Biber UTF-8 ↔ LaTeX macro decoding/encoding map

If you are using PDFTeX as opposed to a native UTF-8 engine like XeTeX or LuaTeX, you will have to load some extra packages to use macros in this section. See the "symbols" document that comes with TeXLive for a comprehensive list of symbols and the packages you need for PDFTeX (run "texdoc symbols" to see this document on a TeXLive system).

Key

Excluded from encoding (ignore LaTeX special chars)

Character
"
#
$
%
&
'
*
<
=
>
[
]
\
^
_
`
g
{
|
}
~
 
£
±

Accents

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\` ̀300
\' ́301
\^ ̂302
\~ ̃303
\= ̄304
\. ̇307
\" ̈308

General Macros

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\textquotedbl"22
\textdollar$24
\textpercent%25
\textampersand&26
\textquotesingle'27
\textasteriskcentered*2A
\textless<3C
\textequals=3D
\textgreater>3E
\textbackslash\5C
\textasciicircum^5E
\textunderscore_5F
\textasciigrave`60
\textgg67
\textbraceleft{7B
\textbar|7C
\textbraceright}7D
\textasciitilde~7E
\nobreakspace A0
\textexclamdown¡A1
\textcent¢A2
\textsterling£A3
\pounds£A3
\textcurrency¤A4
\textyen¥A5
\textbrokenbar¦A6
\textsection§A7
\S§A7
\textasciidieresis¨A8
\textcopyright©A9
\copyright©A9
\textordfeminineªAA
\guillemotleft«AB
\textminus2212
\textregistered®AE
\textasciimacron¯AF
\textdegree°B0
\texttwosuperior²B2
\textthreesuperior³B3
\textasciiacute´B4
\textparagraphB6
\PB6
\textcentereddot·B7
\textperiodcentered·B7
\textasciicedilla¸B8
\textonesuperior¹B9
\textordmasculineºBA
\guillemotright»BB
\textonequarter¼BC
\textonehalf½BD
\textthreequarters¾BE
\textquestiondown¿BF
\AAÅC5
\AEÆC6
\DHÐD0
\OØD8
\ThornÞDE
\THÞDE
\ssßDF
\aaåE5
\aeæE6
\dhðF0
\oøF8
\textthornþFE
\textthornvariþFE
\textthornvariiþFE
\textthornvariiiþFE
\textthornvarivþFE
\thþFE
\DJĐ110
\djđ111
\textcrdđ111
\textHbarĦ126
\textcrhħ127
\texthbarħ127
\iı131
\IJIJ132
\ijij133
\textkraĸ138
\LŁ141
\textbarlł142
\lł142
\NGŊ14A
\ngŋ14B
\OEŒ152
\oeœ153
\textTbarŦ166
\textTstrokeŦ166
\texttbarŧ167
\texttstrokeŧ167
\textcrbƀ180
\textBhookƁ181
\textOopenƆ186
\textChookƇ187
\textchookƈ188
\texthtcƈ188
\textDafricanƉ189
\textDhookƊ18A
\textEreversedƎ18E
\textEopenƐ190
\textFhookƑ191
\textflorinƒ192
