% % This file documents the biblatex-chicago package, which allows users % of the biblatex package to format references according to the % Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. % \documentclass[a4paper]{article} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} \usepackage[american]{babel} \usepackage[autostyle]{csquotes} \usepackage{vmargin} \setpapersize{A4} \setmarginsrb{1.65in}{.9in}{1.75in}{.6in}{0pt}{0pt}{12pt}{24pt} \setlength{\marginparwidth}{1in} \usepackage[colorlinks,urlcolor=blue,linkcolor=blue]{hyperref} \usepackage[osf]{mathpazo} \usepackage[scaled]{helvet} \usepackage[pdftex]{xcolor} %\usepackage[dvips]{xcolor} \newcommand{\mycolor}[1]{\textcolor[HTML]{228B22}{#1}} \usepackage{multicol} % Some generic settings. \newcommand{\cmd}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash #1}} \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} \newcommand{\mymarginpar}[1]{\marginpar{\flushright#1}} \newcommand{\colmarginpar}[1]{\mymarginpar{\mycolor{#1}}} \newcommand{\mybigspace}{\vspace{\baselineskip}} \newcommand{\mylittlespace}{\vspace{.5\baselineskip}} \makeatletter \renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection {section}% {1}% {0mm}% {\baselineskip}% {\baselineskip}% {\sffamily\normalsize\bfseries}}% \renewcommand{\subsection}{\@startsection {subsection}% {1}% {0mm}% {\baselineskip}% {.5\baselineskip}% {\sffamily\normalsize\bfseries}}% \renewcommand{\subsubsection}{\@startsection {subsubsection}% {1}% {0mm}% {\baselineskip}% {.5\baselineskip}% {\sffamily\normalsize\bfseries}}% \makeatother \begin{document} \begin{center} \sffamily\large\bfseries The biblatex-chicago package: \\ Style files for biblatex \vspace{.3\baselineskip} \sffamily\normalsize\bfseries David Fussner\qquad Version 0.9.9b (beta) \\ \href{mailto:djf027@googlemail.com}{djf027@googlemail.com}\\ \today \end{center} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \begin{multicols}{2} \footnotesize \tableofcontents \end{multicols} \normalsize \vspace{-.5\baselineskip} \section{Notice} \label{sec:Notice} \textbf{Please be advised that this package is beta software. Philipp Lehman's \textsf{biblatex} package has now reached a stable state, and is unlikely to require wholesale changes to styles written for it. This release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} implements, for the first time, the 16th edition of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}. I shall continue, for the moment, to maintain the 15th-edition files for those who need or want them, but I encourage all users to switch to the newer specification. If the title-formatting changes in the author-date style have been an obstacle, please note that the new \textsf{authordate-trad} style keeps the traditional title formatting but switches everything else to the 16th edition spec. The 15th-edition documentation is still available, also, in \textsf{biblatex-chicago15.pdf}. I have summarized the changes between the two editions in section~\ref{sec:history} below, especially the ones that may require alterations to your .bib files.\mylittlespace\\ I have tried to implement as much of the \emph{Manual's} specification as possible, though undoubtedly some gaps remain. One user has recently argued that I should attempt to include legal citations, so in the long term it may be that I return to this issue. In the meantime, if it seems like this package could be of use to you, yet it doesn't do something you need/want it to do, please feel free to let me know, and of course any suggestions for solving problems more elegantly or accurately would be most welcome.} \mylittlespace\textbf{Important Note:} If you have used \textsf{biblatex-chicago} before, please make sure you have read the RELEASE file that came with the package. It details the changes you'll need to make to your .bib database in order for it to work properly with this release. If you are new to these styles, please read on. \section{Quickstart} \reversemarginpar %\enlargethispage{-3\baselineskip} The \textsf{biblatex-chicago} package is designed for writers who wish to use \LaTeX\ and \textsf{biblatex}, and who either want or need to format their references according to one of the specifications defined by the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}. This package includes two versions of the \emph{Manual's} \enquote{author-date} system, favored by many disciplines in the sciences and social sciences, and also its \enquote{notes \&\ bibliography} style, generally favored in the humanities. The latter code produces a full reference in a first footnote, shorter references in subsequent notes, and a full reference in the bibliography. Some authors prefer to use the shorter note form even for the first occurrence, relying on the bibliography to provide the full information. This, too, is supported by the code. The author-date styles produce a short, in-text citation inside parentheses --- (Author Year) --- keyed to a list of references where entries start with the same name and year. \mylittlespace The documentation you are reading covers all three of these Chicago styles and their variants. Much of what follows is relevant to all users, but I have decided, after some experimentation, to keep the instructions for the two author-date styles separate from those pertaining to the notes \&\ bibliography style, at least in sections~\ref{sec:Spec} and \ref{sec:authdate}. Information provided under one style will often duplicate that found under the other, but efficiency's loss should, I hope, be clarity's gain, and much of what you learn using one style will be applicable without alteration to the other. Within the author-date section, the \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}} information really only appears separately in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, s.v.\ \enquote{title.} Throughout the documentation, any \mycolor{green} text \colmarginpar{\textsf{New!}} indicates something \mycolor{new} in this release. \mylittlespace Here's a list of things you will need in order to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago}: \begin{itemize}{}{} \item Philipp Lehman's \textsf{biblatex} package, of course! You should use the latest version(s) --- 1.7 or 2.4 at the time of writing --- as those versions have been tested more thoroughly than any other, meaning that these style files may well not function properly with some earlier iterations of \textsf{biblatex}. Lehman's tools require several packages, and he strongly recommends several more: \begin{itemize}{}{} \item e-\TeX\ (required) \item \textsf{etoolbox} --- available from CTAN (required) \item \textsf{keyval} --- a standard package (required) \item \textsf{ifthen} --- a standard package (required) \item \textsf{url} --- a standard package (required) \item \textsf{babel} --- a standard package (\emph{strongly} recommended) \item \textsf{csquotes} --- available from CTAN (recommended). Please upgrade to the latest version of \textsf{csquotes} (5.1b). \item \textsf{bibtex8} --- a replacement for \textsc{Bib}\TeX, which can, with the right com\-mand-line switches, process very large .bib files. It also does the right thing when alphabetizing non-ASCII entries. It is available from CTAN, but please be aware that this database parser no longer suffices if you are using the Chicago author-date style with any version of \textsf{biblatex} from version 1.5 onwards. For that style you must use the following: \item \mycolor{\textsf{Biber}} --- the next-generation \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ replacement, called \textsf{Biber}, which is available from SourceForge. You should use the latest version, 1.4, to work with \textsf{biblatex-chicago} and \textsf{biblatex} 2.4, or 0.9.9 with \textsf{biblatex} 1.7, and it is required for users who are either using the author-date styles or processing a .bib file in Unicode. See \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} for more details. \end{itemize} \item The line: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[notes]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} in your document preamble to load the notes \&\ bibliography style, the line: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[authordate,backend=biber]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} to load the author-date style, or the line: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[\mycolor{authordate-trad},backend=biber]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} to load the traditional variant of the author-date style. (You can use \mycolor{\texttt{notes15}} or \mycolor{\texttt{authordate15}} to load the 15th-edition styles. Please see \mycolor{\textsf{biblatex-chicago15.pdf}} for the details.) Any other options you usually pass to \textsf{biblatex} can be given to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} instead, but loading it this way sets up a number of other parameters automatically. You can also load the package via the usual \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex\}}, adding either \texttt{style=chicago\-notes} or \texttt{style=chicago-authordate}, but this is mainly for those who wish to set much of the low-level formatting of their document themselves. Please see sections~\ref{sec:loading} and \ref{sec:loading:auth} below for a fuller discussion of the issues involved here. \item You can use \cmd{usepackage[notes,short]\{biblatex-chicago\}} to get the short note format even in the first reference of a notes \&\ bibliography document, letting the bibliography provide the full reference. \item If you are accustomed to using the \textsf{natbib} compatibility option with \textsf{biblatex}, then you can continue to do so with \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. If you are using \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}} to load the package, then the option must be the plain \texttt{natbib} rather than \texttt{natbib=true}. If you use the latter, you'll get a \textsf{keyval} error. Please see sections~\ref{sec:useropts} and \ref{sec:authuseropts}, below. \item By far the simplest setup is to use \textsf{babel}, and to have \texttt{american} as the main text language. As before, \textsf{babel}-less setups, and also those choosing \texttt{english} as the main text language, should work out of the box. \textsf{Biblatex-chicago} also now provides support for \mycolor{British}, French, German, \mycolor{Icelandic}, and \mycolor{Norwegian}. Please see below (section~\ref{sec:international}) for a fuller explanation of all the options. \item \textsf{chicago-auth\-ordate.cbx}, \textsf{chi\-cago-authordate.bbx}, \mycolor{\textsf{chi\-cago-authordate-trad.cbx}}, \mycolor{\textsf{chicago-auth\-ordate-trad.bbx}}, \textsf{chicago-notes.bbx}, \textsf{chi\-cago-notes.cbx}, \textsf{cms-am\-erican.lbx}, \mycolor{\textsf{cms-british.lbx}}, \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, \textsf{cms-ger\-man.lbx}, \mycolor{\textsf{cms-icelandic.lbx}}, \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx}, \mycolor{\textsf{cms-norsk.lbx}}, \mycolor{\textsf{cms-norwe\-gian.lbx}}, \mycolor{\textsf{cms-nynorsk.lbx}}, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, all from \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, installed either in a system-wide \TeX\ directory, or in the working directory where you keep your *.tex files. (To use the 15th-edition styles, you'll also require \textsf{\mycolor{chicago-notes15.bbx}}, \textsf{\mycolor{chicago-notes15.cbx}}, \textsf{\mycolor{chicago-authordate15.bbx}}, and \textsf{\mycolor{chicago-authordate15.cbx}}.) The .zip file from CTAN contains several subdirectories to help keep the growing number of files organized, so the files listed above can be found in the \texttt{latex/} subdirectory, itself further divided into the \texttt{bbx/}, \texttt{cbx/}, and \texttt{lbx/} subdirectories. If you install in a system-wide directory, I suggest using the standard layout and creating \texttt{/tex/latex/biblatex-contrib/biblatex-chicago}, where\ \texttt{} is the root of your local \TeX\ installation --- for example, and depending on your system and preferences, \texttt{/usr/share/texmf\-local}, \texttt{/usr/local/share/texmf}, or \texttt{C:\textbackslash{}Local TeX Files\textbackslash}. Then you can copy the contents of the \texttt{latex/} directory there, subdirectories and all. (If you install into your working directory, then you'll need to copy the files directly there, without subdirectories.) Of course, if you choose to place them anywhere in the \texttt{texmf} tree, you'll need to update the file name database to make sure \TeX\ can find them. \item Philipp Lehman's very clear and detailed documentation of the \textsf{biblatex} system, available in his package as \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. Here he explains why you might want to use the system, the rules for constructing .bib files for it, and the (numerous) methods at your disposal for modifying the formatted output. \item The annotated bibliography files \textsf{notes-test.bib} and \textsf{dates-test.bib}, which will acquaint you with most of the details on how to get started constructing your own .bib files for use with the two \textsf{biblatex-chicago} styles. \item The files \textsf{cms-notes-sample.pdf}, \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}, and \mycolor{\textsf{cms-trad-sam\-ple.pdf}}. The first shows how my system processes \textsf{notes-test.bib} and \textsf{cms-notes-sample.tex}, in both footnotes and bibliography, the second and third are the result of processing \textsf{dates-test.bib} with \textsf{cms-dates-sample.tex} or \mycolor{\textsf{cms-trad-sample.tex}}. All of these files are in \texttt{doc/examples/}. \item The file you are reading, \textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf}, which aims to be as complete a description as possible of the rules for creating a .bib file that will, when processed by \LaTeX\ and \textsc{Bib}\TeX, at least somewhat ease the burden when you try to implement the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}'s specifications. These docs may seem frustratingly over-long, but remember that you only need to read the part(s) that apply to the style in which you are interested. Much of the information in section~\ref{sec:Spec} is duplicated in section~\ref{sec:authdate}, so even if you have a need for multiple styles then using one will be excellent preparation for the others. If you have used a previous version of this package, please pay particular attention to the sections on Obsolete and Deprecated Features, starting on page~\pageref{deprec:obsol}. You will find the seven previous files in the \texttt{doc/} subdirectory once you've extracted \textsf{biblatex-chicago.zip}. If you wish to place them in a system-wide directory, I would recommend \texttt{/doc/latex/biblatex-contrib/biblatex-chicago}, all the while remembering, of course, to update the file name database afterward. (Let me reiterate, also, that if you currently have quoted material in your .bib file, and are using \cmd{enquote} or the standard \LaTeX\ mechanisms there, then the simplest procedure is always to use \cmd{mkbibquote} instead in order to ensure that punctuation works out right.) \item Access to a copy of \emph{The Chicago Manual of Style} itself, which naturally contains incomparably more information than I can hope to present here. It should always be your first port of call when any doubts arise as to exactly what the specification requires. \end{itemize} \subsection{License} \label{sec:lppl} Copyright © 2008--2012 David Fussner. This package is author-maintained. This work may be copied, distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the \LaTeX\ Project Public License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of this license is in http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of \LaTeX\ version 2005/12/01 or later. This software is provided \enquote{as is,} without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. \subsection{Acknowledgements} \label{sec:acknowl} Even a cursory glance at the cbx and bbx files in the package will demonstrate how much of Lehman's code from \textsf{biblatex} I've adapted and re-used, and I've also followed some of the advice he gave to others in the \texttt{comp.text.tex} newsgroup. He has been instrumental in improving the contextual capitalization procedures of which the style makes such frequent use, and his advice on constructing \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} was invaluable. The code for formatting the footnote marks, and that for printing the separating rule only after a run-on note, I've adapted from the \textsf{footmisc} package by Robin Fairbairns, and I've borrowed ideas for the \texttt{shorthandibid} option from Dominik Waßenhoven's \textsf{biblatex-dw} package. I've adapted Audrey Boruvka's \cmd{textcite} code from \href{http://tex/stackexchange.com/questions/67837/citations-as-nouns-in-biblatex-chicago}{Stackexchange} for the notes \&\ bibliography style. I am very grateful to Baldur Kristinsson for providing the Icelandic localization, and to Håkon Malmedal for the Norwegian localizations. Kazuo Teramoto and Gildas Hamel both sent patches to improve the package, and there may be other \LaTeX\ code I've appropriated and forgotten, in which case please remind me. Finally, Charles Schaum and Joseph Reagle Jr.\ were both extremely generous with their help and advice during the development of this package, and have both continued indefatigably to test it and suggest needed improvements. They were particularly instrumental in encouraging the greatest possible degree of compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. Indeed, if the task of adapting .bib files for use with the Chicago style seems onerous now, you should have tried it before they got their hands on it. \section{Detailed Introduction} \label{sec:Intro} The \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, implemented here in its 16th edition, has long, in America at least, been one of the most influential style guides for writers and publishers. While one's choices are now perhaps more extensive than ever, the \emph{Manual} at least still provides a widely-recognized, and widely-utilized, standard. Indeed, when you add to this the sheer completeness of the specification, its detailed instructions for referencing an enormous number of different kinds of source material, then your choice (or your publisher's choice) of the \emph{Manual} as a style guide seems set to be a happy one. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace These very strengths, however, also make the style difficult to use. Admittedly, the \emph{Manual} emphasizes consistency within a work, as opposed to rigid adherence to the specification, at least when writer and publisher agree (14.70). Sometimes a publisher demands such adherence, however, and anyone who has attempted to produce it may well come away with the impression that the specification itself is somewhat idiosyncratic in its complexity, and I can't help but agree. In the notes \&\ bibliography style, the numerous differences in punctuation (and strings identifying translators, editors, and the like) between footnotes and bibliographies and the sometimes unusual location of page numbers; in both styles the distinction between \enquote{journal} and \enquote{magazine,} and the formatting differences between (e.g.) a work from antiquity and one from the Renaissance, all of these tend to overburden the writer who wants to comply with the standard. Many of these complexities, in truth, make the specification very nearly impossible to implement straightforwardly in a system like \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ --- options multiply, each requiring a particular sort of formatting, until one almost reaches the point of believing that every individual book or article should have its own entry type. Completeness and usability tend each to exclude the other, so the code you have before you is a first attempt to achieve the former without utterly sacrificing the latter. \subsection*{What \textsf{biblatex-chicago} can and can't do} \label{sec:bltries} In short, the \textsf{biblatex} style files in this package try to simplify the task of following the two Chicago specifications along with their major variants. In the notes \&\ bibliography style, the two sorts of reference are treated separately (as are the two different note forms, long and short), and you can choose always to use the short note form, even at the first citation. In the two author-date styles, a series of options allows you to choose which date (original printing, reprint, or both) appears in citations and at the head of entries in the list of references. In all styles, punctuation is placed within quotation marks when needed, and as a general rule as many parts of the style as possible are implemented as transparently as possible. Thanks to advice I received from Joseph Reagle Jr.\ and Charles Schaum while these files were a work in progress, I have attended as carefully as I can to backward compatibility with the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles, and have attempted to minimize both any changes you need to make to achieve compliance with the Chicago specification, and indeed also any changes necessary to switch between the two Chicago styles. There is no doubt room for improvement on this score, but even now, for a substantial number of entries, any well-constructed .bib file that works for other \textsf{biblatex} styles will \enquote{just work} under \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. By no means, however, will all entries in such a .bib file produce equally satisfactory results. Using this documentation and the examples in \textsf{dates-test.bib} and/or \textsf{notes-test.bib}, it should be possible to achieve compliance, though the amount of revision necessary to do so will vary significantly from .bib file to .bib file. Conversely, once you have created a database for \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it won't necessarily work well with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. Indeed, most, quite possibly all, users will find that they need to use special formatting macros within the .bib file that would make such a file unusable in any other context. I strongly recommend, if you want to experiment with this style, that you work on a copy of any .bib files that are important to you, until you have determined that this package does what you need/want it to do. \mylittlespace When I first began working on this package, I made the decision to alter as little as possible the main files from Lehman's \textsf{biblatex}, so that my .bbx and .cbx files would use his original \LaTeX\ .sty file and \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ .bst file. As you proceed, you will no doubt encounter some of the consequences of this decision, with certain fields and entry types in the .bib file having less-than-memorable names because I chose to use the supplementary ones provided by \textsf{biblatex.bst} rather than alter that file. I intended then, if it turned out that anyone besides myself actually used \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, to ask Mr.\ Lehman to include more descriptive names for these few entry types and fields in biblatex.bst, if he were willing. As luck would have it, several new types appeared in \textsf{biblatex} 0.8, many of which I have incorporated as replacements for the custom entry types I defined before. If a consensus emerges about how best to assign the data to various fields in such entries, then I shall adopt it. In the meantime, as you will see below, I have made two of the old custom types obsolete, and recycled the third for an entirely new purpose. Needless to say, I'm open to advice and suggestions on this score. \section{The Specification:\ Notes\,\&\,Bibliography} \label{sec:Spec} In what follows, I attempt to explain all the parts of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} that might be considered somehow \enquote{non standard,} at least with respect to the styles included with \textsf{biblatex} itself, though in the section on entry fields I have also duplicated a lot of the information in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, which I hope won't badly annoy expert users of the system. Headings in \mycolor{green} \colmarginpar{\textsf{New in this release}} indicate material new to this release, or occasionally old material that has undergone significant revision. Numbers in parentheses refer to sections of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, 16th edition. The file \textsf{notes-test.bib} contains many examples from the \emph{Manual} which, when processed using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, should produce the same output as you see in the \emph{Manual} itself, or at least compliant output, where the specifications are vague or open to interpretation, a state of affairs which does sometimes occur. I have provided \textsf{cms-notes-sample.pdf}, which shows how my system processes \textsf{notes-test.bib}, and I have also included the reference keys from the latter file below in parentheses. \subsection{Entry Types} \label{sec:entrytypes} The complete list of entry types currently available in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, minus the odd \textsf{biblatex} alias, is as follows: \mycolor{\textbf{article}}, \textbf{artwork}, \textbf{audio}, \textbf{book}, \textbf{bookinbook}, \textbf{booklet}, \textbf{collection}, \mycolor{\textbf{customc}}, \textbf{image}, \textbf{inbook}, \textbf{incollection}, \textbf{inproceedings}, \textbf{inreference}, \textbf{letter}, \textbf{manual},\textbf{misc}, \textbf{music}, \textbf{online} (with its alias \textbf{www}), \textbf{patent}, \textbf{periodical}, \textbf{proceedings}, \textbf{reference}, \textbf{report} (with its alias \textbf{techreport}), \mycolor{\textbf{review}}, \textbf{suppbook}, \textbf{suppcollection}, \textbf{suppperiodical}, \textbf{thesis} (with its aliases \textbf{mastersthesis} and \textbf{phdthesis}), \textbf{unpublished}, and \textbf{video}. \mylittlespace What follows is an attempt to specify all the differences between these types and the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex}. If an entry type isn't discussed here, then it is safe to assume that it works as it does in the standard styles. In general, I have attempted not to discuss specific entry fields here, unless such a field is crucial to the overall operation of a given entry type. As a general and important rule, most entry types require very few fields when you use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, so it seemed to me better to gather information pertaining to fields in the next section. \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{article}} \emph{Chicago Manual of Style} (14.170) recognizes three different sorts of periodical publication, \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers.} The first (14.172) includes \enquote{scholarly or professional periodicals available mainly by subscription,} while the second refers to \enquote{weekly or monthly} publications that are \enquote{available either by subscription or in individual issues at bookstores or newsstands or online.} \enquote{Magazines} will tend to be \enquote{more accessible to general readers,} and typically won't have a volume number. Indeed, by fiat I declare that should you need to refer to a journal that identifies its issues mainly by year, month, or week, then for the purposes of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} such a publication is a \enquote{magazine,} and not a \enquote{journal.} \mylittlespace Now, for articles in \enquote{journals} you can simply use the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ --- and indeed \textsf{biblatex} --- \textsf{article} entry type, which will work as expected and set off the page numbers with a colon, as required by the \emph{Manual}. If, however, you need to refer to a \enquote{magazine} or a \enquote{newspaper,} then you need to add an \textsf{entrysubtype} field containing the exact string \texttt{magazine}. The main formatting differences between a \texttt{magazine} (which includes both \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers}) and a plain \textsf{article} are that the year isn't placed within parentheses, and that page numbers are set off by a comma rather than a colon. Otherwise, the two sorts of reference have much in common. (For \textsf{article}, see \emph{Manual} 14.175--198; batson, beattie:crime, friedman:learning, garaud:gatine, garrett, hlatky:hrt, kern, lewis, loften:hamlet, mcmillen:antebellum, warr:ellison, white:callimachus. For \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, see 14.181, 14.199--202; assocpress:gun, morgenson:market, reaves:rosen, rozner:liberation, stenger:privacy.) \mylittlespace It gets worse. The \emph{Manual} treats reviews (of books, plays, performances, etc.) as a sort of recognizable subset of \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers,} distinguished mainly by the way one formats the title of the review itself. In \textsf{biblatex 0.7}, happily, Lehman provided a \textsf{review} entry type which will handle a large subset of such citations, though not all. The key rule is this: if a review has a separate, non-generic title (gibbard; osborne:poison) in addition to something that reads like \enquote{review of \ldots,} then you need an \textsf{article} entry, with or without the \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, depending on the sort of publication containing the review. If the only title is the generic \enquote{review of \ldots,} for example, then you'll need the \textsf{review} entry type, with or without this same \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle using \texttt{magazine}. On \textsf{review} entries, see below. (The curious reader will no doubt notice that the code for formatting any sort of review still exists in \textsf{article}, as it was initially designed for \textsf{biblatex 0.6}, but this new arrangement is somewhat simpler and therefore, I hope, better.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the case of a review with a specific as well as a generic title, the former goes in the \textsf{title} field, and the latter in the \textsf{titleaddon} field. Standard \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want. Here, however, if all you need is a \textsf{titleaddon}, then you want to switch to the \textsf{review} type, where you can simply use the \textsf{title} field instead. \mylittlespace No less than seven more things need explication here. First, since the \emph{Manual} specifies that much of what goes into a \textsf{titleaddon} field stays unformatted --- no italics, no quotation marks --- this plain style is the default for such text, which means that you'll have to format any titles within \textsf{titleaddon} yourself, e.g., with \cmd{mkbibemph\{\}}. Second, the \emph{Manual} specifies a similar plain style for the titles of other sorts of material found in \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers,} e.g., obituaries, letters to the editor, interviews, the names of regular columns, and the like. References may contain both the title of an individual article and the name of the regular column, in which case the former should go, as usual, in a \textsf{title} field, and the latter in \textsf{titleaddon}. As with reviews proper, if there is only the generic title, then you want the \textsf{review} entry type. (See 14.203, 14.205, 14.208; morgenson:market, reaves:rosen.) \mylittlespace Third, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has, I believe, subtly changed its recommendations in the case of \enquote{unsigned newspaper articles or features} (14.207). Unfortunately, these changes aren't entirely clear to me. First, it suggests that such pieces are \enquote{best dealt with in text or notes.} If, however, \enquote{a bibliography entry should be needed, the name of the newspaper stands in place of the author.} The examples it provides, therefore, suggest quite different treatments of the same material in notes and bibliography, and they don't at any point that I can see recommend a format for short notes. I've implemented these recommendations fairly literally, which means that in an \textsf{article} entry, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, or in a \textsf{review} entry, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, and \emph{only} in such entries, a missing \textsf{author} field results in the name of the periodical (in the \textsf{journaltitle} field) being used as the missing author, but \emph{only} in the bibliography and in short notes. In long notes, the \textsf{title} will appear first, before the \textsf{journaltitle}. Note that the use of the name of the newspaper as an author creates sorting issues in the bibliography, issues that will mostly be solved for you if you use \textsf{Biber} as the backend. If you don't, or if the \textsf{journaltitle} begins with a definite or indefinite article with which you can't dispense, then you'll need a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure that the bibliography entry is alphabetized correctly. (See lakeforester:pushcarts and, for the sorting issue, \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts} below.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Fourth, if you've been using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} for a while, you may remember using the single-letter \cmd{bibstring} mechanism in order to help \textsf{biblatex} decide where to capitalize a wide variety of strings in numerous entry fields. This mechanism was particularly common in all the periodical types, but if you've had a look in \textsf{notes-test.bib} while following this documentation, you'll have noticed that it no longer appears there. The regular whole-word bibstrings still work as normal, but the single-letter ones are now obsolete, replaced by Lehman's macro \cmd{autocap}, which itself only occurs twice in \textsf{notes-test.bib}. Basically, in certain fields, just beginning your data with a lowercase letter activates the mechanism for capitalizing that letter depending on its context within a note or bibliography entry. Please see \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for the details, but both the \textsf{titleaddon} and \textsf{note} fields are among those treating their data this way, and since both appear regularly in \textsf{article} entries, I thought the problem merited a preliminary mention here. \mylittlespace Fifth, if you need to cite an entire issue of any sort of periodical, rather than one article in an issue, then the \textsf{periodical} entry type, once again with or without the \texttt{magazine} toggle in \textsf{entrysubtype}, is what you'll need. (You can also use the \textsf{article} type, placing what would normally be the \textsf{issuetitle} in the \textsf{title} field and retaining the usual \textsf{journaltitle} field, but this arrangement isn't compatible with standard \textsf{biblatex}.) The \textsf{note} field is where you place something like \enquote{special issue} (with the small \enquote{s} enabling the automatic capitalization routines), whether you are citing one article or the whole issue (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). Indeed, this is a somewhat specialized use of \textsf{note}, and if you have other sorts of information you need to include in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, then you shouldn't put it in the \textsf{note} field, but rather in \textsf{titleaddon} or perhaps \textsf{addendum} (brown:bremer). \mylittlespace Sixth, if you wish to cite a television or radio broadcast, the \textsf{article} type, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} is the place for it. The name of the program would go in \textsf{journaltitle}, with the name of the episode in \textsf{title}, and the network's name in the \textsf{usera} field. Of course, if the piece you are citing has only a generic name (an interview, for example), then the \textsf{review} type would be the best place for it. (8.185, 14.221; see bundy:macneil for an example of how this all might look in a .bib file. Commercial recordings of such material would need one of the audiovisual entry types, probably \textsf{audio} or \textsf{video} [friends:leia], while recordings from archives fit best into \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype} [coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech].) \mylittlespace Finally, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.243--6) specifies that blogs and other, similar online material should be presented like \textsf{articles}, with \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype} (ellis:blog). The title of the specific entry goes in \textsf{title}, the general title of the blog goes in \textsf{journaltitle}, and the word \enquote{\texttt{blog}} in the \textsf{location} field (though you could just use special formatting in the \textsf{journaltitle} field itself, which may sometimes be necessary). Comments on blogs, with generic titles like \enquote{comment on} or \enquote{reply to,} need a \textsf{review} entry with the same \textsf{entrysubtype}. Such comments make particular use of the \textsf{eventdate} and of the \textsf{nameaddon} fields; please see the documentation of \textbf{review}, below. % \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace If you're still with me, allow me to recommend that you browse through \textsf{notes-test.bib} to get a feel for just how many of the \emph{Manual}'s complexities the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} (and, indeed, \textsf{periodical}) types attempt to address. It may be that in future releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} I'll be able to simplify these procedures somewhat, but in the meantime it might be of some comfort that I have found in my own research that the unusual and/or limit cases are really rather rare, and that the vast majority of sources won't require any knowledge of these onerous details. \mybigspace Arne \colmarginpar{\textbf{artwork}} Kjell Vikhagen has pointed out to me that none of the standard entry types were straightforwardly adaptable when referring to visual artworks. The \emph{Manual} doesn't give any thorough specifications for such references, and indeed it's unclear that it believes it necessary to include them in the bibliographical apparatus at all. Still, it's easy to conceive of contexts in which a list of artworks studied might be desirable, and \textsf{biblatex} includes entry types for just this purpose, though the standard styles leave them undefined. The two I chose to include in previous releases were \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image}, the former intended for paintings, sculptures, etchings, and the like, the latter for photographs. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has modified its specifications for presenting photographs so that they are the same as for works in all other media. The \textsf{image} type, therefore, is now merely a clone of the \textsf{artwork} type, maintained mainly to provide backward compatibility for users migrating from the old specification to the current one. \mylittlespace Constructing an entry is fairly straightforward. As one might expect, the artist goes in \textsf{author} and the name of the work in \textsf{title}. The \textsf{type} field is intended for the medium --- e.g., oil on canvas, charcoal on paper, albumen print --- and the \textsf{version} field might contain the state of an etching. You can place the dimensions of the work in \textsf{note}, and the current location in \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and/or \textsf{location}, in ascending order of generality. The \textsf{type} field, as in several other entry types, uses \textsf{biblatex's} automatic capitalization routines, so if the first word only needs a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence, use lowercase in the .bib file and let \textsf{biblatex} handle it for you. (See \emph{Manual} 3.22, 8.193; leo:madonna, bedford:photo.) \mylittlespace As a final complication, the \emph{Manual} (8.193) says that \enquote{the names of works of antiquity \ldots\,are usually set in roman.} If you should need to include such a work in the reference apparatus, you can either define an \textsf{entrysubtype} for an \textsf{artwork} entry --- anything will do --- or you could use the \textsf{misc} entry type with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. Fortunately, in this instance the other fields in a \textsf{misc} entry function pretty much as in \textsf{artwork}. \mybigspace Following \colmarginpar{\textbf{audio}} the request of Johan Nordstrom, I have included three entry types, all undefined by the standard styles, designed to allow users to present audiovisual sources in accordance with the Chicago specifications. The \emph{Manual's} presentation of such sources (14.274--280), though admirably brief, seems to me somewhat inconsistent; the proliferation of online sources has made the task yet more complex. For the 15th edition I attempted to condense all the requirements into two new entry types, but ended up relying on three. For the 16th edition, in particular, I also need to include the \textbf{online} and even the \textbf{misc} entry types, which see, under the audiovisual rubric. I shall attempt to delineate the main differences here, and though there are likely to be occasions when your choice of entry type is not obvious, at the very least \textsf{biblatex-chicago} should help you maintain consistency. \mylittlespace The \textbf{music} type is intended for all musical recordings that do not have a video component. This means, for example, digital media (whether on CD or hard drive), vinyl records, and tapes. The \textbf{video} type includes most visual media, whether it be films, TV shows, tapes and DVDs of the preceding or of any sort of performance (including music), or online multimedia. The \emph{Manual's} treatment (14.280) of the latter suggests that online video excerpts, short pieces, and interviews should generally use the \textbf{online} type (harwood:biden, horowitz:youtube, pollan:plant). The \textbf{audio} type, our current concern, fills gaps in the others, and presents its sources in a more \enquote{book-like} manner. Published musical scores need this type --- unpublished ones would use \textsf{misc} with an \textsf{entrysubtype} (shapey:partita) --- as do such favorite educational formats as the slideshow and the filmstrip (greek:filmstrip, schubert:muellerin, verdi:corsaro). The \emph{Manual} (14.277--280) sometimes uses a similar format for audio books (twain:audio), though, depending on the sorts of publication facts you wish to present, this sort of material may fall under \textsf{music} (auden:reading). Dated audio recordings that are part of an archive, online or no, may best be presented in a \textbf{misc} entry with an \textsf{entrysubtype} (coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech). %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Once you've accepted the analogy of composer to \textsf{author}, constructing an \textsf{audio} entry should be fairly straightforward, since many of the fields function just as they do in \textsf{book} or \textsf{inbook} entries. Indeed, please note that I compare it to both these other types as, in common with the other audiovisual types, \textsf{audio} has to do double duty as an analogue for both books and collections, so while there will normally be an \textsf{author}, a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{publisher}, a \textsf{date}, and a \textsf{location}, there may also be a \textsf{booktitle} and/or a \textsf{maintitle} --- see schubert:muellerin for an entry that uses all three in citing one song from a cycle. If the medium in question needs specifying, the \textsf{type} field is the place for it. Finally, the \textsf{titleaddon} field can specify functions for which \textsf{biblatex-chicago} provides no automated handling, e.g., a librettist (verdi:corsaro). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{bookinbook}} type provides the means of referring to parts of books that are considered, in other contexts, themselves to be books, rather than chapters, essays, or articles. Such an entry can have a \textsf{title} and a \textsf{maintitle}, but it can also contain a \textsf{booktitle}, all three of which will be italicized when printed. In general usage it is, therefore, rather like the traditional \textsf{inbook} type, only with its \textsf{title} in italics rather than in quotation marks. (See \emph{Manual} 14.114, 14.127, 14.130; bernard:boris, euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The Euripides play receives slightly different presentations in 14.127 and 14.130. Although the specification is very detailed, it doesn't eliminate all choice or variation. Using a system like \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ should help to maintain consistency. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{booklet}} is the first of two entry types --- the other being \textsf{manual}, on which see below --- which are traditional in \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ styles, but which the \emph{Manual} (14.249) suggests may well be treated basically as books. In the interests of backward compatibility, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will so format such an entry, which uses the \textsf{howpublished} field instead of a standard \textsf{publisher}, though of course if you do decide just to use a \textsf{book} entry then any information you might have given in a \textsf{howpublished} field should instead go in \textsf{publisher}. (See clark:mesopot.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customa}} entry type is now obsolete, and any such entries in your .bib file will trigger an error. Please use the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{letter} type instead. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customb}} entry type is now obsolete, and any such entries in your .bib file will trigger an error. Please use the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{bookinbook} type instead. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{customc}} entry type allows you to include alphabetized cross-references to other, separate entries in the bibliography, particularly to other names or pseudonyms, as recommended by the \emph{Manual}. (This is different from the usual \textsf{crossref}, \textsf{xref}, and \textsf{userf} mechanisms, all primarily designed to include cross-references to other works. Cf.\ 14.84,86). The lecarre:cornwell entry, for example, would allow your readers to find the more-commonly-used pseudonym \enquote{John Le Carré} even if they were, for some reason, looking under his real name \enquote{David John Moore Cornwell.}\ As I read the specification, these cross-references are particularly encouraged, bordering on required, when \enquote{a bibliography includes two or more works published by the same author but under different pseudonyms.}\ The following entries in \textsf{notes-test.bib} show one way of addressing this: crea\-sey:ashe:blast, crea\-sey:york:death, crea\-sey:mor\-ton:hide, ashe:crea\-sey, york:crea\-sey and mor\-ton:crea\-sey. \mylittlespace In these latter cases, you would need merely to place the pseudonym in the \textsf{author} field, and the author's real name, under which his or her works are presented in the bibliography, in the \textsf{title} field. To make sure the cross-reference also appears in the bibliography, you can either manually include the entry key in a \cmd{nocite} command, or you can put that entry key in the \textbf{userc} field in the main .bib entry, in which case \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will print the expanded abbreviation if and only if you cite the main entry. (Cf.\ \textsf{userc}, below.) \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Under ordinary circumstances, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will connect the two parts of the cross-reference with the word \enquote{\emph{See}} --- or its equivalent in the document's language --- in italics. If you wish to present the cross-reference differently, you can put the connecting word(s) into the \textsf{nameaddon} field. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{image}} entry type, left undefined in the standard styles, was in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} intended for referring to photographs, but the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has changed its specifications for such works, which are now treated the same as works in all other media. This means that this entry type is now a clone of the \textsf{artwork} type, which see. I retain it here as a convenience for users migrating from the old to the new specification. (See 3.22, 8.193; bedford:photo.) \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{inbook}\\\textbf{incollection}} two standard \textsf{biblatex} types have very nearly identical formatting requirements as far as the Chicago specification is concerned, but I have retained both of them for compatibility. \textsf{Biblatex.pdf} (§~2.1.1) intends the first for \enquote{a part of a book which forms a self-contained unit with its own title,} while the second would hold \enquote{a contribution to a collection which forms a self-contained unit with a distinct author and its own title.} The \textsf{title} of both sorts will be placed within quotation marks, and in general you can use either type for most material falling into these categories. There is, however, an important difference between them, as it is only in \textsf{incollection} entries that I implement the \emph{Manual's} recommendations for space-saving abbreviations in notes and bibliography when you cite multiple pieces from the same \textsf{collection}. These abbreviations are activated when you use the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in \textsf{incollection} entries, and not in \textsf{inbook} entries, mainly because the \emph{Manual} (14.113) here specifies a \enquote{multiauthor book.} (For more on this mechanism see \textbf{crossref}, below, and note that it is also active in \textsf{letter} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. There is, of course, nothing to prevent you from using the mechanism when referring to, e.g., chapters from a single-author book, but you'll have to use \textsf{incollection} instead of \textsf{inbook}.) If the part of a book to which you are referring has had a separate publishing history as a book in its own right, then you may wish to use the \textsf{bookinbook} type, instead, on which see above. (See \emph{Manual} 14.111--114; \textsf{inbook}: ashbrook:brain, phibbs:diary, will:cohere; \textsf{incollection}: centinel:letters, contrib:contrib, sirosh:visualcortex; ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, and lippincott:chicago [and the \textsf{collection} entry prairie:state] demonstrate the use of the \textsf{crossref} field with its attendant abbreviations in notes and bibliography.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The \emph{Manual} suggests that, when referring to a chapter, one use either a chapter number or the inclusive page numbers, not both. If, however, you wish to refer in a footnote to a specific page within the chapter, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will always print the optional, postnote argument of a \cmd{cite} command --- the page number, say --- instead of any inclusive page numbers given in the .bib file \textsf{incollection} entry. This mechanism is quite general, that is, any specific page reference given in any sort of \cmd{cite} command overrides the contents of a \textsf{pages} field in a .bib file entry. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inproceedings}} entry type works pretty much as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, the main differences between it and \textsf{incollection} are the lack of an \textsf{edition} field and the possibility that an \textsf{organization} may be cited alongside the \textsf{publisher}, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't specify its use (14.226). Please note, also, that the \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref} mechanism for shortening citations of multiple pieces from the same \textsf{proceedings} is operative here, just as it is in \textsf{incollection} entries. See \textbf{crossref}, below, for more details. % \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inreference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{incollection} in the standard styles, but the \emph{Manual} has particular requirements, so if you are citing \enquote{[w]ell-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias,} then this type should simplify the task of conforming to the specifications (14.247--248). The main thing to keep in mind is that I have designed this entry type for \enquote{alphabetically arranged} works, which you shouldn't cite by page, but rather by the name(s) of the article(s). Because of the formatting required by the \emph{Manual}, we need one of \textsf{biblatex's} list fields for this purpose, and in order to keep all this out of the way of the standard styles, I have chosen the \textsf{lista} field. You should present these article names just as they appear in the work, separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} if there is more than one, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will provide the appropriate prefatory string (\texttt{s.v.}, plural \texttt{s.vv.}), and enclose each in its own set of quotation marks (ency:britannica). In a typical \textsf{inreference} entry, very few other fields are needed, as \enquote{the facts of publication are often omitted, but the edition (if not the first) must be specified.} In practice, this means a \textsf{title} and possibly an \textsf{edition} field. \mylittlespace There are quite a few other peculiarities to explain here. First of all, you should present any well-known works \emph{only} in notes, not in a bibliography, as your readers are assumed to know where to go for such a reference. You can use the \texttt{skipbib} option or the \textsf{keywords} mechanism I discuss below under \textbf{crossref} and \textbf{keywords}. For such works, and given how little information will be present even in a full note, you may wish to use \cmd{fullcite} or \cmd{footfullcite} in place of the short form, especially if, for example, you are citing different versions of an article appearing in different editions. \mylittlespace If the work is slightly less well known, it may be that full publication details are appropriate (times:guide), but this makes things more complicated. In previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, you would have had to format the \textsf{postnote} field of short notes appropriately, including the prefatory string and quotation marks I mentioned above. Now you can put an article name in the \textsf{postnote} field of \textsf{inreference} entries and have it formatted for you, and this holds for both long and short notes, which could allow you to refer separately to many different articles from the same reference work using only one .bib entry. (In a long note, any \textsf{postnote} field stops the printing of the contents of \textsf{lista}.) The only limitation on this system is that the \textsf{postnote} field, unlike \textsf{lista}, is not a list, and therefore for the formatting to work correctly you can only put one article name in it. Despite this limitation, I hope that the current system might simplify things for users who cite numerous works of reference. \mylittlespace If it seems appropriate to include such a work in the bibliography, be aware that the contents of the \textsf{lista} field will also be presented there, which may not be what you want. A separate \textsf{reference} entry might solve this problem, but you may also need a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure proper alphabetization, as \textsf{biblatex} will attempt to use an \textsf{editor} or \textsf{author} name, if either is present. (Cf.\ mla:style, a \textsf{reference} entry that uses section numbers instead of alphabetized headings, and \texttt{useeditor=false} in the \textsf{options} field instead of a \textsf{sortkey} to ensure the correct alphabetization.) \mylittlespace Speaking of the \textsf{author}, this field holds the author of the specific entry (in \textsf{lista}), not the author of the \textsf{title} as a whole. This name will be printed after the entry's name (grove:sibelius). If you wish to refer to a reference work by author or indeed by editor, having either appear at the head of the note (long or short) or bibliography entry, then you'll need to use a \textsf{book} entry instead (cf.