% ****** Start of file apssamp.tex ****** % % This file is part of the APS files in the REVTeX 4 distribution. % Version 4.0 of REVTeX, August 2001 % % Copyright (c) 2001 The American Physical Society. % % See the REVTeX 4 README file for restrictions and more information. % % TeX'ing this file requires that you have AMS-LaTeX 2.0 installed % as well as the rest of the prerequisites for REVTeX 4.0 % % See the REVTeX 4 README file % It also requires running BibTeX. The commands are as follows: % % 1) latex apssamp.tex % 2) bibtex apssamp % 3) latex apssamp.tex % 4) latex apssamp.tex % \documentclass[twocolumn,showpacs,preprintnumbers,amsmath,amssymb]{revtex4} %\documentclass[preprint,showpacs,preprintnumbers,amsmath,amssymb]{revtex4} % Some other (several out of many) possibilities %\documentclass[preprint,aps]{revtex4} %\documentclass[preprint,aps,draft]{revtex4} %\documentclass[prb]{revtex4}% Physical Review B \usepackage{graphicx}% Include figure files \usepackage{dcolumn}% Align table columns on decimal point \usepackage{bm}% bold math %\nofiles \begin{document} \preprint{APS/123-QED} \title{Manuscript Title:\\with Forced Linebreak}% Force line breaks with \\ \author{Ann Author} \altaffiliation[Also at ]{Physics Department, XYZ University.}%Lines break automatically or can be forced with \\ \author{Second Author}% \email{Second.Author@institution.edu} \affiliation{% Authors' institution and/or address\\ This line break forced with \textbackslash\textbackslash }% \author{Charlie Author} \homepage{http://www.Second.institution.edu/~Charlie.Author} \affiliation{ Second institution and/or address\\ This line break forced% with \\ }% \date{\today}% It is always \today, today, % but any date may be explicitly specified \begin{abstract} An article usually includes an abstract, a concise summary of the work covered at length in the main body of the article. It is used for secondary publications and for information retrieval purposes. Valid PACS numbers may be entered using the \verb+\pacs{#1}+ command. \end{abstract} \pacs{Valid PACS appear here}% PACS, the Physics and Astronomy % Classification Scheme. %\keywords{Suggested keywords}%Use showkeys class option if keyword %display desired \maketitle \section{\label{sec:level1}First-level heading:\protect\\ The line break was forced \lowercase{via} \textbackslash\textbackslash} This sample document demonstrates proper use of REV\TeX~4 (and \LaTeXe) in mansucripts prepared for submission to APS journals. Further information can be found in the REV\TeX~4 documentation included in the distribution or available at \url{http://publish.aps.org/revtex4/}. When commands are referred to in this example file, they are always shown with their required arguments, using normal \TeX{} format. In this format, \verb+#1+, \verb+#2+, etc. stand for required author-supplied arguments to commands. For example, in \verb+\section{#1}+ the \verb+#1+ stands for the title text of the author's section heading, and in \verb+\title{#1}+ the \verb+#1+ stands for the title text of the paper. Line breaks in section headings at all levels can be introduced using \textbackslash\textbackslash. A blank input line tells \TeX\ that the paragraph has ended. Note that top-level section headings are automatically uppercased. If a specific letter or word should appear in lowercase instead, you must escape it using \verb+\lowercase{#1}+ as in the word ``via'' above. \subsection{\label{sec:level2}Second-level heading: Formatting} This file may be formatted in both the \texttt{preprint} and \texttt{twocolumn} styles. \texttt{twocolumn} format may be used to mimic final journal output. Either format may be used for submission purposes; however, for peer review and production, APS will format the article using the \texttt{preprint} class option. Hence, it is essential that authors check that their manuscripts format