontElement{chapter}\\
  \FontElement{section}\\
  \FontElement{subsection}\\
  \FontElement{paragraph}\\
  \FontElement{subparagraph}} for every section level (see
\autoref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText},
\autopageref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText}). The font for the element
\FontElement{disposition}\IndexFontElement{disposition} is predefined as
\Macro{normalcolor}\linebreak[2]\Macro{sffamily}\linebreak[2]\Macro{bfseries}.
The default font size for the specific elements depends on the options
\OptionValue{headings}{big}, \OptionValue{headings}{normal} and
\OptionValue{headings}{small} (see
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.headings}). The defaults are listed in
\autoref{tab:maincls.structureElementsFont}.
%
\begin{table}
%  \centering%
  \KOMAoptions{captions=topbeside}%
  \setcapindent{0pt}%
%  \caption
  \begin{captionbeside}[{Default font sizes for different levels of document
    structuring}]{Default font sizes for different levels of document
    structuring in \Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt}}[l]
  \begin{tabular}[t]{lll}
    \toprule
    class option & element & default\\
    \midrule
    \OptionValue{headings}{big}
      & \FontElement{part}\IndexFontElement{part}
      & \Macro{Huge} \\
      & \FontElement{partnumber}\IndexFontElement{partnumber}
      & \Macro{huge} \\
      & \FontElement{chapter}\IndexFontElement{chapter}
      & \Macro{huge} \\
      & \FontElement{section}\IndexFontElement{section}
      & \Macro{Large} \\
      & \FontElement{subsection}\IndexFontElement{subsection}
      & \Macro{large} \\
      & \FontElement{subsubsection}%
        \IndexFontElement{subsubsection}
      & \Macro{normalsize} \\
      & \FontElement{paragraph}\IndexFontElement{paragraph}
      & \Macro{normalsize} \\
      & \FontElement{subparagraph}\IndexFontElement{subparagraph}
      & \Macro{normalsize} \\[1ex]
    \OptionValue{headings}{normal}
      & \FontElement{part}          & \Macro{huge} \\
      & \FontElement{partnumber}    & \Macro{huge} \\
      & \FontElement{chapter}       & \Macro{LARGE} \\
      & \FontElement{section}       & \Macro{Large} \\
      & \FontElement{subsection}    & \Macro{large} \\
      & \FontElement{subsubsection} & \Macro{normalsize} \\
      & \FontElement{paragraph}     & \Macro{normalsize} \\
      & \FontElement{subparagraph}  & \Macro{normalsize} \\[1ex]
    \OptionValue{headings}{small}
      & \FontElement{part}          & \Macro{LARGE} \\
      & \FontElement{partnumber}    & \Macro{LARGE} \\
      & \FontElement{chapter}       & \Macro{Large} \\
      & \FontElement{section}       & \Macro{large} \\
      & \FontElement{subsection}    & \Macro{normalsize} \\
      & \FontElement{subsubsection} & \Macro{normalsize} \\
      & \FontElement{paragraph}     & \Macro{normalsize} \\
      & \FontElement{subparagraph}  & \Macro{normalsize}\\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \end{captionbeside}
  \label{tab:maincls.structureElementsFont}
\end{table}

\begin{Example}
  Suppose you are using the class option \OptionValue{headings}{big} and
  notice that the very big headings of document parts are too
  bold. You could change this as follows:
\begin{lstcode}
  \setkomafont{disposition}{\normalcolor\sffamily}
  \part{Appendices}
  \addtokomafont{disposition}{\bfseries}
\end{lstcode}
Using the command above you only switch off the font attribute
\textbf{bold} for a heading ``Appendices''. A much more comfortable
and elegant solution is to change all \Macro{part} headings at once.
This is done either by:
\begin{lstcode}
  \addtokomafont{part}{\normalfont\sffamily}
  \addtokomafont{partnumber}{\normalfont\sffamily}
\end{lstcode}
  or simply using:
\begin{lstcode}
  \addtokomafont{part}{\mdseries}
  \addtokomafont{partnumber}{\mdseries}
\end{lstcode}
The last version is to be preferred because it gives you the correct
result even when you make changes to the \FontElement{disposition}
element\IndexFontElement{disposition}, for instance:
\begin{lstcode}
  \setkomafont{disposition}{\normalcolor\bfseries}
\end{lstcode}
  With this change it is possible to set all section levels at once to no
  longer use sans serif fonts.
\end{Example}

Please be warned of misusing the possibilities of font switching to
mix fonts, font sizes and font attributes excessively. Picking the
most suitable font for a given task is a hard task even for
professionals and has almost nothing to do with the personal tastes of
non-experts. Please refer to the citation at the end of
\autoref{sec:typearea.tips}, \autopageref{sec:typearea.tips.cite} and
to the following explanation.

\begin{Explain}
  It is possible to use different font types for different section
  levels in {\KOMAScript}. Non-experts in typography should for very
  good typographical reasons refrain absolutely from using these
  possibilities.

  There is a rule in typography which states that one should mix as
  few fonts as possible. Using sans serif for headings already seems
  to be a breach of this rule. However, one should know that bold,
  large serif letters are much too heavy for headings. Strictly
  speaking, one would then have to at least use a normal instead of a
  bold or semi-bold font. However, in deeper levels of the structuring,
  a normal font may then appear too lightly weighted. On the other
  hand, sans serif fonts in headings have a very pleasant appearance
  and in fact find acceptance almost solely for headings. That is why
  sans serif is the carefully chosen default in {\KOMAScript}.

  More variety should, however, be avoided. Font mixing is only for
  professionals. In case you want to use other fonts than the standard
  {\TeX} fonts\,---\,regardless of whether these are CM\Index{CM
    fonts}, EC\Index{EC fonts}, or LM fonts\Index{LM fonts}\,---\,you
  should consult an expert, or for safety's sake redefine the font for
  the element \FontElement{disposition}\IndexFontElement{disposition}
  as seen in the example above. The author of this documentation
  considers the commonly encountered combinations Times and Helvetica
  or Palatino with Helvetica as unfavourable.
\end{Explain}
\EndIndex[indexother]{}{font>style}%
\EndIndex[indexother]{}{font}%
\EndIndex[indexother]{}{font>size}%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{part}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chapter}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{section}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subsection}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subsubsection}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{paragraph}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subparagraph}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{part*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{chapter*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{section*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{subsection*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{subsubsection*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{paragraph*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{subparagraph*}\Parameter{Heading}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{part*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chapter*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{section*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subsection*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subsubsection*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{paragraph*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subparagraph*}%
All disposition commands have starred versions, which are
unnumbered\Index{numbering}, and produce section headings which do not
show up in the table of contents\Index{table>of contents}\Index{contents>table
  of} or in the
running heading\Index{header}. The absence of a running heading often
has an unwanted side effect. For example, if a chapter which is set
using \Macro{chapter*} spans several pages, then the running heading
of the previous chapter suddenly reappears. {\KOMAScript} offers a
solution for this which is described
below. \OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}}\Macro{chapter*}
only exists in book and report classes, that is, \Class{book},
\Class{scrbook}, \Class{report} and \Class{scrreport}, but not the
article classes \Class{article} and \Class{scrartcl}.

Please\textnote{Attention!} note that \Macro{part} and \Macro{chapter} change
the page style for one page. The applied style is defined in the macros
\Macro{partpagestyle} and \Macro{chapterpagestyle} in {\KOMAScript} (see
\autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.titlepagestyle}).

As for the possibilities of font switching\ChangedAt{v2.8p}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}\and\Class{scrartcl}}, %
the same explanations apply as were given above for the unstarred
variants. The structuring elements are named the same since they do
not indicate variants but structuring levels.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{part*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chapter*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{section*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subsection*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subsubsection*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{paragraph*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subparagraph*}%

\iftrue% Umbruchkorrekturtext
In the standard classes\textnote{\KOMAScript{} vs. standard classes} there are
no further structuring commands. In particular, there are no commands which
can produce unnumbered chapters or sections which show up in the table of
contents and in the running heading.%
\fi

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{addpart}\OParameter{Short version}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{addpart*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{addchap}\OParameter{Short version}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{addchap*}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{addsec}\OParameter{Short version}\Parameter{Heading}\\
  \Macro{addsec*}\Parameter{Heading}\textnote[n]{\KOMAScript{} vs. standard classes}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addpart}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addpart*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addchap}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addchap*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addsec}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addsec*}%
In addition to the commands of the standard classes, {\KOMAScript}
offers the new commands \Macro{addsec} and \Macro{addchap}. They are
similar to the standard commands \Macro{chapter} and
\Macro{section}, except that they are unnumbered. They thus produce
both a running heading and an entry in the table of contents. 

The starred variants \Macro{addchap*} and \Macro{addsec*} are similar to the
standard commands \Macro{chapter*} and \Macro{section*} except for a tiny but
important difference: The running headings are deleted. This eliminates the
side effect of obsolete headers mentioned above. Instead, the running headings
on following pages remain empty. \OnlyAt{\Class{book}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}}\Macro{addchap} and \Macro{addchap*} of course only exist
in book and report classes, namely \Class{book}, \Class{scrbook},
\Class{report} and \Class{scrreport}, but not in the article classes
\Class{article} and \Class{scrartcl}.

Similarly, the command \Macro{addpart} produces an unnumbered document
part with an entry in the table of contents. Since the running
headings are already deleted by \Macro{part} and \Macro{part*} the
problem of obsolete headers does not exist. The starred version
\Macro{addpart*} is thus identical to \Macro{part*} and is only
defined for consistency reasons.

Please note\textnote{Attention!} that \Macro{addpart} and \Macro{addchap} and
their starred versions change the page style for one page. The particular page
style is defined in the macros \Macro{partpagestyle} and
\Macro{chapterpagestyle} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.titlepagestyle}).

As for the possibilities of font switching\ChangedAt{v2.8p}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}\and\Class{scrartcl}}, %
the same explanations apply as given above for the normal structuring
commands. The elements are named the same since they describe not
variants but structuring levels.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addpart}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addpart*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addchap}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addchap*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addsec}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addsec*}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{minisec}\Parameter{Heading}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{minisec}%
Sometimes a heading\Index{heading} is wanted which is highlighted but
also closely linked to the following text. Such a heading should not
be separated by a large vertical skip.

The command \Macro{minisec} is designed for this situation. This
heading is not associated with any structuring level. Such a
\emph{mini section} does not produce an entry in the table of contents
nor does it receive any numbering.

\BeginIndex{FontElement}{minisec}%
\BeginIndex{FontElement}{disposition}%
The font type of the structuring command \Macro{minisec} can be changed using
the element \FontElement{disposition}\IndexFontElement{disposition} (see
\autoref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText},
\autopageref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText}) and
\FontElement{minisec}\ChangedAt{v2.96a}{%
  \Class{scrbook} \and\Class{scrreprt} \and\Class{scrartcl}}. Default setting
of element \FontElement{minisec} is empty, so the default of the element
\FontElement{disposition} is active.
%
\EndIndex{FontElement}{disposition}%
\EndIndex{FontElement}{minisec}%

\begin{Example}
  You have developed a kit for building a mouse trap and want the
  documentation separated into a list of necessary items and an
  assembly description. You could write the following:
\begin{lstcode}
  \minisec{Items needed}

  \begin{flushleft}
    1 plank ($100\times 50 \times 12$)\\
    1 spring-plug of a beer-bottle\\
    1 spring of a ball-point pen\\
    1 drawing pin\\
    2 screws\\
    1 hammer\\
    1 knife
  \end{flushleft}

  \minisec{Assembly}
  At first one searches the mouse-hole and puts the drawing pin
  directly behind the hole.  Thus the mouse cannot escape during the
  following actions.

