\section{Statistics}

\begin{pgfplotslibrary}{statistics}
	A library which provides plot handlers for statistics.
\end{pgfplotslibrary}

\subsection{Box Plots}
\label{sec:boxplots}
\begingroup

\pgfkeysgetvalue{/pgfmanual/gray key prefixes}\oldgraykeyprefixes
\pgfkeys{
	/pdflinks/search key prefixes in/.add={}{,/pgfplots/boxplot/},
	/pgfmanual/gray key prefixes/.add={/pgfplots/boxplot/,}{},
}%

Box plots are visualizations for one--dimensional distributions. They provide a fast overview over characteristics of the distribution. Box plots are inherently one--dimensional; they only use a second axis to place multiple box plots next to each other.

\PGFPlots\ supports two related plot handlers: |boxplot| and |boxplot prepared|. 
	The |boxplot| handler takes a one--dimensional sample as input, computes the |median|, the |lower quartile|, the |upper quartile|, the |lower whisker| and the |upper whisker|, and visualizes the result using the |boxplot prepared| handler. The |boxplot prepared| handler expects all required values on input and visualizes them.

\subsubsection{Prepared Box Plots and Common Options}
The |boxplot prepared| handler is discussed first; all its customizations apply to |boxplot| as well.

\begin{plottype}[/pgfplots]{boxplot prepared=\textcolor{black}{\normalfont\marg{options with {\normalfont\texttt{boxplot/}} prefix}}}
	A |boxplot prepared| takes a couple of key--value pairs which describe the required statistics and a coordinate stream of outliers on input and draws a box plot.

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}
	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=5,
			lower quartile=7,
			median=8.5,
			upper quartile=9.5,
			upper whisker=10,
		},
	]
		table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
		data\\ 1\\ 3\\
	};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
	\noindent The previous example shows the main idea of |boxplot prepared|: each required quantity has to be provided explicitly using a key-value syntax. The following coordinate stream can be empty; all coordinates inside of it are considered to be outliers. They are drawn as scatter plot.

	A box plot produces two coordinates: one which belongs to the input data (for example |median|) and one which is only used for drawing purposes. Limits will be updated for both of them. While this is clear for the axis which shows the input data ($x$ in this example, see also |draw direction|), it should be noted that limits and scaling parameters for the other axis will be chosen just as for any other plot. The box's extend is a little bit less than one unit by default (compare |box extend|). As a consequence, would might need to adjust either the limits or the scaling parameters for the remaining axis:
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
		y=1.5cm,
	]
\addplot+[
	boxplot prepared={
		lower whisker=5,
		lower quartile=7,
		median=8.5,
		upper quartile=9.5,
		upper whisker=10,
	},
]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
	data\\ 1\\ 3\\
};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
\end{plottype}

	If you place multiple blots with handler |boxplot prepared| into the same axis, they will automatically be placed next to each other by means of the default value of |draw position|:


\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/draw position=\marg{axis unit to place box} (initially 1+\textbackslash plotnumofactualtype)}
	The |draw position| key determines how to choose the position of the box plot, i.e.\ the axis unit which is free to choose.

	The initial configuration places the first box plot at $y=1$ and all following ones at the next integer numbers.
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}
\addplot+[
	boxplot prepared={
		lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
		median=47,
		upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
	},
]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };

\addplot+[
	boxplot prepared={
		lower whisker=36, lower quartile=39,
		median=40,
		upper quartile=41, upper whisker=43,
	},
]
	% no outliers:
	coordinates {};

\addplot+[
	boxplot prepared={
		lower whisker=41, lower quartile=44,
		median=45,        
		upper quartile=46, upper whisker=47,
	},
]
	coordinates {(0,35) (0,55)};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
	The preceding example shows three box plots in the same axis. Note that they have been aligned using the default setting.

	The fact that the first $N$ |boxplot| (or the equivalent |boxplot prepared|) are placed at the coordinates $1,2,3, \dotsc,N$ makes it simple to assign tick labels: either use |ytick=data| or |ytick=1,2,3| combined with |yticklabels|:
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
	ytick={1,2,3},
	yticklabels={Group A, Group B, Group C},
]
	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
			median=47,
			upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
		},
	]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };

	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=36, lower quartile=39,
			median=40,
			upper quartile=41, upper whisker=43,
		},
	]
	coordinates {};

	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=41, lower quartile=44,
			median=45,
			upper quartile=46, upper whisker=47,
		},
	]
	coordinates {(0,35) (0,55)};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

\noindent
	The |draw position| may be read from some input table using |draw position=\thisrow|\meta{colname}. In this case, the last encountered data row will be used (this remark is, of course, only useful if a data stream is present).


