Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
\,
followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single
non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are
optional while arguments contained in braces, {}, are
required.
\documentclass{class}
\begin{document}
your text
\end{document}
\documentclass
and the \begin{document} commands (this area is called the
preamble).
\documentclass[options]{class}
\documentclass command must be the first command in a
&latex; source file.
article report book letter slides
\documentclass command by enclosing them in square
brackets as usual. To specify more than one option, separate
them with a comma:
\documentclass[option1,option2,...]{class}
slides accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is 10pt):
10pt 11pt 12pt
letterpaper):
a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
slides class offers the option clock for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
\usepackage[options]{pkg}
\usepackage commands.
\documentclass command that are unknown
by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
\usepackage.
\textit{italic text}. The corresponding command in
parenthesis is the &textldquo;declaration form&textrdquo;, which takes no arguments. The
scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command
or the end of the current group.
\sffamily\bfseries or \bfseries\sffamily to get bold
sans serif.
\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}.
\mathversion{bold}
\mathversion{normal} restores the default.
{\cmd ...}
instead of \cmd{...}. These are two very different
things.
\normalsize (default)10pt 11pt 12pt
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize (default)
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}.
\onecolumn\onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output. This is the default.
\twocolumn\twocolumn[text1col]
\twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output. If the optional text1col argument is present,
it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting
starts.
\textwidth in
single-column text.
\flushbottom\flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same
height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page.
twocolumn mode is selected
(\raggedbottom\raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the natural
height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be
stretched.
book class, where it varies with the
type size.
book
class, where it varies with the type size.
book
class, where it varies with the type size.
list
(\textwidth by
the sum of \leftmargin and \rightmargin
(article document in
10pt, it&textrsquo;s set to 345pt; in two-column mode, that
becomes 229.5pt.
article or
report document in 10pt, it&textrsquo;s set to
43\baselineskip; for book, it&textrsquo;s 41\baselineskip.
For 11pt, it&textrsquo;s 38\baselineskip and for 12pt,
36\baselineskip.
article or report document, it&textrsquo;s
345pt at 10pt, 360pt at 11pt, and
390pt at 12pt. For a book document, it&textrsquo;s
4.5in at 10pt, and 5in at 11pt or
12pt.
\textwidth remains the width of the
entire page body, while \columnwidth is the width of one column
(\textwidth remains the width of the
entire page body (and \columnwidth the width of the entire
column), while \linewidth may decrease for nested lists.
\parbox
(minipage or \parbox.
\hsize is the &tex; primitive parameter used
when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal
&latex; documents.
\paperheight − 2in −
\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip, and
then divided by two.
\chapter[toctitle]{title}
*-forms that print
title as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents. For instance:
\section*{Preamble}
\appendix command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered. The \appendix command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
command is something like
\chapter{A Chapter}
&dots;
\appendix
\chapter{The First Appendix}
secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{level}
chapter is level zero. (\label\label{key}
\label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
key the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
inside a numbered environment assigns that number to key.
fig:snark or
fig.snark.
\pageref{key}\pageref{key}
\pageref{key} command produces the page number of
the place in the text where the corresponding
\label{key} command appears.
\ref{key}\ref{key}
\ref command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, &dots;, of the corresponding
\label command (\begin{envname}
...
\end{envname}
abstract\begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
array\begin{array}{template}
col1 text&col1 text&coln}\\
...
\end{array}
array environment, normally
within an equation environment (array)&. Column entries may include
other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with
\\.
&arobase;{text} puts text
between columns in each row.
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{lrc}
left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\arraycolsep parameter defines half the width of the space
separating columns; the default is 5pt. array environments,
namely \arrayrulewidth and \arraystretch.
array environment can only be used in math mode.
center\begin{center}
line1 \\
line2 \\
\end{center}
center)center environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the
string \\.
\centering\centering declaration corresponds to the center
environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
as quote or in a parbox. Thus, the text of a figure or
table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering
command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.
center environment, the \centering command
does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats
paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the scope of
the declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of
an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
\begin{quote}
\centering
first line \\
second line \\
\end{quote}
description\begin{description}
\item [label1] item1
\item [label2] item2
...
\end{description}
description environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
label is typeset in bold, flush right. The item text may
contain multiple paragraphs.