  Then one knocks the spring-plug with the hammer into the mouse-hole.
  If the spring-plug's size is not big enough in order to shut the
  mouse-hole entirely, then one can utilize the plank instead and
  fasten it against the front of the mouse-hole utilizing the two
  screws and the knife.  Instead of the knife one can use a
  screw-driver instead.
\end{lstcode}
  Which gives:
  \begin{ShowOutput}[\baselineskip]\setlength{\parindent}{1em}
    \minisec{Items needed}

  \begin{flushleft}
    1 plank ($100\times 50 \times 12$)\\
    1 spring-plug of a beer-bottle\\
    1 spring of a ball-point pen\\
    1 drawing pin\\
    2 screws\\
    1 hammer\\
    1 knife
  \end{flushleft}

  \minisec{Assembly}
  At first one searches the mouse-hole and puts the drawing pin
  directly behind the hole.  Thus the mouse cannot escape during the
  following actions.

  Then one knocks the spring-plug with the hammer into the
  mouse-hole.  If the spring-plug's size is not big enough in order
  to shut the mouse-hole entirely, then one can utilize the plank
  instead and fasten it against the front of the mouse-hole
  utilizing the two screws and the knife.  Instead of the knife one
  can use a screw-driver instead.
  \end{ShowOutput}
\end{Example}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{minisec}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{raggedsection}\\
  \Macro{raggedpart}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{raggedsection}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{raggedpart}%
In the standard classes\textnote{\KOMAScript{} vs. standard classes}, headings
are set as justified text. That means that hyphenated words can occur and
headings with more than one line are stretched up to the text border. This is
a rather uncommon approach in typography. {\KOMAScript} therefore formats the
headings left aligned with hanging indentation using \Macro{raggedsection}
with the definition:
\begin{lstcode}[belowskip=\dp\strutbox]
  \newcommand*{\raggedsection}{\raggedright}
\end{lstcode}
This command can be redefined with \Macro{renewcommand}.
\begin{Example}
  You prefer justified headings, so you write in the preamble of your document:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\raggedsection}{}
\end{lstcode}
  or more compactly:
\begin{lstcode}
  \let\raggedsection\relax
\end{lstcode}
  You will get a formatting of the headings which is very close to that
  of the standard classes. It will become even closer when you combine
  this change with the change of the element
  \FontElement{disposition}\IndexFontElement{disposition} mentioned
  above.
\end{Example}
Unlike all others, the headings of parts (\Macro{part}) will be
horizontally centered instead of set ragged right. This is because command
\Macro{raggedpart} is defined as
\begin{lstcode}[belowskip=\dp\strutbox]
  \let\raggedpart\centering
\end{lstcode}
You may also redefine this using \Macro{renewcommand} too.
\begin{Example}
  You do not want different alignment at headings of \Macro{part}. So you
  put
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\raggedpart}{\raggedsection}
\end{lstcode}
  into the preamble of your document. In\textnote{Hint!} this case,
  and unlike in the example above, \Macro{let} has not been used, because
  \Macro{let} would give \Macro{raggedpart} the current meaning of
  \Macro{raggedsection}. Further changes of \Macro{raggedsection} would then
  stay disregarded at the usage of \Macro{raggedpart}. Doing the redefinition
  using \Macro{renewcommand} gives \Macro{raggedpart} the meaning of
  \Macro{raggedsection} not at definition time, but each time
  \Macro{raggedpart} will be used.
\end{Example}%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{raggedpart}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{raggedsection}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{partformat}\\
  \Macro{chapterformat}\\
  \Macro{othersectionlevelsformat}\Parameter{sectioning
    name}\Parameter{}\Parameter{counter output}\\
  \Macro{autodot}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{partformat}\Index{part>number}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chapterformat}\Index{chapter>number}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{othersectionlevelsformat}\Index{section>number}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{autodot}%
{\KOMAScript} has added a further logical level on top of
\Macro{the\PName{sectioning name}} to the output of the sectioning
numbers. The counters for the respective heading are not merely output. They
are formatted using the commands \Macro{partformat}, \Macro{chapterformat},
and the command \Macro{othersectionlevelsformat} that expect three
arguments.  \OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}}Of course the command
\Macro{chapterformat} like \Macro{thechapter} does not exist in the class
\Class{scrartcl} but only in the classes \Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt}.

As described for option \Option{numbers}\important{\Option{numbers}} at the
beginning of this section (see \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.numbers}),
periods in section numbers should be handled for the German-speaking region
according to the rules given in \cite{DUDEN}. The command \Macro{autodot} in
{\KOMAScript} ensures that these rules are being followed. In all levels
except for \Macro{part}, a dot is followed by a further \Macro{enskip}. This
corresponds to a horizontal skip of 0.5\Unit{em}.

The command \Macro{othersectionlevelsformat} takes as first parameter the
name of the section level, such as \PValue{section},
\PValue{subsection}, \PValue{subsection},
\PValue{subsubsection}, \PValue{paragraph}, and \PValue{subparagraph}. The
third parameter should be the output of the corresponding counter, usually
\Macro{thesection}, \Macro{thesubsection}, \Macro{thesubsubsection},
\Macro{theparagraph}, or \Macro{thesubparagraph}.

Per default, therefore, only the levels
\Macro{part} and \Macro{chapter} have formatting commands of their
own, while all other section levels are covered by one general
formatting command. This has historical reasons. At the time that
Werner Lemberg suggested a suitable extension of {\KOMAScript} for his
\Package{CJK} package, only this differentiation was needed. Users should
ignore the third argument of \Macro{othersectionlevelsformat} completely.

The formatting commands can be redefined using \Macro{renewcommand} to
fit them to your personal needs. The following original definitions
are used by the {\KOMAScript} classes:
\begin{lstcode}
  \newcommand*{\partformat}{\partname~\thepart\autodot}
  \newcommand*{\chapterformat}{%
    \chapappifchapterprefix{\ }\thechapter\autodot\enskip}
  \newcommand*{\othersectionlevelsformat}[3]{%
    #3\autodot\enskip}
\end{lstcode}

\begin{Example}
  Assume that when using \Macro{part} you do not want the word
  ``Part'' written in front of the part number.  You could use the
  following command in the preamble of your document:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\partformat}{\thepart\autodot}
\end{lstcode}
  Strictly speaking, you could do without \Macro{autodot} at this point and
  insert a fixed dot instead. As \Macro{part} is numbered with roman numerals,
  according to \cite{DUDEN} a period has to be applied. However, you thereby
  give up the possibility to use one of the options
  \OptionValue{numbers}{endperiod} and \OptionValue{numbers}{noendperiod} and
  optionally depart from the rules. More details concerning class options can
  be found at \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.numbers}.
  
  An additional possibility could be to place the section numbers in the
  left margin in such a way that the heading text is left aligned with
  the surrounding text.  This can be accomplished with:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\othersectionlevelsformat}[3]{%
      \llap{\#3\autodot\enskip}}
\end{lstcode}
  The little known {\TeX} command \Macro{llap} in the definition above
  puts its argument left of the current position without changing the
  position thereby. A much better {\LaTeX} solution would be:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\othersectionlevelsformat}[3]{%
    \makebox[0pt][r]{%
      #3\autodot\enskip}}
\end{lstcode}
  See \cite{latex:usrguide} for more information about the optional arguments
  of \Macro{makebox}.
\end{Example}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{partformat}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chapterformat}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{othersectionlevelsformat}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{autodot}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{chapappifchapterprefix}\Parameter{additional text}\\
  \Macro{chapapp}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chapappifchapterprefix}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chapapp}%
These\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}}%
\ChangedAt{v2.8o}{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}} two commands
are not only used internally by {\KOMAScript} but are also provided to
the user. Later it will be shown how they can be used, for example, to
redefine other commands. 

Using the layout option
\OptionValue{chapterprefix}{true}\important{\Option{chapterprefix}} (see
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.chapterprefix})
\Macro{chapappifchapterprefix} outputs the word
``Chapter''\Index{chapter>heading} in the main part of the document in the
current language, followed by \PName{additional text}. In the
appendix\Index{appendix}, the word ``Appendix'' in the current
language is output instead, followed by \PName{additional text}. If the
option \OptionValue{chapterprefix}{false} is set, then nothing is output.

The command \Macro{chapapp} always outputs the word ``Chapter'' or
``Appendix''.  In this case the selection of option \Option{chapterprefix} has
no effect.

Since chapters only exist in the classes \Class{scrbook} and
\Class{scrreprt}, these commands only exist in these classes.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chapappifchapterprefix}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chapapp}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{chaptermark}\Parameter{running head}\\
  \Macro{addchapmark}\Parameter{running head}\\
  \Macro{sectionmark}\Parameter{running head}\\
  \Macro{addsecmark}\Parameter{running head}\\
  \Macro{subsectionmark}\Parameter{running head}\\
  \Macro{chaptermarkformat}\\
  \Macro{sectionmarkformat}\\
  \Macro{subsectionmarkformat}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addchapmark}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{addsecmark}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chaptermark}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{sectionmark}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subsectionmark}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{chaptermarkformat}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{sectionmarkformat}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{subsectionmarkformat}%
\begin{Explain}%
  As mentioned in \autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle} the page style
  \PValue{headings} works with automatic running
  heads\Index{running head}. For this, the commands
  \Macro{chaptermark} and \Macro{sectionmark}, or \Macro{sectionmark}
  and \Macro{subsectionmark}, respectively, are defined. Every
  structuring command (\Macro{chapter}, \Macro{section}, etc.)
  automatically carries out the respective \Macro{\dots mark} command.
  The parameter passed contains the text of the section
  heading\Index{heading}. The respective section number is added
  automatically in the \Macro{\dots mark} command. The formatting is
  done according to the section level with one of the three commands
  \Macro{chaptermarkformat}, \Macro{sectionmarkformat}, or
  \Macro{subsectionmarkformat}.

  Because\ChangedAt{v3.12}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
    \Class{scrartcl}} \KOMAScript{} provides additional commands
  \Macro{addchap} and \Macro{addsec} to make headings without numbers, there
  also exist corresponding commands for making the running heads of those.
  Please note\textnote{Attention!}, that the predefined \Macro{addchapmark}
  and \Macro{addsecmark} use \Macro{chaptermark} and
  \Macro{sectionmark} while they set counter 
  \Counter{secnumdepth} to -1 locally. You should pay attention for this
  exspecially if you redefine \Macro{chaptermark} or
  \Macro{sectionmark}, e.\,g., you should also redefine \Macro{addchapmark}
  and \Macro{addsecmark} suitable.