	While the default choice of |draw position| hopefully covers the most common use-cases, one can also assign a custom value to it if specific box plots should be placed individually:
\begin{codeexample}[]
  \begin{tikzpicture}
    \begin{axis}[
        boxplot/draw direction=y,
      ]
      \addplot+[boxplot prepared={
          lower whisker=2.5, lower quartile=4, 
		  median=8.5, upper quartile=12, 
		  upper whisker=15},]
		  coordinates {};
      \addplot+[boxplot prepared={
          lower whisker=2.5, lower quartile=4, 
		  median=8.5, upper quartile=12, 
		  upper whisker=15},] 
		  coordinates {};
      \addplot+[boxplot prepared={draw position=5,
          lower whisker=2.5, lower quartile=4, 
		  median=8.5, upper quartile=12, 
		  upper whisker=15},] 
		  coordinates {};
    \end{axis}
  \end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
	\noindent The example shows the first two plots using the default |draw position|. As this uses the plot index $+1$, they are placed at $x=1$ and $x=2$, respectively (using $x$ due to |draw direction=y|). The third plot has |draw position=5| and is drawn at $x=5$. 

	Note that if you assign |draw position| for one plot, you may also need to adopt all followings ones as \PGFPlots\ does not automatically detect collisions.
\end{pgfplotskey}

\noindent
	The preceeding examples read their outlier data streams from the $y$ coordinate of the input streams: for |\addplot table|, we have explicitly said |y index=0| and for |\addplot coordinates|, we have used |(0,35) (0,55)| where the $x$ components are ignored. This default can be changed using the |boxplot/data| key.
\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/data=\marg{expression} (initially y)}
		Tells |boxplot| how to get its data. 
		The common idea is to provide a mathematical \meta{expression} which depends on data supplied by the |\addplot| statement. For example, if you have |\addplot expression|, the \meta{expression} may depend upon |x|, |y| or |z|. In case of an |\addplot table| input routine, the \meta{expression} can employ |\thisrow|\marg{colname} to access the currently active table row in the designated column.
		
		It is also possible to avoid invocations of the math parser. Use \declareandlabel{boxplot/data value}|=|\marg{value} instead to do so. Here, \meta{value} should be of a numeric constant.

		The initial configuration employs what would usually become the final |y| coordinate as input (to be more precise, the initial value is |data value=\pgfkeysvalueof{/data point/y}|).
\end{pgfplotskey}


\begin{pgfplotskeylist}{%
	boxplot/lower whisker=\marg{value} (initially auto),
	boxplot/lower quartile=\marg{value} (initially auto),
	boxplot/median=\marg{value} (initially auto),
	boxplot/upper quartile=\marg{value} (initially auto),
	boxplot/upper whisker=\marg{value} (initially auto),
	boxplot/average=\marg{value} (initially empty)%
}
	These keys constitute the supported statistics. Typically, a box plot uses each of them except for |average|.

	Any numeric value for \meta{value} will be used as-is. This holds for both |boxplot prepared| and |boxplot|.

	An empty \meta{value} disables the respective key: its associated visualization will be omitted. This is the default for |average|.

	The value |auto| tells \PGFPlots\ to include the statistics in the automatic computation applied by |boxplot|. It is irrelevant for |boxplot prepared| (where it is essentially the same as an empty \meta{value}).


	The definition of the values is as follows. Assume that we have a given sample of a distribution, say $x_1,\dotsc,x_N$, and assume that the values are sorted, $x_1 < \dotsb < x_N$ (which is not a requirement for |boxplot|, by the way). For any real number $p$ with $0\le p\le1$, the ``$p$--quantile'' (or $p$--percentage) is defined as
	\[
	x_p :=
	\begin{cases}
	 	x_{N \cdot p} & \text{if $N \cdot p$ is an integer number}\\
		\frac{1}{2} (x_{\lfloor N p \rfloor} + x_{\lceil N \cdot p \rceil}) & \text{if $N \cdot p$ is not an integer.}
	\end{cases}
	\]
	%FIXME : this is not as in text--books! BUG in the computation!?
	
	|median| is the $0.5$--quantile of the input data: half of the points are less and half of the points are larger than the median.

	|lower quartile| is the $0.25$--quantile of the input data.

	|upper quartile| is the $0.75$--quartile of the input data.

	|lower whisker| is the smallest data value which is larger than |lower quartile|$ -1.5 \cdot \text{IQR}$ where $\text{IQR}$ is the ``inter--quartile--range'', i.e. the difference between |upper quartile| and |lower quartile|.

	|upper whisker| is the largest data value which is smaller than |upper quartile|$+1.5 \cdot \text{IQR}$.
	
	|average| is the sample average. It is omitted by |boxplot| in its default configuration. Set it to |auto| to enable its auto-computation.
\end{pgfplotskeylist}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/draw direction=\mchoice{x,y} (initially x)}
	Since |boxplot| is inherently one--dimensional, it can be visualized along the $x$ or the $y$ axis.

	The default configuration uses the $x$ direction as seen above. 

	The alternative choice $y$ lets the boxes and their whiskers extend along the $y$~axis and stacks multiple box plots along the $x$ axis:

	% FIXME : eliminate opacity=0 here!
	
