Short Contents ************** LaTeX2e 1 Overview of LaTeX 2 Starting & ending 3 Document classes 4 Typefaces 5 Layout 6 Sectioning 7 Cross references 8 Environments 9 Footnotes 10 Definitions 11 Counters 12 Lengths 13 Line breaking 14 Page breaking 15 Making paragraphs 16 Math formulas 17 Modes 18 Page Styles 19 Spaces 20 Boxes 21 Special insertions 22 Splitting the input 23 Front/back matter 24 Letters 25 Terminal Input/Output 26 Command Line Appendix A Document templates Concept Index Command Index Table of Contents ***************** LaTeX2e 1 Overview of LaTeX 2 Starting & ending 3 Document classes 3.1 Document class options 4 Typefaces 4.1 Font styles 4.2 Font sizes 4.3 Low-level font commands 5 Layout 5.1 `\onecolumn' 5.2 `\twocolumn' 5.3 `\flushbottom' 5.4 `\raggedbottom' 5.5 Page layout parameters 6 Sectioning 7 Cross references 7.1 `\label' 7.2 `\pageref{KEY}' 7.3 `\ref{KEY}' 8 Environments 8.1 `abstract' 8.2 `array' 8.3 `center' 8.3.1 `\centering' 8.4 `description' 8.5 `displaymath' 8.6 `document' 8.7 `enumerate' 8.8 `eqnarray' 8.9 `equation' 8.10 `figure' 8.11 `flushleft' 8.11.1 `\raggedright' 8.12 `flushright' 8.12.1 `\raggedleft' 8.13 `itemize' 8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters 8.15 `list' 8.16 `math' 8.17 `minipage' 8.18 `picture' 8.18.1 `\circle' 8.18.2 `\makebox' 8.18.3 `\framebox' 8.18.4 `\dashbox' 8.18.5 `\frame' 8.18.6 `\line' 8.18.7 `\linethickness' 8.18.8 `\thicklines' 8.18.9 `\thinlines' 8.18.10 `\multiput' 8.18.11 `\oval' 8.18.12 `\put' 8.18.13 `\shortstack' 8.18.14 `\vector' 8.19 `quotation' 8.20 `quote' 8.21 `tabbing' 8.22 `table' 8.23 `tabular' 8.23.1 `\multicolumn' 8.23.2 `\cline' 8.23.3 `\hline' 8.23.4 `\vline' 8.24 `thebibliography' 8.24.1 `\bibitem' 8.24.2 `\cite' 8.24.3 `\nocite' 8.24.4 Using BibTeX 8.25 `theorem' 8.26 `titlepage' 8.27 `verbatim' 8.27.1 `\verb' 8.28 `verse' 9 Footnotes 9.1 `\footnote' 9.2 `\footnotemark' 9.3 `\footnotetext' 9.4 Footnote parameters 10 Definitions 10.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' 10.2 `\newcounter' 10.3 `\newlength' 10.4 `\newsavebox' 10.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' 10.6 `\newtheorem' 10.7 `\newfont' 10.8 `\protect' 11 Counters 11.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters 11.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' 11.3 `\value{COUNTER}' 11.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' 11.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' 11.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' 11.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' 11.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters 12 Lengths 12.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' 12.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} 12.3 `\settodepth' 12.4 `\settoheight' 12.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' 12.6 Predefined lengths 13 Line breaking 13.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] 13.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' 13.3 `\newline' 13.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) 13.5 `\fussy' 13.6 `\sloppy' 13.7 `\hyphenation' 13.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' 14 Page breaking 14.1 `\cleardoublepage' 14.2 `\clearpage' 14.3 `\newpage' 14.4 `\enlargethispage' 14.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' 15 Making paragraphs 15.1 `\indent' 15.2 `\noindent' 15.3 `\parskip' 15.4 Marginal notes 16 Math formulas 16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts 16.2 Math symbols 16.3 Math functions 16.4 Math accents 16.5 Spacing in math mode 16.6 Math Miscellany 17 Modes 18 Page Styles 18.1 `\maketitle' 18.2 `\pagenumbering' 18.3 `\pagestyle' 18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' 19 Spaces 19.1 `\hspace' 19.2 `\hfill' 19.3 `\SPACE' 19.4 `\@' 19.5 `\thinspace' 19.6 `\/' 19.7 `\hrulefill' 19.8 `\dotfill' 19.9 `\addvspace' 19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' 19.11 `\vfill' 19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' 20 Boxes 20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' 20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' 20.3 `lrbox' 20.4 `\makebox' 20.5 `\parbox' 20.6 `\raisebox' 20.7 `\savebox' 20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' 20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' 21 Special insertions 21.1 Reserved characters 21.2 Text symbols 21.3 Accents 21.4 Non-English characters 21.5 `\rule' 21.6 `\today' 22 Splitting the input 22.1 `\include' 22.2 \`includeonly' 22.3 \input 23 Front/back matter 23.1 Tables of contents 23.1.1 \addcontentsline 23.1.2 \addtocontents 23.2 Glossaries 23.3 Indexes 24 Letters 24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} 24.2 `\cc' 24.3 `\closing' 24.4 `\encl' 24.5 `\location' 24.6 `\makelabels' 24.7 `\name' 24.8 `\opening{TEXT}' 24.9 `\ps' 24.10 `\signature{TEXT}' 24.11 `\startbreaks' 24.12 `\stopbreaks' 24.13 `\telephone' 25 Terminal Input/Output 25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}' 25.2 `\typeout{MSG}' 26 Command Line Appendix A Document templates A.1 `book' template A.2 `beamer' template A.3 `tugboat' template Concept Index Command Index LaTeX2e ******* This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system. It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers (`http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is available there. Again, the present document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. 1 Overview of LaTeX ******************* The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX "macro package" for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least three files as output: 1. A main output file, which is one of: 1. If invoked as `latex', a "Device Independent" (`.dvi') file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices. You can view such `.dvi' output of LaTeX by using a program such as `xdvi' (display directly) or `dvips' (convert to PostScript). 2. If invoked as `pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" (`.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does make the output much larger than the `.dvi' produced from the same document. There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well, which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. 2. A "transcript" or `.log' file that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. 3. An "auxiliary" or `.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for things such as sectioning. A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a `\' followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional while arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required. LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. 2 Starting & ending ******************* A minimal input file looks like the following: \documentclass{CLASS} \begin{document} YOUR TEXT \end{document} where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document classes::, for details of the various document classes available locally. You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass' and the `\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble"). 3 Document classes ****************** The class of a given document is defined with the command: \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} The `\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX source file. Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): article report book letter slides Standard OPTIONS are described below. 3.1 Document class options ========================== You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the `\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma: \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS} Here is the list of the standard class options. All of the standard classes except `slides' accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is `10pt'): 10pt 11pt 12pt All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is `letterpaper'): a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper Miscellaneous other options: `draft, final' mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is `final'. `fleqn' Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. `landscape' Selects landscape format; default is portrait. `leqno' Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. `openbib' Use "open" bibliography format. `titlepage, notitlepage' Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. These options are not available with the slides class: `onecolumn' `twocolumn' Typeset in one or two columns; default is `onecolumn'. `oneside' `twoside' Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is `oneside', except for the `book' class. The `\evensidemargin' (`\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, `\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between `\paperwidth' and `\textwidth' with `\evensidemargin' the remainder. `openright' `openany' Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is `openright' for book. The `slides' class offers the option `clock' for printing the time at the bottom of each note. Additional packages are loaded like this: \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG} To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or use multiple `\usepackage' commands. Any options given in the `\documentclass' command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with `\usepackage'. 4 Typefaces *********** Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. 4.1 Font styles =============== The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. These commands are used like `\textit{italic text}'. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either `\sffamily\bfseries' or `\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif. You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, `\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. `\textrm (\rmfamily)' Roman. `\textit (\itshape)' Italics. `\emph' Emphasis (switches between `\textit' and `\textrm'). `\textmd (\mdseries)' Medium weight (default). `\textbf (\bfseries)' Boldface. `\textup (\upshape)' Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. `\textsl (\slshape)' Slanted. `\textsf (\sffamily)' Sans serif. `\textsc (\scshape)' Small caps. `\texttt (\ttfamily)' Typewriter. `\textnormal (\normalfont)' Main document font. `\mathrm' Roman, for use in math mode. `\mathbf' Boldface, for use in math mode. `\mathsf' Sans serif, for use in math mode. `\mathtt' Typewriter, for use in math mode. `\mathit' `(\mit)' Italics, for use in math mode. `\mathnormal' For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. `\mathcal' `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. In addition, the command `\mathversion{bold}' can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. `\mathversion{normal}' restores the default. LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: `{\CMD ...}' instead of `\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things. `\bf' Switch to bold face. `\cal' Switch to calligraphic letters for math. `\em' Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). `\it' Italics. `\rm' Roman. `\sc' Small caps. `\sf' Sans serif. `\sl' Slanted (oblique). `\tt' Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). 4.2 Font sizes ============== The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used (in points) with the `10pt', `11pt', and `12pt' document size options, respectively (*note Document class options::). Command `10pt' `11pt' `12pt' -------------------------------------------------- `\tiny' 5 6 6 `\scriptsize' 7 8 8 `\footnotesize' 8 9 10 `\small' 9 10 10.95 `\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12 `\large' 12 12 14.4 `\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28 `\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74 `\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88 `\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88 The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these commands; for instance, `\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. 4.3 Low-level font commands =========================== These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. `\fontencoding{enc}' Select font encoding. Valid encodings include `OT1' and `T1'. `\fontfamily{family}' Select font family. Valid families include: * `cmr' for Computer Modern Roman * `cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif * `cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter and numerous others. `\fontseries{series}' Select font series. Valid series include: * `m' Medium (normal) * `b' Bold * `c' Condensed * `bc' Bold condensed * `bx' Bold extended and various other combinations. `\fontshape{shape}' Select font shape. Valid shapes are: * `n' Upright (normal) * `it' Italic * `sl' Slanted (oblique) * `sc' Small caps * `ui' Upright italics * `ol' Outline The two last shapes are not available for most font families. `\fontsize{size}{skip}' Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named `\baselineskip'. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default `\baselineskip' for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the `\fontsize'. The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the `\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to "double space" a document, if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the `setspace' package; see `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace'. `\selectfont' The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do not come into effect until `\selectfont' is called. `\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}' The same as invoking `\fontencoding', `\fontfamily', `\fontseries' and `\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by `\selectfont'. 5 Layout ******** Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. 5.1 `\onecolumn' ================ The `\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default. 