\texttt, you&textrsquo;ll get
bold typewriter: \item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]. This
may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use
\tt, which resets all other style variations: \item[{\tt
plain typewriter}].
displaymath\begin{displaymath}
math
\end{displaymath}
\[math\]
displaymath environment (\[...\] is a synonym)
typesets the math text on its own line, centered by default.
The global fleqn option makes equations flush left; see
displaymath text; to get an
equation number, use the equation environment (documentdocument environment encloses the body of a document.
It is required in every &latex; document. enumerate\begin{enumerate}
\item item1
\item item2
...
\end{enumerate}
enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
itemize (description
(\item command.
There must be at least one \item command within the environment.
enumerate environment uses the counters \enumi
through \enumiv counters (\item is given, the counter is not incremented for
that item.
enumerate environment uses the commands \labelenumi
through \labelenumiv to produce the default label. So, you can
use \renewcommand to change the labels (\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
eqnarrayamsmatheqnarrayeqnarray environment has some infelicities
which cannot be overcome; the article &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars
Madsen describes them in detail
(align environment (and
others) from the amsmath package.
eqnarray:
\begin{eqnarray} (or eqnarray*)
formula1 \\
formula2 \\
...
\end{eqnarray}
eqnarray)eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of
equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
array environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\
and consecutive items within a row separated by an &.
eqnarray)\\* can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.
\nonumber command. Alternatively, The *-form of the
environment (\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}) will
omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
eqnarray.
\lefteqn is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
equation\begin{equation}
math
\end{equation}
equation environment starts a displaymath
environment (figure\begin{figure[*]}[placement]
figbody
\label{label}
\caption[loftitle]{text}
\end{figure}
[placement] determines where &latex; will try
to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly
put a float:
tbp.
\caption command specifies caption text for the
figure. The caption is numbered by default. If loftitle is
present, it is used in the list of figures instead of text
(flushleft\begin{flushleft}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{flushleft}
flushleftflushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right Each line must be terminated with the string \\.
\raggedright\raggedright declaration corresponds to the
flushleft environment. This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as quote or in a parbox.
flushleft environment, the \raggedright
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end
command that ends the paragraph unit.
flushright\begin{flushright}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{flushright}
flushright)flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left. Each line must be terminated with the string \\.
\raggedleft\raggedleft declaration corresponds to the
flushright environment. This declaration can be used inside an
environment such as quote or in a parbox.
flushright environment, the \raggedleft
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end
command that ends the paragraph unit.
itemize\begin{itemize}
\item item1
\item item2
...
\end{itemize}
itemize environment produces an &textldquo;unordered&textrdquo;, &textldquo;bulleted&textrdquo;
list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
environments, such as enumerate (itemize list begins with an \item command.
There must be at least one \item command within the environment.
itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi
through \labelitemiv to produce the default label. So, you can
use \renewcommand to change the labels. For instance, to have
the first level use diamonds:
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
\leftmargini through \leftmarginvi parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list. By convention, \leftmargin is set
to the appropriate \leftmarginN when a new level of
nesting is entered.
\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
quote,
quotation, and verse environments, where it is set equal
to \leftmargin.
2pt plus1pt
minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus2pt minus1pt for
11pt, and 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt for 12pt.
\itemsep.
8pt plus2pt minus4pt for
10pt documents, 9pt plus3pt minus5pt for 11pt,
and 10pt plus4pt minus6pt for 12pt. These are reduced
for nested lists.
\topsep when the list environment starts a
paragraph. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt
documents, 3pt plus1pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 3pt
plus2pt minus2pt for 12pt.
itemize*
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (\parskip is not list-specific,
\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
{\end{itemize}}
letter environment: writing letterslistlist environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.
\begin{list}{labeling}{spacing}
\item item1
\item item2
...
\end{list}
\item).
This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands.
{}, which leaves the default spacing.
\linewidth (math\begin{math}
math
\end{math}
math environment inserts the given math within the
running text. \(...\)) and $...$ are synonyms.
minipage\begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
minipage environment typesets its body text in a
block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the
\parbox command (\parbox,
other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
\parbox (minipage
environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
\setlength{\parindent}{1pc} command.
minipage environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
\footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the \mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary
footnote counter (picture\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
&dots; picture commands &dots;
\end{picture}
picture environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying
their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
point and a minus sign&textmdash;a number like 5, 0.3 or
-3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set
to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
centimeters. You should only change the value of \unitlength,
using the \setlength command, outside of a picture
environment.