  \OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}}Of course there is no
  command \Macro{chaptermark} or \Macro{chaptermarkformat} in
  \Class{scrartcl}. \OnlyAt{\Class{scrartcl}}Accordingly,
  \Macro{subsectionmark} and \Macro{subsectionmarkformat} exist only
  in \Class{scrartcl}. This changes when you use the
  \Package{scrpage2} package (see \autoref{cha:scrpage}).\par
\end{Explain}
Similar to \Macro{chapterformat} and \Macro{othersectionlevelsformat},
the commands \Macro{chaptermarkformat} (not in \Class{scrartcl}),
\Macro{sectionmarkformat}, and \Macro{subsectionmarkformat} (only in
\Class{scrartcl}) define the formatting of the sectioning numbers in
the automatic running heads. They can be adapted to your personal
needs with \Macro{renewcommand}. The original definitions for the
{\KOMAScript} classes are:
\begin{lstcode}
  \newcommand*{\chaptermarkformat}{%
    \chapappifchapterprefix{\ }\thechapter\autodot\enskip}
  \newcommand*{\sectionmarkformat}{\thesection\autodot\enskip}
  \newcommand*{\subsectionmarkformat}{%
    \thesubsection\autodot\enskip}
\end{lstcode}
\begin{Example}
  Suppose you want to prepend the word ``Chapter'' to the chapter
  number in the running heading. For example you could insert the
  following definition in the preamble of your document:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\chaptermarkformat}{%
    \chapapp~\thechapter\autodot\enskip}
\end{lstcode}
\end{Example}
As you can see, both the commands \Macro{chapappifchapterprefix} and
\Macro{chapapp} explained above are used here.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chaptermark}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{sectionmark}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subsectionmark}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{chaptermarkformat}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{sectionmarkformat}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{subsectionmarkformat}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addsecmark}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{addchapmark}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Counter{secnumdepth}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Counter}{secnumdepth}\BeginIndex{}{numbering}%
Per default, in the classes \Class{scrbook}\IndexClass{scrbook} and
\Class{scrreprt}\IndexClass{scrreprt}, the section levels from
\Macro{part}\IndexCmd{part}\IndexCmd{chapter}\IndexCmd{section} down
to \Macro{subsection}\IndexCmd{subsection}, and in the class
\Class{scrartcl}\IndexClass{scrartcl}, the levels from \Macro{part}
down to \Macro{subsubsection}\IndexCmd{subsubsection} are numbered.
This is controlled by the {\LaTeX} counter \Counter{secnumdepth}. The
value \(-\)1 represents \Macro{part}, 0 the level \Macro{chapter},
and so on. By defining, incrementing, or decrementing this counter, you
can determine down to which level the headings are numbered. The same
applies in the standard classes. Please refer also to the explanation
concerning the counter \Counter{tocdepth} in
\autoref{sec:maincls.toc},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.counter.tocdepth}.
%
\EndIndex{Counter}{secnumdepth}\EndIndex{}{numbering}


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{setpartpreamble}%
  \OParameter{position}\OParameter{width}\Parameter{preamble}\\
  \Macro{setchapterpreamble}%
  \OParameter{position}\OParameter{width}\Parameter{preamble}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setpartpreamble}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setchapterpreamble}%
Parts\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}}\Index{part>preamble}\Index{chapter>preamble} and chapters
in {\KOMAScript} can be started with a \PName{preamble}. This is particularly
useful when you are using a two column layout with the class option
\Option{twocolumn}\IndexOption{twocolumn}, since the heading together with the
\PName{preamble} is always set in a one column layout.  The \PName{preamble}
can comprise more than one paragraph. The command to output the
\PName{preamble} has to be placed before the respective \Macro{part},
\Macro{addpart}, \Macro{chapter}, or \Macro{addchap} command.
\begin{Example}
  You are writing a report about the condition of a company. You
  organize the report in such a way that every department gets its own
  partial report.  Every one of these parts should be introduced by an
  abstract on the corresponding title page. You could write the
  following:
\begin{lstcode}
  \setpartpreamble{%
    \begin{abstract}
      This is a filler text. It serves merely to demonstrate the
      capabilities of {\KOMAScript}. If you read this text, you will
      get no information.
    \end{abstract}
  }
  \part{Department for Word Processing}
\end{lstcode}
  Depending on the settings for the heading font size\Index{heading}
  (see \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.headings}) and the options for
  the \Environment{abstract} environment\IndexEnv{abstract} (see
  \autoref{sec:maincls.abstract},
  \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.abstract}), the result would look
  similar to:
  \begin{ShowOutput}\centering
    {\LARGE\usekomafont{disposition} Part III.\par\vspace{20pt}}
    {\LARGE\usekomafont{disposition} Department for Word Processing\strut\par}
    \begin{quote}\small
      \vspace{4ex}
      \begin{center}
        \usekomafont{disposition}\abstractname
      \end{center}
      \vspace{2ex}       
      This is a filler text. It serves merely to demonstrate the
      capabilities of {\KOMAScript}. If you read this text, you will
      get no information.
    \end{quote}
  \end{ShowOutput}
\end{Example}
Please\textnote{Attention!} note that it is \emph{you} who is responsible for
the spaces between the heading, preamble and the following text. Please note
also that there is no \Environment{abstract} environment in the class
\Class{scrbook} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.abstract},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.env.abstract}).

The\ChangedAt{v2.8p}{\Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}} first
optional argument \PName{position} determines the position at which
the preamble is placed with the help of one or two letters. For the
vertical placement there are two possibilities at present:
\begin{labeling}[~--]{\quad\PValue{o}}\itemsep=0pt
\item [\quad\texttt{o}] above the heading
\item [\quad\texttt{u}] below the heading
\end{labeling}
You can insert one preamble above and another below a heading. For the
horizontal placement you have the choice between three alignments:
\begin{labeling}[~--]{\quad\PValue{o}}\itemsep=0pt
\item [\quad\texttt{l}] left-aligned
\item [\quad\texttt{r}] right-aligned
\item [\quad\texttt{c}] centered
\end{labeling}
However, this does not output the text of the \PName{preamble} in such
a manner, but inserts a box whose width is determined by the second
optional argument \PName{width}. If you leave out this second argument
the whole text width is used. In that case the option for horizontal
positioning will have no effect. You can combine exactly one letter
from the vertical with one letter from the horizontal positioning.

A more often usage of \Macro{setchapterpreamble} would be something like a
smart slogan or dictum to a heading. The command
\Macro{dictum}\IndexCmd{dictum}, that may be used for this, will be described
at the next section. You will also find an example there.

Please note\textnote{Attention!} that a \PName{preamble} placed above
the chapter headings will be set into the already existing vertical
space above the heading. The heading will not be moved down. It is
you who is responsible for ensuring that the preamble is small enough and the
space is sufficient. See also \Macro{chapterheadstartvskip} in
\autoref{sec:maincls-experts.experts},
\autopageref{desc:maincls-experts.cmd.chapterheadstartvskip} for
this.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setpartpreamble}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setchapterpreamble}%


\LoadCommon{15}% \section{Dicta}

\LoadCommon{12}% \section{Lists}


\section{Math}
\label{sec:maincls.math}%
\BeginIndex{}{equations}%
\BeginIndex{}{formulas}%
\BeginIndex{}{mathematics}%

There are no math environments implemented in the \KOMAScript{}
classes. Instead of this, the math features of the \LaTeX{} kernel have been
supported. With this also, the options \Option{leqno} and \Option{fleqn} are
available.

You will not find a description of the math environments of the \LaTeX{} kernel
here. If you want to use \Environment{displaymath}\IndexEnv{displaymath},
\Environment{equation}\IndexEnv{equation}, and
\Environment{eqnarray}\IndexEnv{eqnarray} you should read a short introduction
into \LaTeX{} like \cite{lshort}. But\textnote{Hint!} if you want more than
very simple mathematics, usage of package \Package{amsmath} would be
recommended (see \cite{package:amsmath}).

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{leqno}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{leqno}%
Equations are normally numbered\Index{equation>number} on the right.  The
standard option \Option{leqno} causes the standard option file
\File{leqno.clo} to be loaded. The equations are then numbered on the
left. This\textnote{Attention!}  option has to be used as an optional argument
of \Macro{documentclass}. Usage as an argument of \Macro{KOMAoptions} or
\Macro{KOMAoption} is not supported. This would not make sense, because the
recommended math package \Package{amsmath} supports the option at loading
time only too and would not react on run-time changes of the option.
%
\EndIndex{Option}{leqno}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{fleqn}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{fleqn}%
Displayed equations\Index{equation>alignment} are normally centered. The
standard option \Option{fleqn} causes the standard option file
\File{fleqn.clo} to be loaded. Displayed equations are then
left-justified. This option may be used as an optional argument of
\Macro{documentclass} but not as an argument of \Macro{KOMAoptions} or
\Macro{KOMAoption}.  The latter would not make sense, because the recommended
math package \Package{amsmath} supports the option at loading time only too
and would not react on run-time changes of the option.
%
\EndIndex{Option}{fleqn}%
%
\EndIndex{}{mathematics}%
\EndIndex{}{formulas}%
\EndIndex{}{equations}%


\section{Floating Environments of Tables and Figures}
\label{sec:maincls.floats}
\BeginIndex{}{floats}%
\BeginIndex{}{tables}%
\BeginIndex{}{figures}%

With the floating environments, {\LaTeX} offers a very capable and comfortable
mechanism for automatic placement of figures\Index{figure} and
tables\Index{table}.
% Im Deutschen ist hier ein Absatz, den wir nicht uebernehmen!
But\textnote{Attention!} often these floating environments\Index[indexmain]
{floating environments} are slightly misunderstood by beginners. They often
ask for a fixed position of a table or figure within the text. However, since
these floating environments are being referenced in the text this is not
necessary in most cases. It is also not sensible because such an object can
only be set on the page if there is enough space left for it. If this is not
the case the object would have to be shifted onto the next page, thereby
possibly leaving a huge blank space on the page before.
  
Often\textnote{Attention!} one finds in a document for every floating object
the same optional argument for positioning the object. This also makes no
sense. In such cases one should rather change the standard parameter
globally. For more details refer to \cite{DANTE:FAQ}.

One\textnote{Attention!} last important note before starting this section:
most mechanisms described here which extend the capabilities of the standard
classes no longer work correctly when used together with packages which modify
the typesetting of captions of figures and tables. This should be self
evident, but it is often not understood.

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{captions}\PName{selection}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Option}{captions~=\PName{selection}}%
The standard classes format titles of floating environments, which are placed
with \Macro{caption}\IndexCmd{caption} (see below), like signatures. They
differentiate between one-line and multi-line table or figure
captions. One-line captions are centered while multi-line captions are
left-justified.

\leavevmode\phantomsection\nobreak
\label{desc:maincls.option.captions.tableheading}\nobreak
For tables, however, headings are often used. That's because there may
be tables that span several pages. Surely the reader wants to know the
purpose of the table at the first page already. Furthermore tables
will be read row by row from top down to bottom. So there are at least
two good reasons to generally use table
headings. \KOMAScript{}\important{\OptionValue{captions}{tableheading}}
therefor supports option \OptionValue{captions}{tableheading}%
\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{tableheading}}, which changes the
caption format into headings at tables only.

Please note\textnote{Attention!} that multi-page tabulars may not use any
floating environment. To have an automatic page break at any kind of tabular you
also need additional packages like \Package{longtable}\IndexPackage{longtable}
(see \cite{package:longtable}) or \Package{tabu}\IndexPackage{tabu} (see
\cite{package:tabu}).

You may switch back\important[i]{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{captions=}\\
    \quad\PValue{tablesignature}
  \end{tabular}} to the default table signatures using
\OptionValue{captions}{tablesignature}%
\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{tablesignature}}. 
Note\textnote{Attention!} that using any of these options does not change the position of
the caption from above the top of the table to below the bottom of the
table or vice versa. It only affects whether the text is formatted as
a caption for use above or below a table. Whether the text is in fact
placed above or below a table is set through the position of the
\Macro{caption} command inside the \Environment{table} environment. This may
change using package \Package{float}\IndexPackage{float} and command
\Macro{restylefloats} (see \cite{package:float}).

Of course similar features exist\ChangedAt{v3.09}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} for figures using options
\OptionValue{captions}{figureheading}%
\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{figureheading}} and
\OptionValue{captions}{figuresignature}%
\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{figuresignature}}. Nevertheless,
figures like photos will be viewed as a whole, and a diagram or graph
will mostly be examined from left bottom to the right. Therefore, in
general, signatures should be used and it would not be useful to change
the caption format from signatures to headings.

Nevertheless sometimes all floating environments shall use headings. For this
\KOMAScript{} supports\ChangedAt{v3.09}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}
options\important[i]{\OptionValue{captions}{heading}\\
  \OptionValue{captions}{signature}}
\OptionValue{captions}{heading}\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{heading}} and
\OptionValue{captions}{signature}\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{signature}} to
switch the format of every floating environment. These options may be used
also inside a floating environment but before using \Macro{caption}.