5.2 `\twocolumn' ================ Synopsis: \twocolumn[TEXT1COL] The `\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: `\columnsep' The distance between columns (35pt by default). `\columnseprule' The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. `\columnwidth' The width of the current column; this is equal to `\textwidth' in single-column text. These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: `\dbltopfraction' Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by floats. Default `.7', can be usefully redefined to (say) `.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon. `\dblfloatpagefraction' The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, for a two-column float page. Default `.5'. `\dblfloatsep' Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float page. Default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' documents, `14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. `\dbltextfloatsep' Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. 5.3 `\flushbottom' ================== The `\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is the default if `twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document class options::). 5.4 `\raggedbottom' =================== The `\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. 5.5 Page layout parameters ========================== `\headheight' Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is `30pt', except in the `book' class, where it varies with the type size. `\headsep' Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. Default is `25pt', except in the `book' class, where it varies with the type size. `\footskip' Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. Default is `30pt', except in the `book' class, where it varies with the type size. `\linewidth' Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an `article' document in `10pt', it's set to `345pt'; in two-column mode, that becomes `229.5pt'. `\textheight' The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an `article' or `report' document in `10pt', it's set to `43\baselineskip'; for `book', it's `41\baselineskip'. For `11pt', it's `38\baselineskip' and for `12pt', `36\baselineskip'. `\textwidth' The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as usual. For an `article' or `report' document, it's `345pt' at `10pt', `360pt' at `11pt', and `390pt' at `12pt'. For a `book' document, it's `4.5in' at `10pt', and `5in' at `11pt' or `12pt'. `\topmargin' Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: `\paperheight - 2in - \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided by two. `\topskip' Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., `10pt' at `10pt'. 6 Sectioning ************ Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: `\part' `\chapter' (report and book class only) `\section' `\subsection' `\subsubsection' `\paragraph' `\subparagraph' All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE} In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the section title can appear in two other places: 1. The table of contents. 2. The running head at the top of the page. You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. Also, all sectioning commands have `*'-forms that print TITLE as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: \section*{Preamble} The `\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The `\appendix' command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like \chapter{A Chapter} ... \appendix \chapter{The First Appendix} 7 Cross references ****************** One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." 7.1 `\label' ============ Synopsis: \label{KEY} A `\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to KEY. A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: `ch' for chapters `sec' for lower-level sectioning commands `fig' for figures `tab' for tables `eq' for equations Thus, a label for a figure would look like `fig:snark' or `fig.snark'. 7.2 `\pageref{KEY}' =================== Synopsis: \pageref{KEY} The `\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding `\label'{KEY} command appears. 7.3 `\ref{KEY}' =============== Synopsis: \ref{KEY} The `\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding `\label' command (*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. 8 Environments ************** LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: \begin{ENVNAME} ... \end{ENVNAME} 8.1 `abstract' ============== Synopsis: \begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract} Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. 8.2 `array' =========== Synopsis: \begin{array}{TEMPLATE} COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\ ... \end{array} Math arrays are produced with the `array' environment, normally within an `equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: `c' centered `l' flush left `r' flush right Column entries are separated by `&'. Column entries may include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with `\\'. In the template, the construct `@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns in each row. Here's an example: \begin{equation} \begin{array}{lrc} left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ \end{array} \end{equation} The `\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space separating columns; the default is `5pt'. *Note tabular::, for other parameters which affect formatting in `array' environments, namely `\arrayrulewidth' and `\arraystretch'. The `array' environment can only be used in math mode. 8.3 `center' ============ Synopsis: \begin{center} LINE1 \\ LINE2 \\ \end{center} The `center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string `\\'. 8.3.1 `\centering' ------------------ The `\centering' declaration corresponds to the `center' environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or in a `parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a `\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. Unlike the `center' environment, the `\centering' command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command (of an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. Here's an example: \begin{quote} \centering first line \\ second line \\ \end{quote} 8.4 `description' ================= Synopsis: \begin{description} \item [LABEL1] ITEM1 \item [LABEL2] ITEM2 ... \end{description} The `description' environment is used to make labelled lists. Each LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right. The ITEM text may contain multiple paragraphs. Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in typewriter using `\texttt', you'll get bold typewriter: `\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'. This may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use `\tt', which resets all other style variations: `\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'. For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::. 8.5 `displaymath' ================= Synopsis: \begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath} or \[MATH\] The `displaymath' environment (`\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the MATH text on its own line, centered by default. The global `fleqn' option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::. No equation number is added to `displaymath' text; to get an equation number, use the `equation' environment (*note equation::). 8.6 `document' ============== The `document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::. 8.7 `enumerate' =============== Synopsis: \begin{enumerate} \item ITEM1 \item ITEM2 ... \end{enumerate} The `enumerate' environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as `itemize' (*note itemize::) and `description' (*note description::). Each item of an enumerated list begins with an `\item' command. There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: 1. 1., 2., ... 2. (a), (b), ... 3. i., ii., ... 4. A., B., ... The `enumerate' environment uses the counters `\enumi' through `\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If the optional argument to `\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item. The `enumerate' environment uses the commands `\labelenumi' through `\labelenumiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use `\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase letters: \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} 8.8 `eqnarray' ============== \begin{eqnarray} (or `eqnarray*') FORMULA1 \\ FORMULA2 \\ ... \end{eqnarray} The `eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column `array' environment, with consecutive rows separated by `\\' and consecutive items within a row separated by an `&'. `\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a `\nonumber' command. Alternatively, The `*'-form of the environment (`\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as `eqnarray'. The command `\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. 8.9 `equation' ============== Synopsis: \begin{equation} MATH \end{equation} The `equation' environment starts a `displaymath' environment (*note displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. 8.10 `figure' ============= \begin{figure}[PLACEMENT] FIGBODY \label{LABEL} \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT} \end{figure} Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages. The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: 1. `h' (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. 2. `t' (Top) - at the top of a text page. 3. `b' (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page. 4. `p' (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. The standard report and article classes use the default placement `tbp'. The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you wish. The `\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure. The caption is numbered by default. If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at the bottom; default `.3'. `\floatpagefraction' The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default `.5'. `\floatsep' Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt'. `\intextsep' Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' styles, `14pt plus4pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. `\textfloatsep' Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. `\textfraction' Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is `.2'. `\topfraction' Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default is `.7'. 8.11 `flushleft' ================ \begin{flushleft} LINE1 \\ LINE2 \\ ... \end{flushleft} The `flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. 8.11.1 `\raggedright' --------------------- The `\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the `flushleft' environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or in a `parbox'. Unlike the `flushleft' environment, the `\raggedright' command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the paragraph unit. 8.12 `flushright' ================= \begin{flushright} LINE1 \\ LINE2 \\ ... \end{flushright} The `flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. 8.12.1 `\raggedleft' -------------------- The `\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the `flushright' environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or in a `parbox'. Unlike the `flushright' environment, the `\raggedleft' command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the paragraph unit. 8.13 `itemize' ============== Synopsis: \begin{itemize} \item ITEM1 \item ITEM2 ... \end{itemize} The `itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as `enumerate' (*note enumerate::). Each item of an `itemize' list begins with an `\item' command. There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. By default, the marks at each level look like this: 1. * 2. -- (bold en-dash) 3. * 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) The `itemize' environment uses the commands `\labelitemi' through `\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use `\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first level use diamonds: \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} The `\leftmargini' through `\leftmarginvi' parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, `\leftmargin' is set to the appropriate `\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered. The defaults vary from `.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to `2.5em' (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em Some parameters that affect list formatting: `\itemindent' Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. `\labelsep' Space between the label and text of an item; default `.5em'. `\labelwidth' Width of the label; default `2em', or `1.5em' in two-column mode. `\listparindent' Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default `0pt'. `\rightmargin' Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default `0pt', except in the `quote', `quotation', and `verse' environments, where it is set equal to `\leftmargin'. Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather loose, by default). `\itemsep' Vertical space between items. The default is `2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `10pt' documents, `3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `11pt', and `4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `12pt'. `\parsep' Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as `\itemsep'. `\topsep' Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. The default is `4pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' documents, `6pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `11pt', and `9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for `12pt'. `\partopsep' Extra space added to `\topsep' when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is `2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `10pt' documents, `3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `11pt', and `3pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `12pt'. `\topsep' Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list item. Its value is changed with list level and font size changes; for instance, within a first-level list at `10pt', it is `4pt plus2pt minus2pt'. Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an `itemize*' environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs within a single item (`\parskip' is not list-specific, *note \parskip::): \newenvironment{itemize*}% {\begin{itemize}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% {\end{itemize}} 8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters ========================================== This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. 8.15 `list' =========== The `list' environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in macros. \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING} \item ITEM1 \item ITEM2 ... \end{list} The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to `\item'). This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be empty, i.e., `{}', which leaves the default spacing. 8.16 `math' =========== Synopsis: \begin{math} MATH \end{math} The `math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running text. `\(...\))' and `$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. 8.17 `minipage' =============== \begin{minipage}[POSITION]{WIDTH} TEXT \end{minipage} The `minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that will not be broken across pages (similar to the `\parbox' command, *note \parbox::). You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage (unlike `\parbox'). It takes an optional POSITION argument for placing TEXT, and a mandatory WIDTH argument for specifying the line width. By default, paragraphs are not indented in the `minipage' environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as `\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command. Footnotes in a `minipage' environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A `\footnote' or `\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the `\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary `footnote' counter (*note Counters::). However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. 8.18 `picture' ============== \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) ... PICTURE COMMANDS ... \end{picture} The `picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign--a number like `5', `0.3' or `-3.1416'. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length `\unitlength', so if `\unitlength' has been set to `1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of `\unitlength', using the `\setlength' command, outside of a `picture' environment. A position is a pair of coordinates, such as `(2.4,-5)', specifying the point with x-coordinate `2.4' and y-coordinate `-5'. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. The `picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a `position'. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates. The `picture' environment also has an optional `position' argument, following the `size' argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if `\unitlength' has been set to `1mm', the command \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it. Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the `\put' command. The command \put (11.3,-.3){...} puts the object specified by `...' in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various objects will be described below. The `\put' command creates an "LR box". You can put anything that can go in an `\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the `\put' command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. The `picture' commands are described in the following sections. 8.18.1 `\circle' ---------------- \circle[*]{DIAMETER} The `\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The `*'-form of the command draws a solid circle. Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. 8.18.2 `\makebox' ----------------- `\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}' The `\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the normal `\makebox' command except that you must specify a `width' and `height' in multiples of `\unitlength'. The optional argument, `[position]', specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: * `t' - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle * `b' - Moves the item to the bottom * `l' - Moves the item to the left * `r' - Moves the item to the right *Note \makebox::. 8.18.3 `\framebox' ------------------ Synopsis: \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...} The `\framebox' command is like `\makebox' (see previous section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. The `\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', and leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box. 8.18.4 `\dashbox' ----------------- Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT} `\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a `picture' environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional POS. A dashed box looks best when the `rwidth' and `rheight' are multiples of the `dlen'. 8.18.5 `\frame' --------------- Synopsis: \frame{TEXT} The `\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. 8.18.6 `\line' -------------- Synopsis: \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH} The `\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope XSLOPE/YSLOPE. Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, see the `curve2e' and many many other packages on CTAN. 8.18.7 `\linethickness' ----------------------- The `\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a positive length. `\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or the quarter circles drawn by `\oval'. 8.18.8 `\thicklines' -------------------- The `\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: and *note \thinlines::. 8.18.9 `\thinlines' ------------------- The `\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: and *note \thicklines::. 8.18.10 `\multiput' ------------------- Synopsis: \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ} The `\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times. 8.18.11 `\oval' --------------- Synopsis: \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION] The `\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the following: `t' selects the top portion; `b' selects the bottom portion; `r' selects the right portion; `l' selects the left portion. The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with rounded corners. 8.18.12 `\put' -------------- `\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }' The `\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates. 8.18.13 `\shortstack' --------------------- Synopsis: \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...} The `\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are: `r' Move the objects to the right of the stack. `l' Move the objects to the left of the stack `c' Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) Objects are separated with `\\'. 8.18.14 `\vector' ----------------- Synopsis: \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH} The `\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. 8.19 `quotation' ================ Synopsis: \begin{quotation} TEXT \end{quotation} The margins of the `quotation' environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. Unlike the `quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally. 8.20 `quote' ============ Snyopsis: \begin{quote} TEXT \end{quote} The margins of the `quote' environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. Unlike the `quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented. 8.21 `tabbing' ============== Synopsis: \begin{tabbing} ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\ ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\ ... \end{tabbing} The `tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance. This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the `tabular' environment. The following commands can be used inside a `tabbing' enviroment: `\\ tabbing' End a line. `\= (tabbing)' Sets a tab stop at the current position. `\> (tabbing)' Advances to the next tab stop. `\<' Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. `\+' Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. `\-' Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. `\' (tabbing)' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent `\>', `\<', `\'', `\\', or `\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop. `\` (tabbing)' Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The `\`' command moves all the text that follows it, up to the `\\' or `\end{tabbing}' command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no `\>' or `\'' command between the `\`' and the command that ends the line. `\a (tabbing)' In a `tabbing' environment, the commands `\=', `\'' and `\`' do not produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the commands `\a=', `\a'' and `\a`' are used. `\kill' Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like `\\' except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any `\=', `\+' or `\-' commands in that line remain in effect. `\poptabs' Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last `\pushtabs'. `\pushtabs' Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a `tabbing' environment. `\tabbingsep' Distance to left of tab stop moved by `\''. This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ end;\\ \end{tabbing} 8.22 `table' ============ Synopsis: \begin{table}[placement] body of the table \caption{table title} \end{table} Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split between two pages. The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: * `h': Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears. * `t': Top - at the top of a text page. * `b': Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. * `p': Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. The standard `report' and `article' classes use the default placement `[tbp]'. The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your table. 8.23 `tabular' ============== Synopsis: \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... \end{tabular} or \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... \end{tabular*} These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. `\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command (to put a rule below the table) follows. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: `width' Specifies the width of the `tabular*' environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width. `pos' Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of the environment. * `t' - align on top row * `b' - align on bottom row `cols' Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. * `l' - A column of left-aligned items. * `r' - A column of right-aligned items. * `c' - A column of centred items. * `|' - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. * `@{text}' - This inserts `text' in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in text. An `\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width `wd' to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another `\extracolsep' command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An `\extracolsep' command can be used only in an @-expression in the `cols' argument. * `p{wd}' - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width `wd', as if it were the argument of a `\parbox[t]{wd}' command. However, a `\\' may not appear in the item, except in the following situations: 1. inside an environment like `minipage', `array', or `tabular'. 2. inside an explicit `\parbox'. 3. in the scope of a `\centering', `\raggedright', or `\raggedleft' declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a `p'-column element. * `*{num}{cols}' - Equivalent to `num' copies of `cols', where `num' is any positive integer and `cols' is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another `*-expression'. Parameters that control formatting: `\arrayrulewidth' Thickness of the rule created by `|', `\hline', and `\vline' in the `tabular' and `array' environments; the default is `.4pt'. `\arraystretch' Scaling of spacing between rows in the `tabular' and `array' environments; default is `1',for no scaling. `\doublerulesep' Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by `||' in the `tabular' and `array' environments; default is `2pt'. `\tabcolsep' Half the width of the space between columns; default is `6pt'. These commands can be used inside a `tabular' environment: 8.23.1 `\multicolumn' --------------------- Synopsis: \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT} The `\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the formatting of the entry; `c' for centered, `l' for flushleft, `r' for flushright. The third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry. Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; `\multicolumn' is used for the heading: \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr 0x80&0x7FF \cr 0x800&0xFFFF \cr 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr \end{tabular} 8.23.2 `\cline' --------------- Synopsis: \cline{I-J} The `\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are specified in the mandatory argument. 8.23.3 `\hline' --------------- The `\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing `tabular' or `array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. 8.23.4 `\vline' --------------- The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. 