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
    boxplot/draw direction=y,
	x axis line style={opacity=0},
	axis x line*=bottom,
    axis y line=left,
	enlarge y limits,
	ymajorgrids,
    xtick={1,2,3},
    xticklabels={Group A, Group B, Group C},
]
\addplot+[
    boxplot prepared={
        lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
        median=47,
        upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
    },
]
    table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };
\addplot+[
    boxplot prepared={
        lower whisker=36, lower quartile=39,
        median=40,
        upper quartile=41, upper whisker=43,
    },
]
    coordinates {};
\addplot+[
    boxplot prepared={
        lower whisker=41, lower quartile=44,
        median=45,
        upper quartile=46, upper whisker=47,
    },
]
    coordinates {(0,35) (0,55)};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
\end{pgfplotskey}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/variable width=\mchoice{true,false} (initially false)}
	If enabled, the |box extend| will be scaled according to the |sample size| relative to all other |boxplot| or |boxplot prepared| within the same axis.

	The key |variable width| only has an effect if |sample size| is available. For |boxplot prepared|, one needs to provide |sample size| explicitly.
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
	ytick={1,2,3},
	yticklabels={Group A, Group B, Group C},
	boxplot/variable width,
]
	\addplot+[% Group A:
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
			median=47,
			upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
			sample size=1000,
		},
	]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };

	\addplot+[% Group B:
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=36, lower quartile=39,
			median=40,
			upper quartile=41, upper whisker=43,
			sample size=100000,
		},
	]
	coordinates {};

	\addplot+[% Group C:
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=41, lower quartile=44,
			median=45,
			upper quartile=46, upper whisker=47,
			sample size=50000,
		},
	]
	coordinates {(0,35) (0,55)};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

	The |variable width| computation computes the largest and smallest value of |sample size|, chosen among all box plots in the same axis. If a single plot has no |sample size|, it will be omitted from the computation (and it will not be scaled). If a single box plot has |variable width=false|, its |sample size| will not contribute either. The box plot with largest value of |sample size| will be drawn with $100\%$ of |box extend|. The box plot with smallest value will be drawn with |variable width min target| times |box extend| as size (i.e.\ it will receive the smallest configured size). All box plots in-between are scaled linearly.

	Note that the previous paragraph is not entirely true: |sample size| is only indirectly related to the scaling factor. Instead, the |variable width expr| is evaluated with the |sample size| as argument (see below for details).
\end{pgfplotskey}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/sample size=\marg{number} (initially auto)}
	The number of samples used to derive the statistics. This number is used if |variable width=true|.

	The value \declaretext{auto} means to ``use it whenever it can be acquired somewhere''. For a |boxplot|, it means that the size of the input sample is taken as-is. For a |boxplot prepared|, it means that the data is unavailable.

	The empty string means that the value is unavailable.

	Otherwise, a number is expected.
\end{pgfplotskey}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/variable width expr=\marg{math expression} (initially {sqrt(\#1)})}
	A math expression which is used to evaluate the scaling factors of |variable width|. The argument is the current value of |sample size|. This key is used to implement common (nonlinear) transformations which are to be applied to the |sample size| before the result is used to scale down box sizes.

	Typically, the argument should be a monotonically increasing function.
\end{pgfplotskey}

\begin{pgfplotskeylist}{%
	boxplot/sample size min=\marg{min sample size of group} (initially empty),
	boxplot/sample size max=\marg{max sample size of group} (initially empty)%
}
	This is part of the |variable width| scaling: it is used to determine the |box extend| relative to all other box plots of the same group. It fixes the range.
\end{pgfplotskeylist}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/variable width min target=\marg{factor for the box width minimal size} (initially 0.2)}
	Used for the |variable width| feature to determine the size for the box plot with smallest value of |sample size|. The argument is interpreted to be a scaling factor in the range $[0,1]$. 

	It is to be understood as percentage of |box extend|: a value of $1$ means $100\%$ of |box extend|. The initial configuration is |0.2|, meaning $20\%$ of |box extend|.

	The box plot with largest value of |sample size| has $100\%$ of |box extend|.
\end{pgfplotskey}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/box extend=\marg{axis unit for box extension} (initially 0.8)}
	A parameter which controls the size of the boxes with respect to the axis orthogonal to the data axis. 

	The |box extend| is used as follows: if a box is centered at say, $y=1$ with |box extend=1|, the box will start at $\nicefrac12$ and will end at $1 \nicefrac 12$. In other words: the box size is $1$ $y$ unit.

	It is interpreted as coordinate in the axis, and it affects the automatic computation of |ymin| and |ymax| values for a |boxplot|.
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[minor y tick num=1]
	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
			median=47,
			upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
			box extend=1, }, ]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };

	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
			median=47,
			upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
			box extend=0.5, }, ]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

	The |box extend| controls the size of the box and the length of the median line. It also controls the size of whiskers, although they have a separate parameter |whisker extend|.

	It is supposed to be the low--level size of a box plot, although it can be interpreted and used as a ``low--level--variant'' of |variable width|.
	
\end{pgfplotskey}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/whisker extend=\marg{axis unit for whisker extension} (initially \textbackslash pgfkeysvalueof\{/pgfplots/boxplot/box extend\}*0.8)}
	A parameter which configures how large whisker lines are with respect to the non--data axis.
	
	It is used in the same way as |box extend|, and it also affects axis limits. 