Note\textnote{Attention!}\OnlyAt{\Package{float}}\IndexPackage{float} that
when using the \Package{float} package, the options
\OptionValue{captions}{tablesignature} and
\OptionValue{captions}{tableheading} cease to act correctly when
\Macro{restylefloat} is applied to tables. More details of the \Package{float}
package and \Macro{restylefloat} can be found in
\cite{package:float}. Additional support in {\KOMAScript} for the
\Package{float} package may be found at the explanation of \PValue{komaabove}
(see \autopageref{desc:maincls.floatstyle.komaabove}).

\leavevmode\phantomsection\nobreak
\label{desc:maincls.option.captions.nooneline}\nobreak
\label{desc:maincls.option.captions.oneline}\nobreak
Furthermore, \KOMAScript{} supports to switch off the distinguish of captions
with only one line or more than one line using option
\OptionValue{captions}{nooneline}\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{nooneline}}%
\important{\OptionValue{captions}{nooneline}}. This may be useful, if one-line
captions should not be centered. The default of centering one-line captions
corresponds to \OptionValue{captions}{oneline}.

Another special feature of \KOMAScript{} is to alternatively put the caption
neither above nor below the floating object but beside
it. For this you need Environment\important{\Environment{captionbeside}}
\Environment{captionsbeside}\IndexEnv{captionbeside}, that will be described
from \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside}. Several settings
for this environment may be done also using \Option{caption}. You may find all
the available \PName{settings} at \autoref{tab:maincls.captions}.
%
\begin{desclist}
  \desccaption[{Available values for option \Option{captions}}]{%
    Available values for option \Option{captions} to select formation of
    captions as headings or signatures at floating environments%
    \label{tab:maincls.captions}%
  }{%
    Available values for option \Option{captions} (\emph{continuation})%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{bottombeside}, \PValue{besidebottom}}{%
    Captions and contents of environment \Environment{captionsbeside} (see
    \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
    \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside}) will be vertically align
    depending on the bottommost base lines.%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{bottombeside}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{centeredbeside}, \PValue{besidecentered},
    \PValue{middlebeside}, \PValue{besidemiddle}}{%
    Captions and contents of environment \Environment{captionsbeside} (see
    \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
    \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside}) will be vertically centered%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{centeredbeside}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{figureheading}, \PValue{figureabove}, \PValue{abovefigure},
    \PValue{topatfigure}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{figureheading}}}{%
    \ChangedAt{v3.09}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}}%
    Captions of figures will use heading formation\,---\,maybe in discrepancy
    to \OptionValue{captions}{signature}.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{figuresignature}, \PValue{belowfigure},
    \PValue{bottomatfiggure}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{figuresignature}}}{%
    \ChangedAt{v3.09}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}}%
    Captions of figures will use signature formation\,---\,maybe in
    discrepancy to \OptionValue{captions}{headings}.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{heading}, \PValue{above}, \PValue{top}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{heading}}}{%
    \ChangedAt{v3.09}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}} Captions of floating environments will use heading
    formation. Nevertheless this does not influence whether they are really
    placed at the top or at the bottom of the object. This options also
    implies \OptionValue{captions}{tableheading} and
    \OptionValue{captions}{figureheading}.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{innerbeside},
    \PValue{besideinner}\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{innerbeside}}}{%
    Captions of environment \Environment{captionsbeside} (siehe
    \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
    \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside})
    will be placed innermost beside the contents of the environment at
    double-side printing. At single-side printing
    \OptionValue{captions}{leftbeside} will be used.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{leftbeside},
    \PValue{besideleft}\IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{leftbeside}}}{%
    Captions of environment \Environment{captionsbeside} (siehe
    \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
    \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside}) will be placed left beside
    the contents of the environment.%
  }%
  \pventry{nooneline}{%
    Captions with only one line will not be handled different from captions
    with more than one line.%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{nooneline}}}%
  \pventry{oneline}{%
    Captions with only one line will be centered horizontally.%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{oneline}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{outerbeside}, \PValue{besideouter}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{outerbeside}}}{%
    Captions of environment \Environment{captionsbeside} (siehe
    \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
    \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside})
    will be placed outermost beside the contents of the environment at
    double-side printing. At single-side printing
    \OptionValue{captions}{rightbeside} will be used.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{rightbeside}, \PValue{besideright}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{rightbeside}}}{%
    Captions of environment \Environment{captionsbeside} (siehe
    \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
    \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside}) will be placed right beside
    the contents of the environment.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{signature}, \PValue{below}, \PValue{bot}, \PValue{bottom}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{signature}}}{%
    \ChangedAt{v3.09}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}}%
    Captions of floating environments will use signature
    formation. Nevertheless this does not influence whether they are really
    placed at the top or at the bottom of the object. This options also
    implies \OptionValue{captions}{tablesignature} and
    \OptionValue{captions}{figuresignature}.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{tableheading}, \PValue{tableabove}, \PValue{abovetable},
    \PValue{abovetabular}, \PValue{topattable}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{tableheading}}}{%
    Captions of tables will use heading formation\,---\,maybe in discrepancy
    to \OptionValue{captions}{signature}.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{tablesignature}, \PValue{belowtable}, \PValue{belowtabular},
    \PValue{bottomattable}%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{tablesignature}}}{%
     Captions of tables will use signature formation\,---\,maybe in discrepancy
    to \OptionValue{captions}{heading}.%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{topbeside}, \PValue{besidetop}}{%
    Captions and contents of environment \Environment{captionsbeside} (see
    \autoref{sec:maincls.floats},
    \autopageref{desc:maincls.env.captionbeside}) will be vertically align
    depending on the topmost base lines.%
    \IndexOption{captions~=\PValue{topbeside}}}%
\end{desclist}%
%
\EndIndex{Option}{captions~=\PName{selection}}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{caption}\OParameter{entry}\Parameter{title}\\
  \Macro{captionbelow}\OParameter{entry}\Parameter{title}\\
  \Macro{captionabove}\OParameter{entry}\Parameter{title}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{caption}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{captionabove}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{captionbelow}%
In the standard classes caption text \PName{title} of tables and
figures is inserted with the \Macro{caption} command below the table
or figure. In general this is correct for figures. Opinions differ as
to whether captions of tables are to be placed above or, consistent
with captions of figures\Index{caption>of figure}, below the
table\Index{caption>of table}. That is the reason why
{\KOMAScript}\textnote{\KOMAScript{} vs. standard classes},
unlike the standard classes, offers \Macro{captionbelow} for captions
below and \Macro{captionabove} for captions above tables or
figures.

Not only for tables but also for figures or all kind of floating environments
the behaviour of \Macro{caption} may be modified using option
\Option{captions}\IndexOption{captions} described at the beginning of this
section. For
compatibility reasons the default behaviour of \Macro{caption} used
with all kinds of floating environments is similar to
\Macro{captionbelow}. Nevertheless it
is recommended\textnote{Hint!} to use table headings and therefor switch
behaviour of \Macro{caption} inside table environments into
\Macro{captionabove} using option
\OptionValue{captions}{tableheading}. Alternatively you may use
\Macro{captionabove} instead of \Macro{caption} inside of every
\Environment{table} environment.
%
\begin{Example}
  Instead of using captions below a table you want to place your
  captions above it\Index{table>caption}, because you have tables
  which span more then one page. In the standard classes you could
  only write:
\begin{lstcode}
  \begin{table}
    \caption{This is an example table}
    \begin{tabular}{llll}
      This & is & an & example.\\\hline
      This & is & an & example.\\
      This & is & an & example.
    \end{tabular}
  \end{table}
\end{lstcode}
  Then you would get the unsatisfying result:
  \begin{ShowOutput}\centering
    {\usekomafont{caption}{\usekomafont{captionlabel}\tablename~30.2:}
      This is an example table.}\\
        \begin{tabular}{llll}
      This & is & an & example.\\\hline
      This & is & an & example.\\
      This & is & an & example.
        \end{tabular}
\end{ShowOutput}
  Using {\KOMAScript} you write instead:
\begin{lstcode}
  \begin{table}
    \captionabove{This is just an example table}
    \begin{tabular}{llll}
      This & is & an & example.\\\hline
      This & is & an & example.\\
      This & is & an & example.
    \end{tabular}
  \end{table}
\end{lstcode}
  Then you get:
  \begin{ShowOutput}\centering
    {\usekomafont{caption}{\usekomafont{captionlabel}\tablename~30.2:}
      This is just an example table}\\\vskip\abovecaptionskip
    \begin{tabular}{llll}
      This & is & an & example.\\\hline
      This & is & an & example.\\
      This & is & an & example.
    \end{tabular}
  \end{ShowOutput}
  Since you want all your tables typeset with captions above, you could
  of course use the option \OptionValue{captions}{tableheading} instead (see
  \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.captions.tableheading}). Then you can use
  \Macro{caption} as you would in the standard classes. You will get
  the same result as with \Macro{captionabove}.
\end{Example}

\BeginIndex[indexother]{}{font>style}%
\BeginIndex{FontElement}{caption}%
\BeginIndex{FontElement}{captionlabel}%
The font style\ChangedAt{v2.8p}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}\and\Class{scrartcl}} for the
description and the label\,---\,``Figure'' or ``Table'', followed by
the number and the delimiter\,---\,can be changed with the commands
\Macro{setkomafont}
and \Macro{addtokomafont} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.textmarkup},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.setkomafont}). The respective elements for
this are \FontElement{caption}\important{\FontElement{caption}} and
\FontElement{captionlabel}\important{\FontElement{captionlabel}} (see
\autoref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText},
\autopageref{tab:maincls.elementsWithoutText}).  First the font style
for the element \FontElement{caption} is applied to the element
\FontElement{captionlabel} too.  After this the font style of
\FontElement{captionlabel} is applied on the respective element. The
default settings are listed in \autoref{tab:maincls.captionFont}.
%
\begin{table}
%  \centering%
  \KOMAoptions{captions=topbeside}%
  \setcapindent{0pt}
%  \caption
  \begin{captionbeside}
  {Font defaults for the elements of figure or table captions}
  [l]
  \begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
    \toprule
    element & default \\
    \midrule
    \FontElement{caption} & \Macro{normalfont} \\
    \FontElement{captionlabel} & \Macro{normalfont}\\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \end{captionbeside}
  \label{tab:maincls.captionFont}
\end{table}
%
\begin{Example}
  You want the table and figure descriptions typeset in a smaller font
  size. Thus you could write the following in the preamble of your
  document:
\begin{lstcode}
  \addtokomafont{caption}{\small}
\end{lstcode}
  Furthermore, you would like the labels to be printed in sans serif and
  bold. You add:
\begin{lstcode}
  \setkomafont{captionlabel}{\sffamily\bfseries}
\end{lstcode}
  As you can see, simple extensions of the default definitions are
  possible.
\end{Example}
%
\EndIndex{FontElement}{captionlabel}%
\EndIndex{FontElement}{caption}%
\EndIndex[indexother]{}{font>style}%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{caption}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{captionabove}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{captionbelow}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{captionof}\Parameter{float type}\OParameter{entry}%
  \Parameter{title}\\
  \Macro{captionbelowof}\Parameter{float type}\OParameter{entry}%
  \Parameter{title}\\
  \Macro{captionaboveof}\Parameter{float type}\OParameter{entry}%
  \Parameter{title}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{captionof}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{captionaboveof}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{captionbelowof}%
\KOMAScript{} supports a command
\Macro{captionof}\ChangedAt{v3.05}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} similar to packages
\Package{caption}\IndexPackage{caption} and
\Package{capt-of}\IndexPackage{capt-of}. You may use this command to place a
floating environment caption with corresponding entry into the list of that
kind of floating environment but even inside a another floating environment or
outside any floating environment. In difference to \Macro{caption} the kind of
floating environment has to be set as first parameter.

