\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec} 
\usepackage{polyglossia}
\setmainlanguage{english}
\setotherlanguage[variant=polytonic]{greek}
%\newfontfamily\greekfont[ExternalLocation, Mapping=tex-text]{Cardo104s}
\setmainfont % load font from path
    [
        %Path = C:/Windows/Fonts/,
        Extension = .otf,
        UprightFont = LinLibertine_R,
        BoldFont = LinLibertine_RZ, % Linux Libertine O Regular Semibold
        ItalicFont = LinLibertine_RI,
        BoldItalicFont = LinLibertine_RZI, % Linux Libertine O Regular Semibold Italic
    ]
    {libertine}
\newfontfamily\greekfont{Linux Libertine O}
\newfontfamily\greekGFS{GFS Neohellenic}
\newfontfamily\baske[Mapping=greektonoi]{GFS Baskerville}
\setmonofont[Scale=0.75]{DejaVu Sans Mono}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{metalogo}
\usepackage{greektonoi}
\title{Documentation for the {\sf greektonoi.sty} package and {\sf greektonoi.map} mapping.}
\author{Charalampos Milt. Cornaros\thanks{ Questions, commentary and bug reports to \texttt{kornaros@aegean.gr} please.}}
\date{2015/12/12}
\let\tb=\textbackslash


\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
The \textsf{greektonoi} package provides the possibility to directly type or paste in ancient Greek texts with diacritical characters and transforming monotonic texts to polytonic ones. To insert accents and breathings we use a method similar to the common \texttt{Beta Code} convention.

This file documents version 0.1 of \textsf{greektonoi.sty}.
\end{abstract}

\tableofcontents

\begin{english}
%\addtocontents{toc}{\textbf{English Version}\par}
\addtocontents{toc}{ ~\hfill\textbf{Page}\par}
\section{Introduction}

From 1952 the polytonic(multi-accents) writing system in Greece was abolished by the Greek parliament. However the need of using it  has not been eliminated. Many publishing houses, the  Orthodox Church of Greece, writers, scholars and other individuals continue to write with the polytonic system. The \url{www.unicode.org}  included, luckily, almost all the monotonic and polytonic  Greek characters: \texttt{Unicode Greek and Coptic code set} (with codes  U + 0370 - U+03FF), \texttt{Greek Extended code set} ( from U  + 1F00 - U+1FFF)  and \texttt{Combining Diacritical Marks code set} ( U + 0300 - U+036F) as well. The Greek difthogos ( δίφθογος) ‘ου’ is one of the few exceptions letters that are not included  (see  \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_(ligature)} ). Generally, writing in the polytonic system (in electronic devises) remains a difficult problem. The problem has been successfully confronted with \TeX{} and its branches. We make a package {\sf greektonoi.sty } and a map file {\sf greetonoi.map} that gives us the opportunity to include pollytonic letters in our texts using \XeTeX engine. We can also use them for the easy (but not automatic) conversion of monotonic texts into polytonic ones.

\section{Design Details}

Writing polytonic texts in   \LaTeX{}  is  usually done  using the Greek option  of \textsf{babel} package. So with the instruction: 
\begin{center} \verb'\usepackage[polutonikogreek]{babel}' \end{center} 
in the preamble of our file, we can start writing immediately  a polytonic text. The insertion of   accents and breathings is an easy task without  using any special combinations of keys and dead keys   from the keyboard. The encodings are: to insert the greek accent(tonos) we simply use the symbol '( U+0027), we put the diaeresis using the symbol " (U+0022). For the acute accent we use the same character as for the greek accent, we insert the vareia(grave) with the symbol `(U+ 0060) and the circumflex (perispomeni) with the symbol \char"007E  {}(U+007E). 
The encodings for the breathings are:  we use the symbol >(U+003E) for the psili(smooth, lenis),  we use the symbol <(U+003C)  for the daseia (asper, dense) and for the iota subscriptum (υπογεγραμμένη) we use the symbol |(U+OO7C). In order to write, for example, the word ἁμαρτία we insert simply <amart’ia (see \url{http://tex.stackexchange.com /questions/210843/how-do-i-write-amartia-in-polytonic-greek} ).