	The initial configuration couples its value to |box extend| (it is $80\%$ of |box extend|, to be more precise).
\end{pgfplotskey}


\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/draw relative anchor=\marg{number between $0$ and $1$} (initially 0.5)}
	A key which customizes the anchor inside of the box where the whiskers are attached.

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[y=1cm]
	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
			median=47,
			upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
			draw relative anchor=0, }, ]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[y=1cm]
	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
			median=47,
			upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
			draw relative anchor=0.5, }, ]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[y=1cm]
	\addplot+[
		boxplot prepared={
			lower whisker=42, lower quartile=45,
			median=47,
			upper quartile=47.5, upper whisker=48,
			draw relative anchor=1, }, ]
	table[row sep=\\,y index=0] { 40\\ 34\\ 56\\ };
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

	The value $0$ means that whisker lines are attached to the bottom of the box ($0\%$ of |box extend|). The value $1$ means that whisker lines are attached to the top edge of the box. Any value in-between is scaled linearly. The initial configuration is $0.5$ which means that whiskers are attached to the middle of the box.
\end{pgfplotskey}

\subsubsection{Analyzing Samples Automatically}
\begingroup
% this here seems to fail with gray key prefix:
\pgfkeyslet{/pgfmanual/gray key prefixes}\oldgraykeyprefixes


\begin{plottype}[/pgfplots]{boxplot=\textcolor{black}{\normalfont\marg{options with {\normalfont\texttt{boxplot/}} prefix}}}
	The |boxplot| handler takes a one--dimensional sample as input, computes the |median|, the |lower quartile|, the |upper quartile|, the |lower whisker| and the |upper whisker|, and visualizes the result using the |boxplot prepared| handler.

\paragraph{Attention:} Computing the statistics automatically is considerably faster if you use |compat=1.12| combined with |lualatex|: this library has a special \lua\ backend which allows scalability, speed, and accuracy beyond TeX's capabilities.

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[y=1cm]
	\addplot+[boxplot]
		table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
		data\\
		1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
		7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
	};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
	
	The values do not need to be sorted. However, \emph{if} they are sorted in ascending order, \PGFPlots\ might need less time to analyze them.

	Data points can be given by means of any supported input stream, although the most useful ones are probably |\addplot table| and |\addplot coordinates|. In any case, |boxplot| acquires only one--dimensional data. To this end, it uses the current value of the |boxplot/data| key to see which input coordinate is to be used. In the default configuration, this is the $y$ coordinate of the input stream. All other input items are ignored (except for |point meta|, which is handed down to the outlier stream).
\end{plottype}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/estimator=\mchoice{value} (initially Excel)}
	Selects one of 10 available boxplot value estimators.

	The default estimator is |R7| alias |Excel| if \PGFPlots\ is configured to use |compat=1.12| or higher. For all older compatibility levels, it is |legacy|.

	The choice \declaretext{R1} resembles the estimator type 1 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{SAS3} and \declaretext{Maple1}. This choice is currently limited to the |lua backend|.\index{lua backend required}

	The choice \declaretext{R2} resembles the estimator type 2 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{SAS5} and \declaretext{Maple2}. This choice is currently limited to the |lua backend|.\index{lua backend required}

	The choice \declaretext{R3} resembles the estimator type 3 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{SAS2}.

	The choice \declaretext{R4} resembles the estimator type 4 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{SAS1}, \declaretext{SciPy0-1}, and \declaretext{Maple3}.

	The choice \declaretext{R5} resembles the estimator type 5 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{SciPy12-12} and \declaretext{Maple4}.

	The choice \declaretext{R6} resembles the estimator type 6 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{SAS4}, \declaretext{SciPy0-0}, and \declaretext{Maple5}.

	The choice \declaretext{R7} resembles the estimator type 7 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{Excel}, \declaretext{SciPy1-1} and \declaretext{Maple6}.

	The choice \declaretext{R8} resembles the estimator type 8 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{ScuPy13-13} and \declaretext{Maple7}.

	The choice \declaretext{R9} resembles the estimator type 9 used by R. It has aliases \declaretext{SciPy38-38} and \declaretext{Maple8}.

	The choice \declaretext{legacy} is a minimally repaired variant of the estimator which was shipped with the first version of the |statistics| library. It is merely kept for reasons of backwards compatibility\footnote{There is also an estimator called \texttt{legacy*}. This is the original one shipped with the first version of this library. It is discouraged but kept in case someone really needs it.}.
\end{pgfplotskey}

\begin{pgfplotskey}{boxplot/whisker range=\marg{number} (initially 1.5)}
	Defines how to determine |lower whisker| and |upper whisker|. In the default configuration, the lower whisker is placed at the smallest data point which is larger than |lower quartile| $- 1.5 \cdot \text{IQR}$. The upper whisker is placed at the largest data point which is smaller than |upper quartile| $+ 1.5 \cdot \text{IQR}$. Here, $\text{IQR}$ is the inter--quartile--range, defined as

	$\text{IQR} := $ |upper quartile| $-$ |lower quartile|.