acceptably under \texttt{preprint}. Manuscripts submitted to APS that do not format correctly under the \texttt{preprint} option may be delayed in both the editorial and production processes. The \texttt{widetext} environment will make the text the width of the full page, as on page~\pageref{eq:wideeq}. (Note the use the \verb+\pageref{#1}+ to get the page number right automatically.) The width-changing commands only take effect in \texttt{twocolumn} formatting. It has no effect if \texttt{preprint} formatting is chosen instead. \subsubsection{\label{sec:level3}Third-level heading: References and Footnotes} Reference citations in text use the commands \verb+\cite{#1}+ or \verb+\onlinecite{#1}+. \verb+#1+ may contain letters and numbers. The reference itself is specified by a \verb+\bibitem{#1}+ command with the same argument as the \verb+\cite{#1}+ command. \verb+\bibitem{#1}+ commands may be crafted by hand or, preferably, generated by using Bib\TeX. REV\TeX~4 includes Bib\TeX\ style files \verb+apsrev.bst+ and \verb+apsrmp.bst+ appropriate for \textit{Physical Review} and \textit{Reviews of Modern Physics}, respectively. REV\TeX~4 will automatically choose the style appropriate for the journal specified in the document class options. This sample file demonstrates the basic use of Bib\TeX\ through the use of \verb+\bibliography+ command which references the \verb+assamp.bib+ file. Running Bib\TeX\ (typically \texttt{bibtex apssamp}) after the first pass of \LaTeX\ produces the file \verb+apssamp.bbl+ which contains the automatically formatted \verb+\bibitem+ commands (including extra markup information via \verb+\bibinfo+ commands). If not using Bib\TeX, the \verb+thebibiliography+ environment should be used instead. To cite bibliography entries, use the \verb+\cite{#1}+ command. Most journal styles will display the corresponding number(s) in square brackets: \cite{feyn54,witten2001}. To avoid the square brackets, use \verb+\onlinecite{#1}+: Refs.~\onlinecite{feyn54} and \onlinecite{witten2001}. REV\TeX\ ``collapses'' lists of consecutive reference numbers where possible. We now cite everyone together \cite{feyn54,witten2001,epr}, and once again (Refs.~\onlinecite{epr,feyn54,witten2001}). Note that the references were also sorted into the correct numerical order as well. When the \verb+prb+ class option is used, the \verb+\cite{#1}+ command displays the reference's number as a superscript rather than using square brackets. Note that the location of the \verb+\cite{#1}+ command should be adjusted for the reference style: the superscript references in \verb+prb+ style must appear after punctuation; otherwise the reference must appear before any punctuation. This sample was written for the regular (non-\texttt{prb}) citation style. The command \verb+\onlinecite{#1}+ in the \texttt{prb} style also displays the reference on the baseline. Footnotes are produced using the \verb+\footnote{#1}+ command. Most APS journal styles put footnotes into the bibliography. REV\TeX~4 does this as well, but instead of interleaving the footnotes with the references, they are listed at the end of the references\footnote{This may be improved in future versions of REV\TeX.}. Because the correct numbering of the footnotes must occur after the numbering of the references, an extra pass of \LaTeX\ is required in order to get the numbering correct. \section{Math and Equations} Inline math may be typeset using the \verb+$+ delimiters. Bold math symbols may be achieved using the \verb+bm+ package and the \verb+\bm{#1}+ command it supplies. For instance, a bold $\alpha$ can be typeset as \verb+$\bm{\alpha}$+ giving $\bm{\alpha}$. Fraktur and Blackboard (or open face or double struck) characters should be typeset using the \verb+\mathfrak{#1}+ and \verb+\mathbb{#1}+ commands respectively. Both are supplied by the \texttt{amssymb} package. For