Another possibility is to  use of the \textsf{betababel} package (see \url{http://ftp.yzu.edu.tw/CTAN/macros/latex/contrib/betababel/betatest.pdf }).
This uses  the same concepts  with the exception that  the encodings are different from the ones before. So we insert  the psili with ), the daseia with (, the diaeresis with +, the acute accent with /, the vareia (grave accent) with \tb, the circumflex accent with the symbol = and  the iota subscriptum with the symbol |. 

The main problem with the  above  methodologies is that the output is \emph{not} Unicode and it can not be re-used. Also, they don’t have enough flexibility: For example, the */)ANDRA  will give the correct result with the  \textsf{betababel} package but the */)ANDRA will not. Another problem that we found out is that most of the above combinations are inserted using the {\sf Shift}  key which we think is time consuming and makes typing more difficult for one hand typing.

\section{The mapping file {\sf greektonoi.map} }

The \XeTeX{} engine  gives us fantastic possibilities  for  the easy use of  Unicode fonts of ttf and otf font format without installing them in our computer. The above mentioned packages, babel and betababel, cannot be used, unfortunately,with \XeTeX{} engine. Because of that, we decided to design from the beginning a proper mapping file to work with  the option \verb'\setmainlanguage[variant=polytonic]{greek}' of the \textsf{polygossia}  package. In \textsf{greektonoi.map} there are  almost 3,000 accents combinations in order to easily insert the polytonic symbols. The new encodings are : `(U+0027) and  '(U+0060) for  bareia, - (U+002D) and |(U+007C) for the iota subscriptum, the ) (U+0029) and ] (U+005D) for the acute accent, the ((U+0028) and [(U+005B) for the grave accent and  the "(U+0022) or +(U+002B) for the diaeresis. We can put the usual tonos accent with the normal way  using the Greek keyboard (using, for example, a combination of ; with a vowel in PCs) or with the symbol /(U+002F). The symbols |, (, ), +, /, = and  `correspond to the  symbols |, ( , ) , +, /, = και \tb{} that we see in the \textsf{betababel} package.


The use of the \textsf{Shift} key in most of the above cases could be eliminated  with the use of the symbols: -, [, ], ",  /,  = respectively that doesn’t  use  the \textsf{Shift} key in order to be insert them (except for the  "(U+0022) ). The last symbol " usually does not imported correctly in the text with some  editors such as Word, for example(MS Word  wrongly imports the character  «(U+00AB) ).
In this case, we could alternately use the symbol +. We could insert  these auxiliary symbols in our text in any possible  order. The only mnemonic rule we have set is: all of the diacritical characters are placed to the left of the vowel in any order. The iota subscriptum ( | or - ) should definitely come just before  or just after  the vowel. To take, for example, the word ἁμαρτίᾳ, we write [αμαρτία- or (αμαρτία| or [αμαρτ/ια| or (αμαρτ/ι-α ). The first two combinations [αμαρτία- or (αμαρτία|, are very useful in case we have already the (monotonic) word αμαρτία (or a whole monotonic text that we like to convert  to polytonic one using \textsf{greektonoi.map}.  We simply add the proper symbols at the left of the vowels that we interested in and we get the pollytonic text in the output.\vspace{1em}\\ \noindent
{\bf Example:} In order to have the pollytonic text

\begin{quote}
Τῃ πάντα διδούσῃ καὶ ἀπολαμβανούσῃ φύσει ὁ πεπαιδευμένος καὶ αἰδήμων λέγει· «δὸς, ὃ θέλεις, ἀπόλαβε, ὃ θέλεις». Λέγει δὲ τοῦτο οὐ καταθρασυνόμενος, ἀλλὰ πειθαρχῶν μόνον καὶ εὐνοῶν αὐτῇ.\end{quote}

from the corresponding  monotonic we could type:

\begin{quote}
Τη- πάντα διδούση| κα`ι  ]απολαμβανούση| φύσει [ο πεπαιδευμένος κα`ί α]ιδήμων λέγει· «δ`ος, `(ο θέλεις, ]απόλαβε, [`ο θέλεις». Λέγει δ`ε το=υτο ο)υ καταθρασυνόμενος, ]αλλ`ά πειθαρχ=ών μόνον κα`ι ε]υνο=ων α]υτ=|η.
\end{quote}