(2.4,-5), specifying
the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5.
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
argument&textrsquo;s x- and y-coordinates.
picture environment also has an optional position
argument, following the size argument, that can change the
origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin). For example, if \unitlength
has been set to 1mm, the command
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
\put
command. The command
\put (11.3,-.3){...}
... in the
picture, with its reference point at coordinates .
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
\put command creates an LR box. You can put anything
that can go in an \mbox (\put command. When you do this, the reference point will
be the lower left corner of the box.
picture commands are described in the following sections.
\circle\circle[*]{diameter}
\circle command produces a circle with a diameter as close
to the specified one as possible. The *-form of the command
draws a solid circle.
\makebox\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}
\makebox command for the picture environment is similar to
the normal \makebox command except that you must specify a
width and height in multiples of \unitlength.
[position], specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
\framebox\framebox(width,height)[pos]{...}
\framebox command is like \makebox (see previous
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.
\framebox command produces a rule of thickness
\fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule
and the contents of the box.
\dashbox\dashbox{dlen}(rwidth,rheight)[pos]{text}
\dashbox creates a dashed rectangle around text in a
picture environment. Dashes are dlen units long, and the
rectangle has overall width rwidth and height rheight.
The text is positioned at optional pos.
rwidth and rheight are
multiples of the dlen.
\frame\frame{text}
\frame command puts a rectangular frame around text.
The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra
space is put between the frame and the object.
\line\line(xslope,yslope){length}
\line command draws a line with the given length and
slope xslope/yslope.
curve2e and many many other packages on CTAN.
\linethickness\linethickness{dim} command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
dim, which must be a positive length.
\linethickness does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval.
\thicklines\thicklines command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf. \thinlines\thinlines command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
cf. \multiput\multiput(x,y)(delta_x,delta_y){n}{obj}
\multiput command copies the object obj in a regular
pattern across a picture. obj is first placed at position
, then at , and so on,
n times.
\oval\oval(width,height)[portion]
\oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.
The optional argument portion allows you to select part of the
oval via the following:
\put\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
\put command places the item specified by the mandatory
argument at the given coordinates.
\shortstack\shortstack[position]{...\\...\\...}
\shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid
positions are:
\shortstack objects)\\.
\vector\vector(x-slope,y-slope){length}
\vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope. The and values must lie between
−4 and +4, inclusive.
quotation\begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
quotation environment are indented on both
the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins.
Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
quote environment, each paragraph is indented
normally.
quote\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
quote environment are indented on both the
left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a
blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
quotation environment, paragraphs are not indented.
tabbing\begin{tabbing}
row1col1 \= row1col2 \= row1col3 \= row1col4 \\
row2col1 \> \> row2col3 \\
...
\end{tabbing}
tabbing environment provides a way to align text in
columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where
the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
tabular
environment.
tabbing enviroment:
\>,
\<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
\` command moves all the
text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing}
command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment. There must be no \> or \' command between
the \` and the command that ends the line.
tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and
\` do not produce accents as usual (\a=, \a' and \a` are used.
\\
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \-
commands in that line remain in effect.
\pushtabs.
tabbing environment.
\'.
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
table \begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}
[placement] determines where &latex; will try
to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put
a float; these are the same as that used with the figure
environment, and described there (report and article classes use the default
placement [tbp].
\caption command allows you to title your table.
tabular\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular*}
tabular\\ must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
except for the last, where it is optional&textmdash;unless an \hline
command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
|, \hline, and
\vline in the tabular and array environments; the
default is .4pt.
tabular and array
environments; default is 1, for no scaling.
||
in the tabular and array environments; default is 2pt.
tabular
environment:
\multicolumn\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
\multicolumn command makes an entry that spans several
columns. The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the
number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, pos,
specifies the formatting of the entry; c for centered, l
for flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
text, specifies what text to put in the entry.
\multicolumn is used for the heading:
\begin{tabular}{r&arobase;{--}l}
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
0x80&0x7FF \cr
0x800&0xFFFF \cr
0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
\end{tabular}
\cline\cline{i-j}
\cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j,
which are specified in the mandatory argument.
\hline\hline command draws a horizontal line the width of the
enclosing tabular or array environment. It&textrsquo;s most
commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
of a table.