example, \verb+$\mathbb{R}$+ gives $\mathbb{R}$ and \verb+$\mathfrak{G}$+ gives $\mathfrak{G}$ In \LaTeX\ there are many different ways to display equations, and a few preferred ways are noted below. Displayed math will center by default. Use the class option \verb+fleqn+ to flush equations left. Below we have numbered single-line equations; this is the most common type of equation in \textit{Physical Review}: \begin{eqnarray} \chi_+(p)\alt{\bf [}2|{\bf p}|(|{\bf p}|+p_z){\bf ]}^{-1/2} \left( \begin{array}{c} |{\bf p}|+p_z\\ px+ip_y \end{array}\right)\;, \\ \left\{% \openone234567890abc123\alpha\beta\gamma\delta1234556\alpha\beta \frac{1\sum^{a}_{b}}{A^2}% \right\}% \label{eq:one}. \end{eqnarray} Note the open one in Eq.~(\ref{eq:one}). Not all numbered equations will fit within a narrow column this way. The equation number will move down automatically if it cannot fit on the same line with a one-line equation: \begin{equation} \left\{ ab12345678abc123456abcdef\alpha\beta\gamma\delta1234556\alpha\beta \frac{1\sum^{a}_{b}}{A^2}% \right\}. \end{equation} When the \verb+\label{#1}+ command is used [cf. input for Eq.~(\ref{eq:one})], the equation can be referred to in text without knowing the equation number that \TeX\ will assign to it. Just use \verb+\ref{#1}+, where \verb+#1+ is the same name that used in the \verb+\label{#1}+ command. Unnumbered single-line equations can be typeset using the \verb+\[+, \verb+\]+ format: \[g^+g^+ \rightarrow g^+g^+g^+g^+ \dots ~,~~q^+q^+\rightarrow q^+g^+g^+ \dots ~. \] \subsection{Multiline equations} Multiline equations are obtained by using the \verb+eqnarray+ environment. Use the \verb+\nonumber+ command at the end of each line to avoid assigning a number: \begin{eqnarray} {\cal M}=&&ig_Z^2(4E_1E_2)^{1/2}(l_i^2)^{-1} \delta_{\sigma_1,-\sigma_2} (g_{\sigma_2}^e)^2\chi_{-\sigma_2}(p_2)\nonumber\\ &&\times [\epsilon_jl_i\epsilon_i]_{\sigma_1}\chi_{\sigma_1}(p_1), \end{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray} \sum \vert M^{\text{viol}}_g \vert ^2&=&g^{2n-4}_S(Q^2)~N^{n-2} (N^2-1)\nonumber \\ & &\times \left( \sum_{i<j}\right) \sum_{\text{perm}} \frac{1}{S_{12}} \frac{1}{S_{12}} \sum_\tau c^f_\tau~. \end{eqnarray} \textbf{Note:} Do not use \verb+\label{#1}+ on a line of a multiline equation if \verb+\nonumber+ is also used on that line. Incorrect cross-referencing will result. Notice the use \verb+\text{#1}+ for using a Roman font within a math environment. To set a multiline equation without \emph{any} equation numbers, use the \verb+\begin{eqnarray*}+, \verb+\end{eqnarray*}+ format: \begin{eqnarray*} \sum \vert M^{\text{viol}}_g \vert ^2&=&g^{2n-4}_S(Q^2)~N^{n-2} (N^2-1)\\ & &\times \left( \sum_{i<j}\right) \left( \sum_{\text{perm}}\frac{1}{S_{12}S_{23}S_{n1}} \right) \frac{1}{S_{12}}~. \end{eqnarray*} To obtain numbers not normally produced by the automatic numbering, use the \verb+\tag{#1}+ command, where \verb+#1+ is the desired equation number. For example, to get an equation number of (\ref{eq:mynum}), \begin{equation} g^+g^+ \rightarrow g^+g^+g^+g^+ \dots ~,~~q^+q^+\rightarrow q^+g^+g^+ \dots ~. \tag{2.6$'$}\label{eq:mynum} \end{equation} A few notes on \verb=\tag{#1}=. \verb+\tag{#1}+ requires \texttt{amsmath}. The \verb+\tag{#1}+ must come before the \verb+\label{#1}+, if any. The numbering set with \verb+\tag{#1}+ is \textit{transparent} to the automatic numbering in REV\TeX{}; therefore, the number must be known ahead of time, and it must be manually adjusted if other equations are added. \verb+\tag{#1}+ works with both single-line and multiline equations. \verb+\tag{#1}+ should only be used in exceptional case - do not use it to number all equations in a paper. Enclosing single-line and multiline equations in \verb+\begin{subequations}+ and \verb+\end{subequations}+ will produce a set of equations that are ``numbered'' with letters, as shown in Eqs.