Furthermore, \KOMAScript{} provides the additional commands
\Macro{captionaboveof}\ChangedAt{v3.09}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} and \Macro{captionbelowof}. These are
like \Macro{captionabove} and \Macro{captionbelow} but with the additional
features and parameter of \Macro{captionof}.

Of course \KOMAScript\ChangedAt{v3.09a}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} takes care of the \PValue{heading}
and \PValue{signature} setting of option
\Option{captions}. But this feature may be lost, loading package
\Package{capt-of} or \Package{caption}. Please note the manual of package
\Package{caption} for this!
%
\begin{Example}
  Assumed you want to create a floating object with a table and a figure side
  by side. As you know, there are now mixed floating environment. Therefor you
  use a \Environment{figure} environment primarily:
\begin{lstcode}
  \begin{figure}
    \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth}
      \centering
      \rule{4cm}{3cm}
      \caption{A rectangle}\label{fig:rechteck}
    \end{minipage}%
    \begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth}
      \centering
      \captionaboveof{table}
      [Measure of the rectangle in
        figure~\ref{fig:rechteck}]%
      {Measure of the rectangle}
      \label{tab:rechteck}
      \begin{tabular}{ll}
        Width:  & 4\,cm\\
        Height: & 3\,cm
      \end{tabular}
    \end{minipage}
  \end{figure}
\end{lstcode}
  Two \Environment{minipage} environments have been used to have figure and
  table side by side. The\textnote{Attention!} percent char after the end of
  the first \Environment{minipage} is important. Without an additional
  inter-word distance would be made between the \Environment{minipage}
  environments.

  The figure signature has been done using \Macro{caption}. The table heading
  has been done using \Macro{captionaboveof} with first argument
  \PValue{table}. Because of this \KOMAScript{} knows, that despite the
  \Environment{figure} environment a table caption should be made.

  The optional argument of \Macro{captionaboveof} does make the entry into the
  list of tables. Without the optional argument, the last mandatory argument
  would have been used for the list of tables too. Although this caption text
  is sufficient for the environment itself, it would be very useful at the
  list of tables. Therefor a somehow more detailed description has been used
  for the list of tables using the optional argument. The
  \autoref{fig:maincls.captionaboveof} shows the result of the example code.%
\begin{figure}
%  \centering
%  \caption
  \KOMAoptions{captions=bottombeside}%
  \setcapindent{0pt}%
  \begin{captionbeside}
    [{Example: Usage of \Macro{captionaboveof} inside another floating
      environment}]
    {Example: Usage of \Macro{captionaboveof} inside another floating
      environment\label{fig:maincls.captionaboveof}}
    [l]
  \begin{minipage}[b]{.66\linewidth}%
  \raisebox{\depth}{\fbox{\KOMAoptions{captions=oneline}%
    \begin{minipage}{.5\dimexpr\linewidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule\relax}
      \centering
      \rule{4cm}{3cm}
      \caption[Example: A rectangle]{A rectangle}\label{fig:maincls.rechteck}
    \end{minipage}%
    \begin{minipage}{.5\dimexpr\linewidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule\relax}
      \centering
      \captionaboveof{table}[Example: Measure of the rectangle in
        figure~\ref{fig:maincls.rechteck}]{Rectangle size}
      \label{tab:maincls.rechteck}
      \begin{tabular}{ll}
        Width: & 4\,cm\\
        Height:   & 3\,cm
      \end{tabular}
    \end{minipage}}}%
  \end{minipage}%
  \end{captionbeside}%
\end{figure}%
\end{Example}%
A non-floating table with a caption may be produced in the same kind like the
table inside a figure environment in the example above. In such a case also a
\Environment{minipage} environment should be used, to avoid page breaks
between table caption an tabular. An additional \Environment{flushleft}
environment around the \Environment{minipage} environment may be used, to have
a pleasing distance above and below is and to avoid the paragraph indentation
of the \Environment{minipage} environment.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{captionof}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{captionaboveof}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{captionbelowof}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \XMacro{begin}\PParameter{\Environment{captionbeside}}%
    \OParameter{entry}\Parameter{title}\texttt{\%}\\
    \hphantom{\XMacro{begin}\PParameter{captionbeside}}%
    \OParameter{placement}\OParameter{width}%
    \OParameter{offset}\\%
  \quad\dots\\
  \XMacro{end}\PParameter{captionbeside}\\
  \XMacro{begin}\PParameter{captionbeside}\OParameter{entry}%
    \Parameter{title}\texttt{\%}\\
    \hphantom{\XMacro{begin}\PParameter{captionbeside}}%
    \OParameter{placement}\OParameter{width}%
    \OParameter{offset}\PValue{*}\\
  \quad\dots\\
  \XMacro{end}\PParameter{captionbeside}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Env}{captionbeside}%
Apart\ChangedAt{v2.8q}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} from
captions above and below the figure, one often finds captions, in
particular with small figures, which are placed beside the figure. In
general in this case both the baseline of the figure and of the
caption are aligned at the bottom. With some fiddling and the use of
two \Macro{parbox} commands this could also be achieved in the
standard classes.  However, {\KOMAScript} offers a special environment
for this which can be used within the floating environment.  The first
optional parameter \PName{entry} and the obligatory parameter
\PName{title} mean the same as the corresponding parameters of
\Macro{caption}, \Macro{captionabove} or \Macro{captionbelow}. The
caption text \PName{title} is placed beside the content of the
environment in this case.

Whether the caption text \PName{title} is placed on the left or the
right can be determined by the parameter \PName{placement}. Exactly
one of the following letters is allowed:
\begin{labeling}[~--]{\quad\PValue{o}}\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\item[\PValue{l}] left
\item[\PValue{r}] right
\item[\PValue{i}] inner margin in two-sided layout
\item[\PValue{o}] outer margin in two-sided layout
\end{labeling}
Default setting is to the right of the content of the environment. This
default\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} my be changed using option
\Option{captions}\IndexOption{captions}\important{\Option{captions}} (see
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.captions}) with values like
\PValue{innerbeside}\IndexOption[indexmain]{captions~=\PValue{innerbeside}},
\PValue{leftbeside}\IndexOption[indexmain]{captions~=\PValue{leftbeside}},
\PValue{outerbeside}\IndexOption[indexmain]{captions~=\PValue{outerbeside}},
and
\PValue{rightbeside}\IndexOption[indexmain]{captions~=\PValue{rightbeside}}.
If either \PValue{o} or \PValue{i} are used you may need to run {\LaTeX} twice
to obtain the correct placement.

Per default the content of the environment and the caption text
\PName{title} fill the entire available text width. However, using the
optional parameter \PName{width}, it is possible to adjust the width
used. This width could even be larger than the current text width.

When supplying a \PName{width} the used width is usually centered with
respect to the text width. Using the optional parameter
\PName{offset}, you can shift the environment relative to the left
margin. A positive value corresponds to a shift to the right, whereas
a negative value corresponds to a shift to the left. An \PName{offset}
of 0\Unit{pt} gives you a left-aligned output.

Adding a star to the optional parameter \PName{offset} makes the the
value mean a shift relative to the right margin on left hand pages in
two-sided layout. A positive value corresponds to a shift towards the
outer margin, whereas a negative value corresponds to a shift towards
the inner margin. An \PName{offset} of 0\Unit{pt} means alignment with
the inner margin. As mentioned before, in some cases it takes two
{\LaTeX} runs for this to work correctly.

The default vertical alignment is bottom. This means that the bottommost base
lines of the contents of the environment and of the caption are aligned. This
setting\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} may be changed using option
\Option{captions}\IndexOption{captions} (see
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.captions}) with value
\PValue{topbeside}\IndexOption[indexmain]{captions~=\PValue{topbeside}},
\PValue{centeredbeside}%
\IndexOption[indexmain]{captions~=\PValue{centeredbeside}}, or
\PValue{bottombeside}\IndexOption[indexmain]{captions~=\PValue{bottombeside}}. With
setting \PValue{topbeside} the topmost base lines of the environment contents
and caption will be aligned. With \PValue{centeredbeside} they will be
centered vertically. In this context it should be known, that the base line of
a pictures is mostly at the bottom of the picture. This may be changed,
e.\,g., using \Macro{raisebox}\IndexCmd{raisebox}.

\begin{Example}
  An example for the usage of the \Environment{captionbeside} environment
  can be found in \autoref{fig:maincls.captionbeside}.
  This figure was typeset with:
\begin{lstcode}
  \begin{figure}
    \begin{captionbeside}[Example: Figure beside description]%
      {A figure description which is neither above nor
       below, but beside the figure}[i][\linewidth][%
      [i][\linewidth][%
        \dimexpr\marginparwidth+\marginparsep\relax]*
      \fbox{%
        \parbox[b][5\baselineskip][c]{.25\textwidth}
        {%
          \hspace*{\fill}\KOMAScript
          \hspace*{\fill}\par
        }%
      }
    \end{captionbeside}
    \label{fig:maincls.captionbeside}
  \end{figure}
\end{lstcode}
  \begin{figure}
    \begin{captionbeside}[Example: Figure beside description]%
      {A figure description which is neither above nor 
       below, but beside the figure}[i][\linewidth][2em]*
      \fbox{%
        \parbox[b][5\baselineskip][c]{.25\textwidth}{%
          \hspace*{\fill}\KOMAScript\hspace*{\fill}\par}}
    \end{captionbeside}
    \label{fig:maincls.captionbeside}
  \end{figure}
  The total width is thus the currently available width
  \PValue{\Macro{linewidth}}. However, this width is shifted
  \PValue{2em} to the outside. The caption text or description is
  placed on the inner side beside the figure. The figure itself is
  shifted 2\Unit{em} into the outer margin.

  With \Macro{dimexp} a \eTeX{} command has been used. This should not be a
  problem at all, because \KOMAScript{} itself needs \eTeX{} and every almost
  up-to-date \LaTeX{} distribution uses \eTeX already.