	Everything outside of the whisker range is supposed to be an outlier.
\end{pgfplotskey}
\endgroup

\subsubsection{Styles}
\begin{stylekey}{/pgfplots/boxplot/every boxplot}
	A style which is immediately installed whenever |boxplot| or |boxplot prepared| are set.

	The initial value is empty.
\end{stylekey}

\begin{stylekey}{/pgfplots/boxplot/every whisker}
	A style which is installed whenever a whisker is drawn. It is empty initially.
\end{stylekey}
\begin{stylekey}{/pgfplots/boxplot/every box}
	A style which is installed whenever a box is drawn. It is empty initially. Note that this does not apply to the path for the |median|.
\end{stylekey}
\begin{stylekey}{/pgfplots/boxplot/every median}
	A style which is installed whenever a median is drawn. It is empty initially.
\end{stylekey}
\begin{stylekey}{/pgfplots/boxplot/every average}
	A style which is installed whenever an average is drawn. The initial configuration is
\begin{codeexample}[code only]
\pgfplotsset{
	boxplot/every average/.style={%
		/tikz/mark=diamond*,
	},
}
\end{codeexample}
\end{stylekey}


\subsubsection{Placing Annotations}

\begin{command}{\pgfplotsboxplotvalue\marg{key name}}
	Same as 

	|\pgfkeysvalueof{/pgfplots/boxplot/|\meta{key name}|}|.

\end{command}

\begin{command}{\boxplotvalue\marg{key name}}
	Same as |\pgfplotsboxplotvalue|\marg{key name} (just shorted).
\end{command}

\begin{coordinatesystem}{boxplot box}% cs=\parg{data coordinate, box-relative offset}}
	The |boxplot box cs| accepts two arguments specified a tuple of the form
 |boxplot box cs=|\parg{data coordinate, box--relative offset}
	where the first is a value of the box plot's data (it is expressed in the same space as |median| or |upper whisker|). 

	The second argument is an offset expressed as signed multiple of |box extend|. An offset of $0$ means to place the point exactly on the bottom line of the box. An offset of $1$ places the point on the top line of the box. An offset of $0.5$ places the point in the middle.

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[y=1.5cm, ymax=2]
\addplot+[boxplot]
table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
	data\\
	1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
	7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
}
[above]
node at 
  (boxplot box cs: \boxplotvalue{lower whisker},1)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{lower whisker}}}
node at 
  (boxplot box cs: \boxplotvalue{lower quartile},1)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{lower quartile}}}
node[left] at 
  (boxplot box cs: \boxplotvalue{median},0.5)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{median}}}
node at 
  (boxplot box cs: \boxplotvalue{upper quartile},1)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{upper quartile}}}
node at 
  (boxplot box cs: \boxplotvalue{upper whisker},1)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{upper whisker}}}
;
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
\end{coordinatesystem}

\begin{coordinatesystem}{boxplot whisker}% cs=\parg{data coordinate, whisker-relative offset}}
	A coordinate system which is almost the same as |boxplot box cs|, except that it aligns at |whisker extend| instead of |box extend|.

	The |boxplot whisker cs| accepts two arguments of the form
 |boxplot whisker cs=|\parg{data coordinate, whisker--relative offset}
	where the first is a value of the box plot's data (it is expressed in the same space as |median| or |upper whisker|). 

	The second argument is an offset expressed as signed multiple of |whisker extend|. An offset of $0$ means to place the point exactly on the lower end of the whisker line. An offset of $1$ places the point on the upper end of the whisker line. An offset of $0.5$ places the point in the middle of the whisker line.

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[y=1.5cm, ymax=2]
\addplot+[boxplot]
table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
	data\\
	1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
	7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
}
[above]
node at 
  (boxplot whisker cs:\boxplotvalue{lower whisker},1)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{lower whisker}}}
node at
  (boxplot box cs: \boxplotvalue{median},1)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{median}}}
node at 
  (boxplot whisker cs:\boxplotvalue{upper whisker},1)
  {\pgfmathprintnumber{\boxplotvalue{upper whisker}}}
;
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
\end{coordinatesystem}

%--------------------------------------------------
% \begin{coordinatesystem}{boxplot}%
% 	FIXME : is this useful? It does not respect |draw relative anchor|!
% 
% 	The |boxplot cs| accepts two arguments of the form
%  |boxplot cs=|\parg{data coordinate, unit offset}
% 	where the first is a value of the box plot's data (just like a |median| or |upper whisker|). The second is an offset expressed in axis units. An offset of $0$ means to place the point exactly on the line which connects lower and upper whisker. A offset of $k$ adds $k$ units on top of that line, or subtracts it (if $k$ is negative).
% 
% 	FIXME : docs
% 
% \end{coordinatesystem}
%-------------------------------------------------- 


\subsubsection{Customizing Visualization Paths}
The following keys are of interest if you want to redefine the shape of a box, of a median, or of the whiskers.

Note that you should customize styles like |boxplot/every box| if you merely wish to change fill colors.

\begin{pgfplotsxycodekeylist}{%
	boxplot/draw/lower whisker,%
	boxplot/draw/upper whisker,%
	boxplot/draw/whisker%
}
	A couple of code keys which customize the stroke paths for whiskers.