\textGammaafricanƔ194
\texthvligƕ195
\hvƕ195
\textIotaafricanƖ196
\textKhookƘ198
\textkhookƙ199
\texthtkƙ199
\textcrlambdaƛ19B
\textNhookleftƝ19D
\OHORNƠ1A0
\ohornơ1A1
\textPhookƤ1A4
\textphookƥ1A5
\texthtpƥ1A5
\textEshƩ1A9
\ESHƩ1A9
\textlooptopreveshƪ1AA
\textpalhookbelowƫ1AB
\textThookƬ1AC
\textthookƭ1AD
\texthttƭ1AD
\textTretroflexhookƮ1AE
\UHORNƯ1AF
\uhornư1B0
\textVhookƲ1B2
\textYhookƳ1B3
\textyhookƴ1B4
\textEzhƷ1B7
\texteturnedǝ1DD
\textturnaɐ250
\textscriptaɑ251
\textturnscriptaɒ252
\textbhookɓ253
\texthtbɓ253
\textoopenɔ254
\textopenoɔ254
\textctcɕ255
\textdtailɖ256
\textrtaildɖ256
\textdhookɗ257
\texthtdɗ257
\textreveɘ258
\textschwaə259
\textrhookschwaɚ25A
\texteopenɛ25B
\textepsilonɛ25B
\textrevepsilonɜ25C
\textrhookrevepsilonɝ25D
\textcloserevepsilonɞ25E
\textbardotlessjɟ25F
\texthtgɠ260
\textscriptgɡ261
\textscgɢ262
\textgammalatinsmallɣ263
\textgammaɣ263
\textramshornsɤ264
\textturnhɥ265
\texththɦ266
\texththengɧ267
\textbariɨ268
\textiotalatinɩ269
\textiotaɩ269
\textsciɪ26A
\textltildeɫ26B
\textbeltlɬ26C
\textrtaillɭ26D
\textlyoghligɮ26E
\textturnmɯ26F
\textturnmrlegɰ270
\textltailmɱ271
\textltailnɲ272
\textnhookleftɲ272
\textrtailnɳ273
\textscnɴ274
\textbaroɵ275
\textscoeligɶ276
\textcloseomegaɷ277
\textphiɸ278
\textturnrɹ279
\textturnlonglegrɺ27A
\textturnrrtailɻ27B
\textlonglegrɼ27C
\textrtailrɽ27D
\textfishhookrɾ27E
\textlhtiɿ27F
\textscrʀ280
\textinvscrʁ281
\textrtailsʂ282
\texteshʃ283
\texthtbardotlessjʄ284
\textraisevibyiʅ285
\textcteshʆ286
\textturntʇ287
\textrtailtʈ288
\texttretroflexhookʈ288
\textbaruʉ289
\textupsilonʊ28A
\textscriptvʋ28B
\textvhookʋ28B
\textturnvʌ28C
\textturnwʍ28D
\textturnyʎ28E
\textscyʏ28F
\textrtailzʐ290
\textctzʑ291
\textezhʒ292
\textyoghʒ292
\textctyoghʓ293
\textglotstopʔ294
\textrevglotstopʕ295
\textinvglotstopʖ296
\textstretchcʗ297
\textbullseyeʘ298
\textscbʙ299
\textcloseepsilonʚ29A
\texthtscgʛ29B
\textschʜ29C
\textctjʝ29D
\textturnkʞ29E
\textsclʟ29F
\texthtqʠ2A0
\textbarglotstopʡ2A1
\textbarrevglotstopʢ2A2
\textdzligʣ2A3
\textdyoghligʤ2A4
\textdctzligʥ2A5
\texttsligʦ2A6
\textteshligʧ2A7
\textteshʧ2A7
\texttctcligʨ2A8
\hamzaʾ2BE
\ainʿ2BF
\aynʿ2BF
\textprimstressˈ2C8
\textlengthmarkː2D0