We noticed a problem with the use of the symbols ] and [ after the use of the double backslash \tb\tb{}. For example,  the \tb\tb [`υ =]υ arise a problem but the \tb\tb (`υ =]υ or \tb\tb\{\} [`υ =]υ does not. The use of the double \{ and \} is a simple solution in order to separate the \tb\tb{}  from the subsequent words. We will give below a complete example of   greektonoi enconding  using \XeLaTeX{} engine.


\begin{verbatim}

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Arial}
\usepackage{polyglossia}
\setmainlanguage[variant=polytonic]{greek}
\newfontfamily\greekfont{GFS Neohellenic}
\newfontfamily\baske[Mapping=greektonoi]{GFS Baskerville}
\begin{document} 
{\baske Τη- πάντα διδούση| κα`ι ]απολαμβανούση| φύσει [ο πεπαιδευμένος 
κα`ι α]ιδήμων λέγει· «δ`ος, `[ο θέλεις, ]απόλαβε, `[ο θέλεις». Λέγει δ`ε 
το=υτο ο]υ καταθρασυνόμενος, ]αλλ'α πειθαρχ=ών μόνον κα'ι ε]υνο=ων α]υτ=η-.
}\par
{\greekfont \addfontfeature{Mapping=greektonoi} Τη- πάντα διδούση| κα`ι 
]απολαμβανούση| φύσει (ο πεπαιδευμένος κα`ί α)ιδήμων λέγει·
 «δ`ος, [`ο θέλεις, ]απόλαβε, [`ο θέλεις». Λέγει δ`ε το=υτο ο]υ 
 καταθρασυνόμενος,  ]αλλ`ά 
πειθαρχ=ών μόνον κα`ι ε]υνο=ων α]υτ=η-.}
\end{document}
\end{verbatim} 
The output is\vspace{1em}

{\baske Τη- πάντα διδούση| κα`ι ]απολαμβανούση| φύσει [ο πεπαιδευμένος 
κα`ι α]ιδήμων λέγει· «δ`ος, `[ο θέλεις, ]απόλαβε, `[ο θέλεις». Λέγει δ`ε 
το=υτο ο]υ καταθρασυνόμενος, ]αλλ'α πειθαρχ=ών μόνον κα'ι ε]υνο=ων α]υτ=η-.
}\par
{\greekGFS \addfontfeature{Mapping=greektonoi} Τη- πάντα διδούση| κα`ι 
]απολαμβανούση| φύσει (ο πεπαιδευμένος κα`ί α)ιδήμων λέγει·
 «δ`ος, [`ο θέλεις, ]απόλαβε, [`ο θέλεις». Λέγει δ`ε το=υτο ο]υ 
 καταθρασυνόμενος,  ]αλλ`ά 
πειθαρχ=ών μόνον κα`ι ε]υνο=ων α]υτ=η-.}
 \vspace{0.3em}\\

In the above example  we used two new font families, the {\sf GFS Neohellenic} and {\sf GFS Baskerville} from the Greek Font Society (see \url{http://www.greekfontsociety.gr/pages/en_typefaces.html}). For the first typeface we used  {\sf greektonoi} mapping only locally ie. only for the part of our text that is included inside the \begin{center} \verb'{\greekfont  \addfontfeature{Mapping=greektonoi} ...},'\end{center} 
  We used the {\sf  greektonoi.map} mapping and  the second typeface named \verb'\baske' for a whole text area (that uses the \verb'\baske' typeface). In order to take the  pdf output from the above code  we have to install the {\sf greektonoi} mapping or  alternatively, put the file {\sf greektonoi.tec} in the same folder  that we have saved  the above code(with the {\sf .tex} extention).

\section{The greektonoi package}
 
The  {\sf greektonoi.map} mapping is useful only in large polytonic texts written without  math symbols or other \TeX{} commands in the middle. The use of [ and ] for inserting breathings is completly improper in texts that include  \TeX{} commands because these characters  are used to delimit the set of variables from the body of the command. Therefore,  we  made {\sf greektonoi.sty}  package which is  more suitable  for such cases.  There are almost nine hundreds commands stored in the package for easy importing  of  greek numerals, polytonic archaic Greek, accents, breathings and  other symbols. The commands have been using letters from the Greek alphabet (β, ψ, δ, π  and so on) although in a future revised version we intent to extend the package with commands that use only  ascii characters for those users that do not have the greek keyboard. In {\sf greektonoi.sty} underlie the same concepts as in  {\sf greektonoi.map}. The  vareia(\textbf{β}αρεία) is inserted using the letter  β, for psili(\textbf{ψ}ιλή) we use ψ, daseia(\textbf{δ}ασεία) is inserted with δ and the circumflex(\textbf{π}ερισπωμένη) is inserted typing  π.  For iota subscriptum (υπογεγραμ\textbf{μ}ένη)  we use the letter μ, for tonos the letter τ  and for  diaeresis(δια\textbf{λ}υτικά)  the λ character. So to write the text above using exclusively  the  {\sf greektonoi.sty} package
we could type the following: 