	The initial configuration is
\begin{codeexample}[code only]
\pgfplotsset{
	boxplot/draw/lower whisker/.style={%
		/pgfplots/boxplot/draw/whisker=%
			{\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{lower quartile}}
			{\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{lower whisker}}
	},
	boxplot/draw/upper whisker/.style={%
		/pgfplots/boxplot/draw/whisker=%
			{\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{upper quartile}}
			{\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{upper whisker}}%
	},
	boxplot/draw/whisker/.code 2 args={%
		\draw[/pgfplots/boxplot/every whisker/.try]
			(boxplot cs:#1) -- (boxplot cs:#2)
			(boxplot whisker cs:#2,0)
			--
			(boxplot whisker cs:#2,1)
		;
	},%
}
\end{codeexample}

	The key |draw/lower whisker| key is used if and only if |lower whisker| has a numeric value. The key |draw/upper whisker| is used if and only if |upper whisker| has a value. 

	If one of |lower quartile| or |upper quartile| is empty, both are replaced by the following values:
	
	|lower quartile| $:=$ |upper whisker| and

	|upper quartile| $:=$ |lower whisker|.

	Thus, if the box cannot be drawn but you only have whiskers, the two whiskers will be connected with each other.
\end{pgfplotsxycodekeylist}

\begin{pgfplotscodekey}{boxplot/draw/box}
	A path which is used for |every box|.
\begin{codeexample}[code only]
\pgfplotsset{
	boxplot/draw/box/.code={%
		\draw[/pgfplots/boxplot/every box/.try]
			(boxplot box cs:\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{lower quartile},0)
			rectangle
			(boxplot box cs:\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{upper quartile},1)
		;
	},%
}
\end{codeexample}

	It either |lower quartile| or |upper quartile| is empty, this key will not be invoked.

	Note that |draw/median| will be invoked after this key.
\end{pgfplotscodekey}

\begin{pgfplotscodekey}{boxplot/draw/median}
	A path which is used for every |median|. Its initial configuration is
\begin{codeexample}[code only]
\pgfplotsset{
	boxplot/draw/median/.code={%
		\draw[/pgfplots/boxplot/every median/.try]
			(boxplot box cs:\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{median},0)
			--
			(boxplot box cs:\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{median},1)
		;
	},%
}
\end{codeexample}
	This key will be omitted if |median| is empty.
\end{pgfplotscodekey}

\begin{pgfplotscodekey}{boxplot/draw/average}
	The path which is used to visualize an |average|. The initial configuration is
\begin{codeexample}[code only]
\pgfplotsset{
	boxplot/draw/average/.code={%
		\draw[/pgfplots/boxplot/every average/.try]
			\pgfextra
			% do NOT use \draw[mark=*] plot coordinates because
			% boxplots uses the same plot handler to draw its
			% outliers.
			\pgftransformshift{%
				% basic level access to 'boxplot box cs':
				\pgfplotsboxplotpointabbox
					{\pgfplotsboxplotvalue{average}}
					{0.5}%
			}%
			\pgfuseplotmark{\tikz@plot@mark}%
			\endpgfextra
		;
	},
}
\end{codeexample}
	This key will be omitted if |average| has an empty value (the default).

	The key |draw/average| will be evaluated after |draw/median| and after |draw/box|.
\end{pgfplotscodekey}

\endgroup

\subsection{Histograms}
\label{sec:histograms}
\begin{plottype}[/pgfplots]{hist=\textcolor{black}{\normalfont\marg{options with {\normalfont\texttt{hist/}} prefix}}}
	A histogram plot takes one-dimensional input data and counts the occurrence of values: it determines the data range $[\underline m,\overline m]$ and subdivides it into $N$ equally sized bins with $(N+1)$ end--points. Then, it counts the number of points falling into each bin. More precisely, it computes the $N+1$ points $\underline m =: x_0 < x_1 < \dotsb < x_N := \overline m$ using $x_i := \underline m + i \cdot (\overline m - \underline m)/N$. Then, it creates the $N+1$ coordinates $(x_i, y_i)$, $i=0,\dotsc,N-1$ by means of
	\[
  y_i := 
  \begin{cases}
  \text{bincount}\bigl([x_i,x_{i+1})\bigr)\Bigr) & i<N\\
  y_{N-1} & i = N,
\end{cases}
	\]
	i.e.\ the value of the last coordinate is replicated.
	This set of $(N+1)$ interval boundaries is then visualized by an |ybar interval| plot handler.
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  ybar interval,
  xticklabel=
\pgfmathprintnumber\tick--\pgfmathprintnumber\nexttick
]
	\addplot+[hist={bins=3}]
		table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
		data\\
		1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
		7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
	};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
	We see that |hist={bins=3}| takes a table with one column as input. The data values fall into the range $[1,10]$ which is partitioned into~$3$ intervals (of equal lengths). Finally, the number of points falling into each of the three bins is plotted. The |xticklabel| key shows the range (note that it works only in conjunction with |x tick label as interval| which has been enabled by |ybar interval| before). We see that there are $3$ elements in the range $[1,4)$, $2$~elements in the range $[4,7)$ and finally $7$ elements in the range $[7,10]$. 
	