  \hyperref[fig:maincls.captionbesidecentered]%
           {Figure~\ref*{fig:maincls.captionbesidecentered}}
  shows a centered caption with:
\begin{lstcode}
  \KOMAoption{captions}{centeredbeside}
\end{lstcode}
  Even if you are not a typographer you may see, that this is not a
  recommended suggestion.

  \begin{figure}
    \begin{captionbeside}[Example: Description centered beside figure]%
      {A figure description which is neither above nor 
       below, but centered beside the figure}[i][\linewidth][2em]*
      \fbox{%
        \parbox[b][5\baselineskip][c]{.25\textwidth}{%
          \hspace*{\fill}\KOMAScript\hspace*{\fill}\par}}
    \end{captionbeside}
    \label{fig:maincls.captionbesidecentered}
  \end{figure}

  In opposite to the centered example, the top aligned from
  \autoref{fig:maincls.captionbesidetop} may be used. To show how to change
  the baseline using \Macro{raisebox}, the complete example code follows:
\begin{lstcode}
  \documentclass[captions=topbeside]{scrbook}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage{graphics}
  \begin{document}
  \chapter{An Example}
  \begin{figure}
    \begin{captionbeside}%
      [Example: Figure title top beside]%
      {A figure description which is neither above nor 
       below, but top beside the figure}%
      [i][\linewidth][%
        \dimexpr\marginparwidth+\marginparsep\relax
      ]*
      \raisebox{%
        \dimexpr\baselineskip-\totalheight\relax
      }{%
        \includegraphics{examplepicture}%
      }%
    \end{captionbeside}
    \label{fig:maincls.captionbesidetop}
  \end{figure}
  \end{document}
\end{lstcode}
  \begin{figure}
    \KOMAoption{captions}{topbeside}
    \begin{captionbeside}[Example: Figure title top beside]%
      {A figure description which is neither above nor 
        below, but top beside the figure}%
      [i][\linewidth]
      \raisebox{\dimexpr\baselineskip-\totalheight}{%
        \fbox{%
          \parbox[b][5\baselineskip][c]{.25\textwidth}{%
            \hspace*{\fill}\KOMAScript\hspace*{\fill}\par}}%
      }%
    \end{captionbeside}
    \label{fig:maincls.captionbesidetop}
  \end{figure}
  You may use such a movement not only at graphics replacements like show, but
  also using \Macro{includegraphics} (see \cite{package:graphics}).
\end{Example}
%
\EndIndex{Env}{captionbeside}

\begin{Declaration}
  \XMacro{begin}\PParameter{\Environment{captionofbeside}}%
    \Parameter{float type}%
    \OParameter{entry}\Parameter{title}\texttt{\%}\\
    \hphantom{\XMacro{begin}\PParameter{captionofbeside}}%
    \OParameter{placement}\OParameter{width}%
    \OParameter{offset}\\%
  \quad\dots\\
  \XMacro{end}\PParameter{captionofbeside}\\
  \XMacro{begin}\PParameter{captionofbeside}\Parameter{float type}%
    \OParameter{entry}%
    \Parameter{title}\texttt{\%}\\
    \hphantom{\XMacro{begin}\PParameter{captionofbeside}}%
    \OParameter{placement}\OParameter{width}%
    \OParameter{offset}\PValue{*}\\
  \quad\dots\\
  \XMacro{end}\PParameter{captionofbeside}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Env}{captionofbeside}%
This\ChangedAt{v3.10}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} environment corresponds to \Environment{captionbeside}
in the same manner like \Macro{captionof} corresponds to
\Macro{caption}. The float type is not defined by a floating environment but
by the first mandatory argument.%
%
\EndIndex{Env}{captionofbeside}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \FloatStyle{komaabove}\\
  \FloatStyle{komabelow}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Floatstyle}{komaabove}%
\BeginIndex{Floatstyle}{komabelow}%
If you use\OnlyAt{\Package{float}} the \Package{float}\IndexPackage{float}
package the appearance of the float environments is solely defined by the
\emph{float} style. This includes whether captions above or below are used. In
the \Package{float} package there is no predefined style which gives you the
same output and offers the same setting options (see below) as {\KOMAScript}.
Therefore {\KOMAScript} defines the two additional styles \PValue{komaabove}
and \PValue{komabelow}.  When using the \Package{float} package these styles
can be activated just like the styles \PValue{plain}\IndexFloatstyle{plain},
\PValue{boxed}\IndexFloatstyle{boxed} or \PValue{ruled}\IndexFloatstyle{ruled}
defined in \Package{float}.  For details refer to \cite{package:float}.  The
style \PValue{komaabove} inserts \Macro{caption}, \Macro{captionabove} and
\Macro{captionbelow} above, whereas \PValue{komabelow} inserts them below the
float content.
%
\EndIndex{Floatstyle}{komaabove}%
\EndIndex{Floatstyle}{komabelow}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{captionformat}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{captionformat}%
In {\KOMAScript} there are different ways to change the formatting of
the caption text. The definition of different font styles was already
explained above. This or the caption delimiter between the label and
the label text itself is specified in the macro \Macro{captionformat}.
In contrast to all other \Macro{\dots}format commands, in this case it
does not contain the counter but only the items which follow it. The
original definition is:
\begin{lstcode}
  \newcommand*{\captionformat}{:\ }
\end{lstcode}
This too can be changed with \Macro{renewcommand}.
\begin{Example}
  For some inexplicable reasons you want a dash with spaces before and
  after instead of a colon followed by a space as label delimiter. You
  define:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\captionformat}{~--~}
\end{lstcode}
This definition should be put in the preamble of your document.
\end{Example}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{captionformat}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{figureformat}\\
  \Macro{tableformat}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{figureformat}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{tableformat}%
It was already mentioned that \Macro{captionformat} does not contain
formatting for the label itself. This situation should under no
circumstances be changed using redefinitions of the commands for the
output of counters, \Macro{thefigure} or \Macro{thetable}. Such a
redefinition would have unwanted side effects on the output of
\Macro{ref} or the table of contents, list of figures and list of
tables. To deal with the situation, {\KOMAScript} offers two
\Macro{\dots format} commands instead. These are predefined as
follows:
% Umbruchkorrektur: listings
\begin{lstcode}[belowskip=\dp\strutbox]
  \newcommand*{\figureformat}{\figurename~\thefigure\autodot}
  \newcommand*{\tableformat}{\tablename~\thetable\autodot}
\end{lstcode}
They also can be adapted to your personal preferences with
\Macro{renewcommand}.
\begin{Example}
  From time to time captions without any label and of course without
  delimiter are desired. In {\KOMAScript} it takes only the following
  definitions to achieve this:
\begin{lstcode}
  \renewcommand*{\figureformat}{}
  \renewcommand*{\tableformat}{}
  \renewcommand*{\captionformat}{}
\end{lstcode}
  It should be noted, however, that although no numbering is output, the
  internal counters are nevertheless incremented. This becomes important
  especially if this redefinition is applied only to selected
  \Environment{figure} or \Environment{table} environments.
\end{Example}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{figureformat}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{tableformat}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{setcapindent}\Parameter{indent}\\
  \Macro{setcapindent*}\Parameter{xindent}\\
  \Macro{setcaphanging}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setcapindent}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setcapindent*}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setcaphanging}%
As mentioned previously, in the standard classes the captions are set
in a non-hanging style, that is, in multi-line captions the second and
subsequent lines start directly beneath the label. The standard
classes provide no direct mechanism to change this behaviour. In
{\KOMAScript}, on the contrary, beginning at the second line all lines
are indented by the width of the label so that the caption text is
aligned.

This behaviour, which corresponds to the usage of \Macro{setcaphanging}, can
easily be changed by using the command \Macro{setcapindent} or
\Macro{setcapindent*}. Here the parameter \PName{indent} determines the
indentation of the second and subsequent lines. If you want a line break after
the label and before the caption text, then you can define the indentation
\PName{xindent} of the caption text with the starred version of the command
instead: \Macro{setcapindent*}.
Using a negative value of \PName{indent} instead, a line break is also
inserted before the caption text and only the first line of the
caption text but not subsequent lines are indented by
the absolute value of \PName{indent}.

Whether one-line captions are set as captions with more than one line or are
treated separately is specified with the option \Option{captions}. For details
please refer to the explanations of these option at
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.captions.oneline}.

\begin{Example}
  For the examples please refer to
  figures~\ref{fig:maincls.caption.first} to
  \ref{fig:maincls.caption.last}. As you can see the usage of a fully
  hanging indentation is not advantageous when combined with narrow
  column width. To illustrate, the source code for the second figure
  is given here with a modified caption text:
\begin{lstcode}
  \begin{figure}
    \setcapindent{1em}
    \fbox{\parbox{.95\linewidth}{\centering{\KOMAScript}}}
    \caption{Example with slightly indented caption
             starting at the second line}
  \end{figure}
\end{lstcode}
As can be seen the formatting can also be changed locally within the
\Environment{figure} environment\IndexEnv{figure}. The change then
affects only the current figure. Following figures once again use the
default settings or global settings set, for example, in the preamble
of the document. This also of course applies to tables.
  \begin{figure}
    \typeout{^^J--- Ignore underfull and overfull \string\hbox:}
    \addtokomafont{caption}{\small}
    \addtokomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries}
    \centering%
    \begin{minipage}{.9\linewidth}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{.48\linewidth}\sloppy
        \fbox{\parbox{.95\linewidth}{\centering{\KOMAScript}}}
        \caption[Example: Default figure caption]%
        {\sloppy Equivalent to the standard setting, similar to the
          usage of \Macro{setcaphanging}}
        \label{fig:maincls.caption.first}
      \end{minipage}
      \hspace{.02\linewidth}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{.48\linewidth}\sloppy
        \setcapindent{1em}
        \fbox{\parbox{.95\linewidth}{\centering{\KOMAScript}}}
        \caption[Example: Figure caption with slightly hanging indention]%
        {With slightly hanging indentation starting at the second line
         using \Macro{setcapindent}\PParameter{1em}}
      \end{minipage}
    \end{minipage}

    \vspace*{2ex}\noindent%
    \begin{minipage}{.9\linewidth}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{.48\linewidth}\sloppy
        \setcapindent*{1em}
        \fbox{\parbox{.95\linewidth}{\centering{\KOMAScript}}}
        \caption[Example: Figure caption with hanging indention and line
          break]% 
        {With hanging indentation starting at the second line and line
          break before the description using
          \Macro{setcapindent*}\PParameter{1em}}
      \end{minipage}
      \hspace{.02\linewidth}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{.48\linewidth}\sloppy
        \setcapindent{-1em}
        \fbox{\parbox{.95\linewidth}{\centering{\KOMAScript}}}
        \caption[Example: Figure caption with hanging indention at the second
          line]%
        {With indentation in the second line only and line break
          before the description using
          \Macro{setcapindent}\PParameter{-1em}}
                \label{fig:maincls.caption.last}
      \end{minipage}
    \end{minipage}
    \typeout{^^J--- Don't ignore underfull and overfull
      \string\hbox:^^J}
  \end{figure}
\end{Example}
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setcapindent}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setcapindent*}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setcaphanging}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{setcapwidth}\OParameter{justification}\Parameter{width}\\
  \Macro{setcapmargin}\OParameter{margin left}\Parameter{margin}\\
  \Macro{setcapmargin*}\OParameter{margin inside}\Parameter{margin}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setcapwidth}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setcapmargin}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setcapmargin*}%
Using\ChangedAt{v2.8q}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and\Class{scrreprt}\and\Class{scrartcl}} these three
commands you can specify the width and justification of the caption
text.  In general the whole text width or column width is available
for the caption.

With\important{\Macro{setcapwidth}} the command \Macro{setcapwidth} you can
decrease this \PName{width}.  The obligatory argument determines the maximum
\PName{width} of the caption.  As an optional argument you can supply exactly
one letter which specifies the horizontal justification. The possible
justifications are given in the following list.
\begin{labeling}[~--]{\quad\PValue{o}}\rightskip=1em
\item[\PValue{l}] left-aligned
\item[\PValue{c}] centered
\item[\PValue{r}] right-aligned
\item[\PValue{i}] alignment at the inner margin in double-sided output
\item[\PValue{o}] alignment at the outer margin in double-sided output
\end{labeling}
The justification inside and outside corresponds to left-aligned and
right-aligned, respectively, in single-sided
output. Within\textnote{Attention!}
\Package{longtable}\IndexPackage{longtable}%
\important{\Package{longtable}} tables the justification inside or outside
does not work correctly. In particular, the captions on subsequent pages of
such tables are aligned according to the format of the caption on the first
page of the table. This is a conceptual problem in the implementation of
\Package{longtable}.

With\important{\Macro{setcapmargin}} the command \Macro{setcapmargin} you can
specify a \PName{margin} which is to be left free next to the description in
addition to the normal text margin. If you want margins with different widths
at the left and right side you can specify these using the optional argument
\PName{margin left}. The starred version \Macro{setcapmargin*} defines instead
of a \PName{margin left} a \PName{margin inside} in a double-sided layout. In
case of \Package{longtable}\IndexPackage{longtable}%
\important{\Package{longtable}} tables you have to deal with the same problem
with justification inside or outside as mentioned with the macro
\Macro{setcapwidth}.  Furthermore, the usage of \Macro{setcapmargin} or
\Macro{setcapmargin*} switches on the option \OptionValue{captions}{nooneline}
(see \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.captions.nooneline}) for the captions
which are typeset with this margin setting.