~(\ref{subeq:1}) and (\ref{subeq:2}) below: \begin{subequations} \label{eq:whole} \begin{equation} \left\{ abc123456abcdef\alpha\beta\gamma\delta1234556\alpha\beta \frac{1\sum^{a}_{b}}{A^2} \right\},\label{subeq:1} \end{equation} \begin{eqnarray} {\cal M}=&&ig_Z^2(4E_1E_2)^{1/2}(l_i^2)^{-1} (g_{\sigma_2}^e)^2\chi_{-\sigma_2}(p_2)\nonumber\\ &&\times [\epsilon_i]_{\sigma_1}\chi_{\sigma_1}(p_1).\label{subeq:2} \end{eqnarray} \end{subequations} Putting a \verb+\label{#1}+ command right after the \verb+\begin{subequations}+, allows one to reference all the equations in a subequations environment. For example, the equations in the preceding subequations environment were Eqs.~(\ref{eq:whole}). \subsubsection{Wide equations} The equation that follows is set in a wide format, i.e., it spans across the full page. The wide format is reserved for long equations that cannot be easily broken into four lines or less: \begin{widetext} \begin{equation} {\cal R}^{(\text{d})}= g_{\sigma_2}^e \left( \frac{[\Gamma^Z(3,21)]_{\sigma_1}}{Q_{12}^2-M_W^2} +\frac{[\Gamma^Z(13,2)]_{\sigma_1}}{Q_{13}^2-M_W^2} \right) + x_WQ_e \left( \frac{[\Gamma^\gamma(3,21)]_{\sigma_1}}{Q_{12}^2-M_W^2} +\frac{[\Gamma^\gamma(13,2)]_{\sigma_1}}{Q_{13}^2-M_W^2} \right)\;. \label{eq:wideeq} \end{equation} \end{widetext} This is typed to show the output is in wide format. (Since there is no input line between \verb+\equation+ and this paragraph, there is no paragraph indent for this paragraph.) \section{Cross-referencing} REV\TeX{} will automatically number sections, equations, figure captions, and tables. In order to reference them in text, use the \verb+\label{#1}+ and \verb+\ref{#1}+ commands. To reference a particular page, use the \verb+\pageref{#1}+ command. The \verb+\label{#1}+ should appear in a section heading, within an equation, or in a table or figure caption. The \verb+\ref{#1}+ command is used in the text where the citation is to be displayed. Some examples: Section~\ref{sec:level1} on page~\pageref{sec:level1}, Table~\ref{tab:table1}, and Fig.~\ref{fig:epsart}. \section{Figures and Tables} Figures and tables are typically ``floats'' which means that their final position is determined by \LaTeX\ while the document is being typeset. \LaTeX\ isn't always successful in placing floats optimally. Figures may be inserted by using either the \texttt{graphics} or \texttt{graphix} packages. These packages both define the \verb+\includegraphics{#1}+ command, but they differ in how optional arguments for specifying the orientation, scaling, and translation of the figure. Fig.~\ref{fig:epsart} shows a figure that is small enough to fit in a single column. It is embedded using the \texttt{figure} environment which provides both the caption and the imports the figure file. \begin{figure} \includegraphics{fig_1}% Here is how to import EPS art \caption{\label{fig:epsart} A figure caption. The figure captions are automatically numbered.} \end{figure} Fig.~\ref{fig:wide} is a figure that is too wide for a single column, so instead the \texttt{figure*} environment has been used. \begin{figure*} \includegraphics{fig_2}% Here is how to import EPS art \caption{\label{fig:wide}Use the figure* environment to get a wide figure that spans the page in \texttt{twocolumn} formatting.} \end{figure*} The heart of any table is the \texttt{tabular} environment which gives the rows of the tables. Each row consists of column entries separated by \verb+&+'s and terminates with \textbackslash\textbackslash. The required argument for the \texttt{tabular} environment specifies how data are displayed in the columns. For instance, entries may be centered, left-justified, right-justified, aligned on a decimal point. Extra column-spacing may be be specified as well, although REV\TeX~4 sets this spacing so that the columns fill the width of the table. Horizontal rules are typeset using the \verb+\hline+ command. The doubled (or Scotch) rules that appear at the top and bottom of a table can be achieved enclosing the \texttt{tabular} environment within a \texttt{ruledtabular} environment. Rows whose columns span multiple columns can be typeset using the \verb+\multicolumn{#1}{#2}{#3}+ command (for example, see the first row of Table~\ref{tab:table3}). Tables~\ref{tab:table1}-\ref{tab:table4} show various effects. Tables that fit in a narrow column are contained in a \texttt{table} environment. Table~\ref{tab:table3} is a wide table set with the \texttt{table*} environment. Long tables may need to break across pages. The most straightforward way to accomplish this is to specify the \verb+[H]+ float placement on the \texttt{table} or \texttt{table*} environment. However, the standard \LaTeXe\ package \texttt{longtable} will give more control over how tables break and will allow headers and footers to be specified for each page of the table. A simple example of the use of \texttt{longtable} can be found in the file \texttt{summary.tex} that is included with the REV\TeX~4 distribution. There are two methods for setting footnotes within a table (these footnotes will be displayed directly below the table rather than at the bottom of the page or in the bibliography). The easiest and preferred method is just to use the \verb+\footnote{#1}+ command. This will automatically enumerate the footnotes with lowercase roman letters. However, it is sometimes necessary to have multiple entries in the table share the same footnote. In this case, there is no choice but to manually create the footnotes using \verb+\footnotemark[#1]+ and \verb+\footnotetext[#1]{#2}+. \texttt{\#1} is a numeric value. Each time the same value for \texttt{\#1} is used, the same mark is produced in the table. The \verb+\footnotetext[#1]{#2}+ commands are placed after the \texttt{tabular} environment. Examine the \LaTeX\ source and output for Tables~\ref{tab:table1} and \ref{tab:table2} for examples. \begin{table} \caption{\label{tab:table1}This is a narrow table which fits into a narrow column when using \texttt{twocolumn} formatting. Note that REV\TeX~4 adjusts the intercolumn spacing so that the table fills the entire width of the column. Table captions are numbered automatically. This table illustrates left-aligned, centered, and right-aligned columns. } \begin{ruledtabular} \begin{tabular}{lcr} Left\footnote{Note a.}&Centered\footnote{Note b.}&Right\\ \hline 1 & 2 & 3\\ 10 & 20 & 30\\ 100 & 200 & 300\\ \end{tabular} \end{ruledtabular} \end{table} \begin{table} \caption{\label{tab:table2}A table with more columns still fits properly in a column. Note that several entries share the same footnote. Inspect the \LaTeX\ input for this table to see exactly how it is done.} \begin{ruledtabular} \begin{tabular}{cccccccc} &$r_c$ (\AA)&$r_0$ (\AA)&$\kappa r_0$& &$r_c$ (\AA) &$r_0$ (\AA)&$\kappa r_0$\\ \hline Cu& 0.800 & 14.10 & 2.550 &Sn\footnotemark[1] & 0.680 & 1.870 & 3.700 \\ Ag& 0.990 & 15.90 & 2.710 &Pb\footnotemark[2] & 0.450 & 1.930 & 3.760 \\ Au& 1.150 & 15.90 & 2.710 &Ca\footnotemark[3] & 0.750 & 2.170 & 3.560 \\ Mg& 0.490 & 17.60 & 3.200 &Sr\footnotemark[4] & 0.900 & 2.370 & 3.720 \\ Zn& 0.300 & 15.20 & 2.970 &Li\footnotemark[2] & 0.380 & 1.730 & 2.830 \\ Cd& 0.530 & 17.10 & 3.160 &Na\footnotemark[5] & 0.760 & 2.110 & 3.120 \\ Hg& 0.550 & 17.80 & 3.220 &K\footnotemark[5] & 1.120 & 2.620 & 3.480 \\ Al& 0.230 & 15.80 & 3.240 &Rb\footnotemark[3] & 1.330 & 2.800 & 3.590 \\ Ga& 0.310 & 16.70 & 3.330 &Cs\footnotemark[4] & 1.420 & 3.030 & 3.740 \\ In& 0.460 & 18.40 & 3.500 &Ba\footnotemark[5] & 0.960 & 2.460 & 3.780 \\ Tl& 0.480 & 18.90 & 3.550 & & & & \\ \end{tabular} \end{ruledtabular} \footnotetext[1]{Here's the first, from Ref.~\onlinecite{feyn54}.} \footnotetext[2]{Here's the second.} \footnotetext[3]{Here's the third.} \footnotetext[4]{Here's the fourth.