\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Arial}
\usepackage{polyglossia}
\setmainlanguage[variant=polytonic]{greek}
\newfontfamily\baske{GFS Baskerville}
\usepackage{greektonoi}
\begin{document}
{\baske Τ\μη πάντα διδούσ\μη κα\βι \ψα{}πολαμβανούσ\ημ φύσει \δο πεπαιδευμένος
 κα\βί α\ψι{}δήμων λέγει\; \<<δ\βος, \δβο θέλεις, \ψα{}πόλαβε, \βδο θέλεις\>>. 
 Λέγει δ\βε το\πυ{}το ο\ψυ καταθρασυνόμενος, \ψα{}λλ\βά πειθαρχ\πών μόνον κα\βι 
 ε\ψυ{}νο\πων α\ψυ{}τ\πμη.
}
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}


It should be noted that the use of the double  \{\} is necessary to separate a command from the rest of the word. For example: \tb ψαπολαμβανούσ\tb ημ is not correct because there is no command named \tb ψαπολαμβανούσ The \{\} combination separates  the initial ἀ (written
with the command \tb ψα) of  the word ἀπολαμβανούσῃ from  πολαμβανούσ\ημ (which uses the command \tb ημ  or equivalently the \tb μη  to put the iota subscriptum below η). It should  be also noted that if a space or other final character (comma, semicolon, colon, quotation mark and so on)  follows then the use of \{\} is not nessesary. We can alternatively use the commands \tb  / or \tb ]  to avoid  the use of  {\sf Shift} key to type the \{\}.   You could also use  the tilde character \verb'~' (U + 007E) for this case. Certainly, the latter use the {\sf Shift} key  so  the time required for the typing \tb  ] (two characters), for example,  is the same as the time required for the combination {\sf Shift + tilde}. If you prefer the tilde symbol for seperation purposes then you should  put  somewhere in the begining of main part of the code
the command \verb'\tildeON'. The command \verb'\tildeOFF' restores the \char"007E (tilde) to its  normal  \LaTeX{} use.
 \vspace{1em}\\ \noindent
 {\bf Example:}
 \tb ψα\tb ]πόλαβε or equivalently \tb tildeON ....  \tb ψα\char"007E πόλαβε ....\tb tildeOFF

\section{Last  Comments}

The {\sf greektonoi.sty} package must be in the same folder that we save our code or it must be  installed in our \TeX{} system. It can be used with the {\sf greektonoi.tec} or independently from it. It offers great possibilities for easily typing  polytonic greek or converting monotonic to polytonic using simple commands. Within the package are stored 
with memorable names many  commands to type even archaic Greek letters. For example, to insert the left double quotes
(U + 00AB,  «) we can use the command \tb << while the corresponding right (U + 00BB, ») are inserted with the command \tb >>.
To obtain the semicolon (U + 0387, Greek ano teleia) we use the command \tb ; There is also the possibility to introduce numerals  of the Greek system such as sambi ϡ and Ϡ (ie. the greek small letter sampi and letter sampi respectively) with  the commands \tb σαμ and \tb Σαμ  respectively. There are quite a few archaic symbols like digamma  \Γγ(U + 03DC, Digamma) and \γγ(U + 03DD, small digamma) using the commands \tb Γγ  and \tb γγ respectively and many other commands for the unicode sets  mentioned in the introduction. We can find them by an inspection of   {\sf greektonoi.sty}.

\section{Acknowledgements}

 
I would like to thank the associate professor  Antonis Tsolomitis of the Department of Mathematics of the University of Aegean for pointing me out  an  error in the first version of {\sf greektonoi.map} and also miss Margaret Christoforatou student of the Department of Mathematics in the University of Aegean who helped me  to translate  this documentation in English.


\end{english}
%\section{Version history}
%\subsection{Changes in v0.1}
%

\end{document}