You\textnote{Hint!} can also submit negative values for \PName{margin} and
\PName{margin left} or \PName{margin inside}. This has the effect of the
caption expanding into the margin.

Experts\textnote{Hint!} and advanced users may find a tricky usage of
\Macro{setcapwidth} in
\iffree{\cite{book:komascript}}{\autoref{cha:floattricks},
  \autopageref{cha:floattricks}}.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setcapwidth}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setcapmargin}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setcapmargin*}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{origlongtable}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{origlongtable}%
\BeginIndex{Package}{longtable}%
If the table captions produced by the \Package{longtable} package (see
\cite{package:longtable}) should not be redefined by the {\KOMAScript}
classes, activate the \Option{origlongtable} option. This\textnote{Attention!}
option has to be used at the optional argument of \Macro{documentclass}. It
may not be used as a setting of \Macro{KOMAoptions} or \Macro{KOMAoptions}.
%
\EndIndex{Package}{longtable}%
\EndIndex{Option}{origlongtable}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{listof}\PName{setting}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{}{tables>list of}\BeginIndex{}{list of>tables}%
\BeginIndex{}{figures>list of}\BeginIndex{}{list of>figures}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{listof~=\PName{setting}}%
Normally\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} lists of floating environments\,---\,like list of
tables or list of
figures will neither get an
entry at the table of contents nor have a number at the heading. More
information about that may be found in \autoref{sec:maincls.toc}. Alternative
to the view from the table of contents to the lists of floating environments,
you may reconsider a view from the lists of floating environments into the
table of contents. Because of this, there are not only the options
\OptionValue{toc}{nolistof}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{nolistof}},
\OptionValue{toc}{listof}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{listof}}, and
\OptionValue{toc}{listofnumbered}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{listofnumbered}}
described in \autoref{sec:maincls.toc},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.toc.listof}, but also
\OptionValue{listof}{notoc}, \OptionValue{listof}{totoc}, and
\OptionValue{listof}{numbered} with the same meaning.

By default the headings of the lists of floating environments use the topmost
level below \Macro{part}. This is the chapter level at \Class{scrbook} and
\Class{scrreprt} and the section level at
\Class{scrartcl}. With\ChangedAt{v3.06}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}
\OptionValue{listof}{leveldown}\important{\OptionValue{listof}{leveldown}} a
one step lower level will be used instead.
\begin{Example}
  At a book you want to move the list of figures and the list of tables as
  sub-lists into a common list named ``Figures and Tables''. With
\begin{lstcode}
  \KOMAoption{listof}{leveldown}
\end{lstcode}
  you first declare to use the section instead of the chapter level for both
  lists and then you use:
\begin{lstcode}
  \addchap*{Figures and Tables}
  \listoffigures
  \listoftables
\end{lstcode}
  for the new list, that contains the list of figures and the list of
  tables. More information about the command \Macro{addchap*} may be found in
  \autoref{sec:maincls.structure} at \autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.addchap*}.
\end{Example}

Normally\ChangedAt{v2.8q}{%
  \Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} the lists of
floating environments use a constant with to place the caption number of the
entries. Additionally all entries will be indented a little bit. This
corresponds to setting
\OptionValue{listof}{graduated}\IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{graduated}}.

If the numbers of the figures or tables, become very wide\,---\,i.\,e., if you
have a lot of tables or figures\,---\, their may be not enough width
predefined. There's\important{\OptionValue{listof}{flat}} a setting
\OptionValue{listof}{flat}\IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{flat}} for the lists of
floating environment similar to
\OptionValue{toc}{flat}\IndexOption{toc~=\PValue{flat}} for the table of
contents. Thereby the needed with for printing the number will be determined
at each \LaTeX{} run. See option \OptionValue{toc}{flat},
\autoref{sec:maincls.toc}, \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.toc.flat} for
information about how it works. Please\textnote{Attention!} note again, that
you need more than one \LaTeX{} runs until the lists of floating environments
will become their final result.

Setting \OptionValue{listof}{entryprefix}\ChangedAt{v3.06}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} will automatically activate
\OptionValue{listof}{flat}
too. Normally\important{\OptionValue{listof}{entryprefix}} it would not make
sense to add the prefix ``figure'' to each entry of the list of figures and
the prefix ``table'' to each entry of the list of tables, because nothing else
than figures would be and should be expected at the list of figures and
nothing else than tables would be and should be expected at the list of
tables. So this prefixes would not give any additional information and for this
would not be useful. Nevertheless, such prefixes may be added using option
\OptionValue{listof}{entryprefix}. With this all entries of the same list will
get the same prefix. The prefix will depend on the file extension of the
helper file, that will be used for the corresponding list. For the list of
figures the file extension would be ``\File{lof}'' and therefor
\Macro{listoflofentryname} would be used. For the list of tables, the file
extension would be ``\File{lot}'' and \Macro{listoflotentryname} would be
used.

Within classes \Class{scrbook} and \Class{scrreprt}\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}} \KOMAScript{} adds a vertical gap to the lists of floating
environments whenever a new chapter starts. This behaviour, that is same at
the standard classes, structures the lists by chapters. At \KOMAScript{} it
corresponds to setting \ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}
\OptionValue{listof}{chaptergapsmall}%
\IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{chaptergapsmall}}. In this case a gap of width
10\Unit{pt} will be used. With\important{\OptionValue{listof}{chaptergapline}}
option \OptionValue{listof}{chaptergapline}%
\IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{chaptergapline}} a gap of the height of one
standard text line will be
used. The\important{\OptionValue{listof}{nochaptergap}} gap may be switched of
with \OptionValue{listof}{nochaptergap}%
\IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{nochaptergap}}. Option\important{\OptionValue{listof}{chapterentry}}
\OptionValue{listof}{chapterentry}%
\IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{chapterentry}} is somehow special. Instead of a
gap it adds the table of contents entry for the chapter additionally to the
lists of floating environments. Please\textnote{Attention!} note, that this
would also happen, if the chapter does not have any floating
environment. Additional influence of chapters to the lists of floating
environments is available with option \Option{chapteratlists}. See
\autoref{sec:maincls.structure},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.chapteratlists} for more information about
that.

An overview about all settings to option \Option{listof} may be found at
\autoref{tab:maincls.listof}.

\begin{desclist}
  \desccaption[{Available values for option \Option{listof}}]{%
    Available values for option \Option{listof} to modify contents and
    formation of the lists of floating environments\label{tab:maincls.listof}%
  }{%
    Available values for option \Option{listof} (\emph{continuation})%
  }%
  \entry{\PValue{chapterentry}, \PValue{withchapterentry}}{%
    Marks chapter starts at the lists of floating environments by a copy of
    their entries to the table of contents.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{chapterentry}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{chaptergapline}, \PValue{onelinechaptergap}}{%
    Marks chapter starts at the lists of floating environments by a vertical
    gap of the height of one standard text line.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{chaptergapline}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{chaptergapsmall}, \PValue{smallchaptergap}}{%
    Marks chapter starts at the lists of floating environments by a small
    vertical gap.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{chaptergapsmall}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{entryprefix}}{%
    \ChangedAt{v3.06}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
      \Class{scrartcl}}%
    Adds a prefix depending on the file extension of the list to each entry of
    the lists of floating environments. The prefix additionally depends on the
    language, e.\,g., in English ``Figure'' would be used for the entries to
    the list of figures and ``Table'' for the entries to the list of
    tables. Both prefixes will be followed by a white space.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{entryprefix}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{flat}, \PValue{left}}{%
    The lists of floating environments will be printed like a kind of
    table. The caption numbers will be the first column, the caption texts the
    second column, and the page numbers the last column. The with of the first
    column depends on the previous \LaTeX{} run.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{flat}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{graduated}, \PValue{indent}, \PValue{indented}}{%
    The lists of floating environments will be printed in hierarchical
    form. The width for the caption numbers will be limited.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{graduated}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{leveldown}}{%
    The lists of floating environments will use a heading of one step lower
    sectioning level than default.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{leveldown}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{nochaptergap}, \PValue{ignorechapter}}{%
    Chapter starts are not marked at the lists of floating environments.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{nochaptergap}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{notoc}, \PValue{plainheading}}{%
    The lists of floating environments, e.\,g., list of figures and list of
    tables do not generate an entry at the table of contents.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{notoc}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{numbered}, \PValue{totocnumbered}, \PValue{tocnumbered},
    \PValue{numberedtotoc}}{%
    The lists of floating environments, e.\,g., list of figures and list of
    tables, would get a numbered heading and therefor generate an entry at the
    table of contents.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{numbered}}}%
  \entry{\PValue{totoc}, \PValue{toc}, \PValue{notnumbered}}{%
    The lists of floating environments, e.\,g., list of figures and list of
    tables, would generate an entry at the table of contents, but their
    headings are not numbered.%
    \IndexOption{listof~=\PValue{totoc}}}%
\end{desclist}
%
\EndIndex{Option}{listof~=\PName{setting}}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{listoftables}\\
  \Macro{listoffigures}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{listoftables}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{listoffigures}%
These commands generate a list of tables or figures.  Changes in the document
that modify these lists will require two {\LaTeX} runs in order to take
effect.  The layout of the lists can be influenced by the option
\Option{listof}\important{\Option{listof}} with values \PValue{graduated} or
\PValue{flat} (see \autopageref{desc:maincls.option.listof}).  Moreover, the
values \PValue{listof} and \PValue{listofnumbered} of option
\Option{toc}\important{\Option{toc}} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.toc}) as well
as the values \PValue{totoc} and \PValue{numbered} of the previous described
option \Option{listof} have influence to the lists of floating environments.

Mostly\textnote{Hint!} the lists of floating environment may be found after
the table of contents. But some publishers like to have these lists at the
appendix. Nevertheless the author of this guide prefers to find them
immediately after the table of contents.%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{listoftables}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{listoffigures}%
%
\EndIndex{}{figures>list of}\EndIndex{}{list of>figures}%
\EndIndex{}{tables>list of}\EndIndex{}{list of>tables}%
%
\EndIndex{}{figures}%
\EndIndex{}{tables}%
\EndIndex{}{floats}


\LoadCommon{13}% \section{Margin Notes}


\section{Appendix}
\label{sec:maincls.appendix}
\BeginIndex{}{appendix}

The appendix of a document contains mainly the enclosures to the
document. These are typically bibliography, index, glossary. But only for this
parts nobody would and should start an appendix, because the formation of
these already distinguishes them from the main document. But if there are
additional elements at the appendix, i.\,e., cited third party documents,
endnotes, figures or tabulars, the standard elements like the bibliography
should also be part of the appendix.

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{appendix}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{appendix}%
The appendix in the standard as well as the {\KOMAScript} classes is
introduced with \Macro{appendix}. This command switches, among other things,
the chapter numbering to upper case letters, also ensuring that the rules
according to \cite{DUDEN} are followed (for German-speaking regions). These
rules are explained in more detail in the description of the option
\Option{numbers} in \autoref{sec:maincls.structure},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.numbers}.

Die output of the chapter headings\OnlyAt{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}} in the appendix are influenced by the options
\Option{chapterprefix} and \Option{appendixprefix}. See
\autoref{sec:maincls.structure},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.appendixprefix} for more information.