8.24 `thebibliography' ====================== Synopsis: \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL} \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} ... \end{thebibliography} The `thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or reference list. In the `article' class, this reference list is labelled "References"; in the `report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command `\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: \renewcommand{\refname}{} The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the `\bibitem' commands. It is typically given as `9' for bibliographies with less than 10 references, `99' for ones with less than 100, etc. 8.24.1 `\bibitem' ----------------- Synopsis: \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} The `\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the `enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry to the `.aux' file containing the item's CITE_KEY and label. When the `.aux' file is read by the `\begin{document}' command, the item's `label' is associated with `cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a `\cite' command (see next section) to produce the associated label. 8.24.2 `\cite' -------------- Synopsis: \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with KEYS by entries in the `.aux' file. The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation. For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, p. 314]'. 8.24.3 `\nocite' ---------------- `\nocite{key_list}' The `\nocite' command produces no text, but writes `key_list', which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the `.aux' file. 8.24.4 Using BibTeX ------------------- If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the `thebibliography' environment (*note thebibliography::). Instead, you include the lines \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE} \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2} The `\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE`.bst', which defines how your citations will look. The standard STYLE names distributed with BibTeX are: `alpha' Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication. `plain' Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. `unsrt' Like `plain', but entries are in order of citation. `abbrv' Like `plain', but more compact labels. In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See `http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib'. The `\bibliography' command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to `\bibliography' refers to files named `BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed in the bibliography. 8.25 `theorem' ============== Synopsis: \begin{theorem} THEOREM-TEXT \end{theorem} The `theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described under `\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::). 8.26 `titlepage' ================ Synopsis: \begin{titlepage} TEXT \end{titlepage} The `titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The `\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::). You can use the `\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce a standard title page without a `titlepage' environment. 8.27 `verbatim' =============== Synopsis: \begin{verbatim} LITERAL-TEXT \end{verbatim} The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the `\' character produces a printed `\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. The `verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (`\tt'). 8.27.1 `\verb' -------------- Synopsis: \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR The `\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter (`\tt') font. No spaces are allowed between `\verb' or `\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in LITERAL-TEXT. The `*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible space" character. 8.28 `verse' ============ Synopsis: \begin{verse} LINE1 \\ LINE2 \\ ... \end{verse} The `verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with `\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. 9 Footnotes *********** Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands. 9.1 `\footnote' =============== Synopsis: \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT} The `\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures, tables or in a `tabular' environment. (See following sections.) 9.2 `\footnotemark' =================== With no optional argument, the `\footnotemark' command puts the current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the `\footnotetext' command. This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote with \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] after the first `\footnote' command. 9.3 `\footnotetext' =================== Synopsis: \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT} The `\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the `\footnotemark' command. The `\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph mode. The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. 9.4 Footnote parameters ======================= `\footnoterule' Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's footnotes. Default dimensions: `0.4pt' thick (or wide), and `0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except slides, where it does not appear). `\footnotesep' The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for `\footnotesize' fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space between footnotes. This is `6.65pt' for `10pt', `7.7pt' for `11pt', and `8.4pt' for `12pt'. 10 Definitions ************** LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. 10.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' ==================================== `\newcommand' and `\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} CMD The command name beginning with `\'. For `\newcommand', it must not be already defined and must not begin with `\end'; for `\renewcommand', it must already be defined. NARGS An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. DEFAULT If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is the string `def'. DEFN The text to be substituted for every occurrence of `cmd'; a construct of the form `#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the Nth argument. 10.2 `\newcounter' ================== Synopsis: \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME] The `\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new counter is initialized to zero. Given the optional argument `[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented. *Note Counters::, for more information about counters. 10.3 `\newlength' ================= Synopsis: \newlength{\ARG} The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a `length' command with a value of `0in'. The argument must be a control sequence, as in `\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if `\foo' is already defined. *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about lengths in general. 10.4 `\newsavebox' ================== Synopsis: \newsavebox{CMD} Defines `\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. 10.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' ============================================ Synopses: \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is, `\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'. ENV The name of the environment. For `\newenvironment', ENV must not be an existing environment, and the command `\ENV' must be undefined. For `\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an existing environment. NARGS An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. DEFAULT If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT gives the default value for that argument. BEGDEF The text expanded at every occurrence of `\begin{ENV}'; a construct of the form `#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the Nth argument. ENDDEF The text expanded at every occurrence of `\end{ENV}'. It may not contain any argument parameters. 10.6 `\newtheorem' ================== \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN] \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL} This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: NEWENV The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an existing environment or otherwise defined. LABEL The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the number. For example, `Theorem'. NUMBERED_LIKE (Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; the new environment will be numbered just like NUMBERED_LIKE. WITHIN (Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the WITHIN counter. At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both. 10.7 `\newfont' =============== Synopsis: \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME} Defines a control sequence `\CMD', which must not already be defined, to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on the system is named `FONTNAME.tfm'. This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. More commonly, fonts are defined in families through `.fd' files. 10.8 `\protect' =============== Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-called "fragile" commands. When a fragile command is used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be preceded by `\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments must have their own `\protect'. Some examples of moving arguments are `\caption' (*note figure::), `\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in `tabular' and `array' environments (*note tabular::). Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not be preceded by `\protect'. See also: `http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html' `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect' 11 Counters *********** Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that produces the number, except with no `\'. (`enumi'-`enumiv' are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection 11.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters ===================================================================== All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for instance, `\alph{enumi}'. `\alph' prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: `a', `b', ... `\Alph' uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', ... `\arabic' uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', ... `\roman' uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', ... `\roman' uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', ... `\fnsymbol' prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of COUNTER must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names: asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger 11.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' =========================== Synopsis: \usecounter{COUNTER} The `\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the `list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list items. 11.3 `\value{COUNTER}' ====================== Synopsis: \value{COUNTER} The `\value' command produces the value of COUNTER. It can be used anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: \setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1} \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} 11.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ================================== Synopsis: \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE} The `\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE argument. 11.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ==================================== The `\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. 11.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' =============================== The `\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as `\stepcounter' *Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value to be the result of `\thecounter'. 11.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' ============================ The `\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary counters. 11.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters ============================================= LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (`\day', 1-31), month of the year (`\month', 1-12), and year (`\year', Common Era). When TeX starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is running. They are not updated as the job progresses. The related command `\today' produces a string representing the current day (*note \today::). 12 Lengths ********** A `length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. 12.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' ============================== The `\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (`in'), millimeters (`mm'), points (`pt'), big points (`bp', etc. 12.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} =============================== The `\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. 12.3 `\settodepth' ================== `\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' The `\settodepth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal to the depth of the `text' argument. 12.4 `\settoheight' =================== `\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command equal to the height of the `text' argument. 12.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' ============================== The `\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the width of the TEXT argument. 12.6 Predefined lengths ======================= `\width' `\height' `\depth' `\totalheight' These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' + `\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}' 13 Line breaking **************** The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these lines must be broken into pages). LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the `\\' command, and you can always manually force breaks. 13.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] ======================= The `\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. The `\\*' command is the same as the ordinary `\\' command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. 13.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' ============================= The `\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file (`^^M', internally) the same as `\\' (followed by `\relax'). So each new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. `\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior. 13.3 `\newline' =============== The `\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph mode. 13.