\vline\vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full
height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to
move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
&arobase;-expression.
thebibliography\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
...
\end{thebibliography}
thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or
reference list.
article class, this reference list is labelled
&textldquo;References&textrdquo;; in the report class, it is labelled
&textldquo;Bibliography&textrdquo;. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
by redefining the command \refname. For instance, this
eliminates it entirely:
\renewcommand{\refname}{}
\bibitem
commands. It is typically given as 9 for bibliographies with
less than 10 references, 99 for ones with less than 100, etc.
\bibitem\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
\bibitem command generates an entry labelled by
label. If the label argument is missing, a number is
automatically generated using the enumi counter. The
cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
symbols not containing a comma.
\begin{document} command, the item&textrsquo;s label is
associated with cite_key, causing references to cite_key
with a \cite command (see next section) to produce the
associated label.
\cite\cite[subcite]{keys
\cite[p.~314]{knuth} might produce
&textlsquo;[Knuth, p. 314]&textrsquo;.
\nocite\nocite{key_list}
\nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list,
which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the thebibliography environment (\bibliographystyle{bibstyle}
\bibliography{bibfile1,bibfile2}
\bibliographystyle command does not produce any output of
its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: bibstyle refers to a file
bibstyle\bibliography command is what actually produces the
bibliography. The argument to \bibliography refers to files
named \cite and
\nocite will be listed in the bibliography.
theorem\begin{theorem}
theorem-text
\end{theorem}
theorem environment produces &textldquo;Theorem n&textrdquo; in
boldface followed by theorem-text, where the numbering
possibilities for n are described under \newtheorem
(titlepage\begin{titlepage}
text
\end{titlepage}
titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following
page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to
you. The \today command may be useful on title pages
(\maketitle command (titlepage environment.
verbatim\begin{verbatim}
literal-text
\end{verbatim}
verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment in
which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
\ character produces a printed \. It turns &latex;
into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
effect that they would on a typewriter.
verbatim uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (\tt).
\verb\verbcharliteral-textchar \verb*charliteral-textchar
\verb command typesets literal-text as it is input,
including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
(\tt) font. No spaces are allowed between \verb or
\verb* and the delimiter char, which begins and ends the
verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in literal-text.
*-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
&textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character.
verse\begin{verse}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{verse}
verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.
verse\\, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.
\\ command, and you can always manually force breaks.
\\[*][morespace]\\ command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an
optional argument, morespace, that specifies how much extra
vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
negative amount.
\\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command
except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.
\obeycr & \restorecr\obeycr command makes a return in the input file
(^^M, internally) the same as \\ (followed by
\relax). So each new line in the input will also be a new line
in the output.
\restorecr restores normal line-breaking behavior.
\newline\newline command breaks the line at the present point, with
no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
mode.
\- (discretionary hyphen)\- command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
incorrect one. The \- command is used for the exceptional
cases.
\- commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
\fussy\fussy (which is the default) makes &tex;
picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
\sloppy command
(\sloppy\sloppy makes &tex; less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
interword spacing.
\fussy command is issued (\hyphenation\hyphenation{word-one word-two}
\hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points
with a - character in the given words. The words are separated
by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
inflections are tried. Multiple \hyphenation commands
accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns
misses the hyphenations in these words):
\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
\linebreak & \nolinebreak\linebreak[priority] \nolinebreak[priority]
\linebreak (\nolinebreak) command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position. For
\linebreak, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
extends to the right margin as usual.
\cleardoublepage\cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
\clearpage\clearpage command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
\newpage\newpage command ends the current page, but does not clear
floats (see \clearpage above).
\enlargethispage\enlargethispage{size}
\enlargethispage*{size}
\textheight for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} will allow one
additional line.
\pagebreak.
\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\pagebreak[priority] \nopagebreak[priority]
\pagebreak (\nopagebreak) command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position. With
\pagebreak, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
\pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must
be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
insistent the request is.
\footnote command. They can also be
produced with two commands, the \footnotemark and the
\footnotetext commands.
\footnote\footnote[number]{text}
\footnote command places the numbered footnote text
at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument number
changes the default footnote number.
\chapter, in figures,
tables or in a tabular environment. (See following sections.)
\footnotemark\footnotemark command puts the
current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in
inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately,
with the \footnotetext command.
\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
\footnote command.