\ schellinger:novel), where the \textsf{lista} mechanism will also work in the bibliography, but which in every other way will be treated as a normal book, often a good choice for unfamiliar or non-standard reference works. \mylittlespace Finally, all of these rules apply to online reference works, as well, for which you need to provide not only a \textsf{url} but also, always, a \textsf{urldate}, as these sources are in constant flux (wikiped:bibtex, grove:sibelius). \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{letter}} is the entry type to use for citing letters, memoranda, or similar texts, but \emph{only} when they appear in a published collection. (Unpublished material of this nature needs a \textsf{misc} entry, for which see below.) Depending on what sort of information you need to present in a citation, you may simply be able to get away with a standard \textsf{book} entry, which may then be cited by page number (see \emph{Manual} 14.78, 14.88; meredith:letters, adorno:benj). If, however, for whatever reason, you need to give full details of a specific letter, then you'll need to use the \textsf{letter} entry type, which attempts to simplify for you the \emph{Manual}'s rather complicated rules for formatting such references. (See 14.117; jackson:paulina:letter, white:ross:memo, white:russ [a completely fictitious entry to show the \textsf{xref} mechanism], white:total [a \textsf{book} entry, for the bibliography]). \mylittlespace To start, the name of the letter writer goes in the \textsf{author} field, while the \textsf{title} field contains both the name of the writer and that of the recipient, in the form \texttt{Author to Recipient}. The \textsf{titleaddon} field contains, optionally, the type of correspondence involved. If it's a letter, the type needn't be given, but if it's a memorandum or report or the like, then this is the place to specify that fact. Also, because the \textsf{origdate} field only accepts numbers, if you want to use the abbreviation \enquote{n.d.} (or \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) for undated letters, then this is where you should put it. If you need to specify where a letter was written, then you can also use this field, and, if both are present, remember to separate the location from the type with a comma, like so: \texttt{memorandum, London}. Alternatively, you can put the place of writing into the \mycolor{\textsf{origlocation}} field. Most importantly, the date of the letter itself goes in the \textsf{origdate} field (\texttt{year-month-day}), which now allows a full date specification, while the publishing date of the whole collection goes in the \textsf{date} field, instead of in the obsolete \textsf{origyear}. As in other entry types, then, the \textsf{date} field now has its ordinary meaning of \enquote{date of publication.} (You may have noticed here that the presentation of the \textsf{origdate} in this sort of reference is different from the date format required elsewhere by the \emph{Manual}. This appears to result from some recent changes to the specification, and it may be that we could get away with choosing one or the other format for all occurrences [6.45], but for the moment I hope this mixed solution will suffice.) Another difficulty arises when producing the short footnote form, which requires you to provide a \textsf{shorttitle} field of the form \enquote{\texttt{to Recipient},} the latter name as short as possible while avoiding ambiguity. The remaining fields are fairly self explanatory, but do remember that the title of the published collection belongs in \textsf{booktitle} rather than in \textsf{title}. \mylittlespace Finally, the \emph{Manual} specifies that if you cite more than one letter from a given published collection, then the bibliography should contain only a reference to said collection, rather than to each individual letter, while the form of footnotes would remain the same. This should be possible using \textsc{Bib}\TeX's standard \textsf{crossref} field, with each \textsf{letter} entry pointing to a \textsf{collection} or \textsf{book} entry, for example. I shall discuss cross references at length later (\textbf{crossref} and \textbf{xref}, below), but I should mention here that \textsf{letter} is one of the entry types in which a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field automatically results in special shortened forms in notes and bibliography if more than one piece from a single collection is cited. (The other entry types are \textsf{incollection} and \textsf{inproceedings}; see 14.113 for the \emph{Manual}'s specification.) This ordinarily won't be an issue for \textsf{letter} entries in the bibliography, as individual letters aren't included there, but it is operative in notes, where you can disable it simply by not using a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field. In the \textsf{crossref} docs, below, I recommend a way of keeping the individual letters from turning up in the bibliography, involving the use of the \textsf{keywords} field. % \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{manual}} is the second of two traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ entry types that the \emph{Manual} suggests formatting as books, the other being \textsf{booklet}. As with this latter, I have retained it in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} for backward compatibility, its main peculiarity being that, in the absence of a named author, the \textsf{organization} producing the manual will be printed both as author and as publisher. If you are using \textsf{Biber} you no longer need a \textsf{sortkey} field to aid \textsf{biblatex's} alphabetization routines, as the style takes care of this for you (cf.\ section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, below). You also don't need to provide a \textsf{shortauthor} field, as the style will automatically use \textsf{organization} in the absence of anything else. Of course, if you were to use a \textsf{book} entry for such a reference, then you would need to define both \textsf{author} and \textsf{publisher} using the name you here might have put in \textsf{organization}. (See 14.92; chicago:manual, dyna:browser, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace As \colmarginpar{\textbf{misc}} its name suggests, the \textsf{misc} entry type was designed as a hold-all for citations that didn't quite fit into other categories. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, I have somewhat extended its applicability, while retaining its traditional use. Put simply, with no \textsf{entrysubtype} field, a \textsf{misc} entry will retain backward compatibility with the standard styles, so the usual \textsf{howpublished}, \textsf{version}, and \textsf{type} fields are all available for specifying an otherwise unclassifiable text, and the \textsf{title} will be italicized. (The \emph{Manual}, you may wish to note, doesn't give specific instructions on how such citations should be formatted, so when using the Chicago style I would recommend you have recourse to this traditional entry type as sparingly as possible.) \mylittlespace If you do provide an \textsf{entrysubtype} field, the \textsf{misc} type provides a means for citing unpublished letters, memoranda, private contracts, wills, interviews, and the like, making it something of an unpublished analogue to the \textsf{letter}, \textsf{article}, and \textsf{review} entry types (which see). It also works well for presenting online audio pieces, particularly dated ones, like speeches. Typically, such an entry will cite part of an archive, and equally typically the text cited won't have a specific title, but only a generic one, whereas an \textsf{unpublished} entry will ordinarily have a specific author and title, and won't come from a named archive. The \textsf{misc} type with an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined is the least formatted of all those specified by the \emph{Manual}, so titles are in plain text, and any location details take no parentheses in full footnotes. (It is quite possible, though somewhat unusual, for archival material to have a specific title, rather than a generic one. In these cases, you will need to enclose the title inside a \cmd{mkbibquote} command manually. Cf.\ coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech, shapey:partita.) \mylittlespace If you are wondering what to put in \textsf{entrysubtype}, the answer is, currently, anything at all. You no longer need to put the exact string \texttt{letter} there in order to move the date into closer proximity with the \textsf{title}. Indeed, recent reconsideration of the \emph{Manual} has suggested that the distinction to be drawn in this class of material hasn't to do with \emph{where} the date is presented but, rather, with \emph{how} it is presented. As I now understand the specification, it draws a distinction between archival material that is \enquote{letter-like} (letters, memoranda, reports, telegrams) and that which isn't (interviews, wills, contracts, speeches, or even personal communications you've received and which you wish to cite). This may not always be the easiest distinction to draw, and in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} I have been ignoring it, but once you've decided to classify it one way or the other you put the date in the \textsf{origdate} field for letters, etc., and into the \textsf{date} field for the others. \mylittlespace In effect, whether it's a \textsf{letter} entry or a \enquote{letter-like} \textsf{misc} entry (with \textsf{entrysubtype}), it is by using the \textsf{origdate} field that you identify when it was written, and the \textsf{origlocation}, if needed, identifies where it was written. Other sorts of \textsf{misc} entry (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) use the \textsf{date} field (but still the \textsf{origlocation}). This maintains consistency of usage across entry types and also, I hope, improves compliance when using the \textsf{misc} type for citing archival material. Remember, however, that without an \textsf{entrysubtype} the entry will be treated as traditional \textsf{misc}, and the title italicized. In addition, defining \textsf{entrysubtype} activates the automatic capitalization mechanism in the \textsf{title} field of \textsf{misc} entries, on which see \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below. (See 14.219-220, 14.231, 14.232-242; creel:house, dinkel:agassiz, spock:interview.) \mylittlespace As in \textsf{letter} entries, the titles of unpublished letters are of the form \texttt{Author to Recipient}, and further information can be given in the \textsf{titleaddon} field, including the abbreviation \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}}\ (or \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) for undated examples. The \textsf{note}, \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and \textsf{location} fields (in ascending order of generality) allow the specification of which manuscript collection now holds the letter, though the \emph{Manual} specifies (14.238) that well-known depositories don't usually need a city, state or country specified. (The traditional \textsf{misc} fields are all still available, also.) Both the long and short note forms can use the same \textsf{title}, but in both cases you may need to use the \cmd{headlesscite} command to avoid the awkward repetition of the author's name, though that name will always appear in the bibliography (creel:house). If you want to include the date of a letter in a short note, I have provided the \cmd{letterdatelong} command for inclusion in the postnote field of the citation command. (The standard \textsf{biblatex} command \cmd{printdate} will work if you need to do the same for interviews.) %\vspace{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace As with \textsf{letter} entries, the \emph{Manual} (14.233) suggests that bibliography entries contain only the name of the manuscript collection, unless only one item from that collection is cited. The \textsf{crossref} field can be used, as well as the \textsf{keywords} mechanism (or \texttt{skipbib} option) for preventing the individual items from turning up in the bibliography. Obviously, this is a matter for your discretion, and if you're using only short notes (see the \texttt{short} option, section~\ref{sec:useropts} below), you may feel the need to include more information in the note if the bibliography doesn't contain a full reference to an individual item. \mylittlespace Finally, if the \textsf{misc} entry isn't a letter, remember that, as in \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries, words like \texttt{interview} or \texttt{memorandum} needn't be capitalized unless they follow a period --- the automatic capitalization routines (with the \textsf{title} field starting with a lowercase letter [see dinkel:agassiz, spock:interview, and \textbf{\textbackslash autocap}]) will ensure correctness. In all this class of archived material, the \emph{Manual} (14.232) quite specifically requires more consistency within your own work than conformity to some external standard, so it is the former which you should pursue. I hope that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} proves helpful in this regard. \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{music}} 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has revised its recommendations more for this type than for any other, so the notes which follow present several large changes that you'll need to make to your .bib files. The good news is that some, though by no means all, of those changes involve considerable simplifications. \textsf{Music} is one of three audiovisual entry types, and is intended primarily to aid in the presentation of musical recordings that do not have a video component, though it can also include audio books (auden:reading). A DVD or VHS of an opera or other performance, by contrast, should use the \textbf{video} type instead, while an online music video will probably need an \textbf{online} entry. (Cf.\ \textsf{online} and \textsf{video}; handel:messiah, horowitz:youtube.) Because \textsf{biblatex} --- and \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ before it --- were designed primarily for citing book-like objects, some choices needed to be made in assigning the various roles found on the back of a CD to the fields in a typical .bib entry. I have also implemented several bibstrings to help in identifying these roles within entries. If you can think of a simpler way to distribute the roles, please let me know, so that I can consider making changes before anyone gets used to the current equivalences. \mylittlespace These equivalences, in summary form, are: {\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\qquad\textsf{#1}} \begin{description} \item[author =] composer, songwriter, or performer(s), depending on whom you wish to emphasize by placing them at the head of the entry. \item[editor, editora, editorb =] conductor, director or performer(s). These will ordinarily follow the \textsf{title} of the work, though the usual \texttt{useauthor} and \texttt{useeditor} options can alter the presentation within an entry. Because these are non-standard roles, you will need to identify them using the following: \item[editortype, editoratype, editorbtype:] The most common roles, all associated with specific bibstrings (or their absence), will be \texttt{conductor}, \texttt{director}, \texttt{producer}, and, oddly, \texttt{none}. The last is particularly useful when identifying the group performing a piece, as it usually doesn't need further specifying and this role prevents \textsf{biblatex} from falling back on the default \texttt{editor} bibstring. \item[title, booktitle, maintitle:] As with the other audiovisual types, \textsf{music} serves as an analogue both to books and to collections, so the title will either be, e.g., the album title or a song title, in which latter case the album title would go into \textsf{booktitle}. The \textsf{maintitle} might be necessary for something like a box set of \emph{Complete Symphonies}. \item[\mycolor{publisher, series, number}:] These three closely-associated fields are intended for presenting the catalog information provided by the music publisher. The 16th edition generally only requires the \textsf{series} and \textsf{number} fields (nytrumpet:art), which hold the record label and catalog number, respectively. Alternatively, \textsf{publisher} would function as a synonym for \textsf{series} (holiday:fool), but there may be cases when you need or want to specify a publisher in addition to a label, as was the general requirement in the 15th edition. (This might happen, for example, when a single publisher oversees more than one label.) You can certainly put all of this information into one of the above fields, but separating it may help make the .bib entry more readable. \item[\mycolor{howpublished/pubstate}:] The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.276) has rather helpfully eliminated any reference to the specialized symbols (\texttt{\textcircledP} \&\ \texttt{\textcopyright}) found in the 15th edition for presenting publishing information for musical recordings. This means that the \textsf{howpublished} field is now obsolete, and you can remove it from \textsf{music} entries in your .bib files. The \textsf{pubstate} field, therefore, can revert to its standard use for identifying reprints. In \textsf{music} entries, putting \texttt{reprint} here will transform the \textsf{origdate} from a recording date for an entire album into an original release date for that album, notice of which will be printed towards the end of a note or bibliography entry. \item[\mycolor{date, eventdate, origdate}:] As though to compensate for the simplification I've just mentioned, the \textsf{Manual} now states that \enquote{citations without a date are generally unacceptable} (14.276). Finding a date may take some research, but they will basically fall into two types, i.e., the date(s) of the recording or the copyright / publishing date(s). Recording dates go either in \textsf{origdate} (for complete albums) or \textsf{eventdate} (for individual tracks). The copyright or publishing dates go either in the \textsf{date} field (which applies to the current medium you are citing) or in the \textsf{origdate} field (which refers to the original release date). You may have noticed that the \textsf{origdate} has two slightly different uses --- you can tell \textsf{biblatex-chicago} which sort you intend by using the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, which transforms the \textsf{origdate} from a recording date into an original release date. The style will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{recorded} to the \textsf{eventdate} or, in the absence of this \textsf{pubstate} mechanism, to the \textsf{origdate}, or even to both, but you can modify what is printed there using the new \mycolor{\textsf{userd}} field, which acts as a sort of date type modifier. In \textsf{music} entries, \textsf{userd} will be prepended to an \textsf{eventdate} if there is one, barring that to the \textsf{origdate}, and to a possible \textsf{urldate} absent those two, the latter behavior being the standard across most other entry types. (See floyd:atom, nytrumpet:art.) \item[type:] As in all the audiovisual entry types, the \textsf{type} field holds the medium of the recording, e.g., vinyl, 33 rpm, 8-track tape, cassette, compact disc, mp3, ogg vorbis. \end{description}} The entries in \textsf{notes-test.bib} should at least give you a good idea of how this all works, and that file also contains an example of an audio book presented in a \textsf{music} entry. If you browse the examples in the \emph{Manual} you will see some variations in the formatting choices there, from which I have made selections for \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. It wasn't always clear to me that these variations were rules as opposed to possibilities, so I've ignored some of them in the code. Arguments as to why I'm wrong will, of course, be entertained. (Cf. 14.276--77; \textsf{eventdate}, \textsf{origdate}, \textsf{userd}; auden:reading, beethoven:sonata29, bernstein:shostakovich, floyd:atom, holiday:fool, nytrumpet:art, rubinstein:chopin.) \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{online}} \emph{Manual}'s scattered instructions (14.4--13, 14.166--169, 14.184--185, 14.200, 14.223, 14.243--246) for citing online materials are slightly different from those suggested by standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, this is a case where complete backward compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles may be impossible, because as a general rule the \emph{Manual} considers relevant not only where a source is found, but also the nature of that source, e.g., if it's an online edition of a book (james:ambassadors), then it calls for a \textsf{book} entry. Even if you cite an intrinsically online source, if that source is structured more or less like a conventional printed periodical, then you'll probably want to use \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} instead of \textsf{online} (stenger:privacy, which cites \emph{CNN.com}). The 16th edition's suggestions for blogs lend themselves well to the \textsf{article} type, too, while comments become, logically, \textsf{reviews} (14.243--6; ellis:blog, ac:comment). Otherwise, for online documents not \enquote{formally published,} the \textsf{online} type is usually the best choice (evanston:library, powell:email). Online videos, in particular short pieces or those that present excerpts of some longer event or work, and also online interviews, usually require this type, too. (See harwood:biden, horowitz:youtube, pollan:plant, but cp.\ weed:flatiron, a complete film, which requires a \textsf{video} entry. Online audio pieces, particularly dated ones from an archive, work best as \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}: coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech.) Some online materials will, no doubt, make it difficult to choose an entry type, but so long as all locating information is present, then perhaps that is enough to fulfill the specification, or at least so I'd like to hope. \mylittlespace Constructing an \textsf{online} .bib file entry is much the same as in \textsf{biblatex}. The \textsf{title} field would contain the title of the page, the \textsf{organization} field could hold the title or owner of the whole site. If there is no specific title for a page, but only a generic one (powell:email), then such a title should go in \textsf{titleaddon}, not forgetting to begin that field with a lowercase letter so that capitalization will work out correctly. It is worth remarking here, too, that the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.7--8) prefers, if they're available, revision dates to access dates when documenting online material. See \textsf{urldate} and \textsf{userd}, below. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{patent}} \emph{Manual} is very brief on this subject (14.230), but very clear about which information it wants you to present, so such entries may not work well with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. The important date, as far as Chicago is concerned, is the filing date. If a patent has been filed but not yet granted, then you can place the filing date in either the \textsf{date} field or the \textsf{origdate} field, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{patentfiled} to it. If the patent has been granted, then you put the filing date in the \textsf{origdate} field, and you put the date it was issued in the \textsf{date} field, to which the bibstring \texttt{patentissued} will automatically be prepended. (In other words, you no longer need to use a hand-formatted \textsf{addendum} field, though you can place additional information in that field if desired, and it will be printed in close association with the dates.) The patent number goes in the \textsf{number} field, and you should use the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings in the \textsf{type} field. Though it isn't mentioned by the \emph{Manual}, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will print the \textsf{holder} after the \textsf{author}, if you provide one. Finally, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has removed the quotation marks from around \textsf{patent} titles, and also capitalized them sentence-style, both of which seem to be the generally-accepted conventions. The former requires no intervention from you, but the latter may mean revision of the \textsf{title} field to provide the lowercase letters manually. See petroff:impurity. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{periodical}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} entry type for presenting an entire issue of a periodical, rather than one article within it. It has the same function in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, and in the main uses the same fields, though in keeping with the system established in the \textsf{article} entry type (which see) you'll need to provide \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} if the periodical you are citing is a \enquote{newspaper} or \enquote{magazine} instead of a \enquote{journal.} Also, remember that the \textsf{note} field is the place for identifying strings like \enquote{special issue,} with its initial lowercase letter to activate the automatic capitalization routines. (See \emph{Manual} 14.187; good:wholeissue.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{reference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{collection} by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I intend it to be used in cases where you need to cite a reference work but not an alphabetized entry or entries in that work. This could be because it doesn't contain such entries, or perhaps because you intend the citation to appear in a bibliography rather than in notes. Indeed, the only differences between it and \textsf{inreference} are the lack of a \textsf{lista} field to present an alphabetized entry, and the fact that any \textsf{postnote} field will be printed verbatim, rather than formatted as an alphabetized entry. (See mla:style for an example of a reference work that uses numbered sections rather than alphabetized entries, and that appears in the bibliography as well.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{report}} entry type is a \textsf{biblatex} generalization of the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ type \textsf{techreport}. Instructions for such entries are rather thin on the ground in the \emph{Manual} (14.249), so I have followed the generic advice about formatting it like a book, and hope that the results conform to the specification. Its main peculiarities are the \textsf{institution} field in place of a \textsf{publisher}, the \textsf{type} field for identifying the kind of report in question, and the \textsf{isrn} field containing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a technical report. As in standard \textsf{biblatex}, if you use a \textsf{techreport} entry, then the \textsf{type} field automatically defaults to \cmd{bibstring\{techreport\}}. As with \textsf{booklet} and \textsf{manual}, you can also use a \textsf{book} entry, putting the report type in \textsf{note} and the \textsf{institution} in \textsf{publisher}. (See herwign:office.) %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{review}} \textsf{review} entry type was added to \textsf{biblatex 0.7}, and it certainly eases the task of coping with the \emph{Manual}'s complicated requirements for citing periodicals of all sorts, though it doesn't, I admit, eliminate all difficulties. As its name suggests, this entry type was designed for reviews published in periodicals, and if you've already read the \textsf{article} instructions above --- if you haven't, I recommend doing so now --- you'll know that \textsf{review} serves as well for citing other sorts of material with generic titles, like letters to the editor, obituaries, interviews, online comments and the like. The primary rule is that any piece that has only a generic title, like \enquote{review of \ldots,} \enquote{interview with \ldots,} or \enquote{obituary of \ldots,} calls for the \textsf{review} type. Any piece that also has a specific title, e.g., \enquote{\enquote{Lost in \textsc{Bib}\TeX,} an interview with \ldots,} requires an \textsf{article} entry. (This assumes the text is found in a periodical of some sort. Were it found in a book, then the \textsf{incollection} type would serve your needs, and you could use \textsf{title} and \textsf{titleaddon} there. While we're on the topic of exceptions, the \emph{Manual} includes an example --- 14.221 --- where the \enquote{Interview} part of the title is considered a subtitle rather than a titleaddon, said part therefore being included inside the quotation marks and capitalized accordingly. Not having the journal in front of me I'm not sure what prompted that decision, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago} would obviously have no difficulty coping with such a situation.) \mylittlespace Once you've decided to use \textsf{review}, then you need to determine which sort of periodical you are citing, the rules for which are the same as for an \textsf{article} entry. If it is a \enquote{magazine} or a \enquote{newspaper}, then you need an \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}. The generic title goes in \textsf{title} and the other fields work just as as they do in an \textsf{article} entry with the same \textsf{entrysubtype}, including the substitution of the \textsf{journaltitle} for the \textsf{author} if the latter is missing. (See 14.202--203, 14.205, 14.208, 14.214--217, 14.221; barcott:review, bundy:macneil, Clemens:letter, gourmet:052006, kozinn:review, nyt:obittrevor, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke, wallraff:word.) If, on the other hand, the piece comes from a \enquote{journal,} then you don't need an \textsf{entrysubtype}. The generic title goes in \textsf{title}, and the remaining fields work just as they do in a plain \textsf{article} entry. (See 14.215; ratliff:review.) \mylittlespace Most of the onerous details are the same as I described them in the \textbf{article} section above, but I'll repeat some of them briefly here. If anything in the \textsf{title} needs formatting, you need to provide those instructions yourself, as the default is completely plain. \textsf{Author}-less reviews are treated just like similar newspaper articles --- in short notes and in the bibliography the \textsf{journaltitle} replaces the author and heads the entry, while in long notes the \textsf{title} comes first. The sorting of such entries is an issue, solved if you use \textsf{Biber} as your backend, and otherwise requiring manual intervention with a \textsf{sortkey} or the like (14.217; gourmet:052006, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke, and see \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, below.). As in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}, words like \enquote{interview,} \enquote{review,} and \enquote{letter} only need capitalization after a full stop, i.e., ordinarily in a bibliography and not a note, so \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} automatically deals with this problem itself if you start the \textsf{title} field with a lowercase letter. The file \textsf{notes-test.bib} and the documentation of \cmd{autocap} will provide guidance here. \mylittlespace One detail of the \textsf{review} type is new, and responds to the needs of the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}. As I mentioned above, blogs are best treated as \textsf{articles} with \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, whereas comments on those blogs --- or on any similar sort of online content --- need the \textsf{review} type with the same \textsf{entrysubtype}. What they will frequently also need is a date of some sort closely associated with the comment (14.246; ac:comment), so I have now included the \mycolor{\textsf{eventdate}} in \textsf{review} entries for just this purpose. It will be printed just after the \textsf{author} and before the \textsf{title}. If you need a timestamp in addition, then the \textsf{nameaddon} field is the place for it, but you'll have to provide your own parentheses, in order to preserve the possibility of providing pseudonyms in square brackets that is the standard function of this field in all other entry types, and possibly in the the \textsf{review} type as well. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{suppbook}} is the entry type to use if the main focus of a reference is supplemental material in a book or in a collection, e.g., an introduction, afterword, or forward, either by the same or a different author. In previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} these three just-mentioned types of material, and only these three types, could be referenced using the \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{foreword} fields, a system that required you simply to define one of them in any way and leave the others undefined. The macros don't use the text provided by such an entry, they merely check to see if one of them is defined, in order to decide which sort of pre- or post-matter is at stake, and to print the appropriate string before the \textsf{title} in long notes, short notes, list of shorthands, and bibliography. I have retained this mechanism both for backward compatibility and because it works without modification across multiple languages, but have also added functionality which allows you to cite any sort of supplemental material whatever, using the \textsf{type} field. Under this system, simply put the nature of the material, including the relevant preposition, in that field, beginning with a lowercase letter so \textsf{biblatex} can decide whether it needs capitalization depending on the context. Examples might be \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{colophon of}.} (Please note, however, that unless you use a \cmd{bibstring} command in the \textsf{type} field, the resultant entry will not be portable across languages.) \mylittlespace There are a few other rules for constructing your .bib entry. The \textsf{author} field refers to the author of the introduction or afterword, while \textsf{bookauthor} refers to the author of the main text of the work, if the two differ. For the 16th edition, the \emph{Manual} requires the inclusion of the page range of the part in question, though \emph{only} in the bibliography. I have followed this advice literally, so the \textsf{pages} field of a \textsf{suppbook} entry won't automatically appear in a long note. If you wish to include those pages in a note, then you'll need to repeat them in the \textsf{postnote} field of the citation command. \mylittlespace Finally, if the focus of the reference is the main text of the book, but you want to mention the name of the writer of an introduction or afterword for bibliographical completeness, then the normal \textsf{biblatex} rules apply, and you can just put their name in the appropriate field of a \textsf{book} entry, that is, in the \textsf{foreword}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{introduction} field. (See \emph{Manual} 14.116; polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppcollection}} fulfills a function analogous to \textsf{suppbook}. Indeed, I believe the \textbf{suppbook} type can serve to present supplemental material in both types of work, so this entry type is an alias to \textsf{suppbook}, which see. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppperiodical}} type, new in \textsf{biblatex} 0.8, is intended to allow reference to generically-titled works in periodicals, such as regular columns or letters to the editor. Previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} provided the \textsf{review} type for this purpose, and now you can use either of these, as I've added \textsf{suppperiodical} as an alias of \textsf{review}. Please see above under \textbf{review} for the full instructions on how to construct a .bib entry for such a reference. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{unpublished}} \textsf{unpublished} entry type works largely as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}, though it's worth remembering that you should use a lowercase letter at the start of your \textsf{note} field (or perhaps an\ \cmd{autocap} command in the somewhat contradictory \textsf{howpublished}, if you have one) for material that wouldn't ordinarily be capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence (nass:address). \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{video}} is the last of the three audiovisual entry types, and as its name suggests it is intended for citing visual media, be it films of any sort or TV shows, broadcast, on the Net, on VHS, DVD, or Blu-ray. As with the \textsf{music} type discussed above, certain choices had to be made when associating the production roles found, e.g., on a DVD, to those bookish ones provided by \textsf{biblatex}. Here are the main correspondences: {\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\qquad\textsf{#1}} \begin{description} \item[author:] This will not infrequently be left undefined, as the director of a film should be identified as such and therefore placed in the \textsf{editor} field with the appropriate \textsf{editortype} (see below). You will need it, however, to identify the composer of, e.g., an oratorio on VHS (handel:messiah), or perhaps the provider of commentaries or other extras on a film DVD (cleese:holygrail). \item[editor, editora, editorb =] director or producer, or possibly the performer or conductor in recorded musical performances. These will ordinarily follow the \textsf{title} of the work, though the usual \texttt{useauthor} and \texttt{useeditor} options can alter the presentation within an entry. Because these are non-standard roles, you will need to identify them using the following: \item[editortype, editoratype, editorbtype:] The most common roles, all associated with specific bibstrings (or their absence), will likely be \texttt{director}, \texttt{produ\-cer}, and, oddly, \texttt{none}. The last is particularly useful if you want to identify performers, as they usually don't need further specifying and this role prevents \textsf{biblatex} from falling back on the default \texttt{editor} bibstring. \item[title, titleaddon, booktitle, \mycolor{booktitleaddon}, maintitle:] As with the other audiovisual types, \textsf{video} serves as an analogue both to books and to collections, so the \textsf{title} may be of a whole film DVD or of a TV series, or it may identify one episode in a series or one scene in a film. In the latter cases, the title of the whole would go in \textsf{booktitle}. The \mycolor{\textsf{booktitleaddon}} field, in a change from the 15th edition, may be useful for specifying the season and/or episode number of a TV series, while the \textsf{titleaddon} is for for any information that needs to come between the \textsf{title} and the \textsf{booktitle} (cleese:holygrail, friends:leia, handel:messiah). As in the \textsf{music} type, \textsf{maintitle} may be necessary for a boxed set or something similar. \item[\mycolor{date, eventdate, origdate}:] As with \textsf{music} entries, in order to follow the specifications of the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}, I have had to provide three separate date fields for citing \textsf{video} sources, but their uses differ somewhat between the two types. In both, the \textsf{date} will generally provide the publishing or copyright date of the medium you are referencing. The \textsf{eventdate} will most commonly present either the broadcast date of a particular TV program, or the recording/performance date of, for example, an opera on DVD. The style will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{broadcast} to such a date, though you can use the new field \mycolor{\textsf{userd}} to change the string printed there. (Absent an \textsf{eventdate}, the \textsf{userd} field in \textsf{video} entries will revert to modifying the \textsf{urldate}, the standard behavior in all but these and \textsf{music} entries.) The \textsf{origdate} has more or less the same function, and appears in the same places, as it does in standard book-like entries, providing the date of first release of a film, though there isn't any \texttt{reprint} string associated with it in this entry type. Cf.\ friends:leia, handel:messiah, hitchcock:nbynw. \item[type:] As in all the audiovisual entry types, the \textsf{type} field holds the medium of the \textsf{title}, e.g., 8 mm, VHS, DVD, Blu-ray, MPEG. \end{description}} As with the \textsf{music} type, entries in \textsf{notes-test.bib} should at least give you a good idea of how all this works. (Cf.\ 14.279--80; loc:city, weed:flatiron.) \subsection{Entry Fields} \label{sec:entryfields} The following discussion presents, in alphabetical order, a complete list of the entry fields you will need to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. As in section \ref{sec:entrytypes}, I shall include references to the numbered paragraphs of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, and also to the entries in \textsf{notes-test.bib}. Many fields are most easily understood with reference to other, related fields. In such cases, cross references should allow you to find the information you need. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{addendum}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to add miscellaneous information to the end of an entry, after publication data but before any \textsf{url} or \textsf{doi} field. In the \textsf{patent} entry type (which see), it will be printed in close association with the filing and issue dates. In any entry type, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and the style will take care of the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{note}. (See \emph{Manual} 14.119, 14.166--168; davenport:attention, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace In most \mymarginpar{\textbf{afterword}} circumstances, this field will function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}, i.e., you should include here the author(s) of an afterword to a given work. The \emph{Manual} suggests that, as a general rule, the afterword would need to be of significant importance in its own right to require mentioning in the reference apparatus, but this is clearly a matter for the user's judgment. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if the name given here exactly matches that of an editor and/or a translator, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will concatenate these fields in the formatted references. %\vspace{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace As noted above, however, this field has a special meaning in the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, used to make an afterword, foreword, or introduction the main focus of a citation. If it's an afterword at issue, simply define \textsf{afterword} any way you please, leave \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will do the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction}. (See \emph{Manual} 14.91, 14.116; polakow:afterw.) \mybigspace At \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotation}} \label{sec:annote} the request of Emil Salim, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} has, as of version 0.9, added a package option (see \texttt{annotation} below, section \ref{sec:useropts}) to allow you to produce annotated bibliographies. The formatting of such a bibliography is currently fairly basic, though it conforms with the \emph{Manual's} minimal guidelines (14.59). The default in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx} is to define \cmd{DeclareFieldFormat\{an\-notation\}} using \cmd{par}\cmd{nobreak} \cmd{vskip} \cmd{bibitemsep}, though you can alter it by re-declaring the format in your preamble. The page-breaking algorithms don't always give perfect results here, but the default formatting looks, to my eyes, fairly decent. In addition to tweaking the field formatting you can also insert \cmd{par} (or even \cmd{vadjust\{\cmd{eject}\}}) commands into the text of your annotations to improve the appearance. Please consider the \texttt{annotation} option a work in progress, but it is usable now. (N.B.: The \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{annote} serves as an alias for this.) \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{commentator}. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace For \mymarginpar{\textbf{author}} the most part, I have implemented this field in a completely standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ fashion. Remember that corporate or organizational authors need to have an extra set of curly braces around them (e.g., \texttt{\{\{Associated Press\}\}}\,) to prevent \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ from treating one part of the name as a surname (14.92, 14.212; assocpress:gun, chicago:manual). If there is no \textsf{author}, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will look, in sequence, for an \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, or \textsf{compiler} (actually \textsf{namec}, currently) and use that name (or those names) instead, followed by the appropriate identifying string (esp.\ 14.87, also 14.76, 14.126, 14.132, 14.189; boxer:china, brown:bremer, harley:cartography, schellinger:novel, sechzer:women, silver:ga\-wain, soltes:georgia). Please note that when a \textsf{namec} appears at the head of an entry, and you're not using \textsf{Biber}, you'll need to assist \textsf{biblatex}'s sorting algorithms by providing a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure correct alphabetization in the bibliography. (See \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, below.) A \textsf{shortauthor} entry is no longer necessary to provide a \textsf{namec} at the head of the short note form --- \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now takes care of this automatically. \mylittlespace In the rare cases when this substitution mechanism isn't appropriate, you have two options: either you can (chaucer:liferecords) put all the information into a \textsf{note} field rather than individual fields, or you can use the \textsf{biblatex} options \texttt{useauthor=false}, \texttt{useeditor=false}, \texttt{usetranslator=false}, and \texttt{usecompiler=\\false} in the \textsf{options} field (chaucer:alt). If you look at the chaucer:alt entry in \textsf{notes-test.bib}, you'll notice a peculiarity of this system of toggles. In order to ensure that the \textsf{title} of the book appears at the head of the entry, you need to use \emph{all four} of the toggles, even though the entry contains no \textsf{translator}. Internally, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} is either searching for an author-substitute, or it is skipping over elements of the ordered, unidirectional chain \textsf{author -> editor -> translator -> compiler -> title}. If you don't include \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field, then the package begins its search at \textsf{translator} and continues on to \textsf{namec}, even though you have \texttt{usecompiler=false} in \textsf{options}. The result will be that the compilers' names will appear at the head of the entry. If you want to skip over parts of the chain, you must turn off \emph{all} of the parts up to the one you wish printed. (Another peculiarity of the system, if you're using \textsf{Biber}, is that setting the Chicago-specific \texttt{usecompiler} option to \texttt{false} doesn't remove \textsf{namec} from the sorting list, whereas the other standard \textsf{biblatex} toggles \emph{do} remove their names from the sorting list, so in the chaucer:alt case you need the \textsf{sortkey} field. See \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, below.) \mylittlespace This system of toggles, then, can turn off \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}'s mechanism for finding a name to place at the head of an entry, but it also very usefully adds the possibility of citing a work with an \textsf{author} by its editor, compiler or translator instead (14.90; eliot:pound), something that wasn't possible before. For full details of how this works, see the \textsf{editortype} documentation below. (Of course, in \textsf{collection} and \textsf{proceedings} entry types, an \textsf{author} isn't expected, so there the \textsf{editor} is required, as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Also, in \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, the absence of an \textsf{author} triggers the use of the \textsf{journaltitle} in its stead. See those entry types for further details.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The \emph{Manual} provides specific instructions for formatting the names of both anonymous and pseudonymous authors (14.79--84). In the former case, if no author is known or guessed at, then it may simply be omitted (virginia:plantation). The use of \enquote{Anonymous} as the name is \enquote{generally to be avoided,} but may in some cases be useful \enquote{in a bibliography in which several anonymous works need to be grouped.} If, on the other hand, \enquote{the authorship is known or guessed at but was omitted on the title page,} then you need to use the \textsf{authortype} field to let \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} know this fact. If the author is known (horsley:prosodies), then put \texttt{anon} in the \textsf{authortype} field, if guessed at (cook:sotweed) put \texttt{anon?}\ there. (In both cases, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} tests for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if it doesn't work.) This will have the effect of enclosing the name in square brackets, with or without the question mark indicating doubt. As long as you have the right string in the \textsf{authortype} field, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will also do the right thing automatically in the short note form. \mylittlespace In \textsf{nameaddon} most entry types (except \textsf{customc} and \textsf{review}, which see), this field furnishes the means to cope with the case of pseudonymous authorship. If the author's real name isn't known, simply put \texttt{pseud.} (or \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}}) in that field (centinel:letters). If you wish to give a pseudonymous author's real name, simply include it there, formatted as you wish it to appear, as the contents of this field won't be manipulated as a name by \textsf{biblatex} (lecarre:quest). If you have given the author's real name in the \textsf{author} field, then the pseudonym goes in \textsf{nameaddon}, in the form \texttt{Firstname Lastname, pseud.}\ (creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death). This latter method will allow you to keep all references to one author's work under different pseudonyms grouped together in the bibliography, as recommended by the \emph{Manual}, though it is now recommended that, whichever system you employ, you include a cross-reference from one name to the other in the bibliography. You can do this using a \textsf{customc} entry (ashe:creasey, morton:creasey, york:creasey). \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{authortype}} \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, this field serves a function very much in keeping with the spirit of standard \textsf{biblatex}, if not with its letter. Instead of allowing you to change the string used to identify an author, the field allows you to indicate when an author is anonymous, that is, when his or her name doesn't appear on the title page of the work you are citing. As I've just detailed under \textsf{author}, the \emph{Manual} generally discourages the use of \enquote{Anonymous} as an author, preferring that you simply omit it. If, however, the name of the author is known or guessed at, then you're supposed to enclose that name within square brackets, which is exactly what \textsf{biblatex-chicago} does for you when you put either \texttt{anon} (author known) or \texttt{anon?} (author guessed at) in the \textsf{authortype} field. (Putting the square brackets in yourself doesn't work right, hence this mechanism.) The macros test for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if you don't see the brackets. Assuming the strings are correct, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will also automatically do the right thing in the short note form. Cf.\ \textsf{author}. (See 14.80--81; cook:sotweed, horsley:prosodies.) \mybigspace For \mymarginpar{\textbf{bookauthor}} the most part, as in \textsf{biblatex}, a \textsf{bookauthor} is the author of a \textsf{booktitle}, so that, for example, if one chapter in a book has different authorship from the book as a whole, you can include that fact in a reference (will:cohere). Keep in mind, however, that the entry type for introductions, forewords and afterwords (\textsf{suppbook}) uses \textsf{bookauthor} as the author of \textsf{title} (polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\vspace{-12pt}\textbf{bookpagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate string to information you provide in a \textsf{pages} field. If you leave it blank, the default is to print no identifying string (the equivalent of setting it to \texttt{none}), as this is the practice the \emph{Manual} recommends for nearly all page numbers. Even if the numbers you cite aren't pages, but it is otherwise clear from the context what they represent, you can still leave this blank. If, however, you specifically need to identify what sort of unit the \textsf{pages} field represents, then you can either hand-format that field yourself, or use one of the provided bibstrings in the \textsf{bookpagination} field. These bibstrings currently are \texttt{column,} \texttt{line,} \texttt{paragraph,} \texttt{page,} \texttt{section,} and \texttt{verse}, all of which are used by \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles. \mylittlespace There are two points that may need explaining here. First, all the bibstrings I have just listed follow the Chicago specification, which may be confusing if they don't produce the strings you expect. Second, remember that \textsf{bookpagination} applies only to the \textsf{pages} field --- if you need to format a citation's \textsf{postnote} field, then you must use \textsf{pagination}, which see (10.43--44, 14.154--163). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{booksubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{booktitle}. See the next entry for further information. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{booktitle}} the \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, and \textsf{letter} entry types, the \textsf{booktitle} field holds the title of the larger volume in which the \textsf{title} itself is contained as one part. It is important not to confuse this with the \textsf{maintitle}, which holds the more general title of multiple volumes, e.g., \emph{Collected Works}. It is perfectly possible for one .bib file entry to contain all three sorts of title (euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr). You may also find a \textsf{booktitle} in other sorts of entries (e.g., \textsf{book} or \textsf{collection}), but there it will almost invariably be providing information for the \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing apparatus (prairie:state), which I discuss below (\textbf{crossref}). \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{booktitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{booktitle}. It will be printed in the main text font, without quotation marks. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{chapter}} field holds the chapter number, mainly useful only in an \textsf{inbook} or an \textsf{incollection} entry where you wish to cite a specific chapter of a book (ashbrook:brain). \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{commentator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator}. \mybigspace \textsf{Biblatex} \mymarginpar{\textbf{crossref}} uses the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing mechanism, and has also introduced a modified one of its own (\textsf{xref}). The \textsf{crossref} field works exactly the same as it always has, while \textsf{xref} attempts to remedy some of the deficiencies of the usual mechanism by ensuring that child entries will inherit no data at all from their parents. Having said all that, a few further instructions may be in order for users of both \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. First, remember that fields in a \textsf{collection} entry, for example, differ from those in an \textsf{incollection} entry. In order for the latter to inherit the \textsf{booktitle} field from the former, the former needs to have such a field defined, even though a \textsf{collection} entry has no use itself for such an entry (see ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state). Note also that an entry with a \textsf{crossref} field will mechanically try to inherit all applicable fields from the entry it cross-references. In the case of ellet:galena et al., you can see that this includes the \textsf{subtitle} field found in prairie:state, which would then, quite incorrectly, be added to the \textsf{title} of ellet:galena. In cases like these, you could just make sure that prairie:state didn't contain such a field, by placing the entire title + subtitle in the \textsf{title} field, separated by a colon. You'd certainly need to provide a \textsf{shorttitle} field for short footnotes, if you chose this solution. Alternatively, as you can see in ellet:galena, you can just define an empty \textsf{subtitle} field to prevent it inheriting the unwanted subtitle from prairie:state. \mylittlespace Turning now more narrowly to \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, the \emph{Manual} (14.113) specifies that if you cite several contributions to the same collection, all (including the collection itself) may be listed separately in the bibliography, which the package does automatically, using the default inclusion threshold of 2 in the case both of \textsf{crossref}'ed and \textsf{xref}'ed entries. (The familiar \cmd{nocite} command may also help in some circumstances.) In footnotes the specification suggests that, after a citation of any one contribution to the collection, all subsequent contributions may, even in the first, long footnote, be cited using a slightly shortened form, thus \enquote{avoiding clutter.