} \footnotetext[5]{And etc.} \end{table} \begin{table*} \caption{\label{tab:table3}This is a wide table that spans the page width in \texttt{twocolumn} mode. It is formatted using the \texttt{table*} environment. It also demonstates the use of \textbackslash\texttt{multicolumn} in rows with entries that span more than one column.} \begin{ruledtabular} \begin{tabular}{ccccc} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{$D_{4h}^1$}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{$D_{4h}^5$}\\ Ion&1st alternative&2nd alternative&lst alternative &2nd alternative\\ \hline K&$(2e)+(2f)$&$(4i)$ &$(2c)+(2d)$&$(4f)$ \\ Mn&$(2g)$\footnote{The $z$ parameter of these positions is $z\sim\frac{1}{4}$.} &$(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)$&$(4e)$&$(2a)+(2b)$\\ Cl&$(a)+(b)+(c)+(d)$&$(2g)$\footnotemark[1] &$(4e)^{\text{a}}$\\ He&$(8r)^{\text{a}}$&$(4j)^{\text{a}}$&$(4g)^{\text{a}}$\\ Ag& &$(4k)^{\text{a}}$& &$(4h)^{\text{a}}$\\ \end{tabular} \end{ruledtabular} \end{table*} \begin{table} \caption{\label{tab:table4}Numbers in columns Three--Five have been aligned by using the ``d'' column specifier (requires the \texttt{dcolumn} package). Non-numeric entries (those entries without a ``.'') in a ``d'' column are aligned on the decimal point. Use the ``D'' specifier for more complex layouts. } \begin{ruledtabular} \begin{tabular}{ccddd} One&Two&\mbox{Three}&\mbox{Four}&\mbox{Five}\\ \hline one&two&\mbox{three}&\mbox{four}&\mbox{five}\\ He&2& 2.77234 & 45672. & 0.69 \\ C\footnote{Some tables require footnotes.} &C\footnote{Some tables need more than one footnote.} & 12537.64 & 37.66345 & 86.37 \\ \end{tabular} \end{ruledtabular} \end{table} \textit{Physical Review} style requires that the initial citation of figures or tables be in numerical order in text, so don't cite Fig.~\ref{fig:wide} until Fig.~\ref{fig:epsart} has been cited. \begin{acknowledgments} We wish to acknowledge the support of the author community in using REV\TeX{}, offering suggestions and encouragement, testing new versions, \dots. \end{acknowledgments} \appendix \section{Appendixes} To start the appendixes, use the \verb+\appendix+ command. This signals that all following section commands refer to appendixes instead of regular sections. Therefore, the \verb+\appendix+ command should be used only once---to setup the section commands to act as appendixes. Thereafter normal section commands are used. The heading for a section can be left empty. For example, \begin{verbatim} \appendix \section{} \end{verbatim} will produce an appendix heading that says ``APPENDIX A'' and \begin{verbatim} \appendix \section{Background} \end{verbatim} will produce an appendix heading that says ``APPENDIX A: BACKGROUND'' (note that the colon is set automatically). If there is only one appendix, then the letter ``A'' should not appear. This is suppressed by using the star version of the appendix command (\verb+\appendix*+ in the place of \verb+\appendix+). \section{A little more on appendixes} Observe that this appendix was started by using \begin{verbatim} \section{A little more on appendixes} \end{verbatim} Note the equation number in an appendix: \begin{equation} E=mc^2. \end{equation} \subsection{\label{app:subsec}A subsection in an appendix} You can use a subsection or subsubsection in an appendix. Note the numbering: we are now in Appendix \ref{app:subsec}. Note the equation numbers in this appendix, produced with the subequations environment: \begin{subequations} \begin{eqnarray} E&=&mc, \label{appa} \\ E&=&mc^2, \label{appb} \\ E&\agt& mc^3. \label{appc} \end{eqnarray} \end{subequations} They turn out to be Eqs.~(\ref{appa}), (\ref{appb}), and (\ref{appc}). \newpage %Just because of unusual number of tables stacked at end \bibliography{apssamp}% Produces the bibliography via BibTeX. \end{document} % % ****** End of file apssamp.tex ******