	The bins are half--open intervals, i.e.\ the end--point does not belong to the bin. Only the last bin contains its right end point.
\pgfplotsexpensiveexample
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  ybar interval,
  xtick=,% reset from ybar interval
  xticklabel=
    {$[\pgfmathprintnumber\tick,%
	   \pgfmathprintnumber\nexttick)$}
]
% a data file containing 8000 normally distributed
% random numbers of mean 0 and variance 1
\addplot+[hist={data=x}]
	file {plotdata/pgfplots.randn.dat};
	
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

	The |hist| plot type can be combined with \verbpdfref{plot expression} as well: provide the usual \meta{expression} as you would for a line plot. Then, configure the value for |data=|\meta{expression} in dependence of |x|, |y|, or |z|: 
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  tiny,
  height=4cm,width=12cm,
  ybar interval,
  ymin=0,
  xmin=0,xmax=1,
  axis on top,
  extra x ticks={0,1},
  extra x tick style={
    grid=none,
    x tick label as interval=false,
    xticklabel=$\pgfmathprintnumber\tick$
  },
  xticklabel={$[\pgfmathprintnumber[fixed]\tick,\cdot)$}
]
	\addplot+[samples=200,hist] {rnd};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
	\noindent The example uses the |rnd| method of \pgfname\ which defines |y| to contain uniform random numbers in the range $[0,1]$. Then, it configures |hist|. Note that |hist| has the default |data=y| such that it uses the |y| coordinate as input. Note furthermore that the |x| value is effectively ignored here. The options after |\begin{axis}[...]| are mainly to scale the graphics and to insert the right limits. The |extra x ticks| method is inserted to demonstrate how to add further tick marks without affecting the overall layout. Note that the |extra x tick style| sets |x tick label as interval=false| to disable the special tick handling which is active for the rest of the plot.

	The following keys configure |hist|. If they are provided inside of \meta{options}, the common key prefix |hist/| can be omitted.

	\begin{pgfplotskey}{hist/data=\marg{expression} (initially y)}
		Tells |hist| how to get its data. 
		The common idea is to provide a mathematical \meta{expression} which depends on data supplied by the |\addplot| statement. For example, if you have |\addplot expression|, the \meta{expression} may depend upon |x|, |y| or |z|. In case of an |\addplot table| input routine, the \meta{expression} can employ |\thisrow|\marg{colname} to access the currently active table row in the designated column.
		
		It is also possible to avoid invocations of the math parser. Use \declareandlabel{hist/data value}|=|\marg{value} instead to do so. Here, \meta{value} should be of a numeric constant.

		The initial configuration employs what would usually become the final |y| coordinate as input (to be more precise, the initial value is |data value=\pgfkeysvalueof{/data point/y}|).
	\end{pgfplotskey}

	\begin{pgfplotskeylist}{%
		hist/data min=\marg{min value} (initially /pgfplots/xmin),%
		hist/data max=\marg{max value} (initially /pgfplots/xmax)}%
		Allows to provide the min/max values (the $\underline m$ and $\overline m$) values manually.

		If empty, these values will be deduced from the input data range.
		
		The resulting interval will be splitted into |hist/bins| intervals.

		The initial configuration uses any provided data limits, i.e.\ the (natural) choices |hist/data min=||xmin| and |hist/data max=||xmax|.
	\end{pgfplotskeylist}

	\begin{pgfplotskey}{hist/bins=\marg{number of intervals} (initially 10)}
		Specifies the number of intervals to use.
	\end{pgfplotskey}

	\begin{pgfplotskey}{hist/intervals=\marg{true,false} (initially true)}
		If |intervals=true| (the initial configuration), |hist| will generate $N+1$ coordinates, with
		\[ \underline m = x_0 < x_1 < \dotsb < x_{N} = \overline m \]
		where $[\underline m,\overline m]$ is the data range. In this case, the data points for $x_{N-1}$ and $x_N$ will get the same value, namely the number of elements in the last bin. This is (only) useful in conjunction with |const plot| or |ybar interval|.

		If |intervals=false|, the last data point will be omitted and exactly $N$ coordinates will be generated. In this case, the right end point is not returned explicitly.
	\end{pgfplotskey}

	\begin{pgfplotskey}{hist/cumulative=\marg{true,false} (initially false)}
		Allows to compute a cumulative histogram.

		A cumulative histogram uses the sum of all previous bins and the current one as final value.