Please\textnote{Attention!} note that \Macro{appendix} is a command,
\emph{not} an environment!  This command does not expect any
argument. Chapters and sections in the appendix uses \Macro{chapter} and
\Macro{section} just as does the main text.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{appendix}%
%
\EndIndex{}{appendix}


\section{Bibliography}
\label{sec:maincls.bibliography}
\BeginIndex{}{bibliography}

The bibliography opens up external resources. Mainly bibliographies will be
made by program \BibTeX{} or biber using an external file in database like
structure. Thereby \BibTeX{} style influences not only the formation of the
bibliography entries but also their sorting. Using an additional bibliography
style like \Package{natbib}\IndexPackage{natbib},
\Package{babelbib}\IndexPackage{babelbib}, or
\Package{biblatex}\IndexPackage{bublatex} limits the influence of
\KOMAScript{} to the bibliography hardly. In such cases it is important so see
the manual of the bibliography package! General information about bibliography
may be found in \cite{lshort}.


\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{bibliography}\PName{selection}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Option}{bibliography~=\PName{selection}}%
For a start, \PName{selection}\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} may be any already defined
bibliography formation style. There are two predefined formation styles at
\KOMAScript{}. You should not misconceive them with the styles used by
\BibTeX\Index{BibTeX=\BibTeX} which you may select using
\Macro{bibstyle}. While \BibTeX{} influences not only the sorting but also the
contents of the bibliography, \KOMAScript{} influences only some basic
features of the bibliography or a tiny amount of formation features of the
entries to the bibliography.

Option\important{\OptionValue{bibliography}{oldstyle}}
\OptionValue{bibliography}{oldstyle}%
\IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{oldstyle}} selects a compact formation of
the bibliography entries. In this case command
\Macro{newblock}\IndexCmd{newblock} inside of the entries will only result in
a small horizontal distance. The name is a result of the fact, that this is
the mostly used classic kind of bibliography. In opposite to
this\important[i]{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{bibliography=}\\
    \quad\PValue{openstyle}\end{tabular}}%
\OptionValue{bibliography}{openstyle}%
\IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{openstyle}}. selects a more modern and open
kind of bibliography. The name is a result of the fact, that command
\Macro{newblock} inserts a paragraph break. The entries will be more
structured by this. They are less compact and seem more relaxed or
open. Information about definition of new formation styles may be found in
description of command \Macro{newbibstyle} in
\autoref{sec:maincls-experts.experts} at
\autopageref{desc:maincls-experts.cmd.newbibstyle}.

Beside the formation style one more feature may be selected using
\PName{selection}. The bibliography is a kind of contents list. But instead of
listing contents of the document itself, it references to external
contents. Because of this, someone may say, that
the\important[i]{\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{}}
    \Option{bibliography=}\\
    \quad\PValue{totocnumbered}
  \end{tabular}} bibliography is a chapter
or section on its own and should have a chapter or section number. You may
select this with option \OptionValue{bibliography}{totocnumbered}%
\IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{totocnumbered}} which will therefor also
generate an entry to the table of contents.In my opinion the bibliography is
nothing you've written on your own and so does not merits a numbered entry to
the table of contents. A entry without number may be set with option
\OptionValue{bibliography}{totoc}%
\IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{totoc}}. Nevertheless, the default would be
neither a number nor an entry to the table of contents and corresponds to
\OptionValue{bibliography}{nottotoc}%
\IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{nottotoc}}. For more information see option
\Option{toc} in \autoref{sec:maincls.toc}, especially values
\PValue{bibliographynumbered}, \PValue{bibliography}, and
\PValue{nobibliography} to this option at
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.toc.bibliography}.

Sometimes\ChangedAt{v3.12}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} it is not usefull to have one bibliography for the whole
document but a bibliography at every chapter of a document made using
\Class{scrbook} or \Class{scrreprt}. In that case
you'd\important{\OptionValue{bibliography=leveldown}} need the bibliography
itself not to be a chapter but one level below, a section. You may achieve
this using Option \OptionValue{bibliography}{leveldown}%
\IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{leveldown}}. You may use this also if you'd
combine several lists and the bibliography together below one heading. So this
option is also available with \Class{scrartcl}.

A summary of all available values for option \Option{bibliography} may be
found in \autoref{tab:maincls.bibliography}. Nevertheless you should note,
that additional values may be generated using
\Macro{newbibstyle}\IndexCmd{newbibstyle}.

\begin{table}
  \caption[{Available values of option \Option{bibliography}}]{%
    Predefined values of option \Option{bibliography} to select the formation
    of the bibliography}
  \label{tab:maincls.bibliography}
  \begin{desctabular}
    \pventry{leveldown}{%
      \ChangedAt{v3.12}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
        \Class{scrartcl}}%
      The bibliography will use a heading of one step lower section level than
      default.%
      \IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{leveldown}}}%
    \pventry{nottotoc}{%
      The bibliography will neither have an entry at the table of contents nor
      a number,%
      \IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{nottotoc}}}%
    \pventry{oldstyle}{%
      The bibliography will use the classic, compact formation, where
      \Macro{newblock}\IndexCmd{newblock} generates an expandable
      horizontal distance only.%
      \IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{oldstyle}}}%
    \pventry{openstyle}{%
      The bibliography will use the structured, open formation, where
      \Macro{newblock}\IndexCmd{newblock} generates a paragraph break.%
      \IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{openstyle}}}%
    \pventry{totoc}{%
      The bibliography will have an entry at the table of contents but no
      number.%
      \IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{totoc}}}%
    \pventry{totocnumbered}{%
      The bibliography will have an entry at the table of contents and a
      number at the heading.%
      \IndexOption{bibliography~=\PValue{totocnumbered}}}%
  \end{desctabular}
\end{table}
%
\EndIndex{Option}{bibliography~=\PName{selection}}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{setbibpreamble}\Parameter{preamble}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setbibpreamble}%
The command \Macro{setbibpreamble} can be used to set a preamble for the
bibliography\Index{bibliography}. This can be achieved by placing the preamble
before the command for issuing the bibliography.  However, it need not be
directly in front of it. For example, it could be placed at the beginning of
the document. Similar\textnote{Attention!} to the options
\OptionValue{bibliography}{totoc} and
\OptionValue{bibliography}{totocnumbered}, this command can only be successful
if you have not loaded a package which prevents this by redefining the
\Environment{thebibliography} environment.  Even though the \Package{natbib}
package\IndexPackage{natbib} makes unauthorized use of internal macros of
{\KOMAScript} it could be achieved that \Macro{setbibpreamble} works with the
current version of \Package{natbib} (see \cite{package:natbib}).
\begin{Example}
  You want to point out that the sorting of the references in the
  bibliography is not according to their occurrence in the text, but
  in alphabetical order. You use the following command:
\begin{lstcode}
  \setbibpreamble{References are in alphabetical order.
    References with more than one author are sorted
    according to the first author.\par\bigskip}
\end{lstcode}
  The \Macro{bigskip}\IndexCmd{bigskip} command makes sure that the
  preamble and the first reference are separated by a large vertical
  space.%
\end{Example}%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setbibpreamble}


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{BreakBibliography}\Parameter{interruption code}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{BreakBibliography}%
This\textnote{Attention!}\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and
  \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}} command exists only if the
environment \Environment{thebibliography} has not been redefined by another
package. It provides a break at the bibliography. The \PName{interruption
  code} will be expanded inside a group. Such a break may be, e.\,g., a
heading using \Macro{minisec}. Unfortunately it is not possible to add this
command to the \BibTeX{} database using, e.\,g., a special kind of \BibTeX{}
entry. Because of this, users may use is currently only if they make the
bibliography on their own. Because of this usage is very limited.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{BreakBibliography}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{AfterBibliographyPreamble}\Parameter{code}\\
  \Macro{AtEndBibliography}\Parameter{code}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{AfterBibliographyPreamble}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{AtEndBibliography}%
In\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}
some cases it may be useful to add some \PName{code} after the bibliography
preamble or just before the end of the bibliography. This may be achieved
using one of this instructions.
\begin{Example}
  You want to set the bibliography not justified but ragged right. This may be
  achieved using:
\begin{lstcode}
  \AfterBibliographyPreamble{\raggedright}
\end{lstcode}
  You may place this instruction anywhere before the
  bibliography. Nevertheless it is recommended to do so at the preamble of the
  document or inside your own package.
\end{Example}
The\textnote{Attention!} functionality of this instruction depends on
cooperation with packages modifying the bibliography, if such a package should
be used (see \autoref{sec:maincls-experts.coexistence},
\autopageref{desc:maincls-experts.cmd.AfterBibliographyPreamble}).%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{AtEndBibliography}%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{AfterBibliographyPreamble}%
%
\EndIndex{}{bibliography}


\section{Index}
\label{sec:maincls.index}
\BeginIndex{}{index}

For general information about making an index see \cite{lshort},
\cite{makeindex}, and \cite{xindy}. Using a package, that redefines commands
or environments for the index, may limit the influence of \KOMAScript{} to the
index hardly. This would be valid, e.\,g., for usage of package
\Package{index}\IndexPackage{index} but not for usage of package
\Package{splitidx}\IndexPackage{splitidx} (see \cite{package:splitindex}).

\begin{Declaration}
  \KOption{index}\PName{selection}%
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Option}{index~=\PName{selection}}%
\ChangedAt{v3.00}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and \Class{scrartcl}}%
The index is chapter (\Class{scrbook} or \Class{scrreprt}) or section
(\Class{scrartcl}) without heading number or entry at the table of contents by
default or option
\OptionValue{index}{default}\IndexOption{index~=\PValue{default}}.
The\important{\OptionValue{index}{totoc}} index does not need an entry at the
table of contents, because it should always be the last element of a
document. Nevertheless, such an entry may be achieved using option
\OptionValue{index}{totoc}\IndexOption{index~=\PValue{totoc}}. See also option
\Option{toc} with value \PValue{index} in \autoref{sec:maincls.toc} from
\autopageref{desc:maincls.option.toc.index} onward.

A summary of all available values for option \Option{index} may be found in
\autoref{tab:maincls.index}.

\begin{table}
  \caption{Available values of option \Option{index}}%
  \label{tab:maincls.index}
  \begin{desctabular}
    \entry{\PValue{totoc}, \PValue{toc}, \PValue{notnumbered}}{%
      The index will have an entry at the table of contents, but will not have
      a heading number.%
      \IndexOption{index~=\PValue{totoc}}}%
    \entry{\PValue{default}, \PValue{nottotoc}, \PValue{plainheading}}{%
      The index will not have an entry at the table of contents.%
      \IndexOption{index~=\PValue{default}}}%
  \end{desctabular}
\end{table}
%
\EndIndex{Option}{index~=\PName{selection}}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{setindexpreamble}\Parameter{preamble}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{setindexpreamble}%
Similarly to the bibliography you can use a preamble to the
index. This is often the case if you have more than one index or if
you use different kinds of referencing by highlighting the page
numbers in different ways.
\begin{Example}
  You have a document in which terms are both defined and used. The
  page numbers of definitions are in bold. Of course you want to make
  your reader aware of this fact. Thus you insert a preamble for the
  index:
\begin{lstcode}
  \setindexpreamble{In \textbf{bold} printed page numbers are
    references to the definition of terms. Other page numbers
    indicate the use of a term.\par\bigskip}
\end{lstcode}
\end{Example}

Please note that the page style of the first page of the index is
changed. The applied page style is defined in the macro
\Macro{indexpagestyle} (see \autoref{sec:maincls.pagestyle},
\autopageref{desc:maincls.cmd.titlepagestyle}).

The production, sorting and output of the index is done by the
standard {\LaTeX} packages and additional programs. Similar to the
standard classes {\KOMAScript} only provides the basic macros and
environments.%
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{setindexpreamble}%
%
\EndIndex{}{index}
%
%
\EndIndex{Class}{scrbook}%
\EndIndex{Class}{scrreprt}%
\EndIndex{Class}{scrartcl}%

\endinput

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