} In the bibliography the abbreviated form is appropriate for all the child entries. The current version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} implements these instructions, but only if you use a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field, and only in \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, or \textsf{letter} entries (on the last named, see just below). If you look at ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state you'll see this mechanism in action in both notes and bibliography. If you wish to disable this, then simply don't use a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in your entries. \mylittlespace There is a subtlety involved in this mechanism that I should address here. Andrew Goldstone has pointed out to me some inaccuracies in the package's treatment of these abbreviated citations, both in notes and bibliography. Most of the changes I've made won't affect users in any way, only the actual printed output, but if you refer separately to chapters in a single-author \textsf{book}, then the shortened part of the reference, to the whole book, won't repeat the author's name before the title of the whole. If, however, you refer separately to parts of a \textsf{collection} or \textsf{proceedings}, even when the \textsf{editor} of the \textsf{collection} is the same as the \textsf{author} of an essay in the collection, you will see the name repeated before the abbreviated part referencing the whole parent volume. Because the code tests for entry type, if you don't use \textsf{collection} or \textsf{proceedings} for the whole volume, you'll not get the repeated name, so there may be corner cases where careful choice of the parent entry type gets you what you want. % \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace A published collection of letters requires somewhat different treatment (14.117). If you cite more than one letter from the same collection, then the \emph{Manual} specifies that only the collection itself should appear in the bibliography. In footnotes, you can use the \textsf{letter} entry type, documented above, for each individual letter, while the collection as a whole may well require a \textsf{book} entry. I have, after some consideration, implemented the system of shortened references in \textsf{letter} entries, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't explicitly require it. As with \textsf{incollection} and \textsf{inproceedings}, mere use of a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field will activate this mechanism, while avoidance of said fields will disable it. (See white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total, for examples of the \textsf{xref} field in action in this way, and please note that the second of these entries is entirely fictitious, provided merely for the sake of example.) How then to keep the individual letters from appearing in the bibliography? The simplest mechanism is one provided by \textsf{biblatex}, which involves the \textsf{keywords} field. Choose a keyword for any entry you wish excluded from the bibliography --- I've chosen \texttt{original}, for reasons that will become clearer later --- then in the optional argument to the \cmd{printbibliography} command in your document include, e.g., \texttt{notkeyword=original}. (Cf.\ \textbf{keywords} and \textbf{userf}.) \mylittlespace If you look closely at the .bib entries for white:ross:memo and white:russ, you'll see that, despite using \textsf{xref} instead of \textsf{crossref}, the notes referring to them inherit data from the parent (white:total). The citation mechanism is making a separate call to the parent's .bib entry, formatting the information there to fill out the bare data provided by the child, but this only happens in \textsf{letter}, \textsf{incollection}, and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. It is perfectly possible that other sorts of entries may make use of \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} fields --- \textsf{inbook} and \textsf{bookinbook} come to mind --- but such entries will not result in the activation of shortened references in notes and bibliography, nor, when using \textsf{xref}, in the inheritance I have just pointed out. This is how I interpret the specification, though I'm open to persuasion on this score. \mylittlespace I should also take this opportunity to mention that you need to be careful when using the \textsf{shorthand} field in conjunction with the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} fields, bearing in mind the complicated questions of inheritance posed by all such cross-references, most especially in \textsf{letter}, \textsf{incollection}, and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. A \textsf{shorthand} field in a parent entry is, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, a bad idea. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{date}} field may be used to specify an item's complete date of publication, in \textsc{iso}8601 format, i.e., \texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}. It may also be used to specify a date range, according to Lehman's instructions in §~2.3.8 of \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. Please be aware, however, that \textsf{Biber} is somewhat more exacting when parsing the \textsf{date} field than \textsc{Bib}\TeX, so a field looking like \texttt{1968/75} will simply be ignored --- you need \texttt{1968/1975} instead. If you want to present a more compressed year range, or more generally if only part of a date is required, then the \textsf{month} and \textsf{year} fields may be more convenient. The latter may be particularly useful in some entries because it can hold more than just numerical data, in contrast to \textsf{date} itself. Cf.\ the \textsf{misc} entry type in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes} above for how to use this field to distinguish between two classes of archival material. See also \textsf{origdate} and \textsf{urldate}. \mylittlespace (Users of the Chicago author-date style who wish to minimize the labor needed to convert a .bib database for the notes \&\ bibliography style should be aware that, in this release, the latter style includes compatibility code for the \texttt{cmsdate} (silently ignored) and \texttt{switchdates} options, along with the mechanism for reversing \textsf{date} and \textsf{origdate}. This means that you can, in theory, leave all of this alone in your .bib file when making the conversion, though I'm retaining the right to revoke this if the code in question demonstrably interferes with the functioning of the notes \&\ bibliography style.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{day}} field, as of \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, is obsolete, and will be ignored if you use it in your .bib files. Use \textsf{date} instead. \mybigspace Standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{doi}} \textsf{biblatex} field, providing the Digital Object Identifier of the work. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} specifies that, given their relative permanence compared to URLs, \enquote{authors should include DOIs rather than URLs for sources that make them readily available} (14.6). (14.184; friedman:learn\-ing). Cf.\ \textsf{url}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{edition}} \textsf{biblatex} field. If you enter a plain cardinal number, \textsf{biblatex} will convert it to an ordinal (chicago:manual), followed by the appropriate string. Any other sort of edition information will be printed as is, though if your data begins with a word (or abbreviation) that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word (or abbreviation) is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing (babb:peru, times:guide). In most situations, the \emph{Manual} generally recommends the use of abbreviations in both bibliography and notes, but there is room for the user's discretion in specific citations (emerson:nature). \mylittlespace In a previous release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, I introduced the \textsf{userd} field to hold this non-numeric information, as \textsf{biblatex} only accepted an integer in the \textsf{edition} field, but this changed in version 0.8. The \textsf{userd} field now has an entirely different function --- please see its documentation below. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{editor}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{editor} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{editor} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional editor for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{namea} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (donne:var). \mylittlespace As you will see below, I have also provided a \textsf{nameb} field, which holds the translator of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate editors for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{partedit} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field or in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields (chaucer:liferecords). (Because the strings identifying an editor differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field, hence the need for a macro, which I discuss further in the commands section below [\ref{sec:formatcommands}].) Cf.\ \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, and \textsf{translator}. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{editora\\editorb\\editorc}} newer releases of \textsf{biblatex} provide these fields as a means to specify additional contributors to texts in a number of editorial roles. In the Chicago styles they seem most relevant for the audiovisual types, especially \textsf{music} and \textsf{video}, where they help to identify conductors, directors, producers, and performers. To specify the role, use the fields \textsf{editoratype}, \textsf{editorbtype}, and \textsf{editorctype}, which see. (Cf.\ bernstein:shostakovich, handel:messiah.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace Normally, \mymarginpar{\textbf{editortype}} with the exception of the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} types, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically find a name to put at the head of an entry, starting with an \textsf{author}, and proceeding in order through \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (the compiler). If all four are missing, then the \textsf{title} will be placed at the head. (In \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries with a \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, a missing author immediately prompts the use of \textsf{journaltitle} at the head of an entry. See above under \textsf{article} for details.) The \textsf{editortype} field, added in \textsf{biblatex 0.7}, provides even greater flexibility, giving you the ability to put a compiler at the head of an entry without using \textsf{namec}, freeing you from the need to use a \textsf{sortkey} and a \textsf{shortauthor}. You can do this even though an author is named (eliot:pound shows this mechanism in action for a standard editor, rather than a compiler). Two things are necessary for this to happen. First, in the \textsf{options} field you need to set \texttt{useauthor=false}, then you need to put the name you wish to see at the head of your entry into the \textsf{editor} or the \textsf{namea} field. If the \enquote{editor} is in fact a compiler, then you need to put \texttt{compiler} into the \textsf{editortype} field, and \textsf{biblatex} will print the correct string after the name in both the bibliography and in the long note form. \mylittlespace There are a few details of which you need to be aware. Because \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has added the \textsf{namea} field, which gives you the ability to identify the editor specifically of a \textsf{title} as opposed to a \textsf{maintitle} or a \textsf{booktitle}, the \textsf{editortype} mechanism checks first to see whether a \textsf{namea} is defined. If it is, that name will be used at the head of the entry, if it isn't it will go ahead and look for an \textsf{editor}. When the \textsf{editor} field is used, \textsf{biblatex}'s sorting algorithms will work properly, and also its \textsf{labelname} mechanism, meaning that a shortened form of the \textsf{editor} will be used in the short note form. If, however, the \textsf{namea} field provides the name, then your .bib entry will need to have a \textsf{sortkey} field to aid in alphabetizing, and it will also need a \textsf{shorteditor} defined to help with the short note form, not a \textsf{shortauthor}, ruled out because \texttt{useauthor=false}. \mylittlespace In \textsf{biblatex} 0.9 Lehman reworked the string concatenation mechanism, for reasons he outlined in his RELEASE file, and I have followed his lead. In short, if you define the \textsf{editortype} field, then concatenation is turned off, even if the name of the \textsf{editor} matches, for example, that of the \textsf{translator}. In the absence of an \textsf{editortype}, the usual mechanisms remain in place, that is, if the \textsf{editor} exactly matches a \textsf{translator} and/or a \textsf{namec}, or alternatively if \textsf{namea} exactly matches a \textsf{nameb} and/or a \textsf{namec}, then \textsf{biblatex} will print the appropriate strings. The \emph{Manual} specifically (14.87) recommends not using these identifying strings in the short note form, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} follows their recommendation. If you nevertheless need to provide such a string, you'll have to do it manually in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, or perhaps, in a different sort of entry, in a \textsf{shortauthor} field. \mylittlespace It may also be worth noting that because of certain requirements in the specification -- absence of an \textsf{author}, for example -- the \texttt{useauthor} mechanism won't work properly in the following entry types: \textsf{collection}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{review}, \textsf{suppbook}, \textsf{suppcollection}, and \textsf{suppperiodical}. \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{editoratype\\editorbtype\\editorctype}} fields identify the exact role of the person named in the corresponding \textsf{editor[a-c]} field. Note that they are not part of the string concatenation mechanism. I have implemented them just as the standard styles do, and they have now found a use particularly in \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries. Cf.\ bernstein:shostakovich, handel:messiah. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{eid}} \textsf{biblatex} field, providing a string or number some journals use uniquely to identify a particular article. Only applicable to the \textsf{article} entry type. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{entrysubtype}} and very powerful \textsf{biblatex} field, left undefined by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} it has four very specific uses, the first three of which I have designed in order to maintain, as much as possible, backward compatibility with the standard styles. First, in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries, the field allows you to differentiate between scholarly \enquote{journals,} on the one hand, and \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers} on the other. Usage is fairly simple: you need to put the exact string \texttt{magazine} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field if you are citing one of the latter two types of source, whereas if your source is a \enquote{journal,} then you need do nothing. \mylittlespace The second use involves references to works from classical antiquity and, according to the \emph{Manual}, from the Middle Ages, as well. When you cite such a work using the traditional divisions into books, sections, lines, etc., divisions which are presumed to be the same across all editions, then you need to put the exact string \texttt{classical} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field. This has no effect in long notes or in the bibliography, but it does affect the formatting of short notes, where it suppresses some of the punctuation. Ordinarily, you will use this toggle in a \textsf{book} or a \textsf{bookinbook} entry, but it is possible that a journal might well also present an edition of such a work. Given the tradition of using italics for the titles of such works, this may require using a \textsf{titleaddon} field (with hand formatting) instead of a \textsf{title}. If you wish to reference a classical or medieval work by the page numbers of a particular, non-standard edition, then you shouldn't use the \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle. Also, and the specification is reasonably clear about this, works from the Renaissance and later, even if cited by the traditional divisions, have short notes formatted normally, and therefore don't need an \textsf{entrysubtype} field. (See \emph{Manual} 14.256--268; aristotle:metaphy:gr, plato:republic:gr; euripides:orestes is an example of a translation cited by page number in a modern edition.) \mylittlespace The third use occurs in \textsf{misc} entries. If such an entry contains no \textsf{entrysubtype} field, then the citation will be treated just as the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles would, including the use of italics for the \textsf{title}. Any string at all in \textsf{entrysubtype} tells \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} to treat the source as part of an unpublished archive. A \textsf{misc} entry with \textsf{entrysubtype} defined is the least formatted of all those specified by the \emph{Manual} --- see section~\ref{sec:entrytypes} above under \textbf{misc} for all the details on how these citations work. \mylittlespace Fourth, and finally, the field can be defined in the new \textsf{artwork} entry type in order to refer to a work from antiquity whose title you do not wish to be italicized. Please see the documentation of \textsf{artwork} above for the details. \mybigspace Kazuo \colmarginpar{\textbf{eprint}\\\textbf{eprintclass}\\\textbf{eprinttype}} Teramoto suggested adding \textsf{biblatex's} excellent \textsf{eprint} handling to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, and he sent me a patch implementing it. With minor alterations, I have applied it to this release, so these three fields now work more or less as they do in standard \textsf{biblatex}. They may prove helpful in providing more abbreviated references to online content than conventional URLs, though I can find no specific reference to them in the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{eventdate}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field. In the 15th edition it was barely used, but in order to comply with changes in the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} it can now play a significant role in \textsf{music}, \textsf{review}, and \textsf{video} entries. In \textsf{music} entries, it identifies the recording or performance date of a particular song (rather than of a whole disc, for which you would use \textsf{origdate}), whereas in \textsf{video} entries it identifies either the original broadcast date of a particular episode of a TV series or the date of a filmed musical performance. In both these cases \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically prepend a bibstring --- \texttt{recorded} and \texttt{aired}, respectively --- to the date, but you can change this string using the new \textsf{userd} field, something you'll definitely want to do for filmed musical performances (friends:leia, handel:messiah, holiday:fool). \mylittlespace The field's use in \textsf{review} entries is somewhat different. There, it helps to identify a particular comment within an online thread. There isn't a particular string associated with it, but you can further specify a comment by placing a time\-stamp in parentheses in the \textsf{nameaddon} field, in case the date alone isn't enough (ac:comment). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{foreword}} with the \textsf{afterword} field above, \textsf{foreword} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like \textsf{afterword} (and \textsf{introduction}), however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined) to make a foreword the focus of a citation. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{holder}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field for identifying a \textsf{patent}'s holder(s), if they differ from the \textsf{author}. The \emph{Manual} has nothing to say on the subject, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} prints it (them), in parentheses, just after the author(s). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{howpublished}} \textsf{biblatex} field, mainly applicable in the \textsf{booklet} entry type, where it replaces the \textsf{publisher}. I have also retained it in the \textsf{misc} and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, for historical reasons. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{institution}} \textsf{biblatex} field. In the \textsf{thesis} entry type, it will usually identify the university for which the thesis was written, while in a \textsf{report} entry it may identify any sort of institution issuing the report. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{introduction}} with the \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} fields above, \textsf{introduction} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like those fields, however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} undefined) to make an introduction the focus of a citation. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isbn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Book Number of a publication. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isrn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a report. Only relevant to the \textsf{report} entry type, and not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Serial Number of a periodical in an \textsf{article} or a \textsf{periodical} entry. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issue}} \textsf{biblatex} field, designed for \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entries identified by something like \enquote{Spring} or \enquote{Summer} rather than by the usual \textsf{month} or \textsf{number} fields (brown:bremer). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuesubtitle}} subtitle for an \textsf{issuetitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuetitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, intended to contain the title of a special issue of any sort of periodical. If the reference is to one article within the special issue, then this field should be used in an \textsf{article} entry (conley:fifthgrade), whereas if you are citing the entire issue as a whole, then it would go in a \textsf{periodical} entry, instead (good:wholeissue). The \textsf{note} field is the proper place to identify the type of issue, e.g.,\ \texttt{special issue}, with the initial letter lower-cased to enable automatic contextual capitalization. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{journalsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{journaltitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{journaltitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, replacing the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{journal}, which, however, still works as an alias. It contains the name of any sort of periodical publication, and is found in the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entry types. In the case where a piece in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}) doesn't have an author, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} provides for this field to be used as the author. See above (section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}) under \textbf{article} for details. The lakeforester:pushcarts and nyt:trevorobit entries in \textsf{notes-test.bib} will give you some idea of how this works. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{keywords}} field is \textsf{biblatex}'s extremely powerful and flexible technique for filtering bibliography entries, allowing you to subdivide a bibliography according to just about any criteria you care to invent. See \textsf{biblatex.pdf} (3.10.4) for thorough documentation. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the field can provide a convenient means to exclude certain entries from making their way into a bibliography. We have already seen (\textbf{letter}, above) how the \emph{Manual} (14.117) requires, in the case of published collections of letters, that when more than one letter from the same collected is cited, the bibliography should contain only a reference to the collection as a whole (white:ross:memo, white:russ, white:total). Similarly, when citing both an original text and its translation (see \textbf{userf}, below), the \emph{Manual} (14.109) suggests including the original at the end of the translation's bibliography entry, a procedure which requires that the original not also be printed as a separate bibliography entry (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr, aristotle:metaphy:trans, aristotle:metaphy:gr). Finally, citations of well-known reference works (like the \emph{Encyclopaedia Britannica}, for example), need only be presented in notes, and not in the bibliography (14.247--248; ency:britannica, wikiped:bibtex; see \textsf{inreference}, above). In all these cases, I have suggested the inclusion of \texttt{original} in the \textsf{keywords} field, along with a \texttt{notkeyword=original} in the optional argument to the \cmd{printbibliography} command, though of course you can choose any key you wish. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{language}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify the language(s) in which a work is written. As a general rule, the Chicago style doesn't require you to provide this information, though it may well be useful for clarifying the nature of certain works, such as bilingual editions, for example. There is at least one situation, however, when the \emph{Manual} does specify this data, and that is when the title of a work is given in translation, even though no translation of the work has been published, something that might happen when a title is in a language deemed to be unparseable by a majority of your expected readership (14.108, 14.110, 14.194; pirumova, rozner:liberation). In such a case, you should provide the language(s) involved using this field, connecting multiple languages using the keyword \texttt{and}. (I have retained \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{bibstring} mechanism here, which means that you can use the standard bibstrings or, if one doesn't exist for the language you need, just give the name of the language, capitalized as it should appear in your text. You can also mix these two modes inside one entry without apparent harm.) \mylittlespace An alternative arrangement suggested by the \emph{Manual} is to retain the original title of a piece but then to provide its translation, as well. If you choose this option, you'll need to make use of the \textbf{usere} field, on which see below. In effect, you'll probably only ever need to use one of these two fields in any given entry, and in fact \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will only print one of them if both are present, preferring \textsf{usere} over \textsf{language} for this purpose (see kern and weresz). Note also that both of these fields are universally associated with the \textsf{title} of a work, rather than with a \textsf{booktitle} or a \textsf{maintitle}. If you need to attach a language or a translation to either of the latter two, you could probably manage it with special formatting inside those fields themselves. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{lista}} intend this field specifically for presenting citations from reference works that are arranged alphabetically, where the name of the item rather than a page or volume number should be given. The field is a \textsf{biblatex} list, which means you should separate multiple items with the keyword \texttt{and}. Each item receives its own set of quotation marks, and the whole list will be prefixed by the appropriate string (\enquote{s.v.,} \emph{sub verbo}, pl.\ \enquote{s.vv.}). \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-notes} will only print such a field in a \textsf{book} or an \textsf{inreference} entry, and you should look at the documentation of these entry types for further details. (See \emph{Manual} 14.247--248; ency:britannica, grove:sibelius, times:guide, wikiped:bibtex.) \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{location}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s version of the usual \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{address}, though the latter is accepted as an alias if that simplifies the modification of older .bib files. According to the \emph{Manual} (14.135), a citation usually need only provide the first city listed on any title page, though a list of cities separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} will be formatted appropriately. If the place of publication is unknown, you can use \cmd{autocap\{n\}.p.}\ instead (14.138). For all cities, you should use the common English version of the name, if such exists (14.137). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Three more details need explanation here. In \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries, there is usually no need for a \textsf{location} field, but \enquote{if a journal might be confused with another with a similar title, or if it might not be known to the users of a bibliography,} then this field can present the place or institution where it is published (14.191, 14.203; lakeforester:pushcarts, kimluu:diethyl, and garrett). For blogs cited using \textsf{article} entries, this is a good place to identify the nature of the source --- i.e., the word \enquote{blog} --- letting the style automatically provide the parentheses (14.246; ellis:blog). Less predictably, it is here that \emph{Manual} indicates that a particular book is a reprint edition (14.119), so in such a case you can use the \textsf{biblatex-chicago} macro \cmd{reprint}, followed by a comma, space, and the location (aristotle:metaphy:gr, schweitzer:bach). (You can also now, somewhat more simply, just put the string \texttt{reprint} into the \textsf{pubstate} field to achieve the same result. See the \textsf{pubstate} documentation below.) The \textsf{origdate} field may be used to give the original date of publication, and of course more complicated situations should usually be amenable to inclusion in the \textsf{note} field (emerson:nature). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{mainsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{maintitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{maintitle}} main title for a multi-volume work, e.g., \enquote{Opera} or \enquote{Collected Works.} (See donne:var, euripides:orestes, harley:cartography, lach:asia, pelikan:chris\-tian, and plato:republic:gr.) %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{maintitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{maintitle}, for which see previous entry. Such an annex would be printed in the main text font. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{month}} \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the month of publication. This should be an integer, i.e., \texttt{month=\{3\}} not \texttt{month=\{March\}}. See \textsf{date} for more information. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{namea}} is one of the fields \textsf{biblatex} provides for style writers to use, but which it leaves undefined itself. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago} it contains the name(s) of the editor(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{editor} would be associated with one of these latter fields (donne:var). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{nameb} if they are identical. See under \textbf{editor} above for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{translator}, and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransand\-comp}, for which see section~\ref{sec:formatcommands}. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{nameaddon}} field is provided by \textsf{biblatex}, though not used by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it allows you, in most entry types, to specify that an author's name is a pseudo\-nym, or to provide either the real name or the pseudonym itself, if the other is being provided in the \textsf{author} field. The abbreviation \enquote{\texttt{pseud}.}\ (always lowercase in English) is specified, either on its own or after the pseudo\-nym (centinel:letters, creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death, and le\-carre:quest); \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}} does the work for you. See under \textbf{author} above for the full details. \mylittlespace In \textsf{review} entries, I have removed the automatic provision of square brackets from the field, allowing it to be used in at least two ways. First, if you provide your own square brackets, then it can have its standard function, as above. Second, and new to the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}, you can further specify comments to blogs and other online content using a timestamp (in parentheses) that supplements the \textsf{eventdate}, particularly when the latter is too coarse a specification to identify a comment unambiguously. Cf.\ ac:comment. \mylittlespace In the \textsf{customc} entry type, finally, which is used to create alphabetized cross-references to other bibliography entries, the \textsf{nameaddon} field allows you to change the default string linking the two parts of the cross-reference. The code automatically tests for a known bibstring, which it will italicize. Otherwise, it prints the string as is. \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{nameb}} \textsf{namea}, above, this is a field left undefined by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it contains the name(s) of the translator(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{translator} would be associated with one of these latter fields (euripides:orestes). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{translator} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{namea} if they are identical. See under the \textbf{translator} field below for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{namea}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{origlanguage}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{userf} and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp} in section~\ref{sec:formatcommands}. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{namec}} \emph{Manual} (14.87) specifies that works without an author may be listed under an editor, translator, or compiler, assuming that one is available, and it also specifies the strings to be used with the name(s) of compiler(s). All this suggests that the \emph{Manual} considers this to be standard information that should be made available in a bibliographic reference, so I have added that possibility to the many that \textsf{biblatex} already provides, such as the \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{commentator}, \textsf{annotator}, and \textsf{redactor}, along with writers of an \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{foreword}, or \textsf{afterword}. Since \textsf{biblatex} doesn't offer a \textsf{compiler} field, I have adopted for this purpose the otherwise unused field \textsf{namec}. It is important to understand that, despite the analogous name, this field does not function like \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, but rather like \textsf{editor} or \textsf{translator}, and therefore if used will be associated with whichever title field these latter two would be were they present in the same entry. Identical fields among these three will be concatenated by the package, and concatenated too with the (usually) unnecessary commentator, annotator and the rest. Also please note that I've arranged the concatenation algorithms to include \textsf{namec} in the same test as \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb}, so in this particular circumstance you can, if needed, make \textsf{namec} analogous to these two latter, \textsf{title}-only fields. (See above under \textbf{editortype} for details of how you may, in certain circumstances, use that field to identify a compiler. This method will be particularly useful if you don't need to concatenate the \textsf{namec} with any other role, because if you use the \textsf{editor} field \textsf{biblatex} will automatically attend to alphabetization and name-replacement in the bibliography, and will also provide a name for short notes.) \mylittlespace It might conceivably be necessary at some point to identify the compiler(s) of a \textsf{title} separate from the compiler(s) of a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, but for the moment I've run out of available \textsf{name} fields, so you'll have to fall back on the \cmd{partcomp} macro or the related \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp}, on which see Commands (section~\ref{sec:formatcommands}) below. (Future releases may be able to remedy this.) It may be as well to mention here too that of the three names that can be substituted for the missing \textsf{author} at the head of an entry, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will choose an \textsf{editor} if present, then a \textsf{translator} if present, falling back to \textsf{namec} only in the absence of the other two, and assuming that the fields aren't identical, and therefore to be concatenated. In a change from the previous behavior, these algorithms also now test for \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, which will be used instead of \textsf{editor} and \textsf{translator}, respectively, giving the package the greatest likelihood of finding a name to place at the head of an entry. Please remember, however, that if this name is supplied by any of the non-standard fields \textsf{name[a-c]}, and you're not using \textsf{Biber}, then you will need to provide a \textsf{sortkey} to assist with alphabetization in the bibliography (cf.\ \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, below.) A \textsf{shortauthor} is no longer necessary for the short note form, as the style will provide it automatically. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{note}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to provide bibliographic data that doesn't easily fit into any other field. In this sense, it's very like \textsf{addendum}, but the information provided here will be printed just before the publication data. (See chaucer:alt, chaucer:liferecords, cook:sotweed, emerson:nature, and rodman:walk for examples of this usage in action.) It also has a specialized use in all the periodical types (\textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review}), where it holds supplemental information about a \textsf{journaltitle}, such as \enquote{special issue} (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). In all uses, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. Cf.\ \textsf{addendum}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{number}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the number of a \textsf{journaltitle} in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entry, the number of a \textsf{title} in a \textsf{periodical} entry, or the volume/number of a book in a \textsf{series}. Generally, in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, this will be a plain cardinal number, but in such entries \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now does the right thing if you have a list or range of numbers (unsigned:ranke). In any \textsf{book}-like entry the field may well contain considerably more information, including even a reference to \enquote{2nd ser.,} for example, while the \textsf{series} field in such an entry will contain the name of the series, rather than a number. This field is also the place for the patent number in a \textsf{patent} entry. Cf.\ \textsf{issue} and \textsf{series}. (See \emph{Manual} 14.128--132 and boxer:china, palmatary:pottery, wauchope:ceramics; 14.180--181 and beattie:crime, conley:fifthgrade, friedman:learn\-ing, garrett, gibbard, hlatky:hrt, mcmillen:antebellum, rozner:liberation, warr:el\-lison.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: This may be an opportune place to point out that the \emph{Manual} (14.154) prefers arabic to roman numerals in most circumstances (chapters, volumes, series numbers, etc.), even when such numbers might be roman in the work cited. The obvious exception is page numbers, in which roman numerals indicate that the citation came from the front matter, and should therefore be retained. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{options}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, for setting certain options on a per-entry basis rather than globally. Information about some of the more common options may be found above under \textsf{author} and below in section~\ref{sec:options}. See chaucer:alt, eliot:pound, herwign:office, lecarre:quest, and mla:style for examples of the field in use. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{organization}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, retained mainly for use in the \textsf{misc}, \textsf{online}, and \textsf{manual} entry types, where it may be of use to specify a publishing body that might not easily fit in other categories. In \textsf{biblatex}, it is also used to identify the organization sponsoring a conference in a \textsf{proceedings} or \textsf{inproceedings} entry, and I have retained this as a possibility, though the \emph{Manual} is silent on the matter. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{origdate}} \textsf{biblatex} field allows you to provide more than one full date specification for those references which need it. As with the analogous \textsf{date} field, you provide the date (or range of dates) in \textsc{iso}8601 format, i.e., \texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}. In most entry types, you would use \textsf{origdate} to provide the date of first publication of a work, most usually needed only in the case of reprint editions, but also recommended by the \emph{Manual} for electronic editions of older works (14.119, 14.166, 14.169; aristotle:metaphy:gr, emerson:nature, james:ambassadors, schweitzer:bach). In the \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc} (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) entry types, the \textsf{origdate} identifies when a letter (or similar) was written. In such \textsf{misc} entries, some \enquote{non-letter-like} materials (like interviews) need the \textsf{date} field for this purpose, while in \textsf{letter} entries the \textsf{date} applies to the publication of the whole collection. If such a published collection were itself a reprint, improvisation in the \textsf{location} field might be able to rescue the situation. (See jackson:paulina:letter, white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total for how \textsf{letter} entries usually work; creel:house shows the field in action in a \textsf{misc} entry, while spock:interview uses \textsf{date}.) \mylittlespace In \textsf{music} entries, you can use the \textsf{origdate} in two separate but related ways. First, it can identify the recording date of an entire disc, rather than of one track on that disc, which would go in \textsf{eventdate}. (Compare holiday:fool with nytrumpet:art.) The style will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{recorded} to the date, but you can change it with the new \textsf{userd} field. Be aware, however, that if an entry also has an \textsf{eventdate}, then \textsf{userd} will apply to that, instead, and you'll be forced to accept the default string. Second, the \textsf{origdate} can provide the original release date of an album. For this to happen, you need to put the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, which is a standard mechanism across many other entry types for identifying a reprinted work. (See floyd:atom.) \mylittlespace Because the \textsf{origdate} field only accepts numbers, some improvisation may be needed if you wish to include \enquote{n.d.}\ (\cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) in an entry. In \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc}, this information can be placed in \textsf{titleaddon}, but in other entry types you may need to use the \textsf{location} field. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{origlanguage}} keeping with the \emph{Manual}'s specifications, I have fairly thoroughly redefined \textsf{biblatex}'s facilities for treating translations. The \textsf{origtitle} field isn't used, while the \textsf{language} and \textsf{origdate} fields have been press-ganged for other duties. The \textsf{origlanguage} field, for its part, retains a dual role in presenting translations in a bibliography. The details of the \emph{Manual}'s suggested treatment when both a translation and an original are cited may be found below under \textbf{userf}. Here, however, I simply note that the introductory string used to connect the translation's citation with the original's is \enquote{Originally published as,} which I suggest may well be inaccurate in a great many cases, as for instance when citing a work from classical antiquity, which will most certainly not \enquote{originally} have been published in the Loeb Classical Library. Although not, strictly speaking, authorized by the \emph{Manual}, I have provided another way to introduce the original text, using the \textsf{origlanguage} field, which must be provided \emph{in the entry for the translation, not the original text} (aristotle:metaphy:trans). If you put one of the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings there (enumerated below), then the entry will work properly across multiple languages. Otherwise, just put the name of the language there, localized as necessary, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will eschew \enquote{Originally published as} in favor of, e.g., \enquote{Greek edition:} or \enquote{French edition:}. This has no effect in notes, where only the work cited --- original or translation --- will be printed, but it may help to make the \emph{Manual}'s suggestions for the bibliography more palatable. \mylittlespace That was the first usage, in keeping at least with the spirit of the \emph{Manual}. I have also, perhaps less in keeping with that specification, retained some of \textsf{biblatex}'s functionality for this field. If an entry doesn't have a \textsf{userf} field, and therefore won't be combining a text and its translation in the bibliography, you can also use \textsf{origlanguage} as Lehman intended it, so that instead of saying, e.g., \enquote{translated by X,} the entry will read \enquote{translated from the German by X.} The \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this, but it may conceivably help avoid certain ambiguities in some citations. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if you wish to use this functionality, you have to provide \emph{not} the name of the language, but rather a bibliography string, which may, at the time of writing, be one of \texttt{american}, \texttt{brazilian}, \texttt{danish}, \texttt{dutch}, \texttt{english}, \texttt{french}, \texttt{german}, \texttt{greek}, \texttt{italian}, \texttt{latin}, \texttt{norwegian}, \texttt{portuguese}, \texttt{spanish}, or \texttt{swedish}, to which I've added \texttt{russian}. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{origlocation}} 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has somewhat clarified issues pertaining to the documentation of reprint editions and their corresponding originals (14.166). Starting with this release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, you can provide both an \textsf{origlocation} and an \textsf{origpublisher} to go along with the \textsf{origdate}, should you so wish, and all of this information will be printed in long notes and bibliography. You can now also use this field in a \textsf{letter} or \textsf{misc} (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) entry to give the place where a published or unpublished letter was written (14.117). (Jonathan Robinson has suggested that the \textsf{origlocation} may in some circumstances actually be necessary for disambiguation, his example being early printed editions of the same material printed in the same year but in different cities. The new functionality should make this simple to achieve. Cf.\ \textsf{origdate}, \textsf{origpublisher} and \textsf{pubstate}; schweitzer:bach.) \mybigspace As \colmarginpar{\textbf{origpublisher}} with the \textsf{origlocation} field just above, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has clarified issues pertaining to reprint editions and their corresponding originals (14.166). You can now provide an \textsf{origpublisher} and/or an \textsf{origlocation} in addition to the \textsf{origdate}, and all will be presented in long notes and bibliography. (Cf.\ \textsf{origdate}, \textsf{origlocation}, and \textsf{pubstate}; schweitzer:bach.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{pages}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} field for providing page references. In many \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries you'll find this contains something other than a page number, e.g. a section name or edition specification (14.203, 14.209; kozinn:review, nyt:obittrevor, nyt:trevorobit). Of course, the same may be true of almost any sort of entry, though perhaps with less frequency. Curious readers may wish to look at brown:bremer (14.189) for an example of a \textsf{pages} field used to facilitate reference to a two-part journal article. Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals; \textsf{bookpagination} and \textsf{pagination} provide details about \textsf{biblatex's} mechanisms for specifying what sort of division a given \textsf{pages} field contains; and \textsf{usera} discusses a different way to present the section information pertaining to a newspaper article. \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\textbf{pagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate identifying string to information you provide in the \textsf{postnote} field of a citation command, whereas \textsf{bookpagination} allows you to prefix a string to the \textsf{pages} field. Please see \textbf{bookpagination} above for all the details on this functionality, as aside from the difference just mentioned the two fields are equivalent. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{part}} \textsf{biblatex} field, which identifies physical parts of a single logical volume in \textsf{book}-like entries, not in periodicals. It has the same purpose in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, but because the \emph{Manual} (14.126) calls such a thing a \enquote{book} and not a \enquote{part,} the string printed in notes and bibliography will, at least in English, be \enquote{\texttt{bk.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ instead of the plain dot between volume number and part number (harley:cartography, lach:asia). This field should only be used in association with a \textsf{volume} number, so if you need to identify \enquote{parts} or \enquote{books} that are part of a published \textsf{series}, for example, then you'll need to use a different field, (which in this case would be \textsf{number} [palmatary:pottery]). Cf.\ \textsf{volume}. \mybigspace Standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{publisher}} \textsf{biblatex} field. Remember that \enquote{\texttt{and}} is a keyword for connecting multiple publishers, so if a publisher's name contains \enquote{and,} then you should either use the ampersand (\&) or enclose the whole name in additional braces. (See \emph{Manual} 14.139--148; aristotle:metaphy:gr, cohen:schiff, creasey:ashe:blast, dunn:revolutions.) \mylittlespace There are, as one might expect, a couple of further subtleties involved here. Two publishers will be separated by a forward slash in both notes and bibliography, and you no longer, in the 16th edition, need to provide hand formatting if a company issues \enquote{certain books through a special publishing division or under a special imprint,} as these, too, should be separated by a forward slash. If a book has two co-publishers, \enquote{usually in different countries,} (14.147) then the simplest thing to do is to choose one, probably the nearest one geographically. If you feel it necessary to include both, then levistrauss:savage demonstrates one way of doing so, using a combination of the \textsf{publisher} and \textsf{location} fields. Finally, if the publisher is unknown, then the \emph{Manual} recommends (14.143) simply using the place (if known) and the date. If for some reason you need to indicate the absence of a publisher, the abbreviation given by the \emph{Manual} is \texttt{n.p.}, though this can also stand for \enquote{no place.} Some style guides apparently suggest using \texttt{s.n.}\,(= \emph{sine nomine}) to specify the lack of a publisher, but the \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this. \mybigspace Due \colmarginpar{\textbf{pubstate}} to specific requirements in the author-date style, I have implemented this field there as a way of providing accurate citations of reprinted books. As the functionality seemed useful, I have also included some of it in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. In previous releases you could identify a reprint by placing \cmd{bibstring\{reprint\}} in the \textsf{location} field, followed by a comma, and the style would print the appropriate string in notes and bibliography. Now, if it is more convenient, easier to remember, or if you want to reuse your .bib database for the author-date style, you can simply put the string \texttt{reprint} into the \textsf{pubstate} field, and the package will take care of everything for you. Both of these methods will now work just fine, but please choose only one per entry, otherwise the string will be printed twice. \mylittlespace There are a couple of exceptions to this basic functionality. In \textsf{video} entries, no bibstring will be printed, as it's not appropriate there, so in effect the \textsf{pubstate} field will be ignored. In \textsf{music} entries, the mechanism transforms the \textsf{origdate} from a recording date for an album into the original release date for that album. Whereas a recording date will be printed in the middle of the note or bibliography entry, the original release date will be printed near the end, preceded by the appropriate string. (Cf.\ 14.276; floyd:atom.) Please remember that, currently, if you put anything besides \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field it will silently be ignored, but this may change in future releases. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{redactor}} have implemented this field just as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator} and \textsf{commentator}. \mybigspace \textbf{NB:} \mymarginpar{\textbf{reprinttitle}} \textbf{Please note that this feature is in an alpha state, and that I'm contemplating using a different field in the future for this functionality. I include it here in the hope that it might receive some testing in the meantime.} At the request of Will Small, I have included a means of providing the original publication details of an essay or a chapter that you are citing from a subsequent reprint, e.g., a \emph{Collected Essays} volume. In such a case, at least according to the \emph{Manual} (14.115), such details needn't be provided in notes, only in the bibliography, and then only if these details are \enquote{of particular interest.} The data would follow an introductory phrase like \enquote{originally published as,} making the problem strictly parallel to that of including details of a work in the original language alongside the details of its translation. I have addressed the latter problem with the \textsf{userf} field, which provides a sort of cross-referencing method for this purpose, and \textsf{reprinttitle} works in \emph{exactly} the same way. In the .bib entry for the reprint you include a cross-reference to the cite key of the original location using the \textsf{reprinttitle} field (which it may help mnemonically to think of as a \enquote{reprinted title} field). The main difference between the two forms is that \textsf{userf} prints all but the \textsf{author} of the original work, whereas \textsf{reprinttitle} suppresses both the \textsf{author} and the \textsf{title} of the original, giving only the more general details, beginning with, e.g., the \textsf{journaltitle} or \textsf{booktitle} and continuing from there. The string prefacing this information will be \enquote{Originally published in.} Please see the documentation on \textsf{userf} below for all the details on how to create .bib entries for presenting your data. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{series}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, usually just a number in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, almost always the name of a publication series in \textsf{book}-like entries. If you need to attach further information to the \textsf{series} name in a \textsf{book}-like entry, then the \textsf{number} field is the place for it, whether it be a volume, a number, or even something like \enquote{2nd ser.