		Here is the example from above, this time with |hist/cumulative|:
		
\pgfplotsexpensiveexample
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  ybar interval,
  xtick=,% reset from ybar interval
  xticklabel=
    {$[\pgfmathprintnumber\tick,
	   \pgfmathprintnumber\nexttick)$}
]
% a data file containing 8000 normally distributed
% random numbers of mean 0 and variance 1
\addplot+[hist={
		data=x,
		cumulative}]
	file {plotdata/pgfplots.randn.dat};
	
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
		
	\end{pgfplotskey}

	\begin{pgfplotskey}{hist/density=\marg{true,false} (initially false)}
		\textit{An extension by J\"urnjakob Dugge}
		\vskip\baselineskip
		Enables density estimation mode. If |hist/density| is active, the resulting data points will be renormalized such that the overall ``mass'' equals~$1$. 
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[small,ymin=0,title=\texttt{hist}]
\addplot [
	hist,
	fill=orange!75,
	draw=orange!50!black]
	table [y index=0] {plotdata/pgfplots.randn.dat};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[small,ymin=0, title=\texttt{hist=density}]
\addplot [
	hist=density,
	fill=orange!75,
	draw=orange!50!black]
	table [y index=0] {plotdata/pgfplots.randn.dat};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}


		The keys |hist/density| and |hist/cumulative| can be combined as well:
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[small,ymin=0, title=\texttt{hist=cumulative}]
\addplot [
	hist=cumulative,
	fill=orange!75,
	draw=orange!50!black]
	table [y index=0] {plotdata/pgfplots.randn.dat};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[small,ymin=0, title=\texttt{hist=\{cumulative,density\}}]
\addplot [
	hist={cumulative,density},
	fill=orange!75,
	draw=orange!50!black]
	table [y index=0] {plotdata/pgfplots.randn.dat};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
	\end{pgfplotskey}

	\begin{stylekey}{/pgfplots/hist/handler (initially ybar interval)}
		Allows to change the way the generated coordinates are visualized. The |hist/handler| key is a style, so use |hist/handler/.style={const plot}| to change it.
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}

	\addplot+[hist={bins=3}]
		table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
		data\\
		1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
		7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
	};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}

	\addplot+[hist={bins=3,
		handler/.style={const plot}}
	]
		table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
		data\\
		1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
		7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
	};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}

	\addplot+[hist={bins=3,
		handler/.style={sharp plot}}
	]
		table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
		data\\
		1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
		7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
	};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

	Note that |sharp plot| might benefit from |intervals=false|:
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}

	\addplot+[hist={bins=3,
		handler/.style={sharp plot},
		intervals=false}
	]
		table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
		data\\
		1\\ 2\\ 1\\ 5\\ 4\\ 10\\ 
		7\\ 10\\ 9\\ 8\\ 9\\ 9\\ 
	};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}

	\end{stylekey}

	\begin{pgfplotscodekey}{hist/data filter}
		Allows to define coordinate filters, similar to the coordinate filter key |x filter| described in Section~\ref{sec:filters}. The argument |#1| is the coordinate as it has been found after processing |hist/data|. The code is supposed to assign |\pgfmathresult| to contain the result. If |\pgfmathresult| is empty afterwards, it will be skipped. Otherwise, it is supposed to contain a number.

		This filter is applied \emph{before} the histogram is computed. Note that |x filter| and |y filter| are applied \emph{after} the histogram is computed.

		Note that predefined styles like |each nth point| can also be applied to |hist/data| if
		\begin{enumerate}
			\item an asterisk `|*|' is appended to the predefined style's name and
			\item the first argument to the style is |hist/data|.
		\end{enumerate}
		For example, |each nth point*={hist/data}{2}| will skip each second input value of |hist/data| (try it out).
	\end{pgfplotscodekey}

	\begin{pgfplotsxycodekeylist}{
		/pgfplots/hist/data coord trafo,%
		/pgfplots/hist/data coord inv trafo}%
	These keys work in the same way as for |x coord trafo| and |x coord inv trafo|. They are applied to the |hist/data| value before the histogram is evaluated and after the result value is assigned, respectively.

		Note that |hist| will apply the |hist/data coord inv trafo| before it visualizes its results. Consequently, it may be necessary to assign a similar transformation to |x coord trafo| as well.

		See the documentation of |x coord trafo| for more information about custom transformations.
	\end{pgfplotsxycodekeylist}

	\begin{pgfplotskey}{hist/symbolic coords=\marg{list}}
		A style which enables |symbolic x coords| for an axis containing |hist| plots:
\begin{codeexample}[]
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
  ybar interval,
  hist/symbolic coords={A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J},
  xticklabel={[\tick--\nexttick[},
]
    \addplot+[hist={bins=3}]
        table[row sep=\\,y index=0] {
        data\\
		A\\ B\\ A\\ D\\ F\\ J\\
		G\\ J\\ I\\ H\\ I\\ I\\
    };
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{codeexample}
		The style does two things: first, it defines |hist/data coord trafo| and |hist/data coord inv trafo|, then, it calls |symbolic x coords| with the same argument.

		\paragraph{Attention}: do not use |hist/data=x| or other symbolic values as input when you have |symbolic coords|. Rather than symbolic values, you need to provide \emph{expandable} values like |\pgfkeysvalueof{/data point/x}| (which has the same effect, but directly expands to the correct value).

		Please refer to the documentation of |symbolic x coords| for further details about symbolic coordinates.
	\end{pgfplotskey}
\end{plottype}