\footnotetext\footnotetext[number]{text}
\footnotetext command places text at the bottom of
the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the
\footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must
appear in outer paragraph mode.
\thefootnote like this:
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\fnsymbol command produces a predefined series of symbols
(\&arobase;fnsymbol.
0.4pt thick (or wide), and
0.4\columnwidth long in the standard document classes (except
slides, where it does not appear).
\footnotesize
fonts (\newcommand & \renewcommand\newcommand and \renewcommand define and redefine a
command, respectively. Synopses:
\newcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\newcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn}
\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn}
\newcounter\newcounter{cnt}[countername]
\newcounter command defines a new counter named cnt.
The new counter is initialized to zero.
[countername], cnt
will be reset whenever countername is incremented.
\newlength\newlength{\arg}
\newlength command defines the mandatory argument as a
length command with a value of 0in. The argument must
be a control sequence, as in \newlength{\foo}. An error
occurs if \foo is already defined.
\newsavebox\newsavebox{cmd}
\cmd, which must be a command name not already
defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
\newenvironment & \renewenvironment \newenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
\begin{env} &dots; \end{env}.
\newtheorem\newtheorem{newenv}{label}[within]
\newtheorem{newenv}[numbered_like]{label}
\newfont\newfont{cmd}{fontname}
\cmd, which must not already
be defined, to make fontname be the current font. The file
looked for on the system is named \protect\protect. In addition, any fragile
commands within the arguments must have their own \protect.
\caption
(\thanks (tabular and array environments
(\protect.
\.
(enumi&textndash;enumiv are used for the nested enumerate
environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s
standard document classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection
\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol: Printing counters\alph{enumi}.
asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
\usecounter{counter}\usecounter{counter}
\usecounter command is used in the second argument of the
list environment to specify counter to be used to number
the list items.
\value{counter}\value{counter}
\value command produces the value of counter. It can
be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
\setcounter{myctr}{3}
\addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
\setcounter{counter}{value}\setcounter{\counter}{value}
\setcounter command sets the value of \counter to the
value argument.
\addtocounter{counter}{value}\addtocounter command increments counter by the
amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative.
\refstepcounter{counter}\refstepcounter command works in the same way as
\stepcounter \ref value to be the result of \thecounter.
\stepcounter{counter}\stepcounter command adds one to counter and
resets all subsidiary counters.
\day \month \year: Predefined counters\day,
1&textndash;31), month of the year (\month, 1&textndash;12), and year
(\year, Common Era). When &tex; starts up, they are
set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They
are not updated as the job progresses.
\today produces a string representing the
current day (length is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
\setlength{\len}{value}\setlength sets the value of \len to the value
argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex;
understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points
(pt), big points (bp, etc.
\addtolength command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo;
\len by the amount specified in the amount argument, which
may be negative.
\settodepth\settodepth{\gnat}{text}
\settodepth command sets the value of a length command
equal to the depth of the text argument.
\settoheight\settoheight{\gnat}{text}
\settoheight command sets the value of a length command
equal to the height of the text argument.
\settowidth{\len}{text}\settowidth command sets the value of the command \len
to the width of the text argument.
\width
\height
\depth
\totalheight
\totalheight equals \height +
\depth. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
%. A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.
\indent\indent produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
width of the \parindent length, the normal paragraph
indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
otherwise be suppressed.
\parindent is 1em in two-column
mode, otherwise 15pt for 10pt documents, 17pt for
11pt, and 1.5em for 12pt.
\noindent\noindent
suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in
the middle of a paragraph.
\parskip\parskip is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph. The default is 0pt plus1pt.
\marginpar[left]{right}
\marginpar command creates a note in the margin. The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
where the \marginpar occurs.
\reversemarginpar places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin. \normalmarginpar places them
in the default position.
\hspace{0pt}.
math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the displaymath and equation environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The math and displaymath
environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
\(...\)instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} \[...\]instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
math environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
$ ... $instead of \(...\)
\boldmath command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font. It is used \unboldmath command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used \displaystyle declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of displaymath, e.g., with limits above and
below summations. For example
$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
_{exp}. To get exp to appear as a
superscript, you type ^{exp}. &latex; handles
superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.
It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript.
$\pi$ in your source, you will get
the pi symbol () in your output.
math environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and
puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following
commands for use in math mode:
num divided by den.
\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right].
x+y would be typed as
$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}.
\mbox, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left
to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
box was too wide to fit on the line.
\mbox
command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
these commands or environments will be called a parbox. When
&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
&textldquo;inner paragraph mode&textrdquo;. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdquo;.
\documentclass command determines the size and position of
the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
\maketitle\maketitle command generates a title on a separate title
page&textmdash;except in the article class, where the title is placed
at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
\author\author\author command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use
\\ to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for
example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address.
\date command declares text to be the document&textrsquo;s
date. With no \date command, the current date (\thanks command produces a \footnote to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
\title\title command declares text to be the title of the
document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual.
\pagenumbering\pagenumbering{style}
\pagestyle\pagestyle{style}
\pagestyle command specifies how the headers and footers
are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for style:
\markboth and \markright:
\markboth command before
the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (right is
generated by the first \markboth or \markright that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
\thispagestyle{style}\thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the
\pagestyle command (see previous section) except that it
changes to style for the current page only.
\, to produce a &textldquo;thin&textrdquo;
space (usually 1/6\hspace\hspace[*]{length}
\hspace command adds horizontal space. The length
argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands:
points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both
negative and positive space with an \hspace command; adding
negative space is like backspacing.
*
form.
\hfill\hfill fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which has
no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
needed.
\fill parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
the glue value 0pt plus1fill); thus, \hspace\fill is
equivalent to \hfill.
\SPACE\ (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&textrsquo;s
useful after punctuation which shouldn&textrsquo;t end a sentence. For example
Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental.
It is also often used after control sequences, as in \TeX\ is a
nice system.
\\\ .
\&arobase;\&arobase; command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after
a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
\&arobase;:
&dots; in C\&arobase;. Pascal, though &dots; &dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots;
\thinspace\thinspace produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
in &textrsquo;\/\/ command produces an italic correction. This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
f character typically has a large italic correction value.
\hrulefill\hrulefill fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which can
stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.
\dotfill\dotfill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; that fills
with dots instead of just white space.
\addvspace\addvspace{length}
\addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height
length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this
command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
of the total vertical space equal to length.
\bigskip \medskip \smallskip\...amount parameters are determined by the document class.
\vfill\vfill fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to
\vspace{\fill} (\vspace[*]{length}\vspace[*]{length}
\vspace command adds the vertical space length, i.e.,
a rubber length. length can be negative or positive.
\vspace at
the top or bottom of a page. With the optional * argument, the
space is not removed.
\mbox{text}\mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument. The text is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
\fbox and \framebox\fbox{text}
\framebox[width][position]{text}
\fbox and \framebox commands are like \mbox,
except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
\framebox command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional width argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional position
argument.
\fboxrule (default
.4pt), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default
3pt) between the rule and the contents of the box.
\framebox command in the
picture environment.
lrbox\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}
\sbox.
cmd, which
must have been declared with \newsavebox.
\makebox\makebox[width][position]{text}
\makebox command creates a box just wide enough to contain
the text specified. The width of the box is specified by the
optional width argument. The position of the text within the box
is determined by the optional position argument, which may take
the following values:
\makebox is also used within the picture environment
\parbox\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}
\parbox command produces a box whose contents are created
in paragraph mode. It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
shouldn&textrsquo;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
\parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
minipage environment (\parbox has two mandatory arguments:
\raisebox\raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text}
\raisebox command raises or lowers text. The first
mandatory argument specifies how high text is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount). text itself is processed
in LR mode.
\savebox\savebox{\boxcmd}[width][pos]{text}
\makebox
(\newsavebox (\sbox{\boxcmd}{text}\sbox{\boxcmd}{text}
\sbox types text in a box just as with \mbox
(\newsavebox (\usebox{\boxcmd\usebox{\boxcmd}
\usebox producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
\boxcmd by a \savebox command (# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
\ in front of the character. For
example, \$ will produce $ in your output.
\ itself, because \\ has
its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
typing $\backslash$ in your file, and a typewriter \ is
produced by using \ in a verbatim command (\~ and \^ place tilde and circumflex accents over
the following letter, as in ~ or ^, you can again use a verbatim
command.
\symbol command. For example, the
visible space character used in the \verb* command has the code
decimal 32, so it can be typed as \symbol{32}.
' or hexadecimal numbers
with ", so the previous example could also be written as
\symbol{'40} or \symbol{"20}.
textcomp package.
\ldots
and \dots also work in math mode.
\textcapital... form
has the cap height of the font, while the \textascender... form
has the ascender height.
$)$)---)---)--)--)!`)!`)?`)?`)``)``)')')`)`)')')babel package and related support. This
section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.
\capital... commands produce alternative forms for use with
capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
\rule\rule[raise]{width}{thickness}
\rule command produces rules, that is, lines or
rectangles. The arguments are:
\today\today command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format
month dd, yyyy; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;.
It uses the predefined counters \day, \month, and
\year (datetime packagedatetime package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
\include\include{file}
\includeonly command is present, the \include
command executes \clearpage to start a new page
(\clearpage.
\includeonly command, the \include actions are
only run if file is listed as an argument to
\includeonly. See the next section.
\include, not allowed\include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another \include command.
includeonly\includeonly{file1,file2,...}
\includeonly command controls which files will be read by
subsequent \include commands. The list of filenames is
comma-separated. Each file must exactly match a filename
specified in a \include command for the selection to be
effective.
\input{file}
\input command causes the specified file to be read
and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
file at that point.
\tableofcontents
command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must
have generated a \tableofcontents command produces a heading, but it does
not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a \newpage command after the
\tableofcontents command.
\listoffigures and \listoftables
produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
\nofiles overrides these commands, and
\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text}
command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
\contentsline{unit}{name}.
\addtocontents{ext}{text} command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the \makeglossary enables creating glossaries.
\glossary{text} writes a glossary entry for
text to an auxiliary file with the \glossaryentry{text}{pageno}, where
pageno is the current \thepage value.
glossary package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.
\makeindex enables creating indexes. Put this in
the preamble.
\index{text} writes an index entry for
text to an auxiliary file with the \indexentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno
is the current \thepage value.
\index{bar|see{foo}}. Use seealso
instead of see to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry.
\seename, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo;
by the macro \alsoname. These can be redefined for other
languages.
makeidx package\printindex command.
This is defined in the makeidx package, so
\usepackage{makeidx} needs to be in the preamble.
\indexspace is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is 10pt plus5pt
minus3pt.
showidx packageshowidx package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
multind packagemultind package supports multiple indexes. See also the
&tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
letter document class is designed to make a number of letters at
once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
\documentclass{letter}
\begin{document}
... letters ...
\end{document}
letter environment, whose argument is the name
and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
\begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
\\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
...
\end{letter}
\opening command. The text of
the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, do not work. The letter
closes with a \closing command.
closing, you can have additional material. The
\cc command produces the usual &textldquo;cc: &dots;&textrdquo;. There&textrsquo;s also a
similar \encl command for a list of enclosures. With both these
commands, use \\ to separate the items.
letter class.
\address specifies the return address of a letter, as it
should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the
address should be separated by \\ commands.
\address declaration, then the letter
will be formatted for copying onto your organisation&textrsquo;s standard
letterhead. (\address declaration, then the
letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
\cc\cc{name1\\name2}
\closing\closing{text}
\closing command, for example,
\closing{Best Regards,}
\encl\encl{line1\\line2}
\location\location{address}
firstpage pagestyle is selected.
\makelabels\makelabels{number}
\name\name{June Davenport}
\opening{text}\opening{text}
\opening command. The mandatory
argument, text, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.
For instance:
\opening{Dear Joe,}
\ps\ps command to start a postscript in a letter, after
\closing.
\signature{text}\\ starts a new line within
text as usual.
\startbreaks\startbreaks
\stopbreaks command to allow page breaks again.
\stopbreaks\stopbreaks
\startbreaks command occurs.
\telephone\telephone{number}
firstpage pagestyle is selected.
\typein[cmd]{msg}\typein[\cmd]{msg}
\typein prints msg on the terminal and causes &latex; to
stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
the optional \cmd argument is omitted, the typed input is
processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
\typein command. If the \cmd argument is present, it
must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
redefined to be the typed input.
\typeout{msg}\typeout{msg}
msg on the terminal and in the log file.
Commands in msg that are defined with \newcommand or
\renewcommand (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
msg. A
\space command in msg causes a single space to be
printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A ^^J in
msg prints a newline.
latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
\stop
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
book templatebeamer templatebeamer class creates slides presentations.
tugboat template