Diacritics

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\r ̊30A
\H ̋30B
\u ̆306
\v ̌30C
\G ̏30F
\M ̢322
\d ̣323
\c ̧327
\k ̨328
\b ̱331
\B ̵335
\t ̑311
\textvbaraccent ̍30D
\textdoublevbaraccent ̎30E
\textdotbreve ̐310
\textturncommaabove ̒312
\textcommaabove ̓313
\textrevcommaabove ̔314
\textcommaabover ̕315
\textsubgrave ̖316
\textsubacute ̗317
\textadvancing ̘318
\textretracting ̙319
\textlangleabove ̚31A
\textrighthorn ̛31B
\textsublhalfring ̜31C
\textraising ̝31D
\textlowering ̞31E
\textsubplus ̟31F
\textsubbar ̠320
\textsubminus ̠320
\textpalhookbelow ̡321
\textsubumlaut ̤324
\textsubring ̥325
\textcommabelow ̦326
\textsyllabic ̩329
\textsubbridge ̪32A
\textsubw ̫32B
\textsubwedge ̬32C
\textsubcircnum ̭32D
\textsubbreve ̮32E
\textundertie ̮32E
\textsubarch ̯32F
\textsubtilde ̰330
\subdoublebar ̳333
\textsuperimposetilde ̴334
\textlstrokethru ̶336
\textsstrikethru ̷337
\textlstrikethru ̸338
\textsubrhalfring ̹339
\textinvsubbridge ̺33A
\textsubsquare ̻33B
\textseagull ̼33C
\textovercross ̽33D
\overbridge ͆346
\subdoublebar ͇347
\subdoublevert ͈348
\subcorner ͉349
\crtilde ͊34A
\textoverw ͊34A
\dottedtilde ͋34B
\doubletilde ͌34C
\spreadlips ͍34D
\whistle ͎34E
\textrightarrowhead ͐350
\textlefthalfring ͑351
\sublptr ͔354
\subrptr ͕355
\textrightuparrowhead ͖356
\textrighthalfring ͗357
\textdoublebreve ͝35D
\textdoublemacron ͞35E
\textdoublemacronbelow ͟35F
\textdoubletilde ͠360
\texttoptiebar ͡361
\sliding ͢362