} or \enquote{\cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}.} Of course, you can also use \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}} or \cmd{bibstring\{newseries\}} in an \textsf{article} entry, but there you would place it in the \textsf{series} field itself. (In fact, the \textsf{series} field in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries is one of the places where \textsf{biblatex} allows you just to use the plain bibstring \texttt{oldseries}, for example, rather than making you type \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}. The \textsf{type} field in \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries also has this auto-detection mechanism in place; see the discussion of \cmd{bibstring} below for details.) In whatever entry type, these bibstrings produce the required abbreviation, which thankfully is the same in both notes and bibliography. (For books and similar entries, see \emph{Manual} 14.128--132; boxer:china, browning:aurora, palmatary:pottery, plato:republic:gr, wauchope:ceramics; for periodicals, see 14.195; garaud:gatine, sewall:letter.) Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{shortauthor}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} makes considerably grea\-ter use of it than the standard styles. For the purposes of the Chicago style, the field provides the name to be used in the short form of a footnote. In the vast majority of cases, you don't need to specify it, because the \textsf{biblatex} system selects the author's last name from the \textsf{author} field and uses it in such a reference, and if there is no \textsf{author} it will search \textsf{namea}, \textsf{editor}, \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec}, in that order. (In the case of the non-standard names \textsf{name[a-c]}, you will need to provide a \textsf{sortkey} if you aren't using \textsf{Biber}. Cf.\ \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} and \cmd{DeclareLabelname} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, below.) In an author-less \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entry (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}), where \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will use the \textsf{journaltitle} as the author, or in author-less \textsf{manual} entries, where the \textsf{organization} will be so used, the style automatically provides the same substitution in the short note form, though you'll still need to help the alphabetization routines by providing a \textsf{sortkey} field in such cases (dyna:browser, gourmet:052006, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit). \mylittlespace As mentioned under \textsf{editortype}, the \emph{Manual} (14.87) recommends against providing the identifying string (e.g., ed.\ or trans.)\ in the short note form, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} follows their recommendation. If you need to provide these strings in such a citation, then you'll have to do so by hand in the \textsf{shortauthor} field, or in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, whichever you are using. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorteditor}} \textsf{shortauthor}, a field to provide a name for a short footnote, in this case for, e.g., a \textsf{collection} entry that typically lacks an author. The \textsf{shortauthor} field works just as well in most situations, but if you have set \texttt{useauthor=false} (and not \texttt{useeditor=false}) in an entry's \textsf{options} field, then only \textsf{shorteditor} will be recognized. Cf.\ \textsf{editortype}, above. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{shorthand}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s mechanism for using abbreviations in place of the usual short note form, and in previous releases I left it effectively unmodified in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, apart from a few formatting tweaks. For this release, at the request of Kenneth Pearce and following some hints in the \emph{Manual}, I have made the system considerably more flexible, which I hope might be useful for those with specialized formatting needs. In the default configuration, any entry which contains a \textsf{shorthand} field will produce a normal first note, either long or short according to your package options, informing the reader that the work will hereafter be cited by this abbreviation. As in \textsf{biblatex}, the \cmd{printshorthands} command will produce a formatted list of abbreviations for reference purposes, a list which the \emph{Manual} suggests should be placed either in the front matter (when using footnotes) or before the endnotes, in case these are used. \mylittlespace For this release, I have provided three new options to alter these defaults. First, there is a new citation command, \mycolor{\cmd{shorthandcite}}, which will print the \textsf{shorthand} even at the first citation. I have only provided the most general form of this command, so you'll need to put it inside parentheses or in a \cmd{footnote} command yourself. Next, I have included two new \texttt{bibenvironments} for use with the \texttt{env} option to the \cmd{printshorthands} command: \mycolor{\texttt{losnotes}} is designed to allow a list of shorthands to appear inside footnotes, while \mycolor{\texttt{losendnotes}} does the same for endnotes. Their main effect is to change the font size, and in the latter case to clear up some spurious punctuation and white space that I see on my system when using endnotes. (You'll probably also want to use the option \texttt{heading=none} in order to get rid of the [oversized] default, providing your own within the \cmd{footnote} command.) Finally, I have provided a new package option, \mycolor{\texttt{shorthandfull}}, which prints entries in the list of shorthands which contain full bibliographical information, effectively allowing you to eschew the bibliography in favor of a fortified shorthand list. (See 13.65, 14.54--55, and also \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for more information.) \mylittlespace As I mentioned above under \textbf{crossref}, extra care is needed when using shorthands with cross-references, and I would avoid them in all parent entries, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. \mybigspace When \colmarginpar{\textbf{shorthandintro}} you include a \textsf{shorthand} in an entry, it will ordinarily appear the first time you cite the work, at the end of a long note, surrounded by parentheses and prefaced by the phrase \enquote{hereafter cited as.} With this standard \textsf{biblatex} field, you can change that formatting and that phrase to suit your needs. Please note, first, that you need to include the shorthand in this field as you intend it to appear and, second, that you still need the \textsf{shorthand} field present in order to ensure the appropriate presentation of that shorthand in later citations and in the list of shorthands. Finally, I've tried to allow for as many different styles of notification as possible, so by default the only punctuation that will appear between the rest of the citation and the \textsf{shorthandintro} is a space. If you are not enclosing the whole phrase in parentheses, you may need to provide additional punctuation in the field itself, e.g., \texttt{\{\textbackslash addperiod\textbackslash space Cited as\ldots\}}. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorttitle}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, primarily used to provide an abbreviated title for short notes. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, you need to take particular care with \textsf{letter} entries, where, as explained above, the \emph{Manual} requires a special format (\enquote{\texttt{to Recipient}}). (See 14.117; jackson:paulina:letter, white:ross:memo, white:russ.) Some \textsf{misc} entries (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}) also need special attention. (See creel:house, where the full \textsf{title} is used as the \textsf{shortauthor} + \textsf{shorttitle} by using \cmd{headlesscite} commands. Placing \cmd{isdot} into the \textsf{shortauthor} field no longer works in \textsf{biblatex} 1.6, so be sure to check your .bib files when you upgrade.) Remember, also, that the generic titles in \textsf{review} and \textsf{misc} entries may not want capitalization in all contexts, so, as with the \textsf{title} field, if you begin a \textsf{shorttitle} with a lowercase letter the style will do the right thing (barcott:review, bundy:macneil, Clemens:letter, kozinn:review, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace A \colmarginpar{\textbf{sortkey}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify how you want an entry alphabetized in a bibliography. In general, if an entry doesn't turn up where you expect or want it, this field should provide the solution. Entries with a corporate author can now omit the definite or indefinite article, which should help (14.85; cotton:manufacture, nytrumpet:art). If you use \textsf{Biber} as your backend, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} also now includes the three supplemental name fields (\textsf{name[a-c]}) in the sorting algorithm, so once again you should find that this field is needed less than before. Still, many entries without a name field of any sort, particularly those with a definite or indefinite article beginning the \textsf{title}, may require assistance (chaucer:alt, dyna:browser, gourmet:052006, greek:filmstrip, grove:sibelius, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, silver:ga\-wain, un\-signed:ran\-ke, vir\-gin\-ia:plan\-tation). Lehman also provides \textbf{sortname}, \textbf{sorttitle}, and \textbf{sortyear} for more fine-grained control. Please consult \textsf{biblatex.pdf} and the remarks on \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, below. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{subtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{title} --- see next entry. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{title}} the vast majority of cases, this field works just as it always has in \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and just as it does in \textsf{biblatex}. Nearly every entry will have one, the most likely exceptions being \textsf{incollection} or \textsf{online} entries with a merely generic title, instead of a specific one (centinel:letters, powell:email). The main source of difficulties flows from the \emph{Manual}'s rules for formatting \textsf{titles}, rules which also hold for \textsf{booktitles} and \textsf{maintitles}. The whole point of using a \textsc{Bib}\TeX-based system is for it to do the formatting for you, and in most cases \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} does just that, surrounding titles with quotation marks, italicizing them, or occasionally just leaving them alone. When, however, a title is quoted within a title, then you need to know some of the rules. A summary here should serve to clarify them, and help you to understand when \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} might need your help in order to comply with them. \mylittlespace The internal rules of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} are as follows: \begin{description} \item[\qquad Italics:] \textsf{booktitle}, \textsf{maintitle}, and \textsf{journaltitle} in all entry types; \textsf{title} of \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{book}, \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{booklet}, \textsf{collection}, \mycolor{\textsf{image}}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{manual}, \textsf{misc} (with no \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{report}, \textsf{suppbook}, and \textsf{suppcollection} entry types. \item[\qquad Quotation Marks:] \textsf{title} of \textsf{article}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, \textsf{online}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{thesis}, and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, \textsf{issuetitle} in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entry types. \item[\qquad Unformatted:] \textsf{booktitleaddon}, \textsf{maintitleaddon}, and \textsf{titleaddon} in all entry types, \textsf{title} of \textsf{customc}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{misc} (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}), \mycolor{\textsf{patent}}, \textsf{review}, and \textsf{suppperiodical} entry types. \item[\qquad Italics or Quotation Marks:] All of the audiovisual entry types --- \textsf{audio}, \textsf{music}, and \textsf{video} --- have to serve as analogues both to \textsf{book} and to \textsf{inbook}. Therefore, if there is both a \textsf{title} and a \textsf{booktitle}, then the \textsf{title} will be in quotation marks. If there is no \textsf{booktitle}, then the \textsf{title} will be italicized. \end{description} Now, the rules for which entry type to use for which sort of work tend to be fairly straightforward, but in cases of doubt you can consult section \ref{sec:entrytypes} above, the examples in \textsf{notes-test.bib}, or go to the \emph{Manual} itself, 8.154--195. Assuming, then, that you want to present a title within a title, and you know what sort of formatting each of the two would, on its own, require, then the following rules apply: \begin{enumerate} \item Inside an italicized title, all other titles are enclosed in quotation marks and italicized, so in such cases all you need to do is provide the quotation marks using \cmd{mkbibquote}, which will take care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s) (14.102; donne:var, mchugh:wake). \item Inside a quoted title, you should present another title as it would appear if it were on its own, so in such cases you'll need to do the formatting yourself. Within the double quotes of the title another quoted title would take single quotes --- the \cmd{mkbibquote} command does this for you automatically, and also, I repeat, takes care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s). (See 14.177; garrett, loften:hamlet, murphy:silent, white:callimachus.) \item Inside a plain title (most likely in a \textsf{review} entry or a \textsf{titleaddon} field), you should present another title as it would appear on its own, once again formatting it yourself using \cmd{mkbibemph} or \cmd{mkbibquote}. (barcott:review, gibbard, osborne:poison, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke). \end{enumerate} The \emph{Manual} provides a few more rules, as well. A word normally italicized in text should also be italicized in a quoted or plain-text title, but should be in roman (\enquote{reverse italics}) in an italicized title. A quotation used as a (whole) title (with or without a subtitle) retains its quotation marks in an italicized title \enquote{only if it appears that way in the source,} but always retains them when the surrounding title is quoted or plain (14.104, 14.177; lewis). A word or phrase in quotation marks, but that isn't a quotation, retains those marks in all title types (kimluu:diethyl). \mylittlespace Finally, please note that in all \textsf{review} (and \textsf{suppperiodical}) entries, and in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}, and only in those entries, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically capitalize the first word of the \textsf{title} after sentence-ending punctuation, assuming that such a \textsf{title} begins with a lowercase letter in your .bib database. See \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for more details. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{titleaddon}} \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want (cf.\ centinel:letters, powell:email). This field will always be unformatted, that is, neither italicized nor placed within quotation marks, so any formatting you may need within it you'll need to provide manually yourself. The single exception to this rule is when your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, in which case you need then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. See\ \textbf{\textbackslash autocap}, below. (Cf.\ brown:bremer, osborne:poison, reaves:rosen, and white:ross:memo for examples where the field starts with a lowercase letter; morgenson:market provides an example where the \textsf{titleaddon} field, holding the name of a regular column in a newspaper, is capitalized, a situation that is handled as you would expect.) %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{translator}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{translator} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{translator} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional translator for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{nameb} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). \mylittlespace I have also provided a \textsf{namea} field, which holds the editor of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate translators for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{parttrans} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field or in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields (ratliff:review). (Because the strings identifying a translator differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field, hence the need for a macro, which I discuss further in the commands section below [\ref{sec:formatcommands}].) \mylittlespace Finally, as I detailed above under \textbf{author}, in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}, the \textsf{translator} will be used at the head of an entry (silver:gawain), and the bibliography entry alphabetized by the translator's name, behavior that can be controlled with the \texttt{{usetranslator}} switch in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{type}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, and in its normal usage serves to identify the type of a \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, or \textsf{thesis} entry. \textsf{Biblatex} 0.7 introduced the ability, in some circumstances, to use a bibstring without inserting it in a \cmd{bibstring} command, and in these entry types the \textsf{type} field works this way, allowing you simply to input, e.g., \texttt{patentus} rather than \cmd{bibstring\{patentus\}}, though both will work. (See petroff:impurity; herwign:office, murphy:silent, and ross:thesis all demonstrate how the \textsf{type} field may sometimes be automatically set in such entries by using one of the standard entry-type aliases). \mylittlespace In the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, and in its alias \textsf{suppcollection}, you can use the \textsf{type} field to specify what sort of supplemental material you are citing, e.g., \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{postscript to}.} Cf.\ \textsf{suppbook} above for the details. (See \emph{Manual} 14.116; polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mylittlespace You can also use the \textsf{type} field in \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{audio}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{music}, and \textsf{video} entries to identify the medium of the work, e.g., \texttt{oil on canvas}, \texttt{albumen print}, \texttt{compact disc} or \texttt{MPEG}. If the first word in this field would normally only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then leave it in lowercase in your .bib file and \textsf{biblatex} will automatically do the right thing in citations. Cf.\ \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{audio}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{music}, and \textsf{video}, above, for all the details. (See auden:reading, bedford:photo, cleese:holygrail, leo:madonna, nytrumpet:art.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace A standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{url}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it holds the url of an online publication, though you can provide one for all entry types. The 16th edition of the \textsf{Manual} expresses a strong preference for DOIs over URLs if the former is available --- cf.\ \textsf{doi} above, and also \textsf{urldate} just below. The required \LaTeX\ package \textsf{url} will ensure that your documents format such references properly, in the text and in the reference apparatus. \mybigspace A standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{urldate}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it identifies exactly when you accessed a given url, and is given in \textsc{iso}8601 format. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} prefers DOIs to URLs; in the latter case it allows the use of access dates, particularly in contexts that require it, but prefers that you use revision dates, if these are available. To enable you to specify which date is at stake, I have provided the \mycolor{\textbf{userd}} field, documented below. If an entry doesn't have a \textsf{userd}, then the \textsf{urldate} will be treated, as before, as an access date (14.6--8, 14.184; evanston:library, grove:sibelius, hlatky:hrt, osborne:poison, sirosh:visualcortex, wikiped:bibtex). \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{usera}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field which functions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} almost as a \enquote{\textsf{journaltitleaddon}} field. In \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, the contents of this field will be placed, unformatted and between commas, after the \textsf{journaltitle} and before the date. The main use is for identifying the broadcast network when you cite a radio or television program (14.221; bundy:macneil). \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{userc}} have now implemented this supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field as part of Chicago's name cross-referencing system. (The \enquote{c} part is meant as a sort of mnemonic for this function, though it's perfectly possible to use the field in other contexts.) If you use the \textbf{customc} entry type to include alphabetized cross-references to other, separate entries in a bibliography, it is unlikely that you will cite the \textsf{customc} entry in the body of your text. Therefore, in order for it to appear in the bibliography, you have two choices. You can either include the entry key of the \textsf{customc} entry in a \cmd{nocite} command inside your document, or you can place that entry key in the \textsf{userc} field of another .bib entry that you will be citing. In the latter case, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will call \cmd{nocite} for you, and this method should ensure that there will be at least one entry in the bibliography to which the cross-reference will point. (See 14.84, 14.86; creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death, lecarre:quest.) \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{userd}} \textsf{userd} field, new in this release, acts as a sort of \enquote{\textsf{datetype}} field, allowing you in most entry types to identify whether a \textsf{urldate} is an access date or a revision date. The general usage is fairly simple. If this field is absent, then a \textsf{urldate} will be treated as an access date, as has long been the default in \textsf{biblatex} and in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. If you need to identify it in any other way, what you include in \textsf{userd} will be printed \emph{before} the \textsf{urldate}, so phrases like \enquote{\texttt{last modified}} or \enquote{\texttt{last revised}} are what the field will typically contain (14.7--8; wikiped:bibtex). \mylittlespace Because of the rather specialized needs of some audio-visual references, this basic schema changes for \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries. In \textsf{music} entries where an \textsf{eventdate} is present, \textsf{userd} will modify that date instead of any \textsf{urldate} that may also be present, and it will modify an \textsf{origdate} if it is present and there is no \textsf{eventdate}. In \textsf{video} entries it will modify an \textsf{eventdate} if it is present, and in its absence the \textsf{urldate}. Please see the documentation of the \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entry types, and especially of the \textsf{eventdate}, \textsf{origdate}, and \textsf{urldate} fields, above (14.276--279; nytrumpet:art). \mylittlespace In all cases, you can start the \textsf{userd} field with a lowercase letter, and \textsf{biblatex} will take care of automatic contextual capitalization for you. \mybigspace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{usere}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field, which \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses specifically to provide a translated \textsf{title} of a work, something that may be needed if you deem the original language unparseable by a significant portion of your likely readership. The \emph{Manual} offers two alternatives in such a situation: either you can translate the title and use that translation in your \textsf{title} field, providing the original language in \textsf{language}, or you can give the original title in \textsf{title} and the translation in \textsf{usere}. If you choose the latter, you may need to provide a \textsf{shorttitle} so that the short note form is also parseable. Cf.\ \textbf{language}, above. (See 14.108--110, 14.194; kern, weresz.) %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{userf}} is the last of the supplemental fields which \textsf{biblatex} provides, and is used by \textsf{biblatex-chicago} for a very specific purpose. When you cite both a translation and its original, the \emph{Manual} (14.109) recommends that, in the bibliography at least, you combine references to both texts in one entry, though the presentation in notes is pretty much up to you. In order to follow this specification, I have provided a third cross-referencing system (the others being \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref}), and have chosen the name \textsf{userf} because it might act as a mnemonic for its function. \mylittlespace In order to use this system, you should start by entering both the original and its translation into your .bib file, just as you normally would. The mechanism works for any entry type, and the two entries need not be of the same type. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the cite key of the original into the \textsf{userf} field. In the \emph{original's} entry, you need to include a toggle in the \textsf{keywords} field that will prevent that entry from being printed separately in the bibliography --- I have chosen the string \texttt{original}, and use \texttt{notkeyword=original} in the \cmd{printbibliography} command, though you can use anything you want. In this standard case, the data for the translation will be printed first, followed by the string \texttt{originally published as}, followed by the original, author omitted, in what amounts to the same format that the \emph{Manual} uses for long footnotes (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr). As explained above (\textbf{origlanguage}), I have also included a way to modify the string printed before the original. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the original's language in \textsf{origlanguage}, and instead of \texttt{originally published as}, you'll get \texttt{French edition:} or \texttt{Latin edition:}, etc.\ (aristotle:metaphy:gr, aristotle:metaphy:trans). \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{venue}} \textsf{biblatex} offers this field for use in \textsf{proceedings} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries, but I haven't yet implemented it, mainly because the \emph{Manual} has nothing to say about it. Perhaps the \textsf{organization} field could be used, for the moment, instead. Anything in a \textsf{venue} field will be ignored. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{version}} \textsf{biblatex} field, currently only available in \textsf{misc} and \textsf{patent} entries in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{volume}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the volume of a \textsf{journaltitle} in \textsf{article} (and some \textsf{review}) entries, and also the volume of a multi-volume work in many other sorts of entry. Cf.\ \textsf{part}. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{volumes}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the total number of volumes of a multi-volume work, and in the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} no longer triggers any odd changes to the punctuation of short notes (14.159; meredith:letters). \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{xref}} modified \textsf{crossref} field provided by \textsf{biblatex}. See \textbf{crossref}, above. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{year}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It usually identifies the year of publication, though unlike the \textsf{date} field it allows non-numeric input, so you can put \enquote{n.d.}\ (or, to be language agnostic, \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) here if required, or indeed any other sort of non-numerical date information. If you can guess the date then you can include that guess in square brackets instead of, or after, the \enquote{n.d.}\ abbreviation. Cf.\ bedford:photo, clark:mesopot, leo:madonna, ross:thesis. \subsection{Commands} \label{sec:commands} In this section I shall attempt to document all those commands you may need when using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} that I have either altered with respect to the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex} or that I have provided myself. Some of these, unfortunately, will make your .bib file incompatible with other \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I've been unable to avoid this. Any ideas for more elegant, and more compatible, solutions will be warmly welcomed. \subsubsection{Formatting Commands} \label{sec:formatcommands} These commands allow you to fine-tune the presentation of your references in both notes and bibliography. You can find many examples of their usage in \textsf{notes-test.bib}, and I shall try to point you toward a few such entries in what follows. \textbf{NB:} \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{mkbibquote} command is now mandatory in some situations. See its entry below. \mybigspace Version \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocap}} 0.8 of \textsf{biblatex} introduced the \cmd{autocap} command, which capitalizes a word inside a note or bibliography entry if that word follows sentence-ending punctuation, and leaves it lowercase otherwise. As this command is both more powerful and more elegant than the kludge I designed for a previous version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} (see\ \textbf{\textbackslash bibstring} below), you should be aware that the use of the single-letter \cmd{bibstring} commands in your .bib file is obsolete. \mylittlespace In order somewhat to reduce the burden on users even further, I have, following Lehman's example, implemented a new system which automatically tracks the capitalization of certain fields in your .bib file. I chose these fields after a non-scientific survey of entries in my own databases, so of course if you have ideas for the extension of this facility I would be most interested to hear them. In order to take advantage of this functionality, all you need do is begin the data in the appropriate field with a lowercase letter, e.g.,\ \texttt{note = \{with the assistance of X\}}. If the data begins with a capital letter --- and this is not infrequent --- that capital will always be retained. (cf., e.g., creel:house, morgenson:market.) If, on the other hand, you for some reason need such a field always to start with a lowercase letter, then you can try using the \cmd{isdot} macro at the start, which turns off the mechanism without printing anything itself. Here, then, is the complete list of fields where this functionality is active: \begin{enumerate} \item The \textbf{addendum} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{booktitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{edition} field in all entry types. (Numerals work as you expect them to here.) \item The \textbf{maintitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{note} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{shorttitle} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{title} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{titleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{type} field in \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{audio}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{music}, \textsf{suppbook}, \textsf{suppcollection}, and \textsf{video} entry types. \end{enumerate} In any other cases --- and there are only two examples of this in \textsf{notes-test.bib} (centinel:letters, powell:email) --- you'll need to provide the \cmd{autocap} command yourself. Indeed, if you accidentally do so in one of the above fields, it shouldn't matter at all, and you'll still get what you want, but taking advantage of the automatic provisions should at least save some typing. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash bibstring}} is Lehman's very powerful mechanism to allow \textsf{biblatex} automatically to provide a localized version of a string, and to determine whether that string needs capitalization, depending on where it falls in an entry. In the first release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, the style relied very heavily on this macro, particularly on an extension I provided by defining all 26 letters of the (ASCII) alphabet as \texttt{bibstrings} (\cmd{bibstring\{a\}}, \cmd{bibstring\{b\}}, etc.) While you should continue to use the standard, whole-word bibstrings, \textbf{all use of the single-letter variants I formerly provided is obsolete, and will generate an error}. This functionality has been replaced by the \cmd{autocap} command, which does the same thing, only more elegantly. This command was designed by Philipp Lehman, and has now been included in version 0.8 of \textsf{biblatex}. For yet greater convenience I have implemented, following Lehman's example, a system automating this functionality in all of the entry fields where its use was, by my reckoning, most frequent. This means that, when you require this functionality, all you need do is input the data in such a field starting with a lowercase letter, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will do the rest with no further assistance. In my \textsf{notes-test.bib} file, this new mechanism in effect eliminated all need for the single-letter \texttt{bibstrings} and very nearly all need for the \cmd{autocap} command --- centinel:letters and powell:email being the only exceptions. Please see \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} above for full details. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace I should also mention here that \textsf{biblatex 0.7} introduced a new functionality which sometimes allows you simply to input, for example, \texttt{newseries} instead of \cmd{bib\-string\{newseries\}}, the package auto-detecting when a bibstring is involved and doing the right thing, though in all such cases either form will work. This functionality is available in the \textsf{series} field of \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries; in the \textsf{type} field of \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries; in the \textsf{location} field of \textsf{patent} entries; in the \textsf{language} field in all entry types; and in the \textsf{nameaddon} field in \textsf{customc} entries. These are the places, as far as I can make out, where \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles support this feature, and I have added the last, style-specific, one. If Lehman generalizes it still further in a future release, I shall do the same, if possible. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash custpunct} \\ \textbf{\textbackslash custpunctb}} common with other American citation styles, the \emph{Manual} requires that the commas and periods separating units of a reference go inside any quotation marks that happen to be present. As of version 0.8c, \textsf{biblatex} contains truly remarkable code that handles this situation in very nearly complete generality, detecting punctuation after the closing quotation mark and moving it inside when necessary, and also controlling which punctuation marks can be printed after which other punctuation marks, whether quotation marks intervene or not. This functionality is now mature, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} relies on this code to place punctuation in the \enquote{American style,} rather than on complicated \cmd{DeclareFieldFormat} instructions that attempt to anticipate all possible permutations. One result of this, thankfully, is that both \cmd{custpunct} and \cmd{custpunctb} are now basically unnecessary, as their only purpose was to supply context-appropriate punctuation inside any quotation marks that users themselves provided as part of various entry fields. A second consequence, and I've already recommended this in previous releases anyway, is that users now \emph{must} use \cmd{mkbibquote} instead of \cmd{enquote} or the usual \LaTeX\ mechanisms inside their .bib files. For further details, please see the \cmd{mkbibquote} entry below. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace I have retained the code for the \cmd{custpunct} commands in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, in case a particularly gnarly entry might still require them, but I have already started to re-use the \textsf{type} field, which formerly served as a switch for \cmd{custpunct}, in other contexts (see \textbf{artwork}, \textbf{image}, and \textbf{suppbook} above). \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash isdot}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} macro, which in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} could function as a convenient placeholder in entry fields that, for one reason or another, you may have wanted to have defined and yet to print nothing. With the release of \textsf{biblatex} 1.6, this no longer works as before, a situation which has revealed a number of inconsistencies and bugs in my code, the rectification of which may therefore require some changes to your .bib files, assuming you've taken advantage of this mechanism. I believe that all the situations formerly calling for this specific use of the macro can now be addressed by more standard means, i.e., the \cmd{headlesscite} commands and the \texttt{useauthor=false} declaration in the \textsf{options} field. (See creel:house, nyt:obittrevor, sewall:letter, unsigned:ranke, and white:total.) \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash letterdatelong}} have provided this macro mainly for use in the optional postnote field of the various citation commands. When citing a letter (published or unpublished, \textsf{letter} or \textsf{misc}), it may be useful to append the date to the usual short note form in order to disambiguate references. This macro simply prints the date of a letter, or indeed of any other sort of correspondence. (If your main document language isn't English, it's better just to use the standard \textsf{biblatex} command \cmd{printorigdate}.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash mkbibquote}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} command, which requires attention here because it is a crucial part of the mechanism of Lehman's \enquote{American} punctuation system. If you look in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx} you'll see that the quoted fields, e.g., an \textsf{article} or \textsf{incollection title}, have this command in their formatting, which does most of the work for you. If, however, you need to provide additional quotation marks in a field --- a quoted title within a title, for example --- then you may need to use this command so that any following period or comma will be brought within the closing quotation marks. Its use is \emph{required} when the quoted material comes at the end of a field, and I recommend always using it in your .bib database, as it does no harm even when that condition is not fulfilled. A few examples from \textsf{notes-test.bib} should help to clarify this. \mylittlespace In an \textsf{article} entry, the \textsf{title} contains a quoted phrase: \begin{quotation} \noindent\texttt{title = \{Diethylstilbestrol and Media Coverage of the \\ \indent\cmd{mkbibquote}\{Morning After\} Pill\}} \end{quotation} Here, because the quoted text doesn't come at the end of title, and no punctuation will ever need to be drawn within the closing quotation mark, you could instead use \texttt{\cmd{enquote}\{Morning After\}} or even \texttt{`Morning After'}. (Note the single quotation marks here --- the other two methods have the virtue of taking care of nesting for you.) All of these will produce the formatted \enquote{Diethylstilbestrol and Media Coverage of the \enquote{Morning After} Pill.} Here, by contrast, is a \textsf{book title}: \begin{quotation} \noindent \texttt{title = \{Annotations to \cmd{mkbibquote}\{Finnegans Wake\}\}} \end{quotation} Because the quoted title within the title comes at the end of the field, and because this bibliographical unit will be separated from what follows by a period in the bibliography, then the \cmd{mkbibquote} command is necessary to bring that period within the final quotation marks, like so: \emph{Annotations to \enquote{Finnegans Wake.}} \mylittlespace Let me also add that this command interacts well with Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package, which I highly recommend, though the latter isn't strictly necessary in texts using an American style, to which \textsf{biblatex} defaults when \textsf{csquotes} isn't loaded. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash reprint}} and the following 7 macros all help \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} cope with the fact that many bibstrings in the Chicago system differ between notes and bibliography, the former sometimes using abbreviated forms when the latter prints them in full. In the current case, if a book is a reprint, then the macro \cmd{reprint}, followed by a comma, should go in the \textsf{location} field before the city of publication (aristotle:metaphy:gr, schweitzer:bach). See \textbf{location}, above. \mylittlespace \textbf{NB:} The rules for employing abbreviated or full bibstrings in the \emph{Manual} are remarkably complex, but I have attempted to make them as transparent for users as possible. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, if you don't see it mentioned in this section, then in theory you should always provide an abbreviated version, using the \cmd{bibstring} mechanism, if necessary (babb:peru). The standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings should also work (palmatary:pottery), and any that won't should be covered by the series of macros beginning here with \cmd{reprint} and ending below with \cmd{parttransandcomp}. \mybigspace Since \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partcomp}} the \emph{Manual} specifies that the strings \texttt{editor}, \texttt{translator}, and \texttt{compiler} all require different forms in notes and bibliography, and since it mentions these three apart from all the others \textsf{biblatex} provides (\textsf{annotator}, \textsf{commentator}, et al.), and further since it may indeed happen that the available fields (\textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}) aren't adequate for presenting some entries, I have provided 7 macros to allow you to print the correct strings for these functions in both notes and bibliography. Their names all begin with \cmd{part}, as originally I intended them for use when a particular name applied only to a specific \textsf{title}, rather than to a \textsf{maintitle} or \textsf{booktitle} (cf.\ \textbf{namea} and \textbf{nameb}, above). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the present instance, you can use \cmd{partcomp} to identify a compiler when \textsf{namec} won't do, e.g., in a \textsf{note} field or the like. In such a case, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will print the appropriate string in your references. \mybigspace Use \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit}} this macro when identifying an editor whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{editor} or \textsf{namea}). (N.B.: If you are writing in French and using \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, then currently you'll need to add either \texttt{de} or \texttt{d'} after this command in your .bib files to make the references come out right. I'm working on this.) See chaucer:liferecords. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andcomp}} before, but for use when an editor is also a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andtrans}} before, but for when when an editor is also a translator (ratliff:review). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\transandcomp}} before, but for when an editor is also a translator and a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans}} before, but for use when identifying a translator whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{translator} and \textsf{nameb}). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans-\\andcomp}} before, but for when a translator is also a compiler. \subsubsection{Citation Commands} \label{sec:citecommands} The \textsf{biblatex} package is particularly rich in citation commands, some of which (e.g., \cmd{supercite(s)}, \cmd{citeyear}) provide functionality that isn't really needed by the Chicago notes and bibliography style offered here. If you are getting unexpected behavior when using them please have a look in your .log file --- there may be warnings there that alert you to undefined citation commands. Other \textsf{biblatex}-provided commands, though I haven't tested them extensively, should pretty much work out of the box. What remains are the commands I have found most useful and necessary for following the \emph{Manual}'s specifications, and I document in this section any alterations I have made to these. As always, if there are standard commands that don't work for you, or new commands that would be useful, please let me know, and it should be possible to fix or add them. \mylittlespace A number of users have run into a problem that appears when they've used a command like \cmd{cite} inside a \cmd{footnote} macro. In this situation, the automatic capitalization routines will not be in operation at the start of the footnote, so instead of \enquote{Ibid.,} for example, you'll see \enquote{ibid.} If you need to use the \cmd{cite} command within a \cmd{footnote} command, the solution is to use \cmd{Cite} instead. Alternatively, don't use a \cmd{footnote} macro at all, rather try \cmd{footcite} or \cmd{autocite} with the optional prenote and postnote arguments. Cf.\ \cmd{Citetitle} below, and also section~3.6 of \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocite}} haven't adapted this in the slightest, but I thought it worth pointing out that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} sets this command to use \cmd{footcite} as the default option. It is, in my experience, much the most common citation command you will use, and also works fine in its multicite form, \textbf{\textbackslash autocites}. \mybigspace While \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash cite*}} the \cmd{cite} command works just as you would expect it to, I have also provided a starred version for the rare situations when you might need to turn off the ibidem tracking mechanism. \textsf{Biblatex} provides very sophisticated algorithms for using \enquote{Ibid} in notes, so in general you won't find a need for this command, but in case you'd prefer a longer citation where you might automatically find \enquote{Ibid,} I've provided this. Of course, you'll need to put it inside a \cmd{footnote} command manually. (See also section \ref{sec:useropts}, below.) \mybigspace I \colmarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash citeauthor}} have adapted this standard \textsf{biblatex} command only very slightly to bring it into line with \textsf{biblatex-chicago's} needs. Its main usage will probably be for references to works from classical antiquity, when an \textsf{author's} name (abbreviated or not) sometimes suffices in the absence of a \textsf{title}, e.g., Thuc.\ 2.40.2--3 (14.258). You'll need to put it inside a \cmd{footnote} command manually. (Cf.\ also \textsf{entrysubtype} in section~\ref{sec:entryfields}, above.) \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash citejournal}} command provides an alternative short form when citing journal \textsf{articles}, giving the \textsf{journaltitle} and \textsf{volume} number instead of the article \textsf{title} after the \textsf{author's} name. The \emph{Manual} suggests that this format might be helpful \enquote{in the absence of a full bibliography} (14.196). It may also prove useful when you want to provide parenthetical references to newspaper articles within the text rather than in the bibliography, a style endorsed by the \emph{Manual} (14.206). In such a case, an article's author, if there is one, could form part of the running text. As usual with these general citation commands, if you want the reference to appear in a footnote you need to put it inside a \cmd{footnote} command manually. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash Citetitle}} simply prepends \cmd{bibsentence} to the usual \cmd{citetitle} command. Some titles may need this for the automatic contextual capitalization facility to work correctly. (Included as standard from \textsf{biblatex} 0.8d.) \mybigspace Joseph \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash citetitles}} Reagle noticed that, because of the way \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} formats titles in quotation marks, using the \cmd{citetitle} command will often get you punctuation you don't want, especially when presenting a list of titles. I've included this multicite command to enable you to present such a list, if the need arises. Remember that you'll have to put it inside a \cmd{footnote} command manually. \mybigspace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash footfullcite}} standard \textsf{biblatex} command, modified to work properly with \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, and provided in case you find yourself in a situation where you really need the full citation in a footnote, but where \cmd{autocite} would print a short note or even \enquote{Ibid.} This may be particularly useful if you've chosen to use all short notes by setting the \texttt{short} option in the arguments to \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex\}}, yet still feel the need for the occasional full citation. \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash fullcite}} too, is a standard command, and it too provides a full citation, but unlike the previous command it doesn't automatically place it in a footnote. It may be useful within long textual notes. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace Matthew \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash headlesscite}} Lundin requested a more generalized \cmd{headlesscite} macro, suppressing the author's name in specific contexts while allowing users not to worry about whether a particular citation needs the long or short form, a responsibility thereby handed over to \textsf{biblatex's} tracking mechanisms. This citation command attempts to fulfill this request. Please note that, in the short form, the result will be rather like a \cmd{citetitle} command, which may or may not be what you want. Note, also, that as I have provided only the most flexible form of the command, you'll have to wrap it in a \cmd{footnote} yourself. Please see the next entry for further discussion of some of the needs this command might help address. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash headless-\\fullcite}} have provided this command in case you want to print a full citation without the author's name. The \emph{Manual} (14.78, 14.88) suggests this for brevity's sake in cases where that name is already obvious enough from the title, and where repetition might seem awkward (creel:house, feydeau:farces, meredith:letters, and sewall:letter). \textsf{Letter} entries --- and only such entries --- do this for you automatically, and of course the repetition is tolerated in bibliographies for the sake of alphabetization, but in notes this command may help achieve greater elegance, even if it isn't strictly necessary. As I've provided only the most flexible form of the command, you'll have to wrap it in a \cmd{footnote} yourself. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash shortcite}} have provided this command in case, for any reason, you specifically require the short form of a note, and \textsf{biblatex} thinks you want something else. Again, I've provided only the most flexible form of the command, so you'll have to wrap it in a \cmd{footnote} manually. \mybigspace At \colmarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash shorthandcite}} the request of Kenneth Pearce, I have included this command which always prints the \textsf{shorthand}, even at the first citation of a given work. Again, I've only provided the most flexible form of the command, so you'll need to place it inside parentheses or wrap it in a \cmd{footnote} manually. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash surnamecite}} command is analogous to \cmd{headlesscite}, but whereas the latter allows you to omit an \textsf{author's} name when that name is obvious from the \textsf{title} of a work, \cmd{surnamecite} allows you to shorten a full note citation in contexts where the full name(s) of the \textsf{author} have already been provided in the text. In short notes this falls back to the standard format, but in long notes it simply omits the given names of the \textsf{author} and provides only the surname, along with the full data of the entry. (Cf.\ 14.52.) \mybigspace Norman \colmarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash textcite}} Gray started a discussion on \href{http://tex/stackexchange.com/questions/67837/citations-as-nouns-in-biblatex-chicago}{Stackexchange} which established both that \textsf{biblatex} had begun including a \cmd{textcite} command in its verbose styles and that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} hadn't kept up. In that thread the user Audrey provided some code, adapted from \textsf{verbose.cbx}, to provide such a command for the Chicago notes \&\ bibliography style. I'm still not entirely certain how best to accommodate this request within the package, but there are now at least commands (\cmd{textcite} and \cmd{textcites}) for users to test. Their functionality is a little complicated. In the main text, they will provide an \textsf{author's} name, followed immediately by a foot- or endnote which contains the full (or short) reference, following the usual rules. If you use \cmd{textcite} inside a foot- or endnote, then you'll get the \textsf{author's} name followed by the bibstring \enquote{\texttt{in},} then the headless citation. This latter usage is slightly awkward when the citation is a full one, but works reasonably well for short notes, and I'm as yet unconvinced that putting the citation inside parentheses, generally discouraged by the \emph{Manual} (14.33), helps this situation much. If you disagree, please let me know. \mylittlespace If you look at \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, you'll see a number of other citation commands, but those are intended for internal use only, mainly in cross-references of various sorts. Use at your own risk. \subsection{Package Options} \label{sec:options} \subsubsection{Pre-Set \textsf{biblatex} Options} \label{sec:presetopts} Although a quick glance through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} will tell you which \textsf{biblatex} options the package sets for you, I thought I might gather them here also for your perusal. These settings are, I believe, consistent with the specification, but you can alter them in the options to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your preamble or by loading the package via \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes]\{biblatex\}}, which gives you the \textsf{biblatex} defaults unless you redefine them yourself inside the square brackets. \mylittlespace By \mymarginpar{\texttt{abbreviate=\\false}} default, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} prints the longer bibstrings, mainly for use in the bibliography, but since notes require the shorter forms of many of them, I've had to define many new strings for use there. \mylittlespace \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-notes} \mymarginpar{\texttt{autocite=\\footnote}} places references in footnotes by default. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{citetracker=\\true}} citetracker for the \cmd{ifciteseen} test is enabled globally. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{alldates=comp}} specification calls for the long format when presenting dates, slightly shortened when presenting date ranges. \mylittlespace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{dateabbrev=\\false}} \emph{Manual} prefers full month names in the notes \&\ bibliography style. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{ibidtracker=\\constrict}} enables the use of \enquote{Ibid} in notes, but only in the most strictly-defined circumstances. Whenever there might be any ambiguity, \textsf{biblatex} should default to printing a more informative reference. Remember also that you can use the \cmd{cite*} command to disable this functionality in any given reference, or indeed one of the \texttt{fullcite} commands if you need the long note form for any reason. \mylittlespace This \marginpar{\texttt{loccittracker\\=constrict}} allows the package to determine whether two consecutive citations of the same source also cite the same page of that source. In such a case, \texttt{Ibid} alone will be printed, without the page reference, following the specification (14.29). \mylittlespace These \colmarginpar{\textsf{\texttt{maxbibnames\\=10\\ minbibnames\\=7}}} two options are new, and control the number of names printed in the bibliography when that number exceeds 10. These numbers follow the recommendations of the \emph{Manual} (14.76), and they are different from those for use in notes. With \textsf{biblatex} 1.6 you can no longer redefine \texttt{maxnames} and \texttt{minnames} in the \cmd{printbibliography} command at the bottom of your document, so \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now does this automatically for you, though of course you can change them in your document preamble. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{pagetracker=\\true}} enables page tracking for the \cmd{iffirstonpage} and \cmd{ifsamepage} commands for controlling, among other things, the printing of \enquote{Ibid.} It tracks individual pages if \LaTeX\ is in oneside mode, or whole spreads in twoside mode. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{sortcase=\\false}} turns off the sorting of uppercase and lowercase letters separately, a practice which the \emph{Manual} doesn't appear to recommend. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{sorting=\\}\cmd{cms@choose}} new setting tests whether you are using \textsf{Biber} as your backend, and if so enables a custom \textsf{biblatex-chicago} sorting scheme for the bibliography (\texttt{cms}). If you are using any other backend, it reverts to the \textsf{biblatex} default (\texttt{nty}). Please see the discussion of \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} just below. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{usetranslator\\=true}} enables automatic use of the \textsf{translator} at the head of entries in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}. In the bibliography, the entry will be alphabetized by the translator's surname. You can disable this functionality on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ silver:gawain. \subsubsection*{Other \textsf{biblatex} Formatting Options} \label{sec:formatopts} I've chosen defaults for many of the general formatting commands provided by \textsf{biblatex}, including the vertical space between bibliography items and between items in the list of shorthands (\cmd{bibitemsep} and \cmd{lositemsep}). I define many of these in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and of course you may want to redefine them to your own needs and tastes. It may be as well you know that the \emph{Manual} does state a preference for two of the formatting options I've implemented by default: the 3-em dash as a replacement for repeated names in the bibliography (14.63--67, and just below); and the formatting of note numbers, both in the main text and at the bottom of the page / end of the essay (superscript in the text, in-line in the notes; 14.19). The code for this last formatting is also in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and I've wrapped it in a test that disables it if you are using the \textsf{memoir} class, which I believe has its own commands for defining these parameters. You can also disable it by using the \texttt{footmarkoff} package option, on which see below. \mylittlespace Gildas Hamel pointed out that my default definition, in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, of \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{bibnamedash} didn't work well with many fonts, leaving a line of three dashes separated by gaps. He suggested an alternative, which I've adopted, with a minor tweak to make the dash thicker, though you can toy with all the parameters to find what looks right with your chosen font. The default definition is: \cmd{renewcommand*\{\textbackslash bibnamedash\}\{\textbackslash rule[.4ex]\{3em\}\{.6pt\}\}}. \mylittlespace With \colmarginpar{\texttt{losnotes} \&\\\texttt{losendnotes}} this release, and at the request of Kenneth Pearce, I have added two new \texttt{bibenvironments} to \textsf{chicago-notes.bbx}, for use with the \texttt{env} option to the \cmd{printshorthands} command. The first, \texttt{losnotes}, is designed to allow a list of shorthands to appear inside footnotes, while \texttt{losendnotes} does the same for endnotes. Their main effect is to change the font size, and in the latter case to clear up some spurious punctuation and white space that I see on my system when using endnotes. (You'll probably also want to use the option \texttt{heading=none} in order to get rid of the [oversized] default, providing your own within the \cmd{footnote} command.) Please see the documentation of \textsf{shorthand} in section~\ref{sec:entryfields} above for further options available to you for presenting and formatting the list of shorthands. \mylittlespace The \colmarginpar{\cmd{Declare-}\\\texttt{Labelname}} next-generation backend \textsf{Biber} offers enhanced functionality in many areas, two of which I've implemented in this release. \cmd{DeclareLabelname} allows you to add name fields for consideration when \textsf{biblatex} is attempting to find a shortened name for short notes. This, for example, allows a compiler (=\textsf{namec}) to appear at the head of short notes without any other intervention from the user, rather than requiring a \textsf{shortauthor} field as previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} did. In point of fact, I have implemented this functionality in such a way as to make it available even to users of other backends, but this required reducing its flexibility considerably. When \textsf{biblatex} reaches version 2.0, \textsf{Biber} will become a requirement, so I recommend getting to know it sooner rather than later. \mylittlespace The \colmarginpar{\cmd{Declare-}\\\texttt{SortingScheme}} second \textsf{Biber} enhancement I have implemented allows you to include almost any field whatsoever in \textsf{biblatex's} sorting algorithms for the bibliography, so that a great many more entries will be sorted correctly automatically rather than requiring manual intervention in the form of a \textsf{sortkey} field or the like. Code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} detects whether you are using \textsf{Biber}, and if and only if this is the case changes the sorting scheme to a custom one (\texttt{cms}), a Chicago-specific variant of the default \texttt{nty}. (You can find its definition in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}.) Users of all other backends will still be using \texttt{nty}. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace The advantages of this scheme are, specifically, that any entry headed by one of the supplemental name fields (\textsf{name[a-c]}), a \textsf{manual} entry headed by an \textsf{organization}, or an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entry headed by a \textsf{journaltitle} will no longer need a \textsf{sortkey} set. The main disadvantage should only occur very rarely, and appears because the supplemental name fields are treated differently from the standard name fields by \textsf{biblatex}. Ordinarily, you can set, for example, \texttt{useauthor=false} in the \textsf{options} field to remove the \textsf{author's} name from consideration for sorting purposes. The Chicago-specific option \textsf{usecompiler=false}, however, doesn't remove \textsf{namec} from such consideration, so in an entry like chaucer:alt you \emph{do} need a \textsf{sortkey} or else it will be alphabetized by \textsf{namec} rather than by \textsf{title}. \subsubsection{{Pre-Set \textsf{chicago} Options}} \label{sec:chicpreset} At \mymarginpar{\texttt{bookpages=\\true}} the request of Scot Becker, I have included this rather specialized option, which controls the printing of the \textsf{pages} field in \textsf{book} entries. Some bibliographic managers, apparently, place the total page count in that field by default, and this option allows you to stop the printing of this information in notes and bibliography. It defaults to true, which means the field is printed, but it can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field (though rather than use this latter method it would make sense to eliminate the \textsf{pages} field from the affected entries). \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{doi=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{doi} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in notes and bibliography. At the request of Daniel Possenriede, and keeping in mind the \emph{Manual's} preference for this field instead of a \textsf{url} (14.6), I have added a third switch, \mycolor{\texttt{only}}, which prints the \textsf{doi} if it is present and the \textsf{url} only if there is no \textsf{doi}. The package default remains the same, however --- it defaults to true, which will print both \textsf{doi} and \textsf{url} if both are present. The option can be set to \texttt{only} or to \texttt{false} either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field. In \textsf{online} entries, the \textsf{doi} field will always be printed, but the \texttt{only} switch will still eliminate any \textsf{url}. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{eprint=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{eprint} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in notes and bibliography. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. In \textsf{online} entries, the \textsf{eprint} field will always be printed. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{isbn=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{isan}, \textsf{isbn}, \textsf{ismn}, \textsf{isrn}, \textsf{issn}, and \textsf{iswc} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in notes and bibliography. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. \mylittlespace Once \mymarginpar{\texttt{numbermonth=\\true}} again at the request of Scot Becker, I have included this option, which controls the printing of the \textsf{month} field in all the periodical-type entries when a \textsf{number} field is also present. Some bibliographic software, apparently, always includes the month of publication even when a \textsf{number} is present. When all this information is available the \emph{Manual} (14.180, 14.185) prints everything, so this option defaults to true, which means the field is printed, but it can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{url=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{url} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in notes and bibliography. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. Please note that, as in standard \textsf{biblatex}, the \textsf{url} field is always printed in \textsf{online} entries, regardless of the state of this option. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{includeall=\\true}} is the one option that rules the six preceding, either printing all the fields under consideration --- the default --- or excluding all of them. It is set to \texttt{true} in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, but you can change it either in the preamble for the whole document or, for specific fields, in the \textsf{options} field of individual entries. The rationale for all of these options is the availability of bibliographic managers that helpfully present as much data as possible, in every entry, some of which may not be felt to be entirely necessary. Setting \texttt{includeall} to \texttt{true} probably works just fine for those compiling their .bib databases by hand, but others may find that some automatic pruning helps clear things up, at least to a first approximation. Some per-entry work afterward may then polish up the details. \mylittlespace At \colmarginpar{\texttt{addendum=\\true}} the request of Roger Hart, I have included this option, which controls the printing of the \textsf{addendum} field, but \emph{only} in long notes. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. \mylittlespace According \colmarginpar{\texttt{bookseries=\\true}} to the \emph{Manual} (14.128), the \textsf{series} field in book-like entries \enquote{may be omitted to save space (especially in a footnote).} This option allows you to control the printing of that field in long notes. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. Several entry types don't use this field, so the option will have no effect in them, and it is also ignored in \textsf{article}, \textsf{misc}, \textsf{music}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries. \mylittlespace As \colmarginpar{\texttt{notefield=\\true}} with the previous two options, Roger Hart requested an option to control the printing of the \textsf{note} field in long notes. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. The option will be ignored in \textsf{article}, \textsf{misc}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} fields. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\vspace{-1\baselineskip}\texttt{completenotes}% \\\vspace{\baselineskip}\texttt{=true}} is the one option that rules the three preceding, either printing all the fields under consideration --- the default --- or excluding all of them from long notes. It is set to \texttt{true} in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, but you can change it either in the preamble for the whole document or, for specific fields, in the \textsf{options} field of individual entries. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{usecompiler=\\true}} option enables automatic use of the name of the compiler (in the \textsf{namec} field) at the head of an entry, usually in the absence of an \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, or \textsf{translator}, in accordance with the specification (\emph{Manual} 14.87). It may also, like \texttt{useauthor}, \texttt{useeditor}, and \texttt{usetranslator}, be disabled on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usecompiler=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Please remember that, because \textsf{namec} isn't a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, it may take a little extra effort to get it to work smoothly. The package should now automatically take care of finding a name for short notes, but it will alphabetize by this name in the bibliography only if you use \textsf{Biber}, failing which you'll need to provide a \textsf{sortkey} for this purpose. (These rules don't apply when you modify the \textsf{editor's} identifying string using the \textsf{editortype} field, which is the procedure I recommend if the entry-heading compiler is only a compiler, and not also, e.g., an editor or a translator.) Cf.\ \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} and \cmd{DeclareLabelname} in section~\ref{sec:formatopts}, above; also, chaucer:alt for an entry where, because none of the names provided appear at the head of the reference, you will need to provide a \textsf{sortkey} to stop \textsf{Biber} using the \textsf{namec} --- because it's not a standard name field, you can stop it being printed at the head of the entry, but you can't stop it turning up in the sorting algorithms. \subsubsection{Style Options -- Preamble} \label{sec:useropts} These are parts of the specification that not everyone will wish to enable. All except the second can be used even if you load the package in the old way via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, but most users can just place the appropriate string(s) in the options to the \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}} call in your preamble. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{annotation}} the request of Emil Salim, I included in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} the ability to produce annotated bibliographies. If you turn this option on then the contents of your \textsf{annotation} (or \textsf{annote}) field will be printed after the bibliographical reference. (You can also use external files to store annotations -- please see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~3.10.7 for details on how to do this.) This functionality is currently in a beta state, so before you use it please have a look at the documentation for the \textsf{annotation} field, on page~\pageref{sec:annote} above. \mylittlespace Although \mymarginpar{\texttt{footmarkoff}} the \emph{Manual} (14.19) recommends specific formatting for footnote (and endnote) marks, i.e., superscript in the text and in-line in foot- or endnotes, Charles Schaum has brought it to my attention that not all publishers follow this practice, even when requiring Chicago style. I have retained this formatting as the default setup, but if you include the \texttt{footmarkoff} option, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will not alter \LaTeX 's (or the \textsf{endnote} package's) defaults in any way, leaving you free to follow the specifications of your publisher. I have placed all of this code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, so if you load the package with a call to \textsf{biblatex} instead, then once again footnote marks will revert to the \LaTeX\ default, but of course you also lose a fair amount of other formatting, as well. See section~\ref{sec:loading}, below. \mylittlespace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{juniorcomma}} \emph{Manual} (6.47) states that \enquote{commas are not required around \emph{Jr.}\ and \emph{Sr.},} so by default \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has followed standard \textsf{biblatex} in using a simple space in names like \enquote{John Doe Jr.} Charles Schaum has pointed out that traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ practice was to include the comma, and since the \emph{Manual} has no objections to this, I have provided an option which allows you to turn this behavior back on, either for the whole document or on a per-entry basis. Please note, first, that numerical suffixes (John Doe III) never take the comma. The code tests for this situation, and detects cardinal numbers well, but if you are using ordinals you may need to set this to \texttt{false} in the \textsf{options} field of some entries. Second, I have fixed a bug in older releases which always printed the \enquote{Jr.}\ part of the name immediately after the surname, even when the surname came before the given names (as in a bibliography). The package now correctly puts the \enquote{Jr.}\ part at the end, after the given names, and in this position it always takes a comma, the presence of which is unaffected by this option. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{natbib}} may look like the standard \textsf{biblatex} option, but to keep the coding of \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} simpler for the moment I have reimplemented it there, from whence it is merely passed on to \textsf{biblatex}. If you load the Chicago style with \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}}, then the option should simply read \texttt{natbib}, rather than \texttt{natbib=true}. The shorter form also works if you load the style using \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes]\{biblatex\}}, so I hope this requirement isn't too onerous. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{noibid}} the request of an early tester, I have included this option to allow you globally to turn off the \texttt{ibidem} mechanism that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} uses by default. Some publishers, it would appear, require this. Setting this option will mean that all possible instances of \emph{ibid.}\ will be replaced by the short note form. For more fine-grained control of individual citations you'll probably want to use specialized citation commands, instead. See section \ref{sec:citecommands}. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{short}} option means that your text will only use the short note form, even in the first citation of a particular work. The \emph{Manual} (14.14) recommends this space-saving format only when you provide a \emph{full} bibliography, though even with such a bibliography you may feel it easier for your readers to present long first citations. If you do use the \texttt{short} option, remember that there are several citation commands which allow you to present the full reference in specific cases (see section \ref{sec:citecommands}). If your bibliography is not complete, then you should not use this option. \mylittlespace Kenneth Pearce \colmarginpar{\texttt{shorthandfull}} has suggested that, in some fields of study, a list of shorthands providing full bibliographical information may replace the bibliography itself. This option prints this full information in the list of shorthands, though of course you should remember that any .bib entry not containing a \textsf{shorthand} field won't appear in such a list. Please see the documentation of the \textsf{shorthand} field in section~\ref{sec:entryfields} above for information on further options available to you for presenting and formatting the list of shorthands. \mylittlespace Chris Sparks \mymarginpar{\texttt{shorthandibid}} pointed out that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} would never use \emph{ibid.}\ in the case of entries containing a \textsf{shorthand} field, but rather that consecutive references to such an entry continued to provide the shorthand, instead. The \emph{Manual} isn't, as far as I can tell, completely clear on this question. In 14.258, discussing references to works from classical antiquity, it states that \enquote{when abbreviations are used, these rather than \emph{ibid.}\ should be used in succeeding references to the same work,} but I can't make out whether this rule is specific to classical references or has more general scope. Given this ambiguity, I don't think it unreasonable to provide an option to allow printing of \emph{ibid.}\ instead of the shorthand in such circumstances, though the default behavior remains the same as it always has. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{strict}} still-experimental option attempts to follow the \emph{Manual}'s recommendations (14.36) for formatting footnotes on the page, using no rule between them and the main text unless there is a run-on note, in which case a short rule intervenes to emphasize this continuation. I haven't tested this code very thoroughly, and it's possible that frequent use of floats might interfere with it. Let me know if it causes problems. \subsection{General Usage Hints} \label{sec:hints} \subsubsection{Loading the Style} \label{sec:loading} With the addition of the author-date style to the package, I have provided two keys for choosing which style to load, \texttt{notes} and \texttt{authordate}, one of which you put in the options to the \cmd{usepackage} command. The default way of loading the notes + bibliography style has therefore slightly changed. With early versions of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, the standard way of loading the package was via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes,strict,backend=bibtex8,\%\\ babel=other,bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex\}} \end{quote} Now, the default way to load the style, and one that will in the vast majority of standard cases produce the same results as the old invocation, will look like this: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[notes,strict,backend=bibtex8,babel=other,\%\\ bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} (In point of fact, the previous \textsf{biblatex-chicago} loading method without the \texttt{notes} option will still work, but only because I've made the notes \&\ bibliography style the default if no style is explicitly requested.) If you read through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, you'll see that it sets a number of \textsf{biblatex} options aimed at following the Chicago specification, as well as setting a few formatting variables intended as reasonable defaults (see section~\ref{sec:presetopts}, above). Some parts of this specification, however, are plainly more \enquote{suggested} than \enquote{required,} and indeed many publishers, while adopting the main skeleton of the Chicago style in citations, nonetheless maintain their own house styles to which the defaults I have provided do not conform. \mylittlespace If you only need to change one or two parameters, this can easily be done by putting different options in the call to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} or redefining other formatting variables in the preamble, thereby overriding the package defaults. If, however, you wish more substantially to alter the output of the package, perhaps to use it as a base for constructing another style altogether, then you may want to revert to the old style of invocation above. You'll lose all the definitions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, including those to which I've already alluded and also the code that sets the note number in-line rather than superscript in endnotes or footnotes. Also in this file is the code that calls \textsf{cms-american.lbx}, which means that you'll lose all the Chicago-specific bibstrings I've defined unless you provide, in your preamble, a \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping} command adapted for your setup, on which see section~\ref{sec:international} below and also §§~4.9.1 and 4.11.7 in Lehman's \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace What you \emph{will not} lose is the ability to call the package options \texttt{annotation, strict, short,} and \texttt{noibid} (section~\ref{sec:useropts}, above), in case these continue to be useful to you when constructing your own modifications. There's very little code, therefore, actually in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, but I hope that even this minimal separation will make the package somewhat more adaptable. Any suggestions on this score are, of course, welcome. \subsubsection{Other Hints} \label{sec:otherhints} One useful rule, when you are having difficulty creating a .bib entry, is to ask yourself whether all the information you are providing is strictly necessary. The Chicago specification is a very full one, but the \emph{Manual} is actually, in many circumstances, fairly relaxed about how much of the data from a work's title page you need to fit into a reference. Authors of introductions and afterwords, multiple publishers in different countries, the real names of authors more commonly known under pseudonyms, all of these are candidates for exclusion if you aren't making specific reference to them, and if you judge that their inclusion won't be of particular interest to your readers. Of course, any data that may be of such interest, and especially any needed to identify and track down a reference, has to be present, but sometimes it pays to step back and reevaluate how much information you're providing. I've tried to make \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} robust enough to handle the most complex, data-rich citations, but there may be instances where you can save yourself some typing by keeping it simple. \mylittlespace Scot Becker has pointed out to me that the inverse problem not only exists but may well become increasingly common, to wit, .bib database entries generated by bibliographic managers which helpfully provide as much information as is available, including fields that users may well wish not to have printed (ISBN, URL, DOI, \textsf{pagetotal}, inter alia). The standard \textsf{biblatex} styles contain a series of options, detailed in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.2.2, for controlling the printing of some of these fields, and with this release I have implemented the ones that are relevant to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, along with a couple that Scot requested and that may be of more general usefulness. There is also a general option to excise with one command all the fields under consideration -- please see section~\ref{sec:chicpreset} above. \mylittlespace If you are having problems with the interaction of punctuation and quotation marks in notes or bibliography, first please check that you've used \cmd{mkbibquote} in the relevant part of your .bib file. If you are still getting errors, please let me know, as it may well be a bug. \mylittlespace For the \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} style, I have fully adopted \textsf{biblatex's} system for providing punctuation at the end of entries. Several users noted insufficiencies in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, sometimes related to the semicolon between multiple citations, sometimes to ineradicable periods after long notes, bugs that were byproducts of my attempt to fix other end-of-entry errors. One of the side effects of this older code was (wrongly) to put a period after a long note produced, e.g., by a command like \cmd{footnote\{\textbackslash headlessfullcite\}}, whereas only the \enquote{foot} cite commands (including \cmd{autocite} in the default \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} set up) should do so. If you came to rely on this side effect, please note now that you'll have to put the period in yourself when explicitly calling \cmd{footnote}, like so: \cmd{footnote\{\textbackslash headlessfullcite\{key\}.\}} \mylittlespace When you use abbreviations at the ends of fields in your .bib file (e.g., \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}} or \enquote{\texttt{Inc.},}) \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} should deal automatically with adding (or suppressing) appropriate punctuation after the final dot. This includes retaining periods after such dots when a closing parenthesis intervenes, as in (n.d.). Merely entering the abbreviation without informing \textsf{biblatex} that the final dot is a dot and not a period should always work, though you do have to provide manual formatting in those rare cases when you need a comma after the author's initials in a bibliography, usually in a \textsf{misc} entry (see house:papers). If you find you need to provide such formatting elsewhere, please let me know. \mylittlespace Finally, allow me to reiterate what Philipp Lehman says in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, to wit, use \textsf{bibtex8}, rather than standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and avoid the cryptic errors that ensue when your .bib file gets to a certain size. \section{The Specification: Author-Date} \label{sec:authdate} The \textsf{biblatex-chicago} package now contains \emph{two} different author-date styles. The first, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, implements the specifications of the 16th edition of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}. Numbers in parentheses refer to sections of the \emph{Manual}, though as this latest edition now recommends \enquote{a uniform treatment for the main elements of citation in both of its systems of documentation} (15.2), many of these references will in fact be to the chapter on the notes \&\ bibliography style (chap.\ 14), which chapter is, by design, considerably more detailed than that devoted to the author-date style. The second, \mycolor{\textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate-trad}}, implements that same specification but with a markedly different style of title presentation, including sentence-style capitalization and an absence of quotation marks around the (plain-text) titles of \textsf{article} or \textsf{incollection} entries, \emph{inter alia}. The \textsf{trad} style is so named because older versions of the \emph{Manual}, up to and including the 15th edition, recommended this plainer style for author-date titles, and the 16th edition itself suggests the possibility, when needed, of retaining such title presentation in combination with its own recommendations for other parts of the reference apparatus (15.45). In practice, the differences between the two styles necessitate separate discussions of the \textsf{title} field and one extra package option (\mycolor{\texttt{headline}}), and that's about it. \mylittlespace Generally, then, the following documentation covers both Chicago author-date styles, and attempts to explain all the parts of the specification that might be considered somehow \enquote{non standard,} at least with respect to the styles included with \textsf{biblatex} itself. In the section on entry fields I admit I have also duplicated a lot of the information in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, which I hope won't badly annoy expert users of the system. As usual, headings in \mycolor{green} \colmarginpar{\textsf{New in this release}} indicate material new to this release, or occasionally old material that has undergone significant revision. The file \textsf{dates-test.bib} contains many examples from the \emph{Manual} which, when processed using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, should produce the same output as you see in the \emph{Manual} itself, or at least compliant output, where the specifications are vague or open to interpretation, a state of affairs which does sometimes occur. If you are using \mycolor{\textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate-trad}} the same basically holds, but you'd have to keep one eye on the 15th edition of the \emph{Manual} (chap.\ 17) for the titles. I have provided \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} and \mycolor{\textsf{cms-trad-sample.pdf}}, which show how my system processes \textsf{dates-test.bib}, and I have also included the reference keys from the latter file below in parentheses. \subsection{Entry Types} \label{sec:types:authdate} The complete list of entry types currently available in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} and \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}, minus the odd \textsf{biblatex} alias, is as follows: \textbf{article}, \textbf{artwork}, \textbf{audio}, \textbf{book}, \textbf{bookinbook}, \textbf{booklet}, \textbf{collection}, \textbf{customc}, \textbf{image}, \textbf{inbook}, \textbf{incollection}, \textbf{inproceedings}, \textbf{inreference}, \textbf{letter}, \textbf{manual}, \textbf{misc}, \textbf{music}, \textbf{online} (with its alias \textbf{www}), \textbf{patent}, \textbf{periodical}, \textbf{proceedings}, \textbf{reference}, \textbf{report} (with its alias \textbf{techreport}), \textbf{review}, \textbf{suppbook}, \textbf{suppcollection}, \textbf{suppperiodical}, \textbf{thesis} (with its aliases \textbf{mastersthesis} and \textbf{phdthesis}), \textbf{unpublished}, and \textbf{video}. \mylittlespace What follows is an attempt to specify all the differences between these types and the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex}. If an entry type isn't discussed here, then it is safe to assume that it works as it does in the standard styles. In general, I have attempted not to discuss specific entry fields here, unless such a field is crucial to the overall operation of a given entry type. As a general and important rule, most entry types require very few fields when you use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, so it seemed to me better to gather information pertaining to fields in the next section. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{article}} \emph{Chicago Manual of Style} (14.170) recognizes three different sorts of periodical publication, \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers.} The first (14.172) includes \enquote{scholarly or professional periodicals available mainly by subscription,} while the second refers to \enquote{weekly or monthly} publications that are \enquote{available either by subscription or in individual issues at bookstores or newsstands.} \enquote{Magazines} will tend to be \enquote{more accessible to general readers,} and typically won't have a volume number. The following paragraphs detail how to construct your .bib entries for all these sorts of periodical publication. \mylittlespace For articles in \enquote{journals} you can simply use the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ --- and indeed \textsf{biblatex} --- \textsf{article} entry type, which will work as expected and set off the page numbers with a colon in the list of references, as required by the \emph{Manual}. If, however, you wish to cite a \enquote{magazine} or a \enquote{newspaper}, then you need to add an \textsf{entrysubtype} field containing the exact string \texttt{magazine}. The main formatting differences between a \texttt{magazine} (which includes both \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers}) and a plain \textsf{article} are that time specifications (month, day, season) aren't placed within parentheses, and that page numbers are set off by a comma rather than a colon. Otherwise, the two sorts of reference have much in common. (For \textsf{article}, see \emph{Manual} 14.175--198, 15.9, 15.43--46; batson, beattie:crime, chu:panda, connell:chronic, conway:evolution, friedman:learning, garaud:gatine, garrett, hlatky:hrt, kern, lewis, loften:hamlet, loomis:structure, rozner:liberation, schneider:mittelpleistozaene, terborgh:pre\-ser\-vation, wall:ra\-di\-o, warr:ellison, white:callimachus. With \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{maga\-zine}, cf.\ 14.181, 14.199--202, 15.47; assocpress:gun, lakeforester:pushcarts, mor\-genson:\-mar\-ket, reaves:ro\-sen, stenger:privacy.) \mylittlespace The \emph{Manual} now suggests that, no matter which citation style you are using, it is \enquote{usually sufficient to cite newspaper and magazine articles entirely within the text} (15.47). This involves giving the title of the journal and the full date of publication in a parenthetical reference, including any other information in the main text (14.206), thereby obviating the need to present such an entry in the list of references. To utilize this method in the author-date styles, in addition to a \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, you'll need to place \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=full}} into the \textsf{options} field, including \texttt{skipbib} there as well to stop the entry printing in the list of references. If the entry only contains a \textsf{date} and \textsf{journaltitle} that's enough, but if it's a fuller entry also containing an \textsf{author} then you'll also need \texttt{useauthor=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Other surplus fields will be ignored. (See osborne:poison.) \mylittlespace If you are familiar with the notes \&\ bibliography style, you'll know that the \emph{Manual} treats reviews (of books, plays, performances, etc.) as a sort of recognizable subset of \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers,} distinguished mainly by the way one formats the title of the review itself. With the 16th edition's changes to the way titles are presented in the \textsf{authordate} style, users need to learn how to present this sort of material, which involves using an entry type (\textsf{review}) that wasn't necessary in the 15th edition. The key rule is this: if a review has a separate, non-generic title (gibbard; osborne:poison) in addition to something that reads like \enquote{review of \ldots,} then you need an \textsf{article} entry, with or without the \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, depending on the sort of publication containing the review. If the only title is the generic \enquote{review of \ldots,} for example, then you'll need the \textsf{review} entry type, with or without this same \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle using \texttt{magazine}. On \textsf{review} entries, see below. (The curious reader will no doubt notice that the code for formatting any sort of review still exists in \textsf{article}, as it was initially designed for \textsf{biblatex 0.6}, but this new arrangement is somewhat simpler and therefore, I hope, better.) \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the case of a review with a specific as well as a generic title, the former goes in the \textsf{title} field, and the latter in the \textsf{titleaddon} field. Standard \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want. Here, however, if all you need is a generic title like \enquote{review of \ldots,} then you want to switch to the \textsf{review} type, where you can simply use the \textsf{title} field for it. \mylittlespace No less than seven more things need explication under this heading. First, since the \emph{Manual} specifies that what goes into the \textsf{titleaddon} field of \textsf{article} entries stays unformatted --- no italics, no quotation marks --- this plain style is the default for such text, which means that you'll have to format any titles within \textsf{titleaddon} yourself, e.g., with \cmd{mkbibemph\{\}}. Second, the \emph{Manual} specifies a similar plain style for the titles of other sorts of material found in \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers,} e.g., obituaries, letters to the editor, interviews, the names of regular columns, and the like. References may contain both the title of an individual article and the name of the regular column, in which case the former should go, as usual, in a \textsf{title} field, and the latter in \textsf{titleaddon}. As with reviews proper, if there is only the generic title, then you want the \textsf{review} entry type. (See 14.203, 14.205, 14.208; morgenson:market, reaves:rosen.) \mylittlespace Third, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} suggests that \enquote{unsigned newspaper articles or features are best dealt with in text \ldots} (14.207). As with newspaper or magazine articles in general, you can place \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=full}} and \texttt{skipbib} into the \textsf{options} field to produce an augmented in-text citation whilst keeping this material out of the reference list. If you do use the reference list, then the standard shorter citation will be sufficient, and in both cases the name of the periodical (in the \textsf{journaltitle} field) will be used in place of the missing author. Just to clarify: in \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entries, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, and only in such entries, a missing \textsf{author} field results in the name of the periodical (in the \textsf{journaltitle} field) being used as the missing author. The new default sorting scheme in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} means that you no longer need the \textsf{sortkey} field to alphabetize by \textsf{journaltitle} instead of \textsf{title}, though you will still need one if you retain the definite or indefinite article at the beginning of the \textsf{journaltitle}. Also, if you want to abbreviate the \textsf{journaltitle} for use in citations, but give the full name in the list of references, then the \textsf{shortauthor} field, somewhat surprisingly, is the place for it. (See section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, below; lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Fourth, in certain fields, just beginning your data with a lowercase letter activates the mechanism for capitalizing that letter depending on its context within a list of references entry. This is less important in the author-date styles, where this information only turns up in the reference list and not in citations, but you can consult \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for all the details. Both the \textsf{titleaddon} and \textsf{note} fields are among those treating their data this way, and since both appear regularly in \textsf{article} entries, I thought the problem merited a preliminary mention here. \mylittlespace Fifth, if you need to cite an entire issue of any sort of periodical, rather than one article in an issue, then the \textsf{periodical} entry type, once again with or without the \texttt{magazine} toggle in \textsf{entrysubtype,} is what you'll need. (You can also use the \textsf{article} type, placing what would normally be the \textsf{issuetitle} in the \textsf{title} field and retaining the usual \textsf{journaltitle} field, but this arrangement isn't compatible with standard \textsf{biblatex}.) The \textsf{note} field is where you place something like \enquote{special issue} (with the small \enquote{s} enabling the automatic capitalization routines), whether you are citing one article or the whole issue (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). Indeed, this is a somewhat specialized use of \textsf{note}, and if you have other sorts of information you need to include in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{periodical} entry, then you shouldn't put it in the \textsf{note} field, but rather in \textsf{titleaddon} or perhaps \textsf{addendum} (brown:bremer). \mylittlespace Sixth, I would suggest that if you wish to cite a television or radio broadcast, the \textsf{article} type, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} is the place for it. The name of the program would go in \textsf{journaltitle}, with the name of the episode in \textsf{title}. The network's name goes into the \textsf{usera} field. (8.185, 14.221; see bundy:macneil for an example of how this all might look in a .bib file. Commercial recordings of such material would need one of the audiovisual entry types, probably \textsf{audio} or \textsf{video} [friends:leia], while recordings from archives fit best into \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype} [coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech].) \mylittlespace Finally, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.243--6) specifies that blogs and other, similar online material should be presented like \textsf{articles}, with \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype} (ellis:blog). The title of the specific entry goes in \textsf{title}, the general title of the blog goes in \textsf{journaltitle}, and the word \enquote{\texttt{blog}} in the \textsf{location} field (though you could just use special formatting in the \textsf{journaltitle} field itself, which may sometimes be necessary). Comments on blogs, with generic titles like \enquote{comment on} or \enquote{reply to,} need a \textsf{review} entry with the same \textsf{entrysubtype}. Such comments make particular use of the \textsf{eventdate} and of the \textsf{nameaddon} fields; please see the documentation of \textbf{review}, below. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace If you're still with me, allow me to recommend that you browse through \textsf{dates-test.bib} to get a feel for just how many of the \emph{Manual}'s complexities the \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} types attempt to address. It may be that in future releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} I'll be able to simplify these procedures somewhat, but with any luck the vast majority of sources won't require knowledge of these onerous details. \mybigspace Arne \mymarginpar{\textbf{artwork}} Kjell Vikhagen has pointed out to me that none of the standard entry types were straightforwardly adaptable when referring to visual artworks. The \emph{Manual} doesn't give any thorough specifications for such references, and indeed it's unclear that it believes it necessary to include them in the reference apparatus at all. Still, it's easy to conceive of contexts in which a list of artworks studied might be desirable, and \textsf{biblatex} includes entry types for just this purpose, though the standard styles leave them undefined. The two I chose to include in previous releases were \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image}, the former intended for paintings, sculptures, etchings, and the like, the latter for photographs. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has modified its specifications for presenting photographs so that they are the same as for works in all other media. The \textsf{image} type, therefore, is now merely a clone of the \textsf{artwork} type, maintained mainly to provide backward compatibility for users migrating from the old specification to the current one. \mylittlespace As one might expect, the artist goes in \textsf{author} and the name of the work in \textsf{title}. The \textsf{type} field is intended for the medium --- e.g., oil on canvas, charcoal on paper --- and the \textsf{version} field might contain the state of an etching. You can place the dimensions of the work in \textsf{note}, and the current location in \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and/or \textsf{location}, in ascending order of generality. The \textsf{type} field, as in several other entry types, uses \textsf{biblatex's} automatic capitalization routines, so if the first word only needs a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence, use lowercase in the .bib file and let \textsf{biblatex} handle it for you. (See \emph{Manual} 3.22, 8.193; leo:madonna, bedford:photo.) \mylittlespace As a final complication, the \emph{Manual} (8.193) says that \enquote{the names of works of antiquity \ldots\,are usually set in roman.} If you should need to include such a work in the reference apparatus, you can either define an \textsf{entrysubtype} for an \textsf{artwork} entry --- anything will do --- or you could use the \textsf{image} type, or you could try the \textsf{misc} entry type with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. Fortunately, in this instance the other fields in a \textsf{misc} entry function pretty much as in \textsf{artwork} or \textsf{image}. \mybigspace Following \mymarginpar{\textbf{audio}} the request of Johan Nordstrom, I have included three entry types, all undefined by the standard styles, designed to allow users to present audiovisual sources in accordance with the Chicago specifications. The \emph{Manual's} presentation of such sources (14.263--273, 15.53), though admirably brief, seems to me somewhat inconsistent; the proliferation of online sources has made the task yet more complex. For the 15th edition I attempted to condense all the requirements into two new entry types, but ended up relying on three. For the 16th edition, in particular, I also need to include the \textbf{online} and even the \textbf{misc} entry types, which see, under the audiovisual rubric. I shall attempt to delineate the main differences here, and though there are likely to be occasions when your choice of entry type is not obvious, at the very least \textsf{biblatex-chicago} should help you maintain consistency. \mylittlespace For users of the author-date styles, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (15.53) \enquote{recommends a more comprehensive approach to dating audiovisual materials than in previous editions,} meaning that nearly all such entries will have some sort of dating information and will therefore fit better stylistically with other references. In particular, \enquote{the date of the original recording should be privileged in the citation.} Guidance for supplying dates for this class of material will be found below under the different entry types in use, though it will also be worthwhile to look at the documentation of \textsf{date}, \textsf{eventdate}, \textsf{origdate}, and \textsf{urldate}, in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, below. The \emph{Manual} continues to suggest, also, that \enquote{it is often more appropriate to list such materials in running text and group them in a separate section or discography}. \mylittlespace The \textbf{music} type is intended for all musical recordings that do not have a video component. This means, for example, digital media (whether on CD or hard drive), vinyl records, and tapes. The \textbf{video} type includes most visual media, whether it be films, TV shows, tapes and DVDs of the preceding or of any sort of performance (including music), or online multimedia. The \emph{Manual's} treatment (14.280) of the latter suggests that online video excerpts, short pieces, and interviews should generally use the \textbf{online} type (harwood:biden, horowitz:youtube, pollan:plant). The \textbf{audio} type, our current concern, fills gaps in the others, and presents its sources in a more \enquote{book-like} manner. Published musical scores need this type --- unpublished ones would use \textsf{misc} with an \textsf{entrysubtype} (shapey:partita) --- as do such favorite educational formats as the slideshow and the filmstrip (greek:filmstrip, schubert:muellerin, verdi:corsaro). The \emph{Manual} (14.277--280) sometimes uses a similar format for audio books (twain:audio), though, depending on the sorts of publication facts you wish to present, this sort of material may fall under \textsf{music} (auden:reading). Dated audio recordings that are part of an archive, online or no, may best be presented in a \textbf{misc} entry with an \textsf{entrysubtype} (coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech). \mylittlespace Once you've accepted the analogy of composer to \textsf{author}, constructing an \textsf{audio} entry should be fairly straightforward, since many of the fields function just as they do in \textsf{book} or \textsf{inbook} entries. Indeed, please note that I compare it to both these other types as, in common with the other audiovisual types, \textsf{audio} has to do double duty as an analogue for both books and collections, so while there will normally be an \textsf{author}, a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{publisher}, a \textsf{date}, and a \textsf{location}, there may also be a \textsf{booktitle} and/or a \textsf{maintitle} --- see schubert:muellerin for an entry that uses all three in citing one song from a cycle. If the medium in question needs specifying, the \textsf{type} field is the place for it. Finally, the \textsf{titleaddon} field can specify functions for which \textsf{biblatex-chicago} provides no automated handling, e.g., a librettist (verdi:corsaro). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{bookinbook}} type provides the means of referring to parts of books that are considered, in other contexts, themselves to be books, rather than chapters, essays, or articles. (Older versions of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} used \textbf{customb} for this purpose, but this is now deprecated.) Such an entry can have a \textsf{title} and a \textsf{maintitle}, but it can also contain a \textsf{booktitle}, all three of which will be italicized in the reference matter. In general usage it is, therefore, rather like the traditional \textsf{inbook} type, only with its \textsf{title} in italics rather than in quotation marks. (See \emph{Manual} 14.114, 14.127, 14.130; bernard:boris, euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The Euripides play receives slightly different presentations in 14.127 and 14.130. Although the specification is very detailed, it doesn't eliminate all choice or variation. Using a system like \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ should help to maintain consistency. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{booklet}} is the first of two entry types --- the other being \textsf{manual}, on which see below --- which are traditional in \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ styles, but which the \emph{Manual} (14.249) suggests may well be treated basically as books. In the interests of backward compatibility, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will so format such an entry, which uses the \textsf{howpublished} field instead of a standard \textsf{publisher}, though of course if you do decide just to use a \textsf{book} entry then any information you might have given in a \textsf{howpublished} field should instead go in \textsf{publisher}. (See clark:mesopot.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customa}} entry type is now obsolete, and any such entries in your .bib file will trigger an error. Please use the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{letter} type instead. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customb}} entry type is now obsolete, and any such entries in your .bib file will trigger an error. Please use the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{bookinbook} type instead. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customc}} entry type allows you to include alphabetized cross-references to other, separate entries in the bibliography, particularly to other names or pseudonyms, as recommended by the \emph{Manual}. (This is different from the usual \textsf{crossref}, \textsf{xref}, and \textsf{userf} mechanisms, all primarily designed to include cross-references to other works. Cf.\ 14.84,86). In the 15th edition's specification of the author-date style, it allowed you, in particular, to include the expansions of abbreviations and shorthands --- usually of corporate \textsf{authors} --- \emph{inside} the list of references itself, rather than in the list of shorthands. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (15.36), however, has a new specification for such corporate authors. As in the old specification, the shorthand appears in citations and at the head of the entry in the list of references, but its expansion now appears within parentheses \emph{directly after} the shorthand, i.e., \emph{within} the same entry. This means you no longer need the \textsf{customc} entry for shorthands of this sort. (See \textsf{shorthand}, below; bsi:abbreviation, iso:electrodoc.) \mylittlespace I should add immediately that, as I read the specification (14.84,86, 15.34), the alphabetized cross-references provided by \textsf{customc} are particularly encouraged, bordering on required, when a reference list \enquote{includes two or more works published by the same author but under different pseudonyms.} The following entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib} show one way of addressing this: crea\-sey:ashe:blast, crea\-sey:york:death, crea\-sey:mor\-ton:hide, ashe:crea\-sey, york:crea\-sey and mor\-ton:crea\-sey. In these latter cases, you would need merely to place the pseudo\-nym in the \textsf{author} field, and the author's real name, under which his or her works are presented in the bibliography, in the \textsf{title} field. To make sure the cross-reference also appears in the bibliography, you can either manually include the entry key in a \cmd{nocite} command, or you can put that entry key in the \textbf{userc} field in the main .bib entry, in which case \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will print the expanded abbreviation if and only if you cite the main entry. (Cf.\ \textsf{userc}, below.) \mylittlespace Under ordinary circumstances, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will connect the two parts of the cross-reference with the word \enquote{\emph{See}} --- or its equivalent in the document's language --- in italics. If you wish to present the cross-reference differently, you can put the connecting word(s) into the \textsf{nameaddon} field. \mylittlespace Finally, you may need to use this entry type if you wish to include a comment inside the parentheses of a citation, as specified by the \emph{Manual} (15.23). If you have a \textsf{postnote}, then you can manually provide the punctuation and comment there, e.g., \cmd{autocite[4; the unrevised trans.]\{stendhal:parma\}}. Without a \textsf{postnote}, you'll need a separate \textsf{misc} or \textsf{customc} entry containing just the text of the comment in the \textsf{title} field, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{classical}, and \textsf{options} \texttt{skipbib}. An \cmd{autocites} command calling both the main text and the comment will do the trick, e.g., \cmd{autocites\{chicago:manual\}\{chicago:comment\}}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{image}} entry type, left undefined in the standard styles, was in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} intended for referring to photographs, but the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has changed its specifications for such works, which are now treated the same as works in all other media. This means that this entry type is now a clone of the \textsf{artwork} type, which see. I retain it here as a convenience for users migrating from the old to the new specification. (See 3.22, 8.193; bedford:photo.) \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{inbook}\\\textbf{incollection}} two standard \textsf{biblatex} types have very nearly identical formatting requirements as far as the Chicago specification is concerned, but I have retained both of them for compatibility. \textsf{Biblatex.pdf} (§~2.1.1) intends the first for \enquote{a part of a book which forms a self-contained unit with its own title,} while the second would hold \enquote{a contribution to a collection which forms a self-contained unit with a distinct author and its own title.} The \textsf{title} of both sorts will be placed within quotation marks, and in general you can use either type for most material falling into these categories. There is, however, an important difference between them, as it is only in \textsf{incollection} entries that I implement the \emph{Manual's} recommendations for space-saving abbreviations in the list of references when you cite multiple pieces from the same \textsf{collection}. These abbreviations are activated when you use the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in \textsf{incollection} entries, and not in \textsf{inbook} entries, mainly because the \emph{Manual} (14.113) specifies a \enquote{multiauthor book,} at least in the chapter devoted to the notes \&\ bibliography style. The author-date chapter (15.37) is less clear, but the intent seems similar. (For more on this mechanism see \textbf{crossref}, below, and note that it is also active in \textsf{letter} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. There is, of course, nothing to prevent you from using the mechanism when referring to, e.g., chapters from a single-author book, but you'll have to use \textsf{incollection} instead of \textsf{inbook}.) If the part of a book to which you are referring has had a separate publishing history as a book in its own right, then you may wish to use the \textsf{bookinbook} type, instead, on which see above. (See \emph{Manual} 14.111--114, 15.37; \textsf{inbook}: ashbrook:brain, phibbs:diary, will:cohere; \textsf{incollection}: centinel:letters, contrib:contrib, sirosh:visualcortex; ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, and lippincott:chicago [and the \textsf{collection} entry prairie:state] demonstrate the use of the \textsf{crossref} field with its attendant abbreviations in the list of references.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The \emph{Manual} suggests that, when referring to a chapter, one use either a chapter number or the inclusive page numbers, not both. In-text citations, of course, require any \textsf{postnote} field to specify if it is a whole chapter to which you are referring. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inproceedings}} entry type works pretty much as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, the main differences between it and \textsf{incollection} are the lack of an \textsf{edition} field and the possibility that an \textsf{organization} may be cited alongside the \textsf{publisher}, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't specify its use (14.226). Please note, also, that the \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref} mechanism for shortening citations of multiple pieces from the same \textsf{proceedings} is operative here, just as it is in \textsf{incollection} entries. See \textbf{crossref}, below, for more details. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inreference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{incollection} in the standard styles, but the \emph{Manual's} requirements for the notes \&\ bibliography style prompted a thoroughgoing revision. Unfortunately, instructions for the author-date style are considerably less copious, so parts of what follows are my best guess at following the specification (14.247--248). \mylittlespace One thing, at least, seems clear. If your reference work can easily or conveniently be presented like a regular book, that is, with an author or editor, a year of publication, and a title, and if you you will be citing it by page or section number, then you should almost certainly simply choose the \textsf{book} entry type for your .bib entry. (Cf.\ mla:style, schellinger:novel, times:guide. The latter was presented as an \textsf{inreference} entry for the notes \&\ bibliography style, but because the \textsf{book} entry type can also present references to alphabetized headings [see below], at least in the list of references, then it seemed better just to choose a \textsf{book} entry for the author-date styles.) \mylittlespace If you simply cannot make your source fit the template for a \textsf{book}, then you may need to use the \textsf{inreference} type, the main feature of which is the \textsf{lista} field, which you use to present citations from \enquote{alphabetically arranged} works by named article rather than by page number. You should present these article names just as they appear in the work, separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} if there is more than one, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will provide the appropriate prefatory string (\texttt{s.v.}, plural \texttt{s.vv.}), and enclose each in its own set of quotation marks (times:guide). More relevant to the author-date styles is the fact that the \textsf{postnote} field works the same way in \textsf{inreference} entries, the only limitation on this system being that this field, unlike \textsf{lista}, is not a list, and therefore for the formatting to work correctly you can only put one article name in it. In the case of \enquote{[w]ell-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias,} you are encouraged not to include them in the list of references, so the \textsf{lista} field actually may be of less use than this special formatting of \textsf{postnote}. You may want to look at ency:britannica, where only a (carefully-formatted) \textsf{shorttitle} and an \textsf{options} field are necessary to allow you to produce in-text citations that look like (\emph{Ency.\ Brit.}\ 15th ed., s.v. \enquote{Article}). \mylittlespace If it seems appropriate to include such a work in the list of references, perhaps because the work is not so well known that a short citation will be parseable by your readers, or perhaps because it is an online work, which requires you to provide a \textsf{urldate} (see below), be aware that the contents of the \textsf{lista} field will also be presented there, which may not be what you want. A separate \textsf{inreference} or \textsf{reference} entry might solve this problem, but you may also need a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure proper alphabetization, as \textsf{biblatex} will attempt to use an \textsf{editor} or \textsf{author} name, if either is present. In a typical \textsf{inreference} entry, very few fields are needed, as \enquote{the facts of publication are often omitted, but the edition (if not the first) must be specified.} In practice, this means a \textsf{title} and possibly an \textsf{edition} field. The \textsf{author} field holds the author of the specific article (in \textsf{lista}), not the author of the \textsf{title} as a whole. This name will be printed in parentheses after the entry's name (grove:sibelius). \mylittlespace All of these rules apply to online reference works, as well, for which you need to provide not only a \textsf{url} but also, always, a \textsf{urldate}, as these sources are in constant flux (wikiped:bibtex, grove:sibelius). The author-date styles will automatically use this as the identifying date in citations and the list of references, assuming a more conventional \textsf{date} isn't available. Please note, however, that the automatic provision of the \enquote{n.d.} abbreviation, in the absence of any sort of date whatsoever, has been turned off for \textsf{inreference} entries, as for \textsf{misc} and \textsf{reference} entries. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{letter}} entry type was designed to be used for citing letters, memoranda, or similar texts, but \emph{only} when they appear in a published collection. (Unpublished material of this nature needs a \textsf{misc} entry, for which see below.) The author-date specification (15.40), however, recommends against individual letters appearing in a list of references, suggesting instead that you put the whole published collection in a \textsf{book} entry and use a notice in the text to specify the letter (white:total). \mylittlespace If you absolutely must include individual letters in the list of references, for whatever reason, then the instructions above for the notes \&\ bibliography style in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}, s.v.\ \enquote{\textsf{letter,}} should get you started. There are a few wrinkles, related to date specifications, that I shall attempt to clarify here. If you look at white:ross:memo and white:russ, you'll see two letters from the same published collection, both written in the same year. You can now simply use the \textsf{origdate} field in both of them, because in the absence of a \textsf{date} (or an \textsf{eventdate}) \textsf{Biber} and \textsf{biblatex} will use the \textsf{origyear} as the \textsf{labelyear}, putting it at the head of the entry and in the citation, and also ensuring that the letters \texttt{a,b,c} are appended to disambiguate the two sources. You no longer need anything in the \textsf{options} field at all, thanks to the way \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} works through the possibilities and finds a date to head the entry. In this case, it works because we are using the \textsf{xref} mechanism to refer to the whole published collection (white:total), so a separate citation of that entry provides the \textsf{date} for the shortened cross-reference included in the list of references, and the \textsf{letter} entry never sees that \textsf{date} at all. \mylittlespace If this all seems clear as mud, I'm not surprised, but let me suggest that you experiment with the different date settings to see what kinds of effects they have on the final result, and also read the documentation of the \textsf{date} field in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} below. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{manual}} is the second of two traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ entry types that the \emph{Manual} suggests formatting as books, the other being \textsf{booklet}. As with this latter, I have retained it in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} for backward compatibility, its main peculiarity being that, in the absence of a named author, the \textsf{organization} producing the manual will be provided both as author and as publisher. (You can give a shortened form of the \textsf{organization} in the \textsf{shortauthor} field for text citations, if needed.) Of course, if you were to use a \textsf{book} entry for such a reference, then you would need to define both \textsf{author} and \textsf{publisher} using the name you here might have put in \textsf{organization}. (See 14.92; chicago:manual, dyna:browser, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{misc}} its name suggests, the \textsf{misc} entry type was designed as a hold-all for citations that didn't quite fit into other categories. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, I have somewhat extended its applicability, while retaining its traditional use. Put simply, with no \textsf{entrysubtype} field, a \textsf{misc} entry will retain backward compatibility with the standard styles, so the usual \textsf{howpublished}, \textsf{version}, and \textsf{type} fields are all available for specifying an otherwise unclassifiable text, and the \textsf{title} will be italicized. (The \emph{Manual}, you may wish to note, doesn't give specific instructions on how such citations should be formatted, so when using the Chicago style I would recommend you have recourse to this traditional entry type as sparingly as possible.) \mylittlespace If you do provide an \textsf{entrysubtype} field, the \textsf{misc} type provides a means for citing unpublished letters, memoranda, private contracts, wills, interviews, and the like, making it something of an unpublished analogue to the \textsf{letter}, \textsf{article}, and \textsf{review} entry types (which see). Typically, such an entry will cite part of an archive, and equally typically the text cited won't have a specific title, but only a generic one, whereas an \textsf{unpublished} entry will ordinarily have a specific author and title, and won't come from a named archive. The \textsf{misc} type with an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined is the least formatted of all those specified by the \emph{Manual}, so titles are in plain text by default. It is quite possible, though somewhat unusual, for archival material to have a specific title, rather than a generic one. In these cases, you will need to enclose the title inside a \cmd{mkbibquote} command manually. Cf.\ coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech, shapey:partita. As a rule, and as with the \textsf{letter} type, the \emph{Manual} (15.49) suggests that the list of references will usually contain only the name of the whole archived collection, with more specific information about individual items provided in the text, outside the parentheses. If, on the other hand, \enquote{only one item from a collection has been mentioned in text, the entry may begin with the writer's name (if known).} (See 14.219-220, 14.231, 14.232-242; house:papers cites a whole archive, while creel:house, dinkel:agassiz, and spock:interview cite individual pieces.) \mylittlespace As far as constructing your .bib entry goes, you should first know that, like the \textsf{inreference} and \textsf{reference} types, the absence of any date will not result in the \enquote{n.d.} abbreviation automatically being provided. As for presenting the date, the \emph{Manual} draws a distinction between archival material that is \enquote{letter-like} (letters, memoranda, reports, telegrams) and that which isn't (interviews, wills, contracts, or even personal communications you've received and which you wish to cite). This may not always be the easiest distinction to draw, and in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} I have been ignoring it, but once you've decided to classify it one way or the other you put the date in the \textsf{origdate} field for letters, etc.\ (creel:house), and into the \textsf{date} field for the others (spock:interview). Like with the \textsf{letter} type, if the only date present is an \textsf{origdate}, you no longer need to set the \texttt{cmsdate} option in your .bib entry to make sure that that year appears at the head of the entry (and in citations) --- this now happens automatically. (Cf.\ particularly the documentation in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} below, s.v.\ \enquote{date}, and also the \textsf{letter} type above for some of the date-related complications that can arise, and how you can address them with judicious use of the \textsf{options}, \textsf{date}, and \textsf{origdate} fields.) \mylittlespace As in \textsf{letter} entries, the titles of unpublished letters are of the form \texttt{Author to Recipient}, further information can be given in the \textsf{titleaddon} field, while the \textsf{origlocation} field can hold the place where the letter was written. Interviews or similar pieces will have a different sort of title, but all types will use the \textsf{note}, \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and \textsf{location} fields (in ascending order of generality) to identify the archive, though the \emph{Manual} specifies (14.238) that well-known depositories don't usually need a city, state or country specified. (The traditional \textsf{misc} fields are all still available, also.) \mylittlespace When your .bib entry refers to an entire archived collection, then you may wish to use the word \enquote{\texttt{classical}} as your \textsf{entrysubtype}, which will have no effect on the list of references but will change the look of the in-text citations (house:papers). Instead of any date, the citation will include the \textsf{title}, separated from the \textsf{author's} name by a space, e.g., (House Papers). This same arrangement, happily, allows you easily to cite individual books of the Bible, and also certain other sacred texts (14.252--55; genesis). Please see under \textsf{entrysubtype} in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} below for all the details of the \texttt{classical} toggle. \mylittlespace In all this class of archived material, the \emph{Manual} (14.232) quite specifically requires more consistency within your own work than conformity to some external standard, so it is the former which you should pursue. I hope that \textsf{biblatex-chicago} proves helpful in this regard. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{music}} 16th edition of the manual has revised its recommendations more for this type than for any other, so the notes which follow present several large changes that you'll need to make to your .bib files. The good news is that some, though by no means all, of those changes involve considerable simplifications. \textbf{Music} is one of three audiovisual entry types, and is intended primarily to aid in the presentation of musical recordings that do not have a video component, though it can also include audio books (auden:reading). A DVD or VHS of an opera or other performance, by contrast, should use the \textbf{video} type instead (handel:messiah). Because \textsf{biblatex} --- and \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ before it --- were designed primarily for citing book-like objects, some choices needed to be made in assigning the various roles found on the back of a CD to the fields in a typical .bib entry. I have also implemented several bibstrings to help in identifying these roles within entries. If you can think of a simpler way to distribute the roles, please let me know, so that I can consider making changes before anyone gets used to the current equivalences. \mylittlespace These equivalences, in summary form, are: {\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\qquad\textsf{#1}} \begin{description} \item[author =] composer, songwriter, or performer(s), depending on whom you wish to emphasize by placing them at the head of the entry. \item[editor, editora, editorb =] conductor, director or performer(s). These will ordinarily follow the \textsf{title} of the work, though the usual \texttt{useauthor} and \texttt{useeditor} options can alter the presentation within an entry. Because these are non-standard roles, you will need to identify them using the following: \item[editortype, editoratype, editorbtype:] The most common roles, all associated with specific bibstrings (or their absence), will be \texttt{conductor}, \texttt{director}, \texttt{producer}, and, oddly, \texttt{none}. The last is particularly useful when identifying the group performing a piece, as it usually doesn't need further specifying and this role prevents \textsf{biblatex} from falling back on the default \texttt{editor} bibstring. \item[title, booktitle, maintitle:] As with the other audiovisual types, \textsf{music} serves as an analogue both to books and to collections, so the title will either be, e.g., the album title or a song title, in which latter case the album title would go into \textsf{booktitle}. The \textsf{maintitle} might be necessary for something like a box set of \emph{Complete Symphonies}. \item[\mycolor{publisher, series, number:}] These three closely- associated fields are intended for presenting the catalog information provided by the music publisher. The 16th edition generally only requires the \textsf{series} and \textsf{number} fields (nytrumpet:art), which hold the record label and catalog number, respectively. Alternatively, \textsf{publisher} would function as a synonym for \textsf{series} (holiday:fool), but there may be cases when you need or want to specify a publisher in addition to a label, as was the general requirement in the 15th edition. (This might happen, for example, when a single publisher oversees more than one label.) You can certainly put all of this information into one of the above fields, but separating it may help make the .bib entry more readable. \item[\mycolor{howpublished/pubstate:}] The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.276, 15.53) has rather helpfully eliminated any reference to the specialized symbols (\texttt{\textcircledP} \&\ \texttt{\textcopyright}) found in the 15th edition for presenting publishing information for musical recordings. This means that the \textsf{howpublished} field is now obsolete, and you can remove it from \textsf{music} entries in your .bib files. The \textsf{pubstate} field, therefore, can revert to its standard use for identifying reprints. In \textsf{music} entries, putting \texttt{reprint} here will transform the \textsf{origdate} from a recording date for an entire album into an original release date for that album, notice of which will be printed towards the end of a reference list entry, always assuming that the \textsf{origdate} hasn't already appeared at the head of the entry and in citations. \item[\mycolor{date, eventdate, origdate:}] As though to compensate for the simplification I've just mentioned, the \textsf{Manual} now \enquote{recommends a more comprehensive approach to dating audiovisual materials than in previous editions} (15.53). Indeed, \enquote{citations without a date are generally unacceptable} (14.276), while if there is more than one date \enquote{the date of the original recording should be privileged} (15.53). Finding these dates may take some research, but they will basically fall into two types, i.e., the date of the recording or the copyright / publishing date. Recording dates go either in \textsf{origdate} (for complete albums) or \textsf{eventdate} (for individual tracks). The current copyright or publishing date goes in the \textsf{date} field, while the original release date goes in \textsf{origdate}. You may have noticed that the \textsf{origdate} has two slightly different uses --- you can tell \textsf{biblatex-chicago} which sort you intend by using the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, which transforms the \textsf{origdate} from a recording date into an original release date. The style will automatically use the \textsf{eventdate} or the \textsf{origdate} in citations and at the head of the list of references, falling back on a \textsf{date} or even a \textsf{urldate} in their absence. It will also prepend the bibstring \texttt{recorded} to any part of the \textsf{eventdate} that doesn't appear at the head of the list of references or, in the absence of the \textsf{pubstate} mechanism, to the \textsf{origdate}, or indeed to both. You can modify what is printed here using the new \mycolor{\textsf{userd}} field, which acts as a sort of date type modifier. In \textsf{music} entries, \textsf{userd} will be prepended to an \textsf{eventdate} if there is one, barring that to the \textsf{origdate}, and to a possible \textsf{urldate} absent those two, the latter behavior being the standard across most other entry types. (See holiday:fool, nytrumpet:art.) \item[type:] As in all the audiovisual entry types, the \textsf{type} field holds the medium of the recording, e.g., vinyl, 33 rpm, 8-track tape, cassette, compact disc, mp3, ogg vorbis. \end{description}} The entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib} should at least give you a good idea of how this all works, and that file also contains an example of an audio book presented in a \textsf{music} entry. If you browse the examples in the \emph{Manual} you will see some variations in the formatting choices there, from which I have made selections for \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. It wasn't always clear to me that these variations were rules as opposed to possibilities, so I've ignored some of them in the code. Arguments as to why I'm wrong will, of course, be entertained. (Cf. 14.276--77, 15.53; \textsf{eventdate}, \textsf{origdate}, \textsf{userd}; \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} in section~\ref{sec:authformopts} and \texttt{avdate} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}; auden:reading, beethoven:sonata29, bernstein:shostakovich, floyd:atom, holiday:fool, nytrumpet:art, rubinstein:chopin.) \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{online}} \emph{Manual}'s scattered instructions (14.4--13, 14.166--169, 14.184--185, 14.200, 14.223, 14.243--246, 15.4, 15.9) for citing online materials are slightly different from those suggested by standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, this is a case where complete backward compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles may be impossible, because as a general rule the \emph{Manual} considers relevant not only where a source is found, but also the nature of that source, e.g., if it's an online edition of a book (james:ambassadors), then it calls for a \textsf{book} entry. Even if you cite an intrinsically online source, if that source is structured more or less like a conventional printed periodical, then you'll probably want to use \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} instead of \textsf{online} (stenger:privacy, which cites \emph{CNN.com}). The 16th edition's suggestions for blogs lend themselves well to the \textsf{article} type, too, while comments become, logically, \textsf{reviews} (14.243--6; ellis:blog, ac:comment). Otherwise, for online documents not \enquote{formally published,} the \textsf{online} type is usually the best choice (evanston:library, powell:email). Online videos, in particular short pieces or those that present excerpts of some longer event or work, and also online interviews, usually require this type, too. (See harwood:biden, horowitz:youtube, pollan:plant, but cp.\ weed:flatiron, a complete film, which requires a \textsf{video} entry. Online audio pieces, particularly dated ones from an archive, work best as \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}: coolidge:speech, roosevelt:speech.) Some online materials will, no doubt, make it difficult to choose an entry type, but so long as all locating information is present, then perhaps that is enough to fulfill the specification, or at least so I'd like to hope. \mylittlespace Constructing an \textsf{online} .bib file entry is much the same as in \textsf{biblatex}. The \textsf{title} field would contain the title of the page, the \textsf{organization} field could hold the title or owner of the whole site. If there is no specific title for a page, but only a generic one (powell:email), then such a title should go in \textsf{titleaddon}, not forgetting to begin that field with a lowercase letter so that capitalization will work out correctly. It is worth remarking here, too, that the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.7--8) prefers, if they're available, revision dates to access dates when documenting online material. See \textsf{urldate} and \textsf{userd}, below. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{patent}} \emph{Manual} is very brief on the subject of patents (15.50), but very clear about which information it wants you to present, so such entries may not work well with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. In a change to previous practice, the 16th edition of Chicago's author-date style prefers the \emph{later} of the two possible dates to appear in citations and at the head of the entry in the list of references. If a patent has been filed but not yet granted, then you can place the filing date in either the \textsf{date} field or the \textsf{origdate} field, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{patentfiled} to it. If the patent has been granted, then you put the filing date in the \textsf{origdate} field, and you put the date it was issued in the \textsf{date} field, to which the bibstring \texttt{patentissued} will automatically be prepended, and it is this later date that will head the entry and appear in citations. The patent number goes in the \textsf{number} field, and you should use the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings in the \textsf{type} field. Though it isn't mentioned by the \emph{Manual}, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will print the \textsf{holder} after the \textsf{author}, if you provide one. Finally, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} capitalizes the \textsf{title} sentence-style, which seems to be the generally-accepted convention, across both Chicago styles. As I've removed all of the automatic down-casing code from previous editions, you may need manually to revise the \textsf{title} field to provide the lowercase letters. See petroff:impurity. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{periodical}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} entry type for presenting an entire issue of a periodical, rather than one article within it. It has the same function in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, and in the main uses the same fields, though in keeping with the system established in the \textsf{article} entry type (which see) you'll need to provide \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} if the periodical you are citing is a \enquote{newspaper} or \enquote{magazine} instead of a \enquote{journal.} Also, remember that the \textsf{note} field is the place for identifying strings like \enquote{special issue,} with its initial lowercase letter to activate the automatic capitalization routines, though this isn't strictly necessary in the author-date styles. (See \emph{Manual} 14.187; good:wholeissue.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{reference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{collection} by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I intend it to be used in cases where you need to cite a reference work but not an alphabetized article or articles in that work. This could be because it doesn't contain such articles, and yet you still want the entry in the list of references to start with the \textsf{title}. Indeed, the only differences between it and \textsf{inreference} are the lack of a \textsf{lista} field to present an alphabetized entry, and the fact that any \textsf{postnote} field will be printed verbatim, rather than formatted as an alphabetized entry. (Cf.\ \textsf{inreference}, above.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{report}} entry type is a \textsf{biblatex} generalization of the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ type \textsf{techreport}. Instructions for such entries are rather thin on the ground in the \emph{Manual} (14.249), so I have followed the generic advice about formatting it like a book, and hope that the results conform to the specification. Its main peculiarities are the \textsf{institution} field in place of a \textsf{publisher}, the \textsf{type} field for identifying the kind of report in question, and the \textsf{isrn} field containing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a technical report. As in standard \textsf{biblatex}, if you use a \textsf{techreport} entry, then the \textsf{type} field automatically defaults to \cmd{bibstring\{techreport\}}. As with \textsf{booklet} and \textsf{manual}, you can also use a \textsf{book} entry, putting the report type in \textsf{note} and the \textsf{institution} in \textsf{publisher}. (See herwign:office.) \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{review}} \textsf{review} entry type wasn't, strictly speaking, necessary for the 15th edition author-date specification. With the major changes to the presentation of the title fields in the 16th edition, however, it has now become necessary for \textsf{authordate} users, if not \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}} users, to familiarize themselves with it as a means of coping with the \emph{Manual}'s complicated requirements for citing periodicals of all sorts. As its name suggests, this entry type was designed for reviews published in periodicals, and if you've already read the \textsf{article} instructions above --- if you haven't, I recommend doing so now --- you'll know that \textsf{review} serves as well for citing other sorts of material with generic titles, like letters to the editor, obituaries, interviews, online comments and the like. The primary rule is that any piece that has only a generic title, like \enquote{review of \ldots,} \enquote{interview with \ldots,} or \enquote{obituary of \ldots,} calls for the \textsf{review} type. Any piece that also has a specific title, e.g., \enquote{\enquote{Lost in \textsc{Bib}\TeX,} an interview with \ldots,} requires an \textsf{article} entry. (This assumes the text is found in a periodical of some sort. Were it found in a book, then the \textsf{incollection} type would serve your needs, and you could use \textsf{title} and \textsf{titleaddon} there. While we're on the topic of exceptions, the \emph{Manual} includes an example --- 14.221 --- where the \enquote{Interview} part of the title is considered a subtitle rather than a titleaddon, said part therefore being included inside the quotation marks and capitalized accordingly. Not having the journal in front of me I'm not sure what prompted that decision, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago} would obviously have no difficulty coping with such a situation.) \mylittlespace Once you've decided to use \textsf{review}, then you need to determine which sort of periodical you are citing, the rules for which are the same as for an \textsf{article} entry. If it is a \enquote{magazine} or a \enquote{newspaper}, then you need an \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}. The generic title goes in \textsf{title} and the other fields work just as as they do in an \textsf{article} entry with the same \textsf{entrysubtype}, including the substitution of the \textsf{journaltitle} for the \textsf{author} if the latter is missing. (See 14.202--203, 14.205, 14.208, 14.214--217, 14.221, 15.47; barcott:review, bundy:macneil, Clemens:letter, gourmet:052006, kozinn:review, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke, wallraff:word.) If, on the other hand, the piece comes from a \enquote{journal,} then you don't need an \textsf{entrysubtype}. The generic title goes in \textsf{title}, and the remaining fields work just as they do in a plain \textsf{article} entry. (See 14.215; ratliff:review.) \mylittlespace The \emph{Manual} now suggests that, no matter which citation style you are using, it is \enquote{usually sufficient to cite newspaper and magazine articles entirely within the text} (15.47). This involves giving the title of the journal and the full date of publication in a parenthetical reference, including any other information in the main text (14.206), thereby obviating the need to present such an entry in the list of references. To utilize this method in the author-date styles, in addition to a \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, you'll need to place \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=full}} into the \textsf{options} field, including \texttt{skipbib} there as well to stop the entry printing in the list of references. If the entry only contains a \textsf{date} and \textsf{journaltitle} that's enough, but if it's a fuller entry also containing an \textsf{author} then you'll also need \texttt{useauthor=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Other surplus fields will be ignored. (See osborne:poison.) \mylittlespace Most of the onerous details are the same as I described them in the \textbf{article} section above, but I'll repeat some of them briefly here. If anything in the \textsf{title} needs formatting, you need to provide those instructions yourself, as the default is completely plain. \textsf{Author}-less reviews are treated just like similar newspaper articles --- the \textsf{journaltitle} replaces the author in citations and heads the entry in the list of references. The sorting of such entries isn't an issue, as it's solved by \textsf{Biber} (14.217; gourmet:052006, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke, and see \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, below.). As in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}, words like \enquote{interview,} \enquote{review,} and \enquote{letter} only need capitalization after a full stop, so you can start the \textsf{title} field with a lowercase letter and let the automatic field formatting with \cmd{autocap} do its work, though this isn't strictly necessary with \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}. \mylittlespace One detail of the \textsf{review} type is new to both specifications, and responds to the needs of the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}. As I mentioned above, blogs are best treated as \textsf{articles} with \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, whereas comments on those blogs --- or on any similar sort of online content --- need the \textsf{review} type with the same \textsf{entrysubtype}. What they will frequently also need is a date of some sort closely associated with the comment (14.246; ac:comment), so I have now included the \mycolor{\textsf{eventdate}} in \textsf{review} entries for just this purpose. The \textsf{eventyear} will appear in citations and at the head of the reference list entry, while the remainder of the \textsf{eventdate} will be printed just after the \textsf{title}. If, in addition, you need an identifying timestamp, then the \textsf{nameaddon} field is the place for it, but you'll have to provide your own parentheses, in order to preserve the possibility of providing pseudonyms in square brackets that is the standard function of this field in all other entry types, and possibly in the the \textsf{review} type as well. (Cf.\ the documentation of \textsf{eventdate} in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} in section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, and \texttt{avdate} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}.) %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppbook}} is the entry type to use if the main focus of a reference is supplemental material in a book or in a collection, e.g., an introduction, afterword, or forward, either by the same or by a different author. There are two mechanisms in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} for producing such a citation. First, these three just-mentioned types of material, and only these three types, can be referenced using the \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{foreword} fields, a system that requires you simply to define one of them in any way and leave the others undefined. The macros don't use the text provided by such an entry, they merely check to see if one of them is defined, in order to decide which sort of pre- or post-matter is at stake, and to print the appropriate string before the \textsf{title} in the list of references, and possibly also in the list of shorthands. This mechanism works without modification across multiple languages, but I have also provided functionality which allows you to cite any sort of supplemental material whatever, using the \textsf{type} field. Under this second system, simply put the nature of the material, including the relevant preposition, in that field, beginning with a lowercase letter so \textsf{biblatex} can decide whether it needs capitalization depending on the context. Examples might be \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{colophon of}.} (Please note, however, that unless you use a \cmd{bibstring} command in the \textsf{type} field, the resultant entry will not be portable across languages.) \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace The other rules for constructing your .bib entry remain the same. The \textsf{author} field refers to the author of the introduction or afterword, while \textsf{bookauthor} refers to the author of the main text of the work, if the two differ. For the 16th edition \colmarginpar{New!}, the \emph{Manual} requires that you include the page range for the cited part in the list of references. As ever, if the focus of the reference is the main text of the book, but you want to mention the name of the writer of an introduction or afterword for completeness, then the normal \textsf{biblatex} rules apply, and you can just put their name in the appropriate field of a \textsf{book} entry, that is, in the \textsf{foreword}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{introduction} field. (See \emph{Manual} 14.116; friedman:intro, polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppcollection}} fulfills a function analogous to \textsf{suppbook}. Indeed, I believe the \textbf{suppbook} type can serve to present supplemental material in both types of work, so this entry type is an alias to \textsf{suppbook}, which see. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppperiodical}} type is intended to allow reference to generically-titled works in periodicals, such as regular columns or letters to the editor. \textsf{Biblatex} also provides the \textsf{review} type for this purpose, so in both Chicago styles \textsf{suppperiodical} is an alias of \textsf{review}. In the 16th edition of the \textsf{authordate} style, as discussed above, the use of this latter entry type has become necessary, so please see its documentation for instructions on how to construct a .bib entry for such works. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{video}} is the last of the three audiovisual entry types, and as its name suggests it is intended for citing visual media, be it films of any sort or TV shows, broadcast, on the Net, on VHS, DVD, or Blu-ray. As with the \textsf{music} type discussed above, certain choices had to be made when associating the production roles found, e.g., on a DVD, to those bookish ones provided by \textsf{biblatex}. Here are the main correspondences: {\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\qquad\textsf{#1}} \begin{description} \item[author:] This will not infrequently be left undefined, as the director of a film should be identified as such and therefore placed in the \textsf{editor} field with the appropriate \textsf{editortype} (see below). You will need it, however, to identify the composer of, e.g., an oratorio on VHS (handel:messiah), or perhaps the provider of commentaries or other extras on a film DVD (cleese:holygrail). \item[editor, editora, editorb:] The director or producer, or possibly the performer or conductor in recorded musical performances. These will ordinarily follow the \textsf{title} of the work, though the usual \texttt{useauthor} and \texttt{useeditor} options can alter the presentation within an entry. Because these are non-standard roles, you will need to identify them using the following: \item[editortype, editoratype, editorbtype:] The most common roles, all associated with specific bibstrings (or their absence), will likely be \texttt{director}, \texttt{produ\-cer}, and, oddly, \texttt{none}. The last is particularly useful if you want to identify performers, as they usually don't need further specifying and this role prevents \textsf{biblatex} from falling back on the default \texttt{editor} bibstring. \item[title, titleaddon, booktitle, \mycolor{booktitleaddon}, maintitle:] As with the other audiovisual types, \textsf{video} serves as an analogue both to books and to collections, so the \textsf{title} may be of a whole film DVD or of a TV series, or it may identify one episode in a series or one scene in a film. In the latter cases, the title of the whole would go in \textsf{booktitle}. The \mycolor{\textsf{booktitleaddon}} field, in a change from the 15th edition, may be useful for specifying the season and/or episode number of a TV series, while the \textsf{titleaddon} is for any information that needs to come between the \textsf{title} and the \textsf{booktitle} (cleese:holygrail, episode:tv, handel:messiah). As in the \textsf{music} type, \textsf{maintitle} may be necessary for a boxed set or something similar. \item[\mycolor{date, eventdate, origdate}, pubstate:] The 16th edition of the \textsf{Manual} now \enquote{recommends a more comprehensive approach to dating audiovisual materials than in previous editions} (15.53). Indeed, \enquote{citations without a date are generally unacceptable} (14.276), while if there is more than one date \enquote{the date of the original recording should be privileged} (15.53). As with \textsf{music} entries, in order to follow these specifications I have had to provide three separate date fields for citing \textsf{video} sources, but their uses differ somewhat between the two types. In both, the \textsf{date} will generally provide the publishing or copyright date of the medium you are referencing. More specific to this entry type, the \textsf{origdate} will generally hold the date of the original theatrical release of a film, while the \textsf{eventdate} will most commonly present either the broadcast date of a particular TV program, or the recording/performance date of, for example, an opera on DVD. The style will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{broadcast} to such a date, though you can use the new field \mycolor{\textsf{userd}} to change the string printed there. (Absent an \textsf{eventdate}, the \textsf{userd} field in \textsf{video} entries will revert to modifying the \textsf{urldate}, the standard behavior in all but these and \textsf{music} entries.) Typically, any given \textsf{video} entry will only need an \textsf{eventdate} \emph{or} an \textsf{origdate}, and it is this date that will appear in citations and at the head of the entry in the reference list. It's conceivable that you may need all three dates, in which case you can also use the standard \textsf{pubstate} field with \texttt{reprint} in it to control the printing of the \textsf{origdate} at the end of the entry, though I have altered the string that is printed there. Cf.\ friends:leia, handel:messiah, hitchcock:nbynw; \textsf{pubstate}, below. \item[\mycolor{entrysubtype:}] With the changes to the date fields detailed just above, this field is no longer needed for \textsf{video} entries, and will be ignored. \item[type:] As in all the audiovisual entry types, the \textsf{type} field holds the medium of the \textsf{title}, e.g., 8 mm, VHS, DVD, Blu-ray, MPEG. \end{description}} As with the \textsf{music} type, entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib} should at least give you a good idea of how all this works. (Cf.\ 14.279--80; \textsf{eventdate}, \textsf{origdate}, \textsf{userd}; \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} in section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, and \texttt{avdate} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}; cleese:holygrail, friends:leia, handel:messiah, hitchcock:nbynw, loc:city.) \subsection{Entry Fields} \label{sec:fields:authdate} The following discussion presents, in alphabetical order, a complete list of the entry fields you will need to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}. As in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate}, I shall include references to the numbered paragraphs of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, and also to the entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib}. Many fields are most easily understood with reference to other, related fields. In such cases, cross references should allow you to find the information you need. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{addendum}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to add miscellaneous information to the end of an entry, after publication data but before any \textsf{url} or \textsf{doi} field. In the \textsf{patent} entry type (which see), it will be printed in close association with the filing and issue dates. In any entry type, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and the style will take care of the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{note}. (See \emph{Manual} 14.119, 14.166--68; davenport:attention, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace In most \mymarginpar{\textbf{afterword}} circumstances, this field will function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}, i.e., you should include here the author(s) of an afterword to a given work. The \emph{Manual} suggests that, as a general rule, the afterword would need to be of significant importance in its own right to require mentioning in the reference apparatus, but this is clearly a matter for the user's judgment. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if the name given here exactly matches that of an editor and/or a translator, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate these fields in the formatted references. \mylittlespace As noted above, however, this field has a special meaning in the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, used to make an afterword, foreword, or introduction the main focus of a citation. If it's an afterword at issue, simply define \textsf{afterword} any way you please, leave \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will do the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction}. (See \emph{Manual} 14.91, 14.116; polakow:afterw.) \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace At \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotation}} the request of Emil Salim, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has, as of version 0.9, added a package option (see \texttt{annotation} below, section \ref{sec:useropts}) to allow you to produce annotated lists of references. The formatting of such a list is currently fairly basic, though it conforms with the \emph{Manual's} minimal guidelines (14.59). The default in \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx} is to define \cmd{DeclareFieldFormat\{an\-notation\}} using \cmd{par}\cmd{nobreak} \cmd{vskip} \cmd{bibitemsep}, though you can alter it by re-declaring the format in your preamble. The page-breaking algorithms don't always give perfect results here, but the default formatting looks, to my eyes, fairly decent. In addition to tweaking the field formatting you can also insert \cmd{par} (or even \cmd{vadjust\{\cmd{eject}\}}) commands into the text of your annotations to improve the appearance. Please consider the \texttt{annotation} option a work in progress, but it is usable now. (N.B.: The \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{annote} serves as an alias for this.) \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{commentator}. \mybigspace For \colmarginpar{\textbf{author}} the most part, I have implemented this field in a completely standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ fashion. Remember that corporate or organizational authors need to have an extra set of curly braces around them (e.g., \texttt{\{\{Associated Press\}\}}\,) to prevent \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ from treating one part of the name as a surname (14.92, 14.212, 15.36; assocpress:gun, chicago:manual). If there is no \textsf{author}, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will look, in sequence, for an \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, or \textsf{compiler} (actually \textsf{namec}, currently) and use that name (or those names) instead, followed by the appropriate identifying string (esp.\ 15.35, also 14.76, 14.87, 14.126, 14.132, 14.189; boxer:china, brown:bremer, harley:cartography, schellinger:novel, sechzer:women, silver:ga\-wain, soltes:georgia). \textsf{Biber} now takes care of alphabetizing entries no matter which name appears at their head, and the package also automatically provides a name for citations. \mylittlespace If you wish to emphasize the activity of an editor or a translator, you can use the \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} options \texttt{useauthor=false}, \texttt{useeditor=false}, \texttt{usetranslator=false}, and \texttt{usecompiler=false} in the \textsf{options} field to choose which one appears at the head of an entry. A peculiarity of this system of toggles is that in order to ensure that the \textsf{title} of a book appears at the head of an entry, you would need to use \emph{all four} of the toggles, even though the hypothetical entry contains no \textsf{translator}. Internally, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} is either searching for an author-substitute, or it is skipping over elements of the ordered, unidirectional chain \textsf{author -> editor -> translator -> compiler -> title}. If you don't include \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field, then the package begins its search at \textsf{translator} and continues on to \textsf{namec}, even though you have \texttt{usecompiler=false} in \textsf{options}. The result will be that the compilers' names will appear at the head of the entry. If you want to skip over parts of the chain, you must turn off \emph{all} of the parts up to the one you wish printed. Another peculiarity of the system is that setting the Chicago-specific \texttt{usecompiler} option to \texttt{false} doesn't remove \textsf{namec} from the sorting list, whereas the other standard \textsf{biblatex} toggles \emph{do} remove their names from the sorting list, so in some corner cases you may need the \textsf{sortkey} field. See \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, below. \mylittlespace This system of toggles, then, can turn off \textsf{biblatex-chicago}'s mechanism for finding a name to place at the head of an entry, but it also very usefully adds the possibility of citing a work with an \textsf{author} by its editor, compiler or translator instead (14.90; eliot:pound), something that wasn't possible before. For full details of how this works, see the \textsf{editortype} documentation below. (Of course, in \textsf{collection} and \textsf{proceedings} entry types, an \textsf{author} isn't expected, so there the \textsf{editor} is required, as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Also, in \textsf{article} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, the absence of an \textsf{author} triggers the use of the \textsf{journaltitle} in its stead. See the next paragraph, and those entry types, for further details.) \mylittlespace As its name suggests, the author-date style very much wants to have a name of some sort present both for the entries in the list of references and for the in-text citations. The \emph{Manual} is nothing if not flexible, however, so with unsigned articles or encyclopedia entries the \textsf{journaltitle} or \textsf{title} may take the place of the \textsf{author} (gourmet:052006, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke, wikipedia:bibtex). Even in such \textsf{article} entries, however, it may be advantageous to provide a (formatted and abbreviated) \textsf{shortauthor} field to keep the in-text citations to a reasonable length, though not at the expense of making it hard to find the relevant entries in the reference list. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Recommendations \colmarginpar{New!} concerning anonymous authors in other kinds of references have changed somewhat in the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (15.32), placing greater emphasis on using the \textsf{title} in citations and at the head of reference list entries, rather than \enquote{Anonymous.} The latter may still in some cases be useful \enquote{in a bibliography in which several anonymous works need to be grouped} (14.79), but even with a source like virginia:plantation, \enquote{the reference list entry should normally begin with the title\ldots\ Text citations may refer to a short form of the title but must include the first word (other than an initial article)} (15.32). The \textsf{shorttitle} field is the place for the short form, and you'll also need a \textsf{sortkey} of some sort if the full title begins with an article that is to be ignored when alphabetizing. \mylittlespace If \enquote{the authorship is known or guessed at but was omitted on the title page,} then you need to use the \textsf{authortype} field to let \textsf{biblatex-chicago} know this fact (15.33). If the author is known (horsley:prosodies), then put \texttt{anon} in the \textsf{authortype} field, if guessed at (cook:sotweed) put \texttt{anon?}\ there. (In both cases, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} tests for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if it doesn't work.) This will have the effect of enclosing the name in square brackets, with or without the question mark indicating doubt. As long as you have the right string in the \textsf{authortype} field, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will also do the right thing automatically in text citations. \mylittlespace The \textsf{nameaddon} field furnishes the means to cope with the case of pseudonymous authorship. If the author's real name isn't known, simply put \texttt{pseud.}\ (or \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}}) in that field (centinel:letters). If you wish to give a pseudonymous author's real name, simply include it there, formatted as you wish it to appear, as the contents of this field won't be manipulated as a name by \textsf{biblatex} (lecarre:quest, stendhal:parma). If you have given the author's real name in the \textsf{author} field, then the pseudonym goes in \textsf{nameaddon}, in the form \texttt{Firstname Lastname,\,pseud.}\ (creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:\\york:death). This latter method will allow you to keep all references to one author's work under different pseudonyms grouped together in the list of references, a method recommended by the \emph{Manual}. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.84) has now strengthened its policies about cross-references from author to pseudonym or vice versa, so in these latter examples I have included such references from the various pseudonyms back to the author's name, using the \textsf{customc} entry type, which see (ashe:creasey, morton:creasey, york:creasey). \mylittlespace One final piece of advice. An institutional author's name, or a journal's name being used in place of an author, can be rather too long for in-text citations. In unsigned:ranke I placed an abbreviated form of the \textsf{journaltitle} into \textsf{shortauthor}, adapting for a periodical the practice recommended for books in 15.32. In iso:electrodoc, I provided a \textsf{shorthand} field, which by default in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will appear in text citations. Pursuant to the 16th edition's specifications, this \textsf{shorthand} will now also appear at the head of the entry in the list of references, followed, within the entry, by its expansion, this latter placed within parentheses. You no longer, therefore, need to use a \textsf{customc} entry to provide the expansion --- please see \textsf{shorthand} below for the details. (You can also still utilize the list of shorthands to clarify the abbreviation, if you wish.) \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{authortype}} \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, this field serves a function very much in keeping with the spirit of standard \textsf{biblatex}, if not with its letter. Instead of allowing you to change the string used to identify an author, the field allows you to indicate when an author is anonymous, that is, when his or her name doesn't appear on the title page of the work you are citing. As I've just detailed under \textsf{author}, the \emph{Manual} generally discourages the use of \enquote{Anonymous} (or \enquote{Anon.} as an author, though in some cases it may well be your best option. If, however, the name of the author is known or guessed at, then you're supposed to enclose that name within square brackets, which is exactly what \textsf{biblatex-chicago} does for you when you put either \texttt{anon} (author known) or \texttt{anon?} (author guessed at) in the \textsf{authortype} field. (Putting the square brackets in yourself doesn't work right, hence this mechanism.) The macros test for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if you don't see the brackets. Assuming the strings are correct, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will also automatically do the right thing in citations. (See the \textsf{author} docs just above. Also \emph{Manual} 15.33; cook:sotweed, horsley:prosodies.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace For \mymarginpar{\textbf{bookauthor}} the most part, as in \textsf{biblatex}, a \textsf{bookauthor} is the author of a \textsf{booktitle}, so that, for example, if one chapter in a book has different authorship from the book as a whole, you can include that fact in a reference (will:cohere). Keep in mind, however, that the entry type for introductions, forewords and afterwords (\textsf{suppbook}) uses \textsf{bookauthor} as the author of \textsf{title} (polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\vspace{-12pt}\textbf{bookpagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate string to information you provide in a \textsf{pages} field. If you leave it blank, the default is to print no identifying string (the equivalent of setting it to \texttt{none}), as this is the practice the \emph{Manual} recommends for nearly all page numbers. Even if the numbers you cite aren't pages, but it is otherwise clear from the context what they represent, you can still leave this blank. If, however, you specifically need to identify what sort of unit the \textsf{pages} field represents, then you can either hand-format that field yourself, or use one of the provided bibstrings in the \textsf{bookpagination} field. These bibstrings currently are \texttt{column,} \texttt{line,} \texttt{paragraph,} \texttt{page,} \texttt{section,} and \texttt{verse}, all of which are used by \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles. \mylittlespace There are two points that may need explaining here. First, all the bibstrings I have just listed follow the Chicago specification, which may be confusing if they don't produce the strings you expect. Second, remember that \textsf{bookpagination} applies only to the \textsf{pages} field --- if you need to format a citation's \textsf{postnote} field, then you must use \textsf{pagination}, which see (10.43--44, 14.154--163). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{booksubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{booktitle}. See the next entry for further information. \mybigspace In \colmarginpar{\textbf{booktitle}} the \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, and \textsf{letter} entry types, the \textsf{booktitle} field holds the title of the larger volume in which the \textsf{title} itself is contained as one part. It is important not to confuse this with the \textsf{maintitle}, which holds the more general title of multiple volumes, e.g., \emph{Collected Works}. It is perfectly possible for one .bib file entry to contain all three sorts of title (euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr). You may also find a \textsf{booktitle} in other sorts of entries (e.g., \textsf{book} or \textsf{collection}), but there it will almost invariably be providing information for the \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing apparatus (prairie:state), which I discuss below (\textbf{crossref}). The \textsf{booktitle} no longer takes sentence-style capitalization in \textsf{authordate}, though it does in \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{booktitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{booktitle}. It will be printed in the main text font, without quotation marks. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{chapter}} field holds the chapter number, mainly useful only in an \textsf{inbook} or an \textsf{incollection} entry where you wish to cite a specific chapter of a book (ashbrook:brain). \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{commentator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator}. \mybigspace \textsf{Biblatex} \mymarginpar{\textbf{crossref}} uses the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing mechanism, and has also introduced a modified one of its own (\textsf{xref}). The \textsf{crossref} field works exactly the same as it always has, while \textsf{xref} attempts to remedy some of the deficiencies of the usual mechanism by ensuring that child entries will inherit no data at all from their parents. Having said all that, a few further instructions may be in order for users of both \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. First, remember that fields in a \textsf{collection} entry, for example, differ from those in an \textsf{incollection} entry. In order for the latter to inherit the \textsf{booktitle} field from the former, the former needs to have such a field defined, even though a \textsf{collection} entry has no use itself for such an entry (see ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state). Note also that an entry with a \textsf{crossref} field will mechanically try to inherit all applicable fields from the entry it cross-references. In the case of ellet:galena et al., you can see that this includes the \textsf{subtitle} field found in prairie:state, which would then, quite incorrectly, be added to the \textsf{title} of ellet:galena. In cases like these, you could just make sure that prairie:state didn't contain such a field, by placing the entire title + subtitle in the \textsf{title} field, separated by a colon. Alternatively, as you can see in ellet:galena, you can just define an empty \textsf{subtitle} field to prevent it inheriting the unwanted subtitle from prairie:state. \mylittlespace Turning now more narrowly to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the \emph{Manual} (15.37) specifies that if you cite several contributions to the same collection, all (including the collection itself) may be listed separately in the list of references, which the package does automatically, using the default inclusion threshold of 2 in the case both of \textsf{crossref}'ed and \textsf{xref}'ed entries. (The familiar \cmd{nocite} command may also help in some circumstances.) In the list of references an abbreviated form will be appropriate for all the child entries. The current version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} implements these instructions, but only if you use a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field, and only in \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, or \textsf{letter} entries (on the last named, see just below). If you look at ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state you'll see this mechanism in action in the list of references. If you wish to disable this, then simply don't use a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in your entries. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace A published collection of letters requires a somewhat different treatment (15.40). In the author-date style, the \emph{Manual} discourages individual letters from appearing in the list of references at all, preferring that the \enquote{dates of individual correspondence should be woven into the text.} If you have special reason to do so, however, you can still present individual published letters there (using the \textsf{letter} entry type), and they too can use the system of shortened references just outlined, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't explicitly require it. As with \textsf{incollection} and \textsf{inproceedings}, mere use of a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field will activate this mechanism, while avoidance of said fields will disable it. (See white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total, for examples of the \textsf{xref} field in action in this way, and please note that the second of these entries is entirely fictitious, provided merely for the sake of example.) \mylittlespace I should also take this opportunity to mention that you need to be careful when using the \textsf{shorthand} field in conjunction with the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} fields, bearing in mind the complicated questions of inheritance posed by all such cross-references, most especially in \textsf{letter}, \textsf{incollection}, and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. A \textsf{shorthand} field in a parent entry is, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, a bad idea. \mybigspace Predictably, \colmarginpar{\textbf{date}} this is one of the key fields for the author-date styles, and one which, as a general rule, every .bib entry designed for this system ought to contain. So important is it, that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will, in most entry types, supply a missing \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} if there is no date otherwise provided (15.41); citations will look like (Author n.d.), and entries in the list of references will begin: Author, Firstname.\ n.d. This seems simple enough, but there are a surprising number of complications which require attention. \mylittlespace First, with \textsf{Biber}, an absent \textsf{date} will automatically provoke it into searching for other sorts of dates in the entry, in the order \textsf{date, eventdate, origdate, urldate}. (In \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries, the default order has been changed, in the 16th edition, to \textsf{eventdate, origdate, date, urldate}.) Only when it finds no year at all will it fall back on \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}. You can eliminate some of these dates from the running, or change the search order, using the \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} command in your preamble, but please be aware that I have hard-coded this order into the author-date styles in order to cope with some tricky corners of the specification. If you reorder these dates, and your references enter these tricky corners, the results might be surprising. (Cf.\ section~4.5.2 in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for the \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} command, and \texttt{avdate} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}, below.) Second, the entry types in which this automatic provision is turned off are \textsf{inreference}, \textsf{misc}, and \textsf{reference}, none of which may be expected in the standard case to have a date provided. In all other entry types \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}}\ will appear if no date is provided, though you can turn this off throughout the document in all entry types with the option \texttt{nodates=false} when loading \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your preamble. (See section~\ref{sec:authpreset}, below.) Third, if you wish to provide the \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}}\ yourself in the \textsf{year} field, please instead put \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} there, as otherwise the punctuation in citations will come out (subtly) wrong. Fourth, while we're on the subject, the \textsf{year} field is also the place for things like \enquote{\texttt{forthcoming},} though you should use the \cmd{autocap} macro there to make sure the word comes out correctly in both citations and the list of references. The reason for this is that the \textsf{date} field accepts only numerical data, in \textsc{iso}8601 format (\texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}), whereas \textsf{year} can, conveniently, hold just about anything. It may be worth noting here that \textsf{Biber} is somewhat more exacting when parsing the \textsf{date} field than \textsc{Bib}\TeX, so a field looking like \texttt{1968/75} will simply be ignored, producing \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}}\ in the output --- you need \texttt{1968/1975} instead. If you want a more compressed year range, then you'll want to use the \textsf{year} field. \mylittlespace Fifth, for most entry types, only a year is really necessary, and in most situations only the year --- or year range --- will be printed in text citations and at the head of entries in the list of references. More specific \textsf{date} fields are often present, however, in \textsf{article}, \textsf{misc}, \textsf{music}, \textsf{online}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{unpublished}, and \textsf{video} entries, for all of which any day or month provided will be printed later in the reference list entry. If you follow the recommendations of the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} and present newspaper and magazine articles \enquote{entirely within the text} (15.47), then the citations need to contain the complete \textsf{date} along with the \textsf{journaltitle}. Placing \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=full}} (and \texttt{skipbib}) in the \textsf{options} field of an \textsf{article} or a \textsf{review} entry, alongside a possible \texttt{useauthor=false}, should allow you to achieve this. While we're on this subject, the \emph{Manual} is flexible (in both specifications) on abbreviating the names of months (14.180). By default, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} uses the full names, which you can change by setting the option \texttt{dateabbrev=true} in your document preamble. (Cf.\ assocpress:gun, barcott:review, batson, creel:house, friends:leia, holiday:fool, nass:address, petroff:\-impurity, powell:email.) \mylittlespace Sixth, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (15.38) has simplified the options for when a particular entry --- a reprinted edition, say --- has more than one date, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} allows you to tailor the presentation on an entry-by-entry basis. (\textsf{Music} and \textsf{video} entries have their own rules, and their own version of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear}, so please see their documentation above in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} for the details of how multiple dates will be treated in such entries.) The user interface is a little more streamlined than in previous releases, and I shall attempt to explain it here as clearly as I can. If a reprinted book, say, has both a \textsf{date} of publication for the reprint edition and an \textsf{origdate} for the original edition, then by default \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will use the \textsf{date} in citations and at the head of the entry in the reference list. If you inform \textsf{biblatex-chicago} that the book is a reprint by putting the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, then a notice will be printed at the end of the entry saying \enquote{First published 1898.} With no \textsf{pubstate} field (and no \texttt{cmsdate} option), the algorithms will ignore the \textsf{origdate}. \mylittlespace If, for any reason, you wish the \textsf{origdate} to appear at the head of the entry, then you need to use the \texttt{cmsdate} toggle in the \textsf{options} field. This has 3 possible states relevant to this context, though there is a fourth state (\mycolor{\texttt{full}}) which I've discussed two paragraphs up: \begin{enumerate} \item \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=both}} prints both the \textsf{origdate} and the \textsf{date}, using the \emph{Manual's}\ standard format: (Author [1898] 1952) in parenthetical citations, Author (1898) 1952 outside parentheses, e.g., in the reference list. \item \texttt{cmsdate=off} is the default, discussed above: (Author 1952). \item \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=on}} prints the \textsf{origdate} at the head of the entry in the list of references and in citations: (Author 1898). \textbf{NB: The \emph{Manual} no longer includes this among the acceptable options.} If you want to present the \textsf{origdate} at the head of an entry, then generally speaking you should use \texttt{cmsdate=both}. I have retained this option for corner cases where it might be useful. The 15th-edition options \texttt{new} and \texttt{old} now work like \texttt{both}. \end{enumerate} In the first and third cases, if you put the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, then the publication data in the list of references will include a notice, formatted according to the specifications, that the modern edition is a reprint. In the third case, since the \textsf{date} hasn't yet been printed, this publication data will also include the date of the modern reprint. \mylittlespace Let us imagine, however, that your list of references contains another book by the same author, also a reprint edition: (Author [1896] 1974). How will these two works be ordered in the list of references? By whatever appears in the \textsf{date} field, which appears first in the default definition of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear}, and which in this case will be wrong, because the entries should always be ordered by the \emph{first} date to appear there, in this case the contents of \textsf{origdate}. In this example, the solution can be as simple as a \textsf{sortyear} field set to something earlier than the date of the other work, e.g., \texttt{1951}. \mylittlespace And if the reprint dates of the two works are the same? Just as when it is ordering entries, \textsf{biblatex} will always first process the contents of the \textsf{date} field when it is deciding whether to add the alphabetical suffix (\texttt{a,b,c} etc.)\ to the year to distinguish different works by the same author published in the same year. Our hypothetical examples would look like this: ([1896] 1974a) and ([1898] 1974b), with the suffixes unnecessary, strictly-speaking, either for ordering or for disambiguating the entries. If the original publication dates are the same, and the reprint dates different, you may prefer citations of the two works to read, e.g., (Author [1898a] 1952) and (Author [1898b] 1974), when they in fact read (Author [1898] 1952) and (Author [1898] 1974). These latter forms aren't ambiguous, and even if the reprints themselves appeared in the same year then the alphabetical suffix would appear attached to the \textsf{date}, again avoiding ambiguity. The \emph{Manual} doesn't give clear instructions for how to cope with these situations, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} provides help. You can't manually put the alphabetical suffix on an \textsf{origdate} yourself because that field only accepts numerical data. Indeed, we are forced to resort to an unusual expedient, which amounts to switching the two date fields, placing the earlier date in \textsf{date} and the later one in \textsf{origdate}. The style tests for this condition using a simple arithmetical comparison between the two years, then prints the two dates according to the state of the \texttt{cmsdate} toggle. The three relevant states of this toggle are the same as before, but there are only two possible outcomes, as follows: \begin{enumerate} \item \texttt{cmsdate=off} (the default) and \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=on}} \emph{both} print the \textsf{date} at the head of the entry in the list of references and in citations: (Author 1898a), (Author 1898b). As noted above, \textbf{this style is no longer recommended by the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}}. \item \mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=both}} prints both the \textsf{date} and the \textsf{origdate}, using the \emph{Manual's}\ preferred format: (Author [1898a] 1952), (Author [1898b] 1974). The 15th-edition options \texttt{old} and \texttt{new} are now synonyms for this. \end{enumerate} If, for some reason, the automatic switching of the dates cannot be achieved, perhaps in crossref'd \textsf{letter} entries that you really want to have in your list of references (white:ross:memo, white:russ), or perhaps in a reprint edition that hasn't yet appeared in print (preventing the comparison between a year and the word \enquote{forthcoming}), then you can use the per-entry option \texttt{switchdates} in the \textsf{options} field to achieve the required effects. It's difficult to imagine these date-switching options often being required, but their presence at least should allow maximum flexibility in reference lists that contain a lot of \textsf{origdates}. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Finally, in the \textsf{misc} entry type this field can help to distinguish between two classes of archival material, letters and \enquote{letter-like} sources using \textsf{origdate} while others (interviews, wills, contracts) use \textsf{date}. (See \textsf{misc} in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} for the details.) If such an entry, as may well occur, contains only an \textsf{origdate}, as can also be the case in the \textsf{letter} entries I mentioned in the previous paragraph, \textsf{Biber} and the default \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} definition now make it possible to do without a \texttt{cmsdate} option, as \textsf{biblatex} will in such a case use the \textsf{origdate} to order the entries in a reference list, and will also append the alphabetical suffix if more than one entry by the same author has the same \textsf{origyear}. I recommend that you have a look through \textsf{dates-test.bib} to see how all these complications will affect the construction of your .bib database, especially at aristotle:metaphy:gr, creel:house, emerson:nature, james:ambassadors, maitland:canon, maitland:equity, schweit\-zer:bach, spock:in\-terview, white:ross:me\-mo, and white:russ. Cf.\ also \textsf{origdate} and \textsf{year}, below, and the \texttt{cmsdate}, \texttt{nodates}, and \texttt{switchdates} options in sections~\ref{sec:preset:authdate} and \ref{sec:authentryopts}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{day}} field, as of \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, is obsolete, and will be ignored if you use it in your .bib files. Use \textsf{date} instead. \mybigspace Standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{doi}} \textsf{biblatex} field, providing the Digital Object Identifier of the work. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} specifies that, given their relative permanence compared to URLs, \enquote{authors should include DOIs rather than URLs for sources that make them readily available} (14.6; cf.\ 15.9). (14.184; friedman:learn\-ing). Cf.\ \textsf{url}. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{edition}} \textsf{biblatex} field. If you enter a plain cardinal number, \textsf{biblatex} will convert it to an ordinal (chicago:manual), followed by the appropriate string. Any other sort of edition information will be printed as is, though if your data begins with a word (or abbreviation) that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word (or abbreviation) is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing (babb:peru, times:guide). In most situations, the \emph{Manual} generally recommends the use of abbreviations in the list of references, but there is room for the user's discretion in specific citations (emerson:nature). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{editor}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{editor} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{editor} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional editor for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{namea} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (donne:var). \mylittlespace As you will see below, I have also provided a \textsf{nameb} field, which holds the translator of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate editors for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{partedit} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field, in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields, or even in a \textsf{number} field (howell:marriage). (Because the strings identifying an editor differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field when using the notes \&\ bibliography style, but you can certainly do so in the author-date styles, if you wish. Using the macros will make your .bib file more portable across both Chicago specifications, and also across multiple languages, but they are otherwise unnecessary. Cf. section~\ref{sec:international}, and also \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, and \textsf{translator}.) \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{editora\\editorb\\editorc}} newer releases of \textsf{biblatex} provide these fields as a means to specify additional contributors to texts in a number of editorial roles. In the Chicago styles they seem most relevant for the audiovisual types, especially \textsf{music} and \textsf{video}, where they help to identify conductors, directors, producers, and performers. To specify the role, use the fields \textsf{editoratype}, \textsf{editorbtype}, and \textsf{editorctype}, which see. (Cf.\ bernstein:shostakovich, handel:messiah.) \mybigspace Normally, \mymarginpar{\textbf{editortype}} with the exception of the \textsf{article} type, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically find a name to put at the head of an entry, starting with an \textsf{author}, and proceeding in order through \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (the compiler). If all four are missing, then the \textsf{title} will be placed at the head. (In \textsf{article} entries with a \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, a missing author immediately prompts the use of \textsf{journaltitle} at the head of an entry. See above under \textsf{article} for details.) The \textsf{editortype} field provides even greater flexibility, allowing you to choose from a variety of editorial roles while only using the \textsf{editor} field. You can do this even though an author is named (eliot:pound shows this mechanism in action for a standard editor, rather than for some other role). Two things are necessary for this to happen. First, in the \textsf{options} field you need to set \texttt{useauthor=false} (if there is an \textsf{author}), then you need to put the name you wish to see at the head of your entry into the \textsf{editor} or the \textsf{namea} field. If the \enquote{editor} is in fact, e.g., a compiler, then you need to put \texttt{compiler} into the \textsf{editortype} field, and \textsf{biblatex} will print the correct string after the name in the list of references. \mylittlespace There are a few details of which you need to be aware. Because \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has added the \textsf{namea} field, which gives you the ability to identify the editor specifically of a \textsf{title} as opposed to a \textsf{maintitle} or a \textsf{booktitle}, the \textsf{editortype} mechanism checks first to see whether a \textsf{namea} is defined. If it is, that name will be used at the head of the entry, if it isn't it will go ahead and look for an \textsf{editor}. \textsf{Biblatex}'s sorting algorithms, and also its \textsf{labelname} mechanism, should both work properly no matter sort of name you provide, thanks to \textsf{Biber} and the (default) Chicago-specific definitions of \cmd{DeclareLabelname} and \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme}. (Cf.\ section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, below). If, however, the \textsf{namea} field provides the name, and that name isn't automatically shortened properly by \textsf{biblatex}, then your .bib entry will need to have a \textsf{shorteditor} defined to help with in-text citations, not a \textsf{shortauthor}, possibly ruled out because \texttt{useauthor=false}. \mylittlespace In \textsf{biblatex} 0.9 Lehman reworked the string concatenation mechanism, for reasons he outlines in his RELEASE file, and I have followed his lead. In short, if you define the \textsf{editortype} field, then concatenation is turned off, even if the name of the \textsf{editor} matches, for example, that of the \textsf{translator}. In the absence of an \textsf{editortype}, the usual mechanisms remain in place, that is, if the \textsf{editor} exactly matches a \textsf{translator} and/or a \textsf{namec}, or alternatively if \textsf{namea} exactly matches a \textsf{nameb} and/or a \textsf{namec}, then \textsf{biblatex} will print the appropriate strings. The \emph{Manual} specifically (15.7) recommends not using these identifying strings in citations, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} follows that recommendation. If you nevertheless need to provide such a string, you'll have to do it manually in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, or perhaps, in a different sort of entry, in a \textsf{shortauthor} field. \mylittlespace It may also be worth noting that because of certain requirements in the specification -- absence of an \textsf{author}, for example -- the \texttt{useauthor} mechanism won't work properly in the following entry types: \textsf{collection}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{suppbook}, \textsf{suppcollection}, and \textsf{suppperiodical}. \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{editoratype\\editorbtype\\editorctype}} fields identify the exact role of the person named in the corresponding \textsf{editor[a-c]} field. Note that they are not part of the string concatenation mechanism. I have implemented them just as the standard styles do, and they have now found a use particularly in \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries. Cf.\ bernstein:shostakovich, handel:messiah. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{eid}} \textsf{biblatex} field, providing a string or number some journals use uniquely to identify a particular article. Only applicable to the \textsf{article} entry type. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{entrysubtype}} and very powerful \textsf{biblatex} field, left undefined by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} it has four very specific uses, the first three of which I have designed in order to maintain, as much as possible, backward compatibility with the standard styles. First, in \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entries, the field allows you to differentiate between scholarly \enquote{journals,} on the one hand, and \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers} on the other. Usage is fairly simple: you need to put the exact string \texttt{magazine} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field if you are citing one of the latter two types of source, whereas if your source is a \enquote{journal,} then you need do nothing. \mylittlespace The second use involves references to works from classical antiquity and, according to the \emph{Manual}, from the Middle Ages, as well. When you cite such a work using the traditional divisions into books, sections, lines, etc., divisions which are presumed to be the same across all editions, then you need to put the exact string \texttt{classical} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field. This has no effect in the list of references, which will still present the particular edition you are using, but it does affect the formatting of in-text citations, in two ways. First, it suppresses some of the punctuation. Second, and more importantly, it suppresses the \textsf{date} field in favor of the \textsf{title}, so that citations look like (Aristotle \emph{Metaphysics} 3.2.996b5--8) instead of (Aristotle 1997, 3.2.996b5--8). This mechanism may also prove useful in \textsf{misc} entries for citations from the Bible or other sacred texts (cf.\ genesis), and for citing archival collections (house:papers), where it produces citations of the form (House Papers). (Cf.\ the next but one paragraph.) \mylittlespace If you wish to reference a classical or medieval work by the page numbers of a particular, non-standard edition, then you shouldn't use the \texttt{classical} \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle. Also, and the specification isn't entirely clear about this, works from the Renaissance and later, even if cited by the traditional divisions, seem to have citations formatted normally, and therefore don't need an \textsf{entrysubtype} field. (See \emph{Manual} 14.256--268; aristotle:metaphy:gr, plato:republic:gr; euripides:orestes is an example of a translation cited by page number in a modern edition.) \mylittlespace The third use of the \textsf{entrysubtype} field occurs in \textsf{misc} entries. If such an entry contains no such field, then the citation will be treated just as the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles would, including the use of italics for the \textsf{title}. Any string at all in \textsf{entrysubtype} tells \textsf{biblatex-chicago} to treat the source as part of an unpublished archive. Please see section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} above under \textbf{misc} for all the details on how these citations work. \mylittlespace Fourth, the field can be defined in the \textsf{artwork} entry type in order to refer to a work from antiquity whose title you do not wish to be italicized. Please see the documentation of \textsf{artwork} above for the details. (In previous releases, there was a special \texttt{tv} \textsf{entrysubtype} for \textsf{video} entries. This is no longer necessary. Please see the documentation of \textsf{video} in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} above, and that of \textsf{userd} below.) \mybigspace Kazuo \colmarginpar{\textbf{eprint}\\\textbf{eprintclass}\\\textbf{eprinttype}} Teramoto suggested adding \textsf{biblatex's} excellent \textsf{eprint} handling to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, and he sent me a patch implementing it. With minor alterations, I have applied it to this release, so these three fields now work more or less as they do in standard \textsf{biblatex}. They may prove helpful in providing more abbreviated references to online content than conventional URLs, though I can find no specific reference to them in the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{eventdate}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field. In the 15th edition it was barely used, but in order to comply with changes in the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} it will now play a significant role in \textsf{music}, \textsf{review}, and \textsf{video} entries. In \textsf{music} entries, it identifies the recording or performance date of a particular song (rather than of a whole disc, for which you would use \textsf{origdate}), whereas in \textsf{video} entries it identifies either the original broadcast date of a particular episode of a TV series or the date of a filmed musical performance. In both these cases \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically prepend a bibstring --- \texttt{recorded} and \texttt{aired}, respectively --- to the date, but you can change this string using the new \textsf{userd} field, something you'll definitely want to do for filmed musical performances (friends:leia, handel:messiah, holiday:fool). \mylittlespace In the default configuration of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear}, dates for citations and for the head of reference list entries are searched for in the order \textsf{date, eventdate, origdate, urldate}. This suits the Chicago author-date styles very well, except for \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries, where the general rule is to emphasize the earliest date, whether that be, for example, the recording date or original release date (15.53). For these two entry types, then, \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} uses the order \textsf{eventdate, origdate, date, urldate}. \mylittlespace For \textsf{review} entries I use the same, custom definition of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear}, but for somewhat different reasons. In general, such an entry will only have a \textsf{date}, but an \textsf{eventdate} can be used to identify a particular comment within an online thread. The year of the comment will therefore appear at the head of the entry and in citations, while the remainder of the \textsf{eventdate} will appear just after the \textsf{title}, and the \textsf{date} after the \textsf{journaltitle}. There isn't a particular string associated with the \textsf{eventdate}, but you can further specify a comment by placing a time\-stamp in parentheses in the \textsf{nameaddon} field, in case the date alone isn't enough (14.246; ac:comment, ellis:blog). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{foreword}} with the \textsf{afterword} field above, \textsf{foreword} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like \textsf{afterword} (and \textsf{introduction}), however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined) to make a foreword the focus of a citation. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{holder}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field for identifying a \textsf{patent}'s holder(s), if they differ from the \textsf{author}. The \emph{Manual} has nothing to say on the subject, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago} prints it (them), in parentheses, just after the author(s). \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{howpublished}} \textsf{biblatex} field, mainly applicable in the \textsf{booklet} entry type, where it replaces the \textsf{publisher}. I have also retained it in the \textsf{misc} and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, for historical reasons. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{institution}} \textsf{biblatex} field. In the \textsf{thesis} entry type, it will usually identify the university for which the thesis was written, while in a \textsf{report} entry it may identify any sort of institution issuing the report. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{introduction}} with the \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} fields above, \textsf{introduction} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like those fields, however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} undefined) to make an introduction the focus of a citation. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isbn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Book Number of a publication. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isrn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a report. Only relevant to the \textsf{report} entry type, and not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Serial Number of a periodical in an \textsf{article} or a \textsf{periodical} entry. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issue}} \textsf{biblatex} field, designed for \textsf{article} or \textsf{periodical} entries identified by something like \enquote{Spring} or \enquote{Summer} rather than by the usual \textsf{month} or \textsf{number} fields (brown:bremer). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuesubtitle}} subtitle for an \textsf{issuetitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuetitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, intended to contain the title of a special issue of any sort of periodical. If the reference is to one article within the special issue, then this field should be used in an \textsf{article} entry (conley:fifthgrade), whereas if you are citing the entire issue as a whole, then it would go in a \textsf{periodical} entry, instead (good:wholeissue). The \textsf{note} field is the proper place to identify the type of issue, e.g.,\ \texttt{special issue}, with the initial letter lower-cased to enable automatic contextual capitalization. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{journalsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{journaltitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{journaltitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, replacing the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{journal}, which, however, still works as an alias. It contains the name of any sort of periodical publication, and is found in the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entry types. In the case where a piece in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}) doesn't have an author, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} provides for this field to be used as the author. See above (section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}) under \textbf{article} for details. The lakeforester:pushcarts and nyt:trevorobit entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib} will give you some idea of how this works. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{keywords}} field is \textsf{biblatex}'s extremely powerful and flexible technique for filtering entries in a list of references, allowing you to subdivide it according to just about any criteria you care to invent. See \textsf{biblatex.pdf} (3.10.4) for thorough documentation. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the field provides one convenient means to exclude certain entries from making their way into a list of references, though the toggle \texttt{skipbib} in the \textsf{options} field works just as well, and perhaps more simply. There are a few reasons for so excluding entries. When citing both an original text and its translation (see \textbf{userf}, below), the \emph{Manual} (14.109) suggests including the original at the end of the translation's reference list entry, a procedure which requires that the original not also be printed as a separate entry (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr, aristotle:metaphy:trans, aristotle:metaphy:gr). Well-known reference works (like the \emph{Encyclopaedia Britannica}, for example) and many sacred texts need only be presented in citations, and not in the list of references (14.247--248; ency:britannica, genesis, wikiped:bibtex; see \textsf{inreference} and \textsf{misc}, above). \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{language}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify the language(s) in which a work is written. As a general rule, the Chicago style doesn't require you to provide this information, though it may well be useful for clarifying the nature of certain works, such as bilingual editions, for example. There is at least one situation, however, when the \emph{Manual} does specify this data, and that is when the title of a work is given in translation, even though no translation of the work has been published, something that might happen when a title is in a language deemed to be unparseable by a majority of your expected readership (14.108, 14.110, 14.194; chu:panda, pirumova, rozner:liberation). In such a case, you should provide the language(s) involved using this field, connecting multiple languages using the keyword \texttt{and}. (I have retained \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{bibstring} mechanism here, which means that you can use the standard bibstrings or, if one doesn't exist for the language you need, just give the name of the language, capitalized as it should appear in your text. You can also mix these two modes inside one entry without apparent harm.) \mylittlespace An alternative arrangement suggested by the \emph{Manual} is to retain the original title of a piece but then to provide its translation, as well. If you choose this option, you'll need to make use of the \textbf{usere} field, on which see below. In effect, you'll probably only ever need to use one of these two fields in any given entry, and in fact \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will only print one of them if both are present, preferring \textsf{usere} over \textsf{language} for this purpose (see kern, pirumova:russian, and weresz). Note also that both of these fields are universally associated with the \textsf{title} of a work, rather than with a \textsf{booktitle} or a \textsf{maintitle}. If you need to attach a language or a translation to either of the latter two, you could probably manage it with special formatting inside those fields themselves. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{lista}} intend this field specifically for presenting citations from reference works that are arranged alphabetically, where the name of the article rather than a page or volume number should be given. The field is a \textsf{biblatex} list, which means you should separate multiple items with the keyword \texttt{and}. Each item receives its own set of quotation marks, and the whole list will be prefixed by the appropriate string (\enquote{s.v.,} \emph{sub verbo}, pl.\ \enquote{s.vv.}). \textsf{Biblatex-chicago} will only print such a field in a \textsf{book} or an \textsf{inreference} entry, and you should look at the documentation of these entry types for further details. (See \emph{Manual} 14.247--248; grove:sibelius, times:guide, wikiped:bibtex.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{location}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s version of the usual \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{address}, though the latter is accepted as an alias if that simplifies the modification of older .bib files. According to the \emph{Manual} (14.135), a citation usually need only provide the first city listed on any title page, though a list of cities separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} will be formatted appropriately. If the place of publication is unknown, you can use \cmd{autocap\{n\}.p.}\ instead (14.138). For all cities, you should use the common English version of the name, if such exists (14.137). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Two other uses need explanation here. In \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries, there is usually no need for a \textsf{location} field, but \enquote{if a journal might be confused with another with a similar title, or if it might not be known to the users of a bibliography,} then this field can present the place or institution where it is published (14.191, 14.203; garrett, kimluu:diethyl, and lakeforester:pushcarts). For blogs cited using \textsf{article} entries, this is a good place to identify the nature of the source --- i.e., the word \enquote{blog} --- letting the style automatically provide the parentheses (14.246; ellis:blog). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{mainsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{maintitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{maintitle}} main title for a multi-volume work, e.g., \enquote{Opera} or \enquote{Collected Works.} It no longer takes sentence-style capitalization in \textsf{authordate}, though it does in \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}. (See donne:var, euripides:\-orestes, harley:cartography, lach:asia, pelikan:chris\-tian, and plato:re\-public:gr.) \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{maintitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{maintitle}, for which see previous entry. Such an annex would be printed in the main text font. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{month}} \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the month of publication. This should be an integer, i.e., \texttt{month=\{3\}} not \texttt{month=\{March\}}. See \textsf{date} for more information. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{namea}} is one of the fields \textsf{biblatex} provides for style writers to use, but which it leaves undefined itself. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago} it contains the name(s) of the editor(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{editor} would be associated with one of these latter fields (donne:var). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{nameb} if they are identical. See under \textbf{editor} and \textbf{editortype} above for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{translator}, and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransand\-comp}, for which see section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate}. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{nameaddon}} field is provided by \textsf{biblatex}, though not used by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it allows you to specify that an author's name is a pseudo\-nym, or to provide either the real name or the pseudonym itself, if the other is being provided in the \textsf{author} field. The abbreviation \enquote{\texttt{pseud.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ (always lowercase in English) is specified, either on its own or after the pseudonym (centinel:letters, creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death, and le\-carre:quest); \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}} does the work for you. See under \textbf{author} above for the full details. \mylittlespace In \textsf{review} entries, I have removed the automatic provision of square brackets from the field, allowing it to be used in at least two ways. First, if you provide your own square brackets, then it can have its standard function, as above. Second, and new to the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}, you can further specify comments to blogs and other online content using a timestamp (in parentheses) that supplements the \textsf{eventdate}, particularly when the latter is too coarse a specification to identify a comment unambiguously. Cf.\ ac:comment. \mylittlespace In the \textsf{customc} entry type, finally, which is used to create alphabetized cross-references to other entries in the reference list, the \textsf{nameaddon} field allows you to change the default string linking the two parts of the cross-reference. The code automatically tests for a known bibstring, which it will italicize. Otherwise, it prints the string as is. \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{nameb}} \textsf{namea}, above, this is a field left undefined by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it contains the name(s) of the translator(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{translator} would be associated with one of these latter fields (euripides:orestes). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{translator} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{namea} if they are identical. See under the \textbf{translator} field below for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{namea}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{origlanguage}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{userf} and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp} in section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate}. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{namec}} \emph{Manual} (15.35) specifies that works without an author may be listed under an editor, translator, or compiler, assuming that one is available, and it also specifies the strings to be used with the name(s) of compiler(s). All this suggests that the \emph{Manual} considers this to be standard information that should be made available in a bibliographic reference, so I have added that possibility to the many that \textsf{biblatex} already provides, such as the \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{commentator}, \textsf{annotator}, and \textsf{redactor}, along with writers of an \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{foreword}, or \textsf{afterword}. Since \textsf{biblatex.bst} doesn't offer a \textsf{compiler} field, I have adopted for this purpose the otherwise unused field \textsf{namec}. It is important to understand that, despite the analogous name, this field does not function like \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, but rather like \textsf{editor} or \textsf{translator}, and therefore if used will be associated with whichever title field these latter two would be were they present in the same entry. Identical fields among these three will be concatenated by the package, and concatenated too with the (usually) unnecessary commentator, annotator and the rest. Also please note that I've arranged the concatenation algorithms to include \textsf{namec} in the same test as \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb}, so in this particular circumstance you can, if needed, make \textsf{namec} analogous to these two latter, \textsf{title}-only fields. (See above under \textbf{editortype} for details of how you can use that field to identify a compiler.) \mylittlespace It might conceivably be necessary at some point to identify the compiler(s) of a \textsf{title} separate from the compiler(s) of a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, but for the moment I've run out of available \textsf{name} fields, so you'll have to fall back on the \cmd{partcomp} macro or the related \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp}, on which see Commands (section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate}) below. (Future releases may be able to remedy this.) It may be as well to mention here too that of the three names that can be substituted for the missing \textsf{author} at the head of an entry, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will choose an \textsf{editor} if present, then a \textsf{translator} if present, falling back to \textsf{namec} only in the absence of the other two, and assuming that the fields aren't identical, and therefore to be concatenated. In a change from the previous behavior, these algorithms also now test for \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, which will be used instead of \textsf{editor} and \textsf{translator}, respectively, giving the package the greatest likelihood of finding a name to place at the head of an entry. \textsf{Biblatex}'s sorting algorithms, and also its \textsf{labelname} mechanism, should both work properly no matter sort of name you provide, thanks to \textsf{Biber} and the (default) Chicago-specific definitions of \cmd{DeclareLabelname} and \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme}. (Cf.