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) ================================ The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect one. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. When you insert `\-' commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. 13.5 `\fussy' ============= The declaration `\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command (*note \sloppy::. 13.6 `\sloppy' ============== The declaration `\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::). 13.7 `\hyphenation' =================== Synopsis: \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO} The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with a `-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple `\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these words): \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} 13.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' ================================== Synopses: \linebreak[PRIORITY] \nolinebreak[PRIORITY] By default, the `\linebreak' (`\nolinebreak') command forces (prevents) a line break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right margin as usual. With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command from a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. 14 Page breaking **************** LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. 14.1 `\cleardoublepage' ======================= The `\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. 14.2 `\clearpage' ================= The `\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. 14.3 `\newpage' =============== The `\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see `\clearpage' above). 14.4 `\enlargethispage' ======================= `\enlargethispage{size}' `\enlargethispage*{size}' Enlarge the `\textheight' for the current page by the specified amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one additional line. The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit `\pagebreak'. 14.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' ================================== Synopses: \pagebreak[PRIORITY] \nopagebreak[PRIORITY] By default, the `\pagebreak' (`\nopagebreak') command forces (prevents) a page break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the `\pagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. 15 Making paragraphs ******************** A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not containing even a `%'. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. 15.1 `\indent' ============== `\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the `\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. The default value for `\parindent' is `1em' in two-column mode, otherwise `15pt' for `10pt' documents, `17pt' for `11pt', and `1.5em' for `12pt'. 15.2 `\noindent' ================ When used at the beginning of the paragraph, `\noindent' suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. 15.3 `\parskip' =============== `\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is `0pt plus1pt'. 15.4 Marginal notes =================== Synopsis: \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT} The `\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text where the `\marginpar' occurs. When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be placed * in the right margin for one-sided layout; * in the outside margin for two-sided layout; * in the nearest margin for two-column layout. The command `\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. `\normalmarginpar' places them in the default position. When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin, and RIGHT is used for the right margin. The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation there by beginning the node with `\hspace{0pt}'. These parameters affect the formatting of the note: `\marginparpush' Minimum vertical space between notes; default `7pt' for `12pt' documents, `5pt' else. `\marginparsep' Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default `11pt' for `10pt' documents, `10pt' else. `\marginparwidth' Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided `10pt' document is `90pt', `83pt' for `11pt', and `68pt' for `12pt'; `17pt' more in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the default is `48pt'. 16 Math formulas **************** There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: `math' For formulas that appear right in the text. `displaymath' For formulas that appear on their own line. `equation' The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right margin. The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The `math' and `displaymath' environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} In fact, the `math' environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: $ ... $ instead of \(...\) The `\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the `\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used _outside_ of math mode. The `\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of `displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ 16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts ============================== To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type `_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type `^{'exp`}'. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. 16.2 Math symbols ================= LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include `$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. `\|' \| `\aleph' \aleph `\alpha' \alpha `\amalg' \amalg (binary operation) `\angle' \angle `\approx' \approx (relation) `\ast' \ast (binary operation) `\asymp' \asymp (relation) `\backslash' \ (delimiter) `\beta' \beta `\bigcap' \bigcap `\bigcirc' \bigcirc (binary operation) `\bigcup' \bigcup `\bigodot' \bigodot `\bigoplus' \bigoplus `\bigotimes' \bigotimes `\bigtriangledown' \bigtriangledown (binary operation) `\bigtriangleup' \bigtriangleup (binary operation) `\bigsqcup' \bigsqcup `\biguplus' \biguplus `\bigcap' \bigvee `\bigwedge' \bigwedge `\bot' \bot `\bowtie' \bowtie (relation) `\Box' (square open box symbol) `\bullet' \bullet (binary operation) `\cap' \cap (binary operation) `\cdot' \cdot (binary operation) `\chi' \chi `\circ' \circ (binary operation) `\clubsuit' \clubsuit `\cong' \cong (relation) `\coprod' \coprod `\cup' \cup (binary operation) `\dagger' \dagger (binary operation) `\dashv' \dashv (relation) `\ddagger' \dagger (binary operation) `\Delta' \Delta `\delta' \delta `\Diamond' bigger \diamond `\diamond' \diamond (binary operation) `\diamondsuit' \diamondsuit `\div' \div (binary operation) `\doteq' \doteq (relation) `\downarrow' \downarrow (delimiter) `\Downarrow' \Downarrow (delimiter) `\ell' \ell `\emptyset' \emptyset `\epsilon' \epsilon `\equiv' \equiv (relation) `\eta' \eta `\exists' \exists `\flat' \flat `\forall' \forall `\frown' \frown (relation) `\Gamma' \Gamma `\gamma' \gamma `\ge' \ge `\geq' \geq (relation) `\gets' \gets `\gg' \gg (relation) `\hbar' \hbar `\heartsuit' \heartsuit `\hookleftarrow' \hookleftarrow `\hookrightarrow' \hookrightarrow `\iff' \iff `\Im' \Im `\in' \in (relation) `\infty' \infty `\int' \int `\iota' \iota `\Join' condensed bowtie symbol (relation) `\kappa' \kappa `\Lambda' \Lambda `\lambda' \lambda `\land' \land `\langle' \langle (delimiter) `\lbrace' \lbrace (delimiter) `\lbrack' \lbrack (delimiter) `\lceil' \lceil (delimiter) `\le' \le `\leadsto' `\Leftarrow' \Leftarrow `\leftarrow' \leftarrow `\leftharpoondown' \leftharpoondown `\leftharpoonup' \leftharpoonup `\Leftrightarrow' \Leftrightarrow `\leftrightarrow' \leftrightarrow `\leq' \leq (relation) `\lfloor' \lfloor (delimiter) `\lhd' (left-pointing arrow head) `\ll' \ll (relation) `\lnot' \lnot `\longleftarrow' \longleftarrow `\longleftrightarrow' \longleftrightarrow `\longmapsto' \longmapsto `\longrightarrow' \longrightarrow `\lor' \lor `\mapsto' \mapsto `\mho' `\mid' \mid (relation) `\models' \models (relation) `\mp' \mp (binary operation) `\mu' \mu `\nabla' \nabla `\natural' \natural `\ne' \ne `\nearrow' \nearrow `\neg' \neg `\neq' \neq (relation) `\ni' \ni (relation) `\not' Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. `\notin' \ni `\nu' \nu `\nwarrow' \nwarrow `\odot' \odot (binary operation) `\oint' \oint `\Omega' \Omega `\omega' \omega `\ominus' \ominus (binary operation) `\oplus' \oplus (binary operation) `\oslash' \oslash (binary operation) `\otimes' \otimes (binary operation) `\owns' \owns `\parallel' \parallel (relation) `\partial' \partial `\perp' \perp (relation) `\phi' \phi `\Pi' \Pi `\pi' \pi `\pm' \pm (binary operation) `\prec' \prec (relation) `\preceq' \preceq (relation) `\prime' \prime `\prod' \prod `\propto' \propto (relation) `\Psi' \Psi `\psi' \psi `\rangle' \rangle (delimiter) `\rbrace' \rbrace (delimiter) `\rbrack' \rbrack (delimiter) `\rceil' \rceil (delimiter) `\Re' \Re `\rfloor' \rfloor `\rhd' (binary operation) `\rho' \rho `\Rightarrow' \Rightarrow `\rightarrow' \rightarrow `\rightharpoondown' \rightharpoondown `\rightharpoonup' \rightharpoonup `\rightleftharpoons' \rightleftharpoons `\searrow' \searrow `\setminus' \setminus (binary operation) `\sharp' \sharp `\Sigma' \Sigma `\sigma' \sigma `\sim' \sim (relation) `\simeq' \simeq (relation) `\smallint' \smallint `\smile' \smile (relation) `\spadesuit' \spadesuit `\sqcap' \sqcap (binary operation) `\sqcup' \sqcup (binary operation) `\sqsubset' (relation) `\sqsubseteq' \sqsubseteq (relation) `\sqsupset' (relation) `\sqsupseteq' \sqsupseteq (relation) `\star' \star (binary operation) `\subset' \subset (relation) `\subseteq' \subseteq (relation) `\succ' \succ (relation) `\succeq' \succeq (relation) `\sum' \sum `\supset' \supset (relation) `\supseteq' \supseteq (relation) `\surd' \surd `\swarrow' \swarrow `\tau' \tau `\theta' \theta `\times' \times (binary operation) `\to' \to `\top' \top `\triangle' \triangle `\triangleleft' \triangleleft (binary operation) `\triangleright' \triangleright (binary operation) `\unlhd' left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) `\unrhd' right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) `\Uparrow' \Uparrow (delimiter) `\uparrow' \uparrow (delimiter) `\Updownarrow' \Updownarrow (delimiter) `\updownarrow' \updownarrow (delimiter) `\uplus' \uplus (binary operation) `\Upsilon' \Upsilon `\upsilon' \upsilon `\varepsilon' \varepsilon `\varphi' \varphi `\varpi' \varpi `\varrho' \varrho `\varsigma' \varsigma `\vartheta' \vartheta `\vdash' \vdash (relation) `\vee' \vee (binary operation) `\Vert' \Vert (delimiter) `\vert' \vert (delimiter) `\wedge' \wedge (binary operation) `\wp' \wp `\wr' \wr (binary operation) `\Xi' \Xi `\xi' \xi `\zeta' \zeta 16.3 Math functions =================== These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. `\arccos' \arccos `\arcsin' \arcsin `\arctan' \arctan `\arg' \arg `\bmod' Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) `\cos' \cos `\cosh' \cosh `\cot' \cos `\coth' \cosh `\csc' \csc `\deg' \deg `\det' \deg `\dim' \dim `\exp' \exp `\gcd' \gcd `\hom' \hom `\inf' \inf `\ker' \ker `\lg' \lg `\lim' \lim `\liminf' \liminf `\limsup' \limsup `\ln' \ln `\log' \log `\max' \max `\min' \min `\pmod' parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) `\Pr' \Pr `\sec' \sec `\sin' \sin `\sinh' \sinh `\sup' \sup `\tan' \tan `\tanh' \tanh 16.4 Math accents ================= LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note Accents::). `\acute' Math acute accent: \acutex. `\breve' Math breve accent: \brevex. `\check' Math ha'c' Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). `\,' A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. `\!' A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad). 16.6 Math Miscellany ==================== `\*' A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. `\cdots' A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. `\ddots' A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. `\frac{num}{den}' Produces the fraction `num' divided by `den'. `\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2' The two delimiters need not match; `.' acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: `\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'. `\overbrace{TEXT}' Generates a brace over TEXT. For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times. `\overline{TEXT}' Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overlinex+y. `\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}' Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of `x+y' would be typed as `$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'. `\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}' Puts TEXT above RELATION. For example, `\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'. `\underbrace{math}' Generates MATH with a brace underneath. `\underline{text}' Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. `\vdots' Produces a vertical ellipsis. 17 Modes ******** When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: * Paragraph mode * Math mode * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an `\mbox', LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an `\mbox' command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode". 18 Page Styles ************** The `\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. 18.1 `\maketitle' ================= The `\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title page--except in the `article' class, where the title is placed at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: `\author{NAME \and NAME2}' The `\author' command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by `\and' commands. Use `\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example, to give the author's institution or address. `\date{TEXT}' The `\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With no `\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used. `\thanks{TEXT}' The `\thanks' command produces a `\footnote' to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. `\title{TEXT}' The `\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document. Use `\\' to force a line break, as usual. 18.2 `\pagenumbering' ===================== Synopsis: \pagenumbering{STYLE} Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE: `arabic' arabic numerals `roman' lowercase Roman numerals `Roman' uppercase Roman numerals `alph' lowercase letters `Alph' uppercase letters 18.3 `\pagestyle' ================= Synopsis: \pagestyle{STYLE} The `\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: `plain' Just a plain page number. `empty' Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. `headings' Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headers. `myheadings' Custom headers, specified via the `\markboth' or the `\markright' commands. Here are the descriptions of `\markboth' and `\markright': `\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}' Sets both the left and the right heading. A "left-hand heading" (LEFT) is generated by the last `\markboth' command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT is generated by the first `\markboth' or `\markright' that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. `\markright{RIGHT}' Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. 18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' ============================ The `\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the `\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to STYLE for the current page only. 19 Spaces ********* LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Another space-producing command is `\,' to produce a "thin" space (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::). 19.1 `\hspace' ============== Synopsis: \hspace[*]{LENGTH} The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive space with an `\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing. LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional `*' form. 19.2 `\hfill' ============= The `\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. The `\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the glue value `0pt plus1fill'); thus, `\hspace\fill' is equivalent to `\hfill'. 19.3 `\SPACE' ============= The `\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example `Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is also often used after control sequences, as in `\TeX\ is a nice system.' In normal circumstances, `\' and `\' are equivalent to `\ '. 19.4 `\@' ========= The `\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without `\@': ... in C\@. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... produces ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... 19.5 `\thinspace' ================= `\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '". 19.6 `\/' ========= The `\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character typically has a large italic correction value. If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the `f's are nicely separated) with f: f;. Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the `f') with pdfTeX. 19.7 `\hrulefill' ================= The `\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. 19.8 `\dotfill' =============== The `\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots instead of just white space. 19.9 `\addvspace' ================= `\addvspace{length}' The `\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous `\addvspace' command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to `length'. 19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' ==================================== These commands produce a given amount of space. `\bigskip' The same as `\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line space (with stretch and shrink). `\medskip' The same as `\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). `\smallskip' The same as `\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). The `\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. 19.11 `\vfill' ============== The `\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to `\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::). 19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' ========================== Synopsis: \vspace[*]{LENGTH} The `\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber length. LENGTH can be negative or positive. Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by `\vspace' at the top or bottom of a page. With the optional `*' argument, the space is not removed. 20 Boxes ******** All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. 20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' ================== The `\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. 20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' ============================ Synopses: \fbox{TEXT} \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} The `\fbox' and `\framebox' commands are like `\mbox', except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. In addition, the `\framebox' command allows for explicit specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both commands produce a rule of thickness `\fboxrule' (default `.4pt'), and leave a space of `\fboxsep' (default `3pt') between the rule and the contents of the box. *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the `\framebox' command in the `picture' environment. 20.3 `lrbox' ============ `\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' This is the environment form of `\sbox'. The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which must have been declared with `\newsavebox'. 20.4 `\makebox' =============== Synopsis: \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} The `\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional WIDTH argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: `c' Centered (default). `l' Flush left. `r' Flush right. `s' Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain stretchable space for this to work. `\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox (picture)::. 20.5 `\parbox' ============== Synopsis: \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT} The `\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in `paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a `\parbox' argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a `minipage' environment (*note minipage::). `\parbox' has two mandatory arguments: WIDTH the width of the parbox; TEXT the text that goes inside the parbox. The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text (default is top). The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box. The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used. `t' text is placed at the top of the box. `c' text is centered in the box. `b' text is placed at the bottom of the box. `s' stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work. 20.6 `\raisebox' ================ Synopsis: \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text} The `\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode. The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and depth. 20.7 `\savebox' =============== Synopsis: \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT} This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with `\makebox' (*note \makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). 20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' =========================== Synopsis: \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT} `\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with `\mbox' (*note \mbox::) except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been previously declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). 20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' ====================== Synopsis: \usebox{\BOXCMD} `\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a `\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). 21 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. 21.1 Reserved characters ======================== The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called "reserved characters" or "special characters". # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a `\' in front of the character. For example, `\$' will produce `$' in your output. One exception to this rule is `\' itself, because `\\' has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing `$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter `\' is produced by using `\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::). Also, `\~' and `\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone `~' or `^', you can again use a verbatim command. Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the visible space character used in the `\verb*' command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'. You can also specify octal numbers with `'' or hexadecimal numbers with `"', so the previous example could also be written as `\symbol{'40}' or `\symbol{"20}'. 21.2 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. `\copyright' The copyright symbol, (C). `\dag' The dagger symbol (in text). `\ddag' The double dagger symbol (in text). `\LaTeX' The LaTeX logo. `\ldots' An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `...'. This command also works in math mode. `\lq' Left (opening) quote: `. `\P' Paragraph sign (pilcrow). `\pounds' English pounds sterling. `\rq' Right (closing) quote: '. `\S' Section symbol. `\TeX' The TeX logo. 21.3 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, through the `babel' package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. `\"' Produces an umlaut, as in o". `\'' Produces an acute accent, as in o'. In the `tabbing' environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note tabbing::). `\.' Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. `\=' Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=. `\^' Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^. `\`' Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`. In the `tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin (*note tabbing::). `\~' Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~. `\b' Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. `\bar' Produces a macron accent over the following, as in o=. `\c' Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in `\d' Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. `\H' Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''. `\i' Produces a dotless i, as in `i'. `\j' Produces a dotless j, as in `j'. `\t' Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. `\u' Produces a breve accent, as in `o('. `\v' Produces a ha'c {\sc fred} % please use! \cs{fred} -> \fred \env{fred} -> \begin{fred} \meta{fred} -> \nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... \sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 \booktitle{Book of Fred} \end{verbatim} } For more information, see the ltubguid document at: \url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat} Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. \bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style \nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty \bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX \makesignature % not in ltugproc \end{document} Concept Index ************* * prompt: See 26. (line 4738) *-form of sectioning commands: See 6. (line 788) .glo file: See 23.2. (line 4515) .idx file: See 23.3. (line 4530) .ind file: See 23.3. (line 4540) abstracts: See 8.1. (line 881) accents: See 21.3. (line 4263) accents, mathematical: See 16.4. (line 3611) accessing any character of a font: See 21.1. (line 4210) acute accent: See 21.3. (line 4272) acute accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3616) ae ligature: See 21.4. (line 4337) aligning Equations: See 8.8. (line 1065) alignment via tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1688) appendix, creating: See 6. (line 794) aring: See 21.4. (line 4333) arrays, math: See 8.2. (line 892) author, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3779) bar-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4280) bar-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4294) bibliography, creating (automatically): See 8.24.4. (line 2035) bibliography, creating (manually): See 8.24. (line 1970) bibTeX, using: See 8.24.4. (line 2035) black boxes, omitting: See 3.1. (line 357) bold font: See 4.1. (line 502) bold typewriter, avoiding: See 8.4. (line 988) boxes: See 20. (line 4019) breaking lines: See 13. (line 2578) breaking pages: See 14. (line 2679) breve accent: See 21.3. (line 4319) breve accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3619) bullet symbol: See 16.2. (line 2946) bulleted lists: See 8.13. (line 1223) calligraphic letters for math: See 4.1. (line 505) cc list, in letters: See 24.2. (line 4596) cedilla accent: See 21.3. (line 4300) centering text, declaration for: See 8.3.1. (line 953) centering text, environment for: See 8.3. (line 939) characters, accented: See 21.3. (line 4263) characters, non-English: See 21.4. (line 4328) characters, reserved: See 21.1. (line 4191) check accent: See 21.3. (line 4322) check accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3622) circumflex accent: See 21.3. (line 4283) circumflex accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3634) class options: See 3.1. (line 336) classes of documents: See 3. (line 319) closing letters: See 24.3. (line 4606) closing quote: See 21.2. (line 4251) code, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2105) command Line: See 26. (line 4729) commands, defining new ones: See 10.1. (line 2231) computer programs, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2105) copyright symbol: See 21.2. (line 4226) counters, a list of: See 11. (line 2405) counters, defining new: See 10.2. (line 2264) counters, getting value of: See 11.3. (line 2464) counters, setting: See 11.4. (line 2478) creating letters: See 24. (line 4547) creating pictures: See 8.18. (line 1404) creating tables: See 8.22. (line 1780) credit footnote: See 18.1. (line 3789) cross references: See 7. (line 807) cross referencing with page number: See 7.2. (line 849) cross referencing, symbolic: See 7.3. (line 859) dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4229) date, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3785) datetime package: See 21.6. (line 4382) defining a new command: See 10.1. (line 2231) defining new environments: See 10.5. (line 2304) defining new fonts: See 10.7. (line 2369) defining new theorems: See 10.6. (line 2340) definitions: See 10. (line 2226) description lists, creating: See 8.4. (line 976) discretionary multiplication: See 16.6. (line 3680) displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation:See 8.19. (line 1658) displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation:See 8.20. (line 1673) document class options: See 3.1. (line 336) document classes: See 3. (line 319) document templates: See Appendix A. (line 4745) dot accent: See 21.3. (line 4277) dot over accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3628) dot-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4277) dot-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4303) dotless i: See 21.3. (line 4310) dotless i, math: See 16.4. (line 3637) dotless j: See 21.3. (line 4313) dotless j, math: See 16.4. (line 3640) double dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4232) double dot accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3625) ellipsis: See 21.2. (line 4238) emphasis: See 4.1. (line 444) enclosure list: See 24.4. (line 4616) ending & starting: See 2. (line 301) enlarge current page: See 14.4. (line 2706) environments: See 8. (line 871) environments, defining: See 10.5. (line 2304) equation number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859) equation numbers, omitting: See 8.8. (line 1079) equations, aligning: See 8.8. (line 1065) equations, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1091) es-zet German letter: See 21.4. (line 4352) exponent: See 16.1. (line 2856) figure number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859) figures, footnotes in: See 8.17. (line 1391) figures, inserting: See 8.10. (line 1104) fixed-width font: See 4.1. (line 526) flushing floats and starting a page: See 14.2. (line 2694) font commands, low-level: See 4.3. (line 558) font sizes: See 4.2. (line 532) font styles: See 4.1. (line 424) fonts: See 4. (line 418) fonts, new commands for: See 10.7. (line 2369) footer style: See 18.3. (line 3824) footer, parameters for: See 5.5. (line 706) footnote number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859) footnote parameters: See 9.4. (line 2209) footnotes in figures: See 8.17. (line 1391) footnotes, creating: See 9. (line 2158) formulas, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1091) formulas, math: See 16. (line 2818) fragile commands: See 10.8. (line 2383) functions, math: See 16.3. (line 3502) global options: See 3.1. (line 336) glossaries: See 23.2. (line 4513) grave accent: See 21.3. (line 4286) grave accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3631) greek letters: See 16.2. (line 2865) ha'c <1>: See 16.5. (line 3668) \>: See 8.21. (line 1713) \> (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1712) \@: See 19.4. (line 3915) \[: See 16. (line 2830) \\ (for \shortstack objects): See 8.18.13. (line 1642) \\ (for array): See 8.2. (line 914) \\ (for center): See 8.3. (line 946) \\ (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1071) \\ (for flushright): See 8.12. (line 1203) \\ for \author: See 18.1. (line 3779) \\ for \title: See 18.1. (line 3793) \\ for flushleft: See 8.11. (line 1177) \\ for letters: See 24. (line 4573) \\ for tabular: See 8.23. (line 1833) \\ for verse: See 8.28. (line 2150) \\ force line break: See 13.1. (line 2590) \\ tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1706) \\* (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1076) \]: See 16. (line 2830) \^: See 21.1. (line 4206) \^ (circumflex accent): See 21.3. (line 4283) \_: See 21.1. (line 4196) \` (grave accent): See 21.3. (line 4286) \` (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1733) \a (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1742) \a' (acute accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743) \a= (macron accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743) \a` (grave accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743) \AA (AA): See 21.4. (line 4333) \aa (aa): See 21.4. (line 4333) \acute: See 16.4. (line 3615) \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.1. (line 4467) \address: See 24.1. (line 4583) \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.2. (line 4498) \addtocounter: See 11.5. (line 2488) \addtolength: See 12.2. (line 2531) \addvspace: See 19.9. (line 3967) \AE (AE): See 21.4. (line 4337) \ae (ae): See 21.4. (line 4337) \aleph: See 16.2. (line 2873) \Alph: See 11.1. (line 2427) \alph: See 11.1. (line 2424) \Alph example: See 8.7. (line 1060) \alpha: See 16.2. (line 2876) \amalg: See 16.2. (line 2879) \and for \author: See 18.1. (line 3779) \angle: See 16.2. (line 2882) \appendix: See 6. (line 794) \approx: See 16.2. (line 2885) \arabic: See 11.1. (line 2430) \arccos: See 16.3. (line 3505) \arcsin: See 16.3. (line 3508) \arctan: See 16.3. (line 3511) \arg: See 16.3. (line 3514) \arraycolsep: See 8.2. (line 929) \arrayrulewidth: See 8.23. (line 1900) \arraystretch: See 8.23. (line 1904) \ast: See 16.2. (line 2888) \asymp: See 16.2. (line 2891) \author{NAME \and NAME2}: See 18.1. (line 3778) \b (bar-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4294) \backslash <1>: See 21.1. (line 4201) \backslash: See 16.2. (line 2894) \bar (macron, bar-over accent): See 21.3. (line 4297) \baselineskip: See 4.3. (line 609) \baselinestretch: See 4.3. (line 615) \begin: See 8. (line 871) \beta: See 16.2. (line 2897) \bf: See 4.1. (line 501) \bfseries: See 4.1. (line 450) \bibitem: See 8.24.1. (line 1995) \bibliography: See 8.24.4. (line 2035) \bibliographystyle: See 8.24.4. (line 2035) \bigcap: See 16.2. (line 2900) \bigcirc: See 16.2. (line 2903) \bigcup: See 16.2. (line 2906) \bigodot: See 16.2. (line 2909) \bigoplus: See 16.2. (line 2912) \bigotimes: See 16.2. (line 2915) \bigskip: See 19.10. (line 3981) \bigskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3981) \bigsqcup: See 16.2. (line 2924) \bigtriangledown: See 16.2. (line 2918) \bigtriangleup: See 16.2. (line 2921) \biguplus: See 16.2. (line 2927) \bigwedge: See 16.2. (line 2933) \bmod: See 16.3. (line 3517) \boldmath: See 16. (line 2843) \bot: See 16.2. (line 2936) \bottomfraction: See 8.10. (line 1138) \bowtie: See 16.2. (line 2939) \Box: See 16.2. (line 2942) \breve: See 16.4. (line 3618) \bullet: See 16.2. (line 2945) \c (cedilla accent): See 21.3. (line 4300) \cal: See 4.1. (line 504) \cap: See 16.2. (line 2948) \caption: See 8.10. (line 1134) \cc: See 24.2. (line 4596) \cdot: See 16.2. (line 2951) \cdots: See 16.6. (line 3683) \centering: See 8.3.1. (line 953) \chapter: See 6. (line 760) \check: See 16.4. (line 3621) \chi: See 16.2. (line 2954) \circ: See 16.2. (line 2957) \circle: See 8.18.1. (line 1470) \cite: See 8.24.2. (line 2012) \cleardoublepage: See 14.1. (line 2686) \clearpage: See 14.2. (line 2694) \cline: See 8.23.2. (line 1944) \closing: See 24.3. (line 4606) \clubsuit: See 16.2. (line 2960) \columnsep: See 5.2. (line 655) \columnseprule: See 5.2. (line 658) \columnwidth: See 5.2. (line 662) \cong: See 16.2. (line 2963) \contentsline: See 23.1.1. (line 4492) \coprod: See 16.2. (line 2966) \copyright: See 21.2. (line 4225) \cos: See 16.3. (line 3520) \cosh: See 16.3. (line 3523) \cot: See 16.3. (line 3526) \coth: See 16.3. (line 3529) \csc: See 16.3. (line 3532) \cup: See 16.2. (line 2969) \d (dot-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4303) \dag: See 21.2. (line 4228) \dagger: See 16.2. (line 2972) \dashbox: See 8.18.4. (line 1518) \dashv: See 16.2. (line 2975) \date{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3784) \day: See 11.8. (line 2507) \dblfloatpagefraction: See 5.2. (line 674) \dblfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 678) \dbltextfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 683) \dbltopfraction: See 5.2. (line 669) \ddag: See 21.2. (line 4231) \ddagger: See 16.2. (line 2978) \ddot: See 16.4. (line 3624) \ddots: See 16.6. (line 3687) \deg: See 16.3. (line 3535) \delta: See 16.2. (line 2984) \Delta: See 16.2. (line 2981) \depth: See 12.6. (line 2563) \det: See 16.3. (line 3538) \diamond: See 16.2. (line 2990) \Diamond: See 16.2. (line 2987) \diamondsuit: See 16.2. (line 2993) \dim: See 16.3. (line 3541) \displaystyle: See 16. (line 2848) \div: See 16.2. (line 2996) \documentclass: See 3. (line 319) \dot: See 16.4. (line 3627) \doteq: See 16.2. (line 2999) \dotfill: See 19.8. (line 3961) \doublerulesep: See 8.23. (line 1908) \Downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3005) \downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3002) \ell: See 16.2. (line 3008) \em: See 4.1. (line 507) \emph: See 4.1. (line 444) \emptyset: See 16.2. (line 3011) \encl: See 24.4. (line 4616) \end: See 8. (line 871) \enlargethispage: See 14.4. (line 2706) \enumi: See 8.7. (line 1050) \enumii: See 8.7. (line 1050) \enumiii: See 8.7. (line 1050) \enumiv: See 8.7. (line 1050) \epsilon: See 16.2. (line 3014) \equiv: See 16.2. (line 3017) \eta: See 16.2. (line 3020) \evensidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385) \exists: See 16.2. (line 3023) \exp: See 16.3. (line 3544) \fbox: See 20.2. (line 4032) \fboxrule <1>: See 20.2. (line 4042) \fboxrule: See 8.18.3. (line 1511) \fboxsep <1>: See 20.2. (line 4042) \fboxsep: See 8.18.3. (line 1511) \fill: See 19.2. (line 3897) \flat: See 16.2. (line 3026) \floatpagefraction: See 8.10. (line 1141) \floatsep: See 8.10. (line 1145) \flushbottom: See 5.3. (line 691) \fnsymbol: See 11.1. (line 2439) \fontencoding: See 4.3. (line 563) \fontfamily: See 4.3. (line 566) \fontseries: See 4.3. (line 577) \fontshape: See 4.3. (line 592) \fontsize: See 4.3. (line 609) \footnote: See 9.1. (line 2165) \footnotemark: See 9.2. (line 2180) \footnoterule: See 9.4. (line 2209) \footnotesep: See 9.4. (line 2215) \footnotesize: See 4.2. (line 537) \footnotetext: See 9.3. (line 2195) \footskip: See 5.5. (line 716) \forall: See 16.2. (line 3029) \frac: See 16.6. (line 3691) \frac{num}{den}: See 16.6. (line 3690) \frame: See 8.18.5. (line 1531) \framebox <1>: See 20.2. (line 4032) \framebox: See 8.18.3. (line 1503) \frown: See 16.2. (line 3032) \fussy: See 13.5. (line 2628) \gamma: See 16.2. (line 3038) \Gamma: See 16.2. (line 3035) \gcd: See 16.3. (line 3547) \ge: See 16.2. (line 3041) \geq: See 16.2. (line 3044) \gets: See 16.2. (line 3047) \gg: See 16.2. (line 3050) \glossary: See 23.2. (line 4515) \glossaryentry: See 23.2. (line 4518) \grave: See 16.4. (line 3630) \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): See 21.3. (line 4306) \hat: See 16.4. (line 3633) \hbar: See 16.2. (line 3053) \headheight: See 5.5. (line 706) \headsep: See 5.5. (line 711) \heartsuit: See 16.2. (line 3056) \height: See 12.6. (line 2561) \hfill: See 19.2. (line 3894) \hline: See 8.23.3. (line 1955) \hom: See 16.3. (line 3550) \hookleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3059) \hookrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3062) \hrulefill: See 19.7. (line 3954) \hspace: See 19.1. (line 3878) \Huge: See 4.2. (line 537) \huge: See 4.2. (line 537) \hyphenation: See 13.7. (line 2646) \i (dotless i): See 21.3. (line 4310) \iff: See 16.2. (line 3065) \Im: See 16.2. (line 3068) \imath: See 16.4. (line 3636) \in: See 16.2. (line 3071) \include: See 22.1. (line 4397) \includeonly: See 22.2. (line 4415) \indent: See 15.1. (line 2747) \index: See 23.3. (line 4530) \indexentry: See 23.3. (line 4533) \inf: See 16.3. (line 3553) \infty: See 16.2. (line 3074) \input: See 22.3. (line 4429) \int: See 16.2. (line 3077) \intextsep: See 8.10. (line 1149) \iota: See 16.2. (line 3080) \it: See 4.1. (line 510) \item <1>: See 8.13. (line 1223) \item <2>: See 8.7. (line 1037) \item: See 8.4. (line 984) \itemindent: See 8.13. (line 1269) \itemsep: See 8.13. (line 1292) \itshape: See 4.1. (line 441) \j (dotless j): See 21.3. (line 4313) \jmath: See 16.4. (line 3639) \Join: See 16.2. (line 3083) \kappa: See 16.2. (line 3086) \ker: See 16.3. (line 3556) \kill: See 8.21. (line 1747) \L (/L): See 21.4. (line 4341) \l (/l): See 21.4. (line 4341) \label: See 7.1. (line 813) \labelenumi: See 8.7. (line 1054) \labelenumii: See 8.7. (line 1054) \labelenumiii: See 8.7. (line 1054) \labelenumiv: See 8.7. (line 1054) \labelitemi: See 8.13. (line 1249) \labelitemii: See 8.13. (line 1249) \labelitemiii: See 8.13. (line 1249) \labelitemiv: See 8.13. (line 1249) \labelsep: See 8.13. (line 1272) \labelwidth: See 8.13. (line 1275) \lambda: See 16.2. (line 3092) \Lambda: See 16.2. (line 3089) \land: See 16.2. (line 3095) \langle: See 16.2. (line 3098) \LARGE: See 4.2. (line 537) \Large: See 4.2. (line 537) \large: See 4.2. (line 537) \LaTeX: See 21.2. (line 4234) \lbrace: See 16.2. (line 3101) \lbrack: See 16.2. (line 3104) \lceil: See 16.2. (line 3107) \ldots: See 21.2. (line 4237) \le: See 16.2. (line 3110) \leadsto: See 16.2. (line 3113) \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: See 16.6. (line 3693) \leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3118) \Leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3115) \lefteqn: See 8.8. (line 1084) \leftharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3121) \leftharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3124) \leftmargin: See 8.13. (line 1256) \leftmargini: See 8.13. (line 1256) \leftmarginii: See 8.13. (line 1256) \leftmarginiii: See 8.13. (line 1256) \leftmarginiv: See 8.13. (line 1256) \leftmarginv: See 8.13. (line 1256) \leftmarginvi: See 8.13. (line 1256) \leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3130) \Leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3127) \leq: See 16.2. (line 3133) \lfloor: See 16.2. (line 3136) \lg: See 16.3. (line 3559) \lhd: See 16.2. (line 3139) \lim: See 16.3. (line 3562) \liminf: See 16.3. (line 3565) \limsup: See 16.3. (line 3568) \line: See 8.18.6. (line 1542) \linebreak: See 13.8. (line 2662) \linethickness: See 8.18.7. (line 1557) \linewidth: See 5.5. (line 721) \listoffigures: See 23.1. (line 4457) \listoftables: See 23.1. (line 4457) \listparindent: See 8.13. (line 1278) \ll: See 16.2. (line 3142) \ln: See 16.3. (line 3571) \lnot: See 16.2. (line 3145) \location: See 24.5. (line 4625) \log: See 16.3. (line 3574) \longleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3148) \longleftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3151) \longmapsto: See 16.2. (line 3154) \longrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3157) \lor: See 16.2. (line 3160) \lq: See 21.2. (line 4241) \makebox: See 20.4. (line 4063) \makebox (picture): See 8.18.2. (line 1481) \makeglossary: See 23.2. (line 4513) \makeindex: See 23.3. (line 4528) \makelabels: See 24.6. (line 4633) \maketitle: See 18.1. (line 3773) \mapsto: See 16.2. (line 3163) \marginpar: See 15.4. (line 2771) \marginparpush: See 15.4. (line 2800) \marginparsep: See 15.4. (line 2804) \marginparwidth: See 15.4. (line 2808) \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3848) \markright{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3855) \mathbf: See 4.1. (line 474) \mathcal: See 4.1. (line 490) \mathnormal: See 4.1. (line 487) \mathrm: See 4.1. (line 471) \mathsf: See 4.1. (line 477) \mathtt: See 4.1. (line 480) \mathversion: See 4.1. (line 492) \max: See 16.3. (line 3577) \mbox: See 20.1. (line 4025) \mdseries: See 4.1. (line 447) \medskip: See 19.10. (line 3985) \medskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3985) \mho: See 16.2. (line 3166) \mid: See 16.2. (line 3168) \min: See 16.3. (line 3580) \models: See 16.2. (line 3171) \month: See 11.8. (line 2507) \mp: See 16.2. (line 3174) \mu: See 16.2. (line 3177) \multicolumn: See 8.23.1. (line 1921) \multiput: See 8.18.10. (line 1581) \nabla: See 16.2. (line 3180) \name: See 24.7. (line 4641) \natural: See 16.2. (line 3183) \ne: See 16.2. (line 3186) \nearrow: See 16.2. (line 3189) \neg: See 16.2. (line 3192) \neq: See 16.2. (line 3195) \newcommand: See 10.1. (line 2231) \newcounter: See 10.2. (line 2264) \newenvironment: See 10.5. (line 2304) \newfont: See 10.7. (line 2369) \newlength: See 10.3. (line 2279) \NEWLINE: See 19.3. (line 3904) \newline: See 13.3. (line 2609) \newpage: See 14.3. (line 2700) \newsavebox: See 10.4. (line 2294) \newtheorem: See 10.6. (line 2340) \ni: See 16.2. (line 3198) \nocite: See 8.24.3. (line 2027) \nofiles: See 23.1. (line 4461) \noindent: See 15.2. (line 2758) \nolinebreak: See 13.8. (line 2662) \nonumber: See 8.8. (line 1079) \nopagebreak: See 14.5. (line 2721) \normalfont: See 4.1. (line 468) \normalmarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2788) \normalsize: See 4.2. (line 537) \not: See 16.2. (line 3201) \notin: See 16.2. (line 3204) \nu: See 16.2. (line 3207) \nwarrow: See 16.2. (line 3210) \O (/O): See 21.4. (line 4345) \o (/o): See 21.4. (line 4345) \obeycr: See 13.2. (line 2600) \oddsidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385) \odot: See 16.2. (line 3213) \OE (OE): See 21.4. (line 4349) \oe (oe): See 21.4. (line 4349) \oint: See 16.2. (line 3216) \omega: See 16.2. (line 3222) \Omega: See 16.2. (line 3219) \ominus: See 16.2. (line 3225) \onecolumn: See 5.1. (line 639) \opening: See 24.8. (line 4649) \oplus: See 16.2. (line 3228) \oslash: See 16.2. (line 3231) \otimes: See 16.2. (line 3234) \oval: See 8.18.11. (line 1591) \overbrace{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3698) \overline{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3702) \owns: See 16.2. (line 3237) \P: See 21.2. (line 4244) \pagebreak: See 14.5. (line 2721) \pagenumbering: See 18.2. (line 3800) \pageref: See 7.2. (line 849) \pagestyle: See 18.3. (line 3824) \paragraph: See 6. (line 769) \parallel: See 16.2. (line 3240) \parbox: See 20.5. (line 4091) \parindent <1>: See 15.1. (line 2747) \parindent: See 8.17. (line 1387) \parsep: See 8.13. (line 1297) \parskip: See 15.3. (line 2765) \parskip example: See 8.13. (line 1320) \part: See 6. (line 758) \partial: See 16.2. (line 3243) \partopsep: See 8.13. (line 1307) \perp: See 16.2. (line 3246) \phi: See 16.2. (line 3249) \pi: See 16.2. (line 3255) \Pi: See 16.2. (line 3252) \pm: See 16.2. (line 3258) \pmod: See 16.3. (line 3583) \poptabs: See 8.21. (line 1753) \pounds: See 21.2. (line 4247) \Pr: See 16.3. (line 3586) \prec: See 16.2. (line 3261) \preceq: See 16.2. (line 3264) \prime: See 16.2. (line 3267) \prod: See 16.2. (line 3270) \propto: See 16.2. (line 3273) \protect: See 10.8. (line 2383) \ps: See 24.9. (line 4662) \psi: See 16.2. (line 3279) \Psi: See 16.2. (line 3276) \pushtabs: See 8.21. (line 1756) \put: See 8.18.12. (line 1618) \raggedbottom: See 5.4. (line 700) \raggedleft: See 8.12.1. (line 1210) \raggedright: See 8.11.1. (line 1184) \raisebox: See 20.6. (line 4135) \rangle: See 16.2. (line 3282) \rbrace: See 16.2. (line 3285) \rbrack: See 16.2. (line 3288) \rceil: See 16.2. (line 3291) \Re: See 16.2. (line 3294) \ref: See 7.3. (line 859) \refstepcounter: See 11.6. (line 2494) \renewenvironment: See 10.5. (line 2304) \restorecr: See 13.2. (line 2600) \reversemarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2788) \rfloor: See 16.2. (line 3297) \rhd: See 16.2. (line 3300) \rho: See 16.2. (line 3303) \right: See 16.6. (line 3694) \rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3309) \Rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3306) \rightharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3312) \rightharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3315) \rightleftharpoons: See 16.2. (line 3318) \rightmargin: See 8.13. (line 1282) \rm: See 4.1. (line 513) \rmfamily: See 4.1. (line 438) \roman: See 11.1. (line 2433) \rq: See 21.2. (line 4250) \rule: See 21.5. (line 4358) \S: See 21.2. (line 4253) \savebox: See 20.7. (line 4151) \sbox: See 20.8. (line 4163) \sc: See 4.1. (line 516) \scriptsize: See 4.2. (line 537) \scshape: See 4.1. (line 462) \searrow: See 16.2. (line 3321) \sec: See 16.3. (line 3589) \section: See 6. (line 763) \selectfont: See 4.3. (line 623) \setcounter: See 11.4. (line 2478) \setlength: See 12.1. (line 2524) \setminus: See 16.2. (line 3324) \settodepth: See 12.3. (line 2537) \settoheight: See 12.4. (line 2545) \settowidth: See 12.5. (line 2553) \sf: See 4.1. (line 519) \sffamily: See 4.1. (line 459) \sharp: See 16.2. (line 3327) \shortstack: See 8.18.13. (line 1626) \sigma: See 16.2. (line 3333) \Sigma: See 16.2. (line 3330) \signature: See 24.10. (line 4668) \sim: See 16.2. (line 3336) \simeq: See 16.2. (line 3339) \sin: See 16.3. (line 3592) \sinh: See 16.3. (line 3595) \sl: See 4.1. (line 522) \slshape: See 4.1. (line 456) \small: See 4.2. (line 537) \smallint: See 16.2. (line 3342) \smallskip: See 19.10. (line 3989) \smallskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3989) \smile: See 16.2. (line 3345) \SPACE: See 19.3. (line 3904) \spadesuit: See 16.2. (line 3348) \sqcap: See 16.2. (line 3351) \sqcup: See 16.2. (line 3354) \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: See 16.6. (line 3705) \sqsubset: See 16.2. (line 3357) \sqsubseteq: See 16.2. (line 3360) \sqsupset: See 16.2. (line 3363) \sqsupseteq: See 16.2. (line 3366) \ss (ss): See 21.4. (line 4352) \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: See 16.6. (line 3711) \star: See 16.2. (line 3369) \startbreaks: See 24.11. (line 4674) \stepcounter: See 11.7. (line 2501) \stop: See 26. (line 4738) \stopbreaks: See 24.12. (line 4681) \subparagraph: See 6. (line 771) \subsection: See 6. (line 765) \subset: See 16.2. (line 3372) \subseteq: See 16.2. (line 3375) \subsubsection: See 6. (line 767) \succ: See 16.2. (line 3378) \succeq: See 16.2. (line 3381) \sum: See 16.2. (line 3384) \sup: See 16.3. (line 3598) \supset: See 16.2. (line 3387) \supseteq: See 16.2. (line 3390) \surd: See 16.2. (line 3393) \swarrow: See 16.2. (line 3396) \symbol: See 21.1. (line 4210) \t (tie-after accent): See 21.3. (line 4316) \TAB: See 19.3. (line 3904) \tabbingsep: See 8.21. (line 1761) \tabcolsep: See 8.23. (line 1912) \tableofcontents: See 23.1. (line 4447) \tan: See 16.3. (line 3601) \tanh: See 16.3. (line 3604) \tau: See 16.2. (line 3399) \telephone: See 24.13. (line 4688) \TeX: See 21.2. (line 4256) \textbf: See 4.1. (line 450) \textfloatsep: See 8.10. (line 1154) \textfraction: See 8.10. (line 1158) \textheight: See 5.5. (line 727) \textit: See 4.1. (line 441) \textmd: See 4.1. (line 447) \textnormal: See 4.1. (line 468) \textrm: See 4.1. (line 438) \textsc: See 4.1. (line 462) \textsf: See 4.1. (line 459) \textsl: See 4.1. (line 456) \texttt: See 4.1. (line 465) \textup: See 4.1. (line 453) \textwidth: See 5.5. (line 734) \thanks{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3788) \theta: See 16.2. (line 3402) \thicklines: See 8.18.8. (line 1567) \thinlines: See 8.18.9. (line 1574) \thinspace: See 19.5. (line 3929) \thispagestyle: See 18.4. (line 3862) \tilde: See 16.4. (line 3642) \times: See 16.2. (line 3405) \tiny: See 4.2. (line 537) \title{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3792) \to: See 16.2. (line 3408) \today: See 21.6. (line 4377) \top: See 16.2. (line 3411) \topfraction: See 8.10. (line 1163) \topmargin: See 5.5. (line 740) \topsep: See 8.13. (line 1301) \topskip: See 5.5. (line 747) \totalheight: See 12.6. (line 2565) \triangle: See 16.2. (line 3414) \triangleleft: See 16.2. (line 3417) \triangleright: See 16.2. (line 3420) \tt: See 4.1. (line 525) \ttfamily: See 4.1. (line 465) \twocolumn: See 5.2. (line 645) \typein: See 25.1. (line 4699) \typeout: See 25.2. (line 4713) \u (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4319) \unboldmath: See 16. (line 2843) \underbrace{math}: See 16.6. (line 3715) \underline{text}: See 16.6. (line 3718) \unitlength: See 8.18. (line 1408) \unlhd: See 16.2. (line 3423) \unrhd: See 16.2. (line 3426) \uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3432) \Uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3429) \updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3438) \Updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3435) \uplus: See 16.2. (line 3441) \upshape: See 4.1. (line 453) \upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3447) \Upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3444) \usebox: See 20.9. (line 4175) \usecounter: See 11.2. (line 2453) \usefont: See 4.3. (line 627) \usepackage: See 3.1. (line 404) \v (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4322) \value: See 11.3. (line 2464) \varepsilon: See 16.2. (line 3450) \varphi: See 16.2. (line 3453) \varpi: See 16.2. (line 3456) \varrho: See 16.2. (line 3459) \varsigma: See 16.2. (line 3462) \vartheta: See 16.2. (line 3465) \vdash: See 16.2. (line 3468) \vdots: See 16.6. (line 3722) \vec: See 16.4. (line 3645) \vector: See 8.18.14. (line 1647) \vee: See 16.2. (line 3471) \verb: See 8.27.1. (line 2122) \vert: See 16.2. (line 3477) \Vert: See 16.2. (line 3474) \vfill: See 19.11. (line 3998) \vline: See 8.23.4. (line 1962) \vspace: See 19.12. (line 4005) \wedge: See 16.2. (line 3480) \widehat: See 16.4. (line 3648) \width: See 12.6. (line 2559) \wp: See 16.2. (line 3483) \wr: See 16.2. (line 3486) \xi: See 16.2. (line 3492) \Xi: See 16.2. (line 3489) \year: See 11.8. (line 2507) \zeta: See 16.2. (line 3495) \{: See 21.1. (line 4196) \|: See 16.2. (line 2870) \}: See 21.1. (line 4196) \~: See 21.1. (line 4206) \~ (tilde accent): See 21.3. (line 4291) ^: See 16.1. (line 2856) _: See 16.1. (line 2856) a4paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) a5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) abstract environment: See 8.1. (line 881) array environment: See 8.2. (line 892) article class: See 3. (line 326) b5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) book class: See 3. (line 326) center environment: See 8.3. (line 939) description environment: See 8.4. (line 976) displaymath environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818) displaymath environment: See 8.5. (line 999) document environment: See 8.6. (line 1018) draft option: See 3.1. (line 354) enumerate environment: See 8.7. (line 1024) eqnarray environment: See 8.8. (line 1065) equation environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818) equation environment: See 8.9. (line 1091) executivepaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) figure: See 8.10. (line 1104) final option: See 3.1. (line 354) fleqn option: See 3.1. (line 354) flushleft environment: See 8.11. (line 1171) flushright environment: See 8.12. (line 1197) itemize environment: See 8.13. (line 1223) landscape option: See 3.1. (line 354) legalpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) leqno option: See 3.1. (line 354) letter: See 8.14. (line 1336) letter class: See 3. (line 326) letterpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) list: See 8.15. (line 1341) lR box: See 8.18. (line 1460) lrbox: See 20.3. (line 4053) math environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818) math environment: See 8.16. (line 1363) minipage environment: See 8.17. (line 1375) notitlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354) onecolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379) oneside option: See 3.1. (line 379) openany option: See 3.1. (line 379) openbib option: See 3.1. (line 354) openright option: See 3.1. (line 379) picture: See 8.18. (line 1404) quotation: See 8.19. (line 1658) quote: See 8.20. (line 1673) report class: See 3. (line 326) slides class: See 3. (line 326) tabbing environment: See 8.21. (line 1688) table: See 8.22. (line 1780) tabular environment: See 8.23. (line 1816) thebibliography: See 8.24. (line 1970) theorem environment: See 8.25. (line 2075) titlepage environment: See 8.26. (line 2088) titlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354) twocolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379) twoside option: See 3.1. (line 379) verbatim environment: See 8.27. (line 2105) verse environment: See 8.28. (line 2139)