Punctuation

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\textendash2013
\textemdash2014
\textquoteleft2018
\textquoteright2019
\quotesinglbase201A
\textquotedblleft201C
\textquotedblright201D
\quotedblbase201E
\dag2020
\ddag2021
\textbullet2022
\dots2026
\textperthousand2030
\textpertenthousand2031
\guilsinglleft2039
\guilsinglright203A
\textreferencemark203B
\textinterrobang203D
\textoverline203E
\langle27E8
\rangle27E9

Symbols

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\textdiv÷F7
\div÷F7
\texttimes×D7
\times×D7
\textmuµB5
\muµB5
\textpm±B1
\pm±B1
\textlogicalnot¬AC
\lnot¬AC
\textcolonmonetary20A1
\textlira20A4
\textnaira20A6
\textwon20A9
\textdong20AB
\euro20AC
\texteuro20AC
\textnumero2116
\texttrademark2122
\leftarrow2190
\uparrow2191
\rightarrow2192
\downarrow2193
\leftrightarrow2194
\updownarrow2195
\leadsto219D
\rightleftharpoons21CC
\Rightarrow21D2
\Leftrightarrow21D4
\forall2200
\complement2201
\partial2202
\exists2203
\nexists2204
\set2205
\Delta2206
\nabla2207
\in2208
\notin2209
\ni220B
\prod220F
\coprod2210
\sum2211
\mp2213
\dotplus2214
\setminus2216
\ast2217
\circ2218
\bullet2219
\surd221A
\propto221D
\infty221E
\angle2220
\measuredangle2221
\sphericalangle2222
\mid2223
\nmid2224
\parallel2225
\nparallel2226
\wedge2227
\vee2228
\cap2229
\cup222A
\int222B
\iint222C
\iiint222D
\oint222E
\therefore2234
\because2235
\sim223C
\backsim223D
\wr2240
\nsim2241
\simeq2243
\cong2245
\ncong2247
\approx2248
\approxeq224A
\asymp224D
\Bumpeq224E
\bumpeq224F
\doteq2250
\doteqdot2251
\fallingdotseq2252
\risingdotseq2253
\eqcirc2256
\circeq2257
\triangleq225C
\neq2260
\equiv2261
\leq2264
\geq2265
\leqq2266
\geqq2267
\lneqq2268
\gneqq2269
\ll226A
\gg226B
\between226C
\nless226E
\ngtr226F
\nleq2270
\ngeq2271
\lesssim2272
\gtrsim2273
\lessgtr2276
\gtrless2277
\prec227A
\succ227B
\preccurlyeq227C
\succcurlyeq227D
\precsim227E
\succsim227F
\nprec2280
\nsucc2281
\subset2282
\supset2283
\subseteq2286
\supseteq2287
\nsubseteq2288
\nsupseteq2289
\subsetneq228A
\supsetneq228B
\uplus228E
\sqsubset228F
\sqsupset2290
\sqsubseteq2291
\sqsupseteq2292
\sqcap2293
\sqcup2294
\oplus2295
\ominus2296
\otimes2297
\oslash2298
\odot2299
\circledcirc229A
\circledast229B
\circleddash229D
\boxplus229E
\boxminus229F
\boxtimes22A0
\boxdot22A1
\vdash22A2
\dashv22A3
\top22A4
\bot22A5
\Vdash22A9
\Vvdash22AA
\nVdash22AE
\lhd22B2
\rhd22B3
\unlhd22B4
\unrhd22B5
\multimap22B8
\intercal22BA
\veebar22BB
\barwedge22BC
\bigwedge22C0
\bigvee22C1
\bigcap22C2
\bigcup22C3
\diamond22C4
\cdot22C5
\star22C6
\divideontimes22C7
\bowtie22C8
\ltimes22C9
\rtimes22CA
\leftthreetimes22CB
\rightthreetimes22CC
\backsimeq22CD
\curlyvee22CE
\curlywedge22CF
\Subset22D0
\Supset22D1
\Cap22D2
\Cup22D3
\pitchfork22D4
\lessdot22D6
\gtrdot22D7
\lll22D8
\ggg22D9
\lesseqgtr22DA
\gtreqless22DB
\curlyeqprec22DE
\curlyeqsucc22DF
\lnsim22E6
\gnsim22E7
\precnsim22E8
\succnsim22E9
\ntriangleleft22EA
\ntriangleright22EB
\ntrianglelefteq22EC
\ntrianglerighteq22ED
\vdots22EE
\cdots22EF
\ddots22F1
\lceil2308
\rceil2309
\lfloor230A
\rfloor230B
\Box25A1
\spadesuit2660
\heartsuit2661
\diamondsuit2662
\clubsuit2663
\flat266D
\natural266E
\sharp266F
\tone5˥2E5
\tone4˦2E6
\tone3˧2E7
\tone2˨2E8
\tone1˩2E9

Negated Symbols

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\not\asymp226D
\not\lesssim2274
\not\gtrsim2275
\not\subset2284
\not\supset2285
\not\ni220C
\not\simeq2244
\not\approx2249
\not\equiv2262
\not\preccurlyeq22E0
\not\succcurlyeq22E1
\not\sqsubseteq22E2
\not\sqsupseteq22E3

Superscripts

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\0 ⁰2070
\i ⁱ2071
\4 ⁴2074
\5 ⁵2075
\6 ⁶2076
\7 ⁷2077
\8 ⁸2078
\9 ⁹2079
\+ ⁺207A
\- ⁻207B
\= ⁼207C
\( ⁽207D
\) ⁾207E
\n ⁿ207F
\SM ℠2120
\h ʰ2B0
\j ʲ2B2
\r ʳ2B3
\w ʷ2B7
\y ʸ2B8
\texthth ʱ2B1
\textturnr ʴ2B4
\textturnrrtail ʵ2B5
\textinvscr ʶ2B6

Dingbats

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\ding{21}2701
\ding{22}2702
\ding{23}2703
\ding{24}2704
\ding{25}260E
\ding{26}2706
\ding{27}2707
\ding{28}2708
\ding{29}2709
\ding{2A}261B
\ding{2B}261E
\ding{2C}270C
\ding{2D}270D
\ding{2E}270E
\ding{2F}270F
\ding{30}2710
\ding{31}2711
\ding{32}2712
\ding{33}2713
\ding{34}2714
\ding{35}2715
\ding{36}2716
\ding{37}2717
\ding{38}2718
\ding{39}2719
\ding{3A}271A
\ding{3B}271B
\ding{3C}271C
\ding{3D}271D
\ding{3E}271E
\ding{3F}271F
\ding{40}2720
\ding{41}2721
\ding{42}2722
\ding{43}2723
\ding{44}2724
\ding{45}2725
\ding{46}2726
\ding{47}2727
\ding{48}2605
\ding{49}2729
\ding{4A}272A
\ding{4B}272B
\ding{4C}272C
\ding{4D}272D
\ding{4E}272E
\ding{4F}272F
\ding{50}2730
\ding{51}2731
\ding{52}2732
\ding{53}2733
\ding{54}2734
\ding{55}2735
\ding{56}2736
\ding{57}2737
\ding{58}2738
\ding{59}2739
\ding{5A}273A
\ding{5B}273B
\ding{5C}273C
\ding{5D}273D
\ding{5E}273E
\ding{5F}273F
\ding{60}2740
\ding{61}2741
\ding{62}2742
\ding{63}2743
\ding{64}2744
\ding{65}2745
\ding{66}2746
\ding{67}2747
\ding{68}2748
\ding{69}2749
\ding{6A}274A
\ding{6B}274B
\ding{6C}25CF
\ding{6D}274D
\ding{6E}25A0
\ding{6F}274F
\ding{70}2750
\ding{71}2751
\ding{72}2752
\ding{73}25B2
\ding{74}25BC
\ding{75}25C6
\ding{76}2756
\ding{77}25D7
\ding{78}2758
\ding{79}2759
\ding{7A}275A
\ding{7B}275B
\ding{7C}275C
\ding{7D}275D
\ding{7E}275E
\ding{A1}2761
\ding{A2}2762
\ding{A3}2763
\ding{A4}2764
\ding{A5}2765
\ding{A6}2766
\ding{A7}2767
\ding{A9}2666
\ding{AA}2665
\ding{AC}2460
\ding{AD}2461
\ding{AE}2462
\ding{AF}2463
\ding{B0}2464
\ding{B1}2465
\ding{B2}2466
\ding{B3}2467
\ding{B4}2468
\ding{B5}2469
\ding{B6}2776
\ding{B7}2777
\ding{B8}2778
\ding{B9}2779
\ding{BA}277A
\ding{BB}277B
\ding{BC}277C
\ding{BD}277D
\ding{BE}277E
\ding{BF}277F
\ding{C0}2780
\ding{C1}2781
\ding{C2}2782
\ding{C3}2783
\ding{C4}2784
\ding{C5}2785
\ding{C6}2786
\ding{C7}2787
\ding{C8}2788
\ding{C9}2789
\ding{CA}278A
\ding{CB}278B
\ding{CC}278C
\ding{CD}278D
\ding{CE}278E
\ding{CF}278F
\ding{D0}2790
\ding{D1}2791
\ding{D2}2792
\ding{D3}2793
\ding{D4}2794
\ding{D6}2194
\ding{D7}2195
\ding{D8}2798
\ding{D9}2799
\ding{DA}279A
\ding{DB}279B
\ding{DC}279C
\ding{DD}279D
\ding{DE}279E
\ding{DF}279F
\ding{E0}27A0
\ding{E1}27A1
\ding{E2}27A2
\ding{E3}27A3
\ding{E4}27A4
\ding{E5}27A5
\ding{E6}27A6
\ding{E7}27A7
\ding{E8}27A8
\ding{E9}27A9
\ding{EA}27AA
\ding{EB}27AB
\ding{EC}27AC
\ding{ED}27AD
\ding{EE}27AE
\ding{EF}27AF
\ding{F1}27B1
\ding{F2}27B2
\ding{F3}27B3
\ding{F4}27B4
\ding{F5}27B5
\ding{F6}27B6
\ding{F7}27B7
\ding{F8}27B8
\ding{F9}27B9
\ding{FA}27BA
\ding{FB}27BB
\ding{FC}27BC
\ding{FD}27BD
\ding{FE}27BE

Greek symbols

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\alphaα3B1
\betaβ3B2
\gammaγ3B3
\deltaδ3B4
\varepsilonε3B5
\zetaζ3B6
\etaη3B7
\varthetaθ3B8
\iotaι3B9
\kappaκ3BA
\lambdaλ3BB
\muμ3BC
\nuν3BD
\xiξ3BE
\omicronο3BF
\piπ3C0
\varrhoρ3C1
\varsigmaς3C2
\sigmaσ3C3
\tauτ3C4
\upsilonυ3C5
\varphiφ3C6
\chiχ3C7
\psiψ3C8
\omegaω3C9
\AlphaΑ391
\BetaΒ392
\GammaΓ393
\DeltaΔ394
\EpsilonΕ395
\ZetaΖ396
\EtaΗ397
\ThetaΘ398
\IotaΙ399
\KappaΚ39A
\LambdaΛ39B
\MuΜ39C
\NuΝ39D
\XiΞ39E
\OmicronΟ39F
\PiΠ3A0
\RhoΡ3A1
\SigmaΣ3A3
\TauΤ3A4
\UpsilonΥ3A5
\PhiΦ3A6
\ChiΧ3A7
\PsiΨ3A8
\OmegaΩ3A9