\ section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, below). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{note}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to provide bibliographic data that doesn't easily fit into any other field. In this sense, it's very like \textsf{addendum}, but the information provided here will be printed just before the publication data. (See chaucer:alt, cook:sotweed, emerson:nature, and rodman:walk for examples of this usage in action.) It also has a specialized use in the periodical types (\textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review}), where it holds supplemental information about a \textsf{journaltitle}, such as \enquote{special issue} (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). In all uses, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. Cf.\ \textsf{addendum}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{number}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the number of a \textsf{journaltitle} in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entry, the number of a \textsf{title} in a \textsf{periodical} entry, or the volume/number of a book in a \textsf{series}. Generally, in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, this will be a plain cardinal number, but in such entries \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now does the right thing if you have a list or range of numbers (unsigned:ranke). In any \textsf{book}-like entry it may well contain considerably more information, including even a reference to \enquote{2nd ser.,} for example, while the \textsf{series} field in such an entry will contain the name of the series, rather than a number. This field is also the place for the patent number in a \textsf{patent} entry. Cf.\ \textsf{issue} and \textsf{series}. (See \emph{Manual} 14.128--132 and boxer:china, palmatary:pottery, wauchope:ceramics; 14.180--181 and beattie:crime, conley:fifthgrade, friedman:learn\-ing, garrett, gibbard, hlatky:hrt, mcmillen:antebellum, rozner:liberation, warr:el\-lison.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: This may be an opportune place to point out that the \emph{Manual} (14.154) prefers arabic to roman numerals in most circumstances (chapters, volumes, series numbers, etc.), even when such numbers might be roman in the work cited. The obvious exception is page numbers, in which roman numerals indicate that the citation came from the front matter, and should therefore be retained. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{options}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, for setting certain options on a per-entry basis rather than globally. Information about some of the more common options may be found above under \textsf{author} and \textsf{date}, and below in section~\ref{sec:authuseropts}. See creel:house, eliot:pound, emerson:nature, ency:britannica, herwign:office, lecarre:quest, and maitland:canon for examples of the field in use. % \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{organization}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, retained mainly for use in the \textsf{misc}, \textsf{online}, and \textsf{manual} entry types, where it may be of use to specify a publishing body that might not easily fit in other categories. In \textsf{biblatex}, it is also used to identify the organization sponsoring a conference in a \textsf{proceedings} or \textsf{inproceedings} entry, and I have retained this as a possibility, though the \emph{Manual} is silent on the matter. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{origdate}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field which allows more than one full date specification for those references which need to provide more than just one. As with the analogous \textsf{date} field, you provide the date (or range of dates) in \textsc{iso}8601 format, i.e., \texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}. In most entry types, you would use \textsf{origdate} to provide the date of first publication of a work, most usually needed only in the case of reprint editions, but also recommended by the \emph{Manual} for electronic editions of older works (15.38, 14.119, 14.166, 14.169; aristotle:metaphy:gr, emerson:nature, james:ambassadors, schweitzer:bach). In both the \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc} (with \textsf{entrysubtype)} entry types, the \textsf{origdate} identifies when a letter (or similar) was written. In such \textsf{misc} entries, some \enquote{non-letter-like} materials (like interviews) need the \textsf{date} field for this purpose, while in \textsf{letter} entries the \textsf{date} applies to the publication of the whole collection. If such a published collection were itself a reprint, judicious use of the \textsf{pubstate} field or perhaps improvisation in the \textsf{location} field might be able to rescue the situation. (See white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total for how \textsf{letter} entries can work; creel:house shows the field in action in a \textsf{misc} entry, while spock:interview uses \textsf{date} instead.) \mylittlespace Because of the importance of date specifications in the author-date styles, \textsf{bibla\-tex-chicago-authordate} and \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}} provide options and automated behaviors that allow you to emphasize the \textsf{origdate} in citations and at the head of entries in the list of references. In entries which have \emph{only} an \textsf{origdate} --- usually \textsf{misc} with an \textsf{entrysubtype} --- \textsf{Biber} and the default \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} configuration now make it possible to do without a \texttt{cmsdate} option, as the \textsf{origdate} will automatically appear where and as it should. In \textsf{book}-like entries with both a \textsf{date} and an \textsf{origdate}, and this has \colmarginpar{New!} changed from the 15th edition, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} recommends that you present, in citations and at the head of reference list entries, only the \textsf{date} or both dates together. The latter is accomplished using the \texttt{cmsdate} entry option. In some cases it may even be necessary to reverse the two date fields, putting the earlier year in \textsf{date} and the later in \textsf{origdate}. Please see above under \textbf{date} for all the details on how these options interact. \mylittlespace In the default configuration of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear}, dates for citations and for the head of reference list entries are searched for in the order \textsf{date, eventdate, origdate, urldate}. This suits the Chicago author-date styles very well, except for \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries, and, exceptionally, some \textsf{review} entries. Here the general rule is to emphasize the earliest date. For these three entry types, then, \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} uses the order \textsf{eventdate, origdate, date, urldate}. In \textsf{music} entries, you can use the \textsf{origdate} in two separate but related ways. First, it can identify the recording date of an entire disc, rather than of one track on that disc, which would go in \textsf{eventdate}. (Compare holiday:fool with nytrumpet:art.) Second, the \textsf{origdate} can provide the original release date of an album. For this to happen, you need to put the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, which is the standard mechanism across many other entry types for identifying a reprinted work. (See floyd:atom.) In \textsf{video} entries, the \textsf{origdate} is intended for the original release date of a film, whereas the \textsf{eventdate} would hold the original broadcast date of, e.g., an episode of a TV series. In both these two entry types, the style will, depending on the context, automatically prepend appropriate bibstrings to the \textsf{origdate}. You can, assuming you've not activated the \textsf{pubstate} mechanism in a \textsf{music} entry, choose a different string using the new \mycolor{\textsf{userd}} field, but please be aware that if an entry also has an \textsf{eventdate}, then \textsf{userd} will apply to that, instead, and you'll be forced to accept the default string. (Compare friends:leia with hitchcock:nbynw; 15.53, 14.279-280; cf.\ \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} below in section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, and \texttt{avdate} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}.) \mylittlespace Because the \textsf{origdate} field only accepts numbers, some improvisation may be needed if you wish to include \enquote{n.d.}\ (\cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) in an entry. In \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc}, this information can be placed in \textsf{titleaddon}, but in other entry types you may need to use the \textsf{location} field. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{origlanguage}} keeping with the \emph{Manual}'s specifications, I have fairly thoroughly redefined \textsf{biblatex}'s facilities for treating translations. The \textsf{origtitle} field isn't used, while the \textsf{language} and \textsf{origdate} fields have been press-ganged for other duties. The \textsf{origlanguage} field, for its part, retains a dual role in presenting translations in a list of references. The details of the \emph{Manual}'s suggested treatment when both a translation and an original are cited may be found below under \textbf{userf}. Here, however, I simply note that the introductory string used to connect the translation's citation with the original's is \enquote{Originally published as,} which I suggest may well be inaccurate in a great many cases, as for instance when citing a work from classical antiquity, which will most certainly not \enquote{originally} have been published in the Loeb Classical Library. Although not, strictly speaking, authorized by the \emph{Manual}, I have provided another way to introduce the original text, using the \textsf{origlanguage} field, which must be provided \emph{in the entry for the translation, not the original text} (aristotle:metaphy:trans). If you put one of the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings there (enumerated below), then the entry will work properly across multiple languages. Otherwise, just put the name of the language there, localized as necessary, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will eschew \enquote{Originally published as} in favor of, e.g., \enquote{Greek edition:} or \enquote{French edition:}. This has no effect in citations, where only the work cited --- original or translation --- will be printed, but it may help to make the \emph{Manual}'s suggestions for the list of references more palatable. \mylittlespace That was the first usage, in keeping at least with the spirit of the \emph{Manual}. I have also, perhaps less in keeping with that specification, retained some of \textsf{biblatex}'s functionality for this field. If an entry doesn't have a \textsf{userf} field, and therefore won't be combining a text and its translation in the list of references, you can also use \textsf{origlanguage} as Lehman intended it, so that instead of saying, e.g., \enquote{translated by X,} the entry will read \enquote{translated from the German by X.} The \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this, but it may conceivably help avoid certain ambiguities in some citations. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if you wish to use this functionality, you have to provide \emph{not} the name of the language, but rather a bibstring, which may, at the time of writing, be one of \texttt{american}, \texttt{brazilian}, \texttt{danish}, \texttt{dutch}, \texttt{english}, \texttt{french}, \texttt{german}, \texttt{greek}, \texttt{italian}, \texttt{latin}, \texttt{norwegian}, \texttt{portuguese}, \texttt{spanish}, or \texttt{swedish}, to which I've added \texttt{russian}. \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{origlocation}} 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has somewhat clarified issues pertaining to the documentation of reprint editions and their corresponding originals (14.166, 15.38). Starting with this release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, you can provide both an \textsf{origlocation} and an \textsf{origpublisher} to go along with the \textsf{origdate}, should you so wish, and all of this information will be printed in the reference list. You can now also use this field in a \textsf{letter} or \textsf{misc} (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) entry to give the place where a published or unpublished letter was written (14.117). (Jonathan Robinson has suggested that the \textsf{origlocation} may in some circumstances actually be helpful for disambiguation, his example being early printed editions of the same material printed in the same year but in different cities. The new functionality should make this simple to achieve. Cf.\ \textsf{origdate}, \textsf{origpublisher} and \textsf{pubstate}; schweitzer:bach.) \mybigspace As \colmarginpar{\textbf{origpublisher}} with the \textsf{origlocation} field just above, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has clarified issues pertaining to reprint editions and their corresponding originals (14.166, 15.38). You can now provide an \textsf{origpublisher} and/or an \textsf{origlocation} in addition to the \textsf{origdate}, and all will be presented in long notes and bibliography. (Cf.\ \textsf{origdate}, \textsf{origlocation}, and \textsf{pubstate}; schweitzer:bach.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{pages}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} field for providing page references. In many \textsf{article} entries you'll find this contains something other than a page number, e.g. a section name or edition specification (14.203, 14.209; kozinn:review, nyt:trevorobit). Of course, the same may be true of almost any sort of entry, though perhaps with less frequency. Curious readers may wish to look at brown:bremer (14.189) for an example of a \textsf{pages} field used to facilitate reference to a two-part journal article. Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals; \textsf{bookpagination} and \textsf{pagination} provide details about \textsf{biblatex's} mechanisms for specifying what sort of division a given \textsf{pages} field contains; and \textsf{usera} discusses a different way to present the section information pertaining to a newspaper article. \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\textbf{pagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate identifying string to information you provide in the \textsf{postnote} field of a citation command, whereas \textsf{bookpagination} allows you to prefix a string to the \textsf{pages} field. Please see \textbf{bookpagination} above for all the details on this functionality, as aside from the difference just mentioned the two fields are equivalent. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{part}} \textsf{biblatex} field, which identifies physical parts of a single logical volume in \textsf{book}-like entries, not in periodicals. It has the same purpose in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, but because the \emph{Manual} (14.126) calls such a thing a \enquote{book} and not a \enquote{part,} the string printed in the list of references will, at least in English, be \enquote{\texttt{bk.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ instead of the plain dot between volume number and part number (harley:cartography, lach:asia). This field should only be used in association with a \textsf{volume} number, so if you need to identify \enquote{parts} or \enquote{books} that are part of a published \textsf{series}, for example, then you'll need to use a different field, (which in the case of a series would be \textsf{number} [palmatary:pottery]). Cf.\ \textsf{volume}; iso:electrodoc. \mybigspace Standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{publisher}} \textsf{biblatex} field. Remember that \enquote{\texttt{and}} is a keyword for connecting multiple publishers, so if a publisher's name contains \enquote{and,} then you should either use the ampersand (\&) or enclose the whole name in additional braces. (See \emph{Manual} 14.139--148; aristotle:metaphy:gr, cohen:schiff, creasey:ashe:blast, dunn:revolutions.) \mylittlespace There are, as one might expect, a couple of further subtleties involved here. Two publishers will be separated by a forward slash in the list of references, and you no longer, in the 16th edition, need to provide hand formatting if a company issues \enquote{certain books through a special publishing division or under a special imprint,} as these, too, should be separated by a forward slash. If a book has two co-publishers, \enquote{usually in different countries,} (14.147) then the simplest thing to do is to choose one, probably the nearest one geographically. If you feel it necessary to include both, then levistrauss:savage demonstrates one way of doing so, using a combination of the \textsf{publisher} and \textsf{location} fields. Finally, if the publisher is unknown, then the \emph{Manual} recommends (14.143) simply using the place (if known) and the date. If for some reason you need to indicate the absence of a publisher, the abbreviation given by the \emph{Manual} is \texttt{n.p.}, though this can also stand for \enquote{no place.} Some style guides apparently suggest using \texttt{s.n.}\,(= \emph{sine nomine}) to specify the lack of a publisher, but the \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this. \mybigspace A \colmarginpar{\textbf{pubstate}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, introduced in version 0.9. Because the author-date specification has fairly complicated rules about presenting reprinted editions, I have adopted this field as a means of simplifying the problem for users. Instead of hand-formatting in the \textsf{location} field, you can now simply put the string \texttt{reprint} into the \textsf{pubstate} field, and depending on which date(s) you have chosen to appear at the head of the entry, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will either print the (localized) string \texttt{Reprint} in the proper place or otherwise provide a parenthesized notice at the end of the entry detailing the original publication date. See under \textbf{date} above for the available permutations. (Cf.\ aristotle:metaphy:gr, maitland:canon, maitland:equity, schweitzer:bach.) If the field contains something other than the word \texttt{reprint}, then it will be treated as in the standard styles, and printed after the publication information. \mylittlespace There is one subtlety of which you ought to be aware. In \textsf{music} entries, the \textsf{pubstate} mechanism transforms the \textsf{origdate} from a recording date for an album into the original release date for that album. If that date appears in citations and at the head of reference-list entries, then this mechanism won't generally make much difference, but if it appears elsewhere then a recording date will be printed in the middle of the reference list entry, the original release date will be printed near the end, preceded by the appropriate string. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{redactor}} have implemented this field just as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator} and \textsf{commentator}. \mybigspace \textbf{NB:} \mymarginpar{\textbf{reprinttitle}} \textbf{Please note that this feature is in an alpha state, and that I'm contemplating using a different field in the future for this functionality. I include it here in the hope that it might receive some testing in the meantime.} At the request of Will Small, I have included a means of providing the original publication details of an essay or a chapter that you are citing from a subsequent reprint, e.g., a \emph{Collected Essays} volume. In such a case, at least according to the \emph{Manual} (14.115), such details need be provided only if they are \enquote{of particular interest.} The data would follow an introductory phrase like \enquote{originally published as,} making the problem strictly parallel to that of including details of a work in the original language alongside the details of its translation. I have addressed the latter problem with the \textsf{userf} field, which provides a sort of cross-referencing method for this purpose, and \textsf{reprinttitle} works in \emph{exactly} the same way. In the .bib entry for the reprint you include a cross-reference to the cite key of the original location using the \textsf{reprinttitle} field (which it may help mnemonically to think of as a \enquote{reprinted title} field). The main difference between the two forms is that \textsf{userf} prints all but the \textsf{author} of the original work, whereas \textsf{reprinttitle} suppresses both the \textsf{author} and the \textsf{title} of the original, giving only the more general details, beginning with, e.g., the \textsf{journaltitle} or \textsf{booktitle} and continuing from there. The string prefacing this information will be \enquote{Orig.\ pub.\ in.} Please see the documentation on \textsf{userf} below for all the details on how to create .bib entries for presenting your data. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{series}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, usually just a number in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, almost always the name of a publication series in \textsf{book}-like entries. If you need to attach further information to the \textsf{series} name in a \textsf{book}-like entry, then the \textsf{number} field is the place for it, whether it be a volume, a number, or even something like \enquote{2nd ser.} or \enquote{\cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}.} Of course, you can also use \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}} or \cmd{bibstring\{newseries\}} in an \textsf{article} entry, but there you would place it in the \textsf{series} field itself. (In fact, the \textsf{series} field in \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entries is one of the places where \textsf{biblatex} allows you just to use the plain bibstring \texttt{oldseries}, for example, rather than making you type \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}. The \textsf{type} field in \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries also has this auto-detection mechanism in place; see the discussion of \cmd{bibstring} below for details.) In whatever entry type, these bibstrings produce the required abbreviation. (For books and similar entries, see \emph{Manual} 14.128--132; boxer:china, browning:aurora, palmatary:pottery, plato:republic:gr, wauchope:ceramics; for periodicals, see 14.195; garaud:gatine, sewall:letter.) Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{shortauthor}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago} makes considerably grea\-ter use of it than the standard styles. For the purposes of the author-date specification, the field provides the name to be used in text citations. In the vast majority of cases, you don't need to specify it, because the \textsf{biblatex} system selects the author's last name from the \textsf{author} field and uses it in such a reference, and if there is no \textsf{author} it will search \textsf{namea}, \textsf{editor}, \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec}, in that order. The current versions of \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biber} will now automatically alphabetize by any of these names if they appear at the head of an entry. If, in an author-less \textsf{article} entry (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}), you allow \textsf{biblatex-chicago} to use the title of the periodical as the author --- the default behavior --- then your \textsf{shortauthor} field can optionally contain an abbreviated form of the periodical name, formatted appropriately, which usually means something like \enquote{\cmd{mkbibemph\{Abbrev.\ Period.\ Title\}}} (gourmet:052006, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke). Indeed, with long, institutional authors, a shortened version in \textsf{shortauthor} may save space in the running text (evanston:library). See just below under \textbf{shorthand} for another method of saving space. \mylittlespace As mentioned under \textsf{editortype}, the \emph{Manual} (15.21) recommends against providing the identifying string (e.g., ed.\ or trans.)\ in text citations, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} follows their recommendation. If you need to provide these strings in such a citation, then you'll have to do so by hand in the \textsf{shortauthor} field, or in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, whichever you are using. \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorteditor}} \textsf{shortauthor}, a field to provide a name for a text citation, in this case for, e.g., a \textsf{collection} entry that typically lacks an author. The \textsf{shortauthor} field works just as well in most situations, but if you have set \texttt{useauthor=false} (and not \texttt{useeditor=false}) in an entry's \textsf{options} field, then only \textsf{shorteditor} will be recognized. Cf.\ \textsf{editortype}, above. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{shorthand}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s mechanism for using abbreviations in citations. For \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} I have modified it somewhat to conform to the needs of the specification, though there is a package option to revert the behavior to something closer to the \textsf{biblatex} standard --- see below and under \texttt{cmslos} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}. The main problem when presenting readers with an abbreviation is to ensure that they know how to expand it. In the notes \&\ bibliography style this is accomplished with a notice in the first footnote citing a given work, which explains that henceforth the abbreviation will be used instead, and also, if needed, with a list of shorthands that summarizes all the abbreviations used in a particular text. The first part of this system isn't available in the author-date style of citation, and indeed these citations are in themselves already highly-abbreviated keys to the fuller information to be found in the list of references. There are cases, however, particularly when institutions or \textsf{journaltitles} appear as authors, when you may feel the need to provide a shortened version for citations. I have already discussed one option available to you just above (cf.\ \textbf{shortauthor}), but for this to work the abbreviation must either be instantly recognizable to your readership or at least easily parseable by them. \mylittlespace The \colmarginpar{New!} \emph{Manual's} recommendation (15.36), and this has changed for the 16th edition, involves using an abbreviation for long institutional names, an abbreviation which will appear not only in citations but also at the head of the entry in the list of references. Such an entry should therefore be alphabetized by the abbreviation, which will be expanded within the same entry and placed (inside parentheses) between the abbreviation and the date. This new formatting can be produced in one of two ways: either you can provide a specially-formatted \textsf{author} field (for the reference list, and including both the abbreviation and the parenthesized expansion) + a \textsf{shortauthor} (for the citations), or you can use a normal \textsf{author} field + a \textsf{shorthand}, in which case \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically use the \textsf{shorthand} in text citations and also place it at the head of the reference list entry, followed by the \textsf{author} within parentheses. This method is simpler and more compatible with other styles, though you do need a \textsf{sortkey} when you use the \textsf{shorthand} field this way. (Cf.\ bsi:abbreviation, iso:electrodoc.) \mylittlespace I should clarify here that this automatic placement of the \textsf{shorthand} at the head of the entry will \emph{not} occur if you set the package option \texttt{cmslos=false} in your preamble. This allows you to implement other systems of shorthand expansion using either a list of shorthands (via \cmd{printshorthands}, which is always available no matter what the state of \texttt{cmslos}) or cross-references (via \textsf{customc}) within the reference list itself. You can place \texttt{skiplos} in the \textsf{options} field to exclude a particular entry from the list of shorthands if you do decide to print that list, giving maximum flexibility. \mylittlespace Indeed, \colmarginpar{New!} for this release, I have provided two new options to add to this flexibility. First, I have included two new \texttt{bibenvironments} for use with the \texttt{env} option to the \cmd{printshorthands} command: \mycolor{\texttt{losnotes}} is designed to allow a list of shorthands to appear inside footnotes, while \mycolor{\texttt{losendnotes}} does the same for endnotes. Their main effect is to change the font size, and in the latter case to clear up some spurious punctuation and white space that I see on my system when using endnotes. (You'll probably also want to use the option \texttt{heading=none} in order to get rid of the [oversized] default, providing your own within the \cmd{footnote} command.) Second, I have provided a new package option, \mycolor{\texttt{shorthandfull}}, which prints entries in the list of shorthands which contain full bibliographical information, effectively allowing you to eschew the list of references in favor of a fortified shorthand list. This option will only work if used in tandem with \texttt{cmslos=false}, as otherwise the shorthand will be printed twice. (See 15.36, 13.65, 14.54--55, and also \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for more information.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace As I mentioned above under \textbf{crossref}, extra care is needed when using shorthands with cross-references, and I would avoid them in all parent entries, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorttitle}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, primarily used to provide an abbreviated title for citation styles that need one. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} such a field will be necessary only very rarely (unlike in the notes \&\ bibliography style), and is most likely to turn up in \textsf{inreference} or \textsf{reference} entries (where the \textsf{title} takes the place of the \textsf{author}), or in any sort of entry with a \texttt{classical} \textsf{entrysubtype}. This latter toggle makes citations use \textsf{author} and \textsf{title} instead of \textsf{author} and \textsf{year}, and if an abbreviated version of that title would save space in your running text this is the field where you can provide it. (Cf.\ ency:britannica, grove:sibelius, aristotle:metaphy:gr.) \mybigspace A \colmarginpar{\textbf{sortkey}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify how you want an entry alphabetized in a list of references. In general, if an entry doesn't turn up where you expect or want it, this field should provide the solution. Entries with a corporate author can now omit the definite or indefinite article, which should help (14.85; cotton:manufacture, nytrumpet:art). The default settings of \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} now include the three supplemental name fields (\textsf{name[a-c]}) and also the \textsf{journaltitle} in the sorting algorithm, so once again you should find those algorithms needing less help than before. Entries using a \textsf{shorthand}, and entries headed by a \textsf{title} beginning with the definite or indefinite article, may well now require such assistance (bsi:abbreviation, grove:sibelius, iso:electrodoc). There may be circumstances --- several reprinted books by the same author, for example --- when the \textbf{sortyear} field is more appropriate, on which see below. Lehman also provides \textbf{sortname} and \textbf{sorttitle} for equally fine-grained control. Please consult \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for the details. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{sortyear}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, provided by Lehman for more fine-grained control over the sorting of entries in a list of references, and possibly useful in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} to help present several reprinted books by the same author. See \textsf{sortkey} and \textsf{date} above. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{subtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{title} --- see next entry. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{title}} release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now includes the \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}} style, designed as a kind of hybrid style according to indications contained in the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (14.45). This \mycolor{\textsf{trad}} style differs \emph{only} in the way it treats the \textsf{title} and related fields, which retain the forms they have traditionally had in the Chicago author-date specifications prior to the latest edition. Where the new edition uses headline-style capitalization, the older editions used sentence-style; where the new edition places \textsf{article} or \textsf{incollection} \textsf{titles} within quotation marks, the older editions presented them in plain text. If you have been using the 15th-edition author-date style, then your \textsf{title} fields won't need any changes for \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}, but I shall include just below, under a separate rubric, full documentation for \mycolor{\textsf{trad}} \textsf{title} fields for those just coming to the package. First, though, I document the same field(s) for the standard author-date style. \mylittlespace In the vast majority of cases, this field works just as it always has in \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and just as it does in \textsf{biblatex}. In a major change to previous editions of the \emph{Manual}, the 16th edition now recommends that \textsf{titles} be treated more or less identically across both its systems of documentation (15.2, 15.6, 15.13). This means that users of the author-date style no longer need to worry about sentence-style capitalization when compiling their .bib databases, and so can eschew the extra curly braces needed to preserve uppercase letters in this context. The other new rules, however, mean that a few new complications, familiar to users of the notes \&\ bibliography style, will arise. First, although nearly every entry will have a \textsf{title}, there are some exceptions, particularly \textsf{incollection} or \textsf{online} entries with a merely generic title, instead of a specific one (centinel:letters, powell:email). Second, the \emph{Manual}'s rules for formatting \textsf{titles}, which also hold for \textsf{booktitles} and \textsf{maintitles}, require additional attention. The whole point of using a \textsc{Bib}\TeX-based system is for it to do the formatting for you, and in most cases \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} does just that, surrounding titles with quotation marks, italicizing them, or occasionally just leaving them alone. When, however, a title is quoted within a title, then you need to know some of the rules. A summary here should serve to clarify them, and help you to understand when \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} might need your help in order to comply with them. \mylittlespace The internal rules of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} are as follows: \begin{description} \item[\qquad Italics:] \textsf{booktitle}, \textsf{maintitle}, and \textsf{journaltitle} in all entry types; \textsf{title} of \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{book}, \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{booklet}, \textsf{collection}, \mycolor{\textsf{image}}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{manual}, \textsf{misc} (with no \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{report}, \textsf{suppbook}, and \textsf{suppcollection} entry types. \item[\qquad Quotation Marks:] \textsf{title} of \textsf{article}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, \textsf{online}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{thesis}, and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, \textsf{issuetitle} in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entry types. \item[\qquad Unformatted:] \textsf{booktitleaddon}, \textsf{maintitleaddon}, and \textsf{titleaddon} in all entry types, \textsf{title} of \textsf{customc}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{misc} (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}), \mycolor{\textsf{patent}}, \textsf{review}, and \textsf{suppperiodical} entry types. \item[\qquad Italics or Quotation Marks:] All of the audiovisual entry types --- \textsf{audio}, \textsf{music}, and \textsf{video} --- have to serve as analogues both to \textsf{book} and to \textsf{inbook}. Therefore, if there is both a \textsf{title} and a \textsf{booktitle}, then the \textsf{title} will be in quotation marks. If there is no \textsf{booktitle}, then the \textsf{title} will be italicized. \end{description} Now, the rules for which entry type to use for which sort of work tend to be fairly straightforward, but in cases of doubt you can consult section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} above, the examples in \textsf{dates-test.bib}, or go to the \emph{Manual} itself, 8.154--195. Assuming, then, that you want to present a title within a title, and you know what sort of formatting each of the two would, on its own, require, then the following rules apply: \begin{enumerate} \item Inside an italicized title, all other titles are enclosed in quotation marks and italicized, so in such cases all you need to do is provide the quotation marks using \cmd{mkbibquote}, which will take care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s) (14.102; donne:var, mchugh:wake). \item Inside a quoted title, you should present another title as it would appear if it were on its own, so in such cases you'll need to do the formatting yourself. Within the double quotes of the title another quoted title would take single quotes --- the \cmd{mkbibquote} command does this for you automatically, and also, I repeat, takes care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s). (See 14.177; garrett, loften:hamlet, murphy:silent, white:callimachus.) \item Inside a plain title (most likely in a \textsf{review} entry or a \textsf{titleaddon} field), you should present another title as it would appear on its own, once again formatting it yourself using \cmd{mkbibemph} or \cmd{mkbibquote}. (barcott:review, gibbard, osborne:poison, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke). \end{enumerate} The \emph{Manual} provides a few more rules, as well. A word normally italicized in text should also be italicized in a quoted or plain-text title, but should be in roman (\enquote{reverse italics}) in an italicized title. A quotation used as a (whole) title (with or without a subtitle) retains its quotation marks in an italicized title \enquote{only if it appears that way in the source,} but always retains them when the surrounding title is quoted or plain (14.104, 14.177; lewis). A word or phrase in quotation marks, but that isn't a quotation, retains those marks in all title types (kimluu:diethyl). \mylittlespace Finally, please note that in all \textsf{review} (and \textsf{suppperiodical}) entries, and in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}, and only in those entries, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically capitalize the first word of the \textsf{title} after sentence-ending punctuation, assuming that such a \textsf{title} begins with a lowercase letter in your .bib database. See \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for more details. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace When \colmarginpar{\textbf{title (trad)}} you choose the new \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}} style, your \textsf{title} and related fields will need extra care, familiar to users of the 15th-edition author-date style. The whole point of using a \textsc{Bib}\TeX-based system is for it to do the formatting for you, and in most cases \mycolor{\textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate-trad}} does just that, capitalizing them sentence-style, italicizing them, and sometimes both. There are two situations that require user intervention. First, in titles that take sentence-style capitalization, you need, as always in traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX, to assist the algorithms by placing anything that needs to remain capitalized within an extra pair of curly braces. Second, when a title is quoted within a title, you need to know some of the rules of the Chicago style. A summary here should serve to clarify them, and help you to understand when \mycolor{\textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate-trad}} might need your help in order to comply with them. \mylittlespace With regard to sentence-style capitalization, the rules of the Chicago \textsf{authordate-trad} style are fairly simple: \begin{description} \item[\qquad Headline Style:] \textsf{journaltitle} in all types, \textsf{series} in all \textsf{book}-like entries (i.e., not in \textsf{articles}), and \textsf{title} in \textsf{periodical} entries. \item[\qquad Sentence Style:] every other \textsf{title}, \emph{except} in \textsf{letter} entries, \textsf{review} entries, and in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. Also, the \textsf{booktitle}, \textsf{issuetitle}, and \textsf{maintitle} in all entry types use sentence style. \item[\qquad Contextual Capitalization of First Word:] \textsf{titleaddon}, \textsf{booktitleaddon}, \textsf{maintitleaddon} in all entry types, also the \textsf{title} of \textsf{review} entries and of \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. \item[\qquad Plain:] \textsf{title} in \textsf{letter} entries. \end{description} What this means in practice is that to get a title like \emph{The Chicago manual of style}, your .bib entry needs to have a field that looks something like this: \begin{quote} \texttt{title = \{The \{Chicago\} Manual of Style\}} \end{quote} This is completely straightforward, but remember that if an \textsf{article} has a title like: Review of \emph{The Chicago manual of style}, then the curly braces enclosing material to be formatted in italics will cause the capitalization algorithm to stop and leave all of that material as it is, so your .bib entry would need to have a field something like this: \begin{quote} \texttt{title = \{}\cmd{bibstring\{reviewof\}} \cmd{mkbibemph\{The Chicago manual of style\}\}} \end{quote} (As an aside, the use of the \texttt{reviewof} bibstring isn't strictly necessary here, but it helps with portability across languages and across the two Chicago styles. If you've noticed a lot of lowercase letters starting fields in \textsf{dates-test.bib}, they're present because in the notes \&\ bibliography style capitalization is complicated by notes using commas where the bibliography uses periods, and words like \enquote{review} start in uppercase only if the context demands it. There's considerably less of this in the author-date styles [note the \textsf{*titleaddon} fields], but it still pays to be aware of the issue.) \mylittlespace With regard to italics, the rules of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate-trad} are as follows: \begin{description} \item[\qquad Italics:] \textsf{booktitle}, \textsf{maintitle}, and \textsf{journaltitle} in all entry types; \textsf{title} of \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{book}, \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{booklet}, \textsf{collection}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{manual}, \textsf{misc} (with no \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{report}, \textsf{suppbook}, and \textsf{suppcollection} entry types. \item[\qquad Main Text Font (Roman):] \textsf{title} of \textsf{article}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{misc} (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{online}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{review}, \textsf{suppperiodical}, \textsf{thesis}, and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, \textsf{issuetitle} in \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entry types. \textsf{booktitleaddon}, \textsf{maintitleaddon}, and \textsf{titleaddon} in all entry types. \item[\qquad Italics or Roman:] All of the audiovisual entry types --- \textsf{audio}, \textsf{music}, and \textsf{video} --- have to serve as analogues both to \textsf{book} and to \textsf{inbook}. Therefore, if there is both a \textsf{title} and a \textsf{booktitle}, then the \textsf{title} will be in the main text font. If there is no \textsf{booktitle}, then the \textsf{title} will be italicized. \end{description} Now, the rules for which entry type to use for which sort of work tend to be fairly straightforward, but in cases of doubt you can consult section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} above, the examples in \textsf{dates-test.bib}, or go to the \emph{Manual} itself, 8.154--195. Assuming, then, that you want to present a title within a title, and you know what sort of formatting each of the two would, on its own, require, then the following rules apply: \begin{enumerate} \item Inside an italicized title, all other titles are enclosed in quotation marks and italicized, so in such cases all you need to do is provide the quotation marks using \cmd{mkbibquote}, which will take care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s) (14.102; donne:var, mchugh:wake). \item Inside a plain-text title, you should set off other plain-text titles with quotation marks, while italicized titles should appear as they would if they were on their own. In such cases you'll need to do the formatting yourself, using \cmd{mkbibemph} or \cmd{mkbibquote}. (See barcott:review, garrett, gibbard, loften:hamlet, loomis:structure, murphy:silent, osborne:poi\-son, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke, white:callimachus.) \end{enumerate} The \emph{Manual} provides a few more rules, as well. A word normally italicized in text should also be italicized in a plain-text title, but should be in roman (\enquote{reverse italics}) in an italicized title. A quotation used as a (whole) title (with or without a subtitle) retains its quotation marks when it is plain, but loses them when it is italicized, unless it specifically retains them in the source (14.104, 14.177; lewis). A word or phrase in quotation marks, but that isn't a quotation, retains those marks in all title types (kimluu:diethyl). \mylittlespace Finally, please note that there is also a preamble option --- \mycolor{\texttt{headline}} --- that disables the automatic sentence-style capitalization routines in \textsf{authordate-trad}. If you set this option, the word case in your title fields will not be changed in any way, that is, this doesn't automatically transform your titles into headline-style, but rather allows the .bib file to determine capitalization. It works by redefining the command \cmd{MakeSentenceCase}, so in the unlikely event you are using the latter anywhere in your document please be aware that it will also be turned off there. See section~\ref{sec:authuseropts}, below. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{titleaddon}} \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want (cf.\ centinel:letters). This field will always be unformatted, that is, neither italicized nor placed within quotation marks, so any formatting you may need within it you'll need to provide manually yourself. The single exception to this rule is when your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, in which case you need then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. See\ \textbf{\textbackslash autocap}, below. (Cf.\ brown:bremer, osborne:poison, reaves:rosen, and white:ross:memo for examples where the field starts with a lowercase letter; morgenson:market provides an example where the \textsf{titleaddon} field, holding the name of a regular column in a newspaper, is capitalized, a situation that is handled as you would expect.) \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{translator}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{translator} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{translator} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional translator for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{nameb} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). \mylittlespace I have also provided a \textsf{namea} field, which holds the editor of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate translators for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{parttrans} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field or in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields (ratliff:review). (Because the strings identifying a translator differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field when using the notes \&\ bibliography style, but you can certainly do so in the author-date styles, if you wish. Using the macros will make your .bib file more portable across both Chicago specifications, and also across multiple languages, but they are otherwise unnecessary. [See section~\ref{sec:international}].) \mylittlespace Finally, as I detailed above under \textbf{author}, in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}, the \textsf{translator} will be used at the head of an entry (silver:gawain), and the reference list entry alphabetized by the translator's name, behavior that can be controlled with the \texttt{{usetranslator}} switch in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{type}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, and in its normal usage serves to identify the type of a \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, or \textsf{thesis} entry. \textsf{Biblatex} implements the possibility, in some circumstances, to use a bibstring without inserting it in a \cmd{bibstring} command, and in these entry types the \textsf{type} field works this way, allowing you simply to input, e.g., \texttt{patentus} rather than \cmd{bibstring\{patentus\}}, though both will work. (See petroff:impurity; herwign:office, murphy:silent, and ross:thesis all demonstrate how the \textsf{type} field may sometimes be automatically set in such entries by using one of the standard entry-type aliases). \mylittlespace Another use for the field is to generalize the functioning of the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, and of its alias \textsf{suppcollection}. In such entries, the \textsf{type} field can specify what sort of supplemental material you are citing, e.g., \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{postscript to}.} Cf.\ \textsf{suppbook} above for the details. (See \emph{Manual} 17.74--75; polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mylittlespace You can also use the \textsf{type} field in \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{audio}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{music}, and \textsf{video} entries to identify the medium of the work, e.g., \texttt{oil on canvas}, \texttt{albumen print}, \texttt{compact disc}, or \texttt{MPEG}. If the first word in this field would normally only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then leave it in lowercase in your .bib file and \textsf{biblatex} will automatically do the right thing in citations. Cf.\ \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{audio}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{music}, and \textsf{video}, above, for all the details. (See auden:reading, bedford:photo, cleese:holygrail, leo:madonna, nytrumpet:art.) \mybigspace Standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{url}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it holds the url of an online publication, though you can provide one for all entry types. The 16th edition of the \textsf{Manual} expresses a strong preference for DOIs over URLs if the former is available --- cf.\ \textsf{doi} above, and also \textsf{urldate} just below. The required \LaTeX\ package \textsf{url} will ensure that your documents format such references properly, in the text and in the reference apparatus. \mybigspace Standard \colmarginpar{\textbf{urldate}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it identifies exactly when you accessed a given url. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} prefers DOIs to URLs; in the latter case it allows the use of access dates, particularly in contexts that require it, but prefers that you use revision dates, if these are available. To enable you to specify which date is at stake, I have provided the \mycolor{\textbf{userd}} field, documented below. If an entry doesn't have a \textsf{userd}, then the \textsf{urldate} will be treated, as before, as an access date (14.6--8, 14.184, 15.9; evanston:library, grove:sibelius, hlatky:hrt, osborne:poison, sirosh:visualcortex, wikiped:bibtex). In the default setting of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear}, any entry without a \textsf{date}, \textsf{eventdate}, or \textsf{origdate} will now use the \textsf{urldate} to find a year for citations and the list of references (grove:sibelius, wikiped:bibtex). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{usera}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field which functions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} almost as a \enquote{\textsf{journaltitleaddon}} field. In \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{maga\-zine}, the contents of this field will be placed, unformatted and between commas, after the \textsf{journaltitle} and before the date. The main use is for identifying the broadcast network when you cite a radio or television program (14:221; bundy:macneil). \mybigspace I \colmarginpar{\textbf{userc}} have now implemented this supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field as part of the Chicago author-date style's handling of cross-references within the list of references. (The \enquote{c} part is meant as a sort of mnemonic for this latter function.) In the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}, you no longer need to use the \textbf{customc} entry type to include alphabetized expansions of \textsf{shorthands} in the reference list, but you may still need to provide cross-references of some sort to separate entries in that list, perhaps when a single author uses multiple pseudonyms. In such a case it is unlikely that you will cite the \textsf{customc} entry itself in the body of your text. Therefore, in order for it to appear in the reference list, you have two choices. You can either include the entry key of the \textsf{customc} entry in a \cmd{nocite} command inside your document, or you can place that entry key in the \textsf{userc} field of the .bib entry that actually contains one of the full citations. In the latter case, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will call \cmd{nocite} for you when you cite the main entry. (See 14.84, 14.86; creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death, lecarre:quest.) \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{userd}} \textsf{userd} field, new in this release, acts as a sort of \enquote{\textsf{datetype}} field, allowing you in most entry types to identify whether a \textsf{urldate} is an access date or a revision date. The general usage is fairly simple. If this field is absent, then a \textsf{urldate} will be treated as an access date, as has long been the default in \textsf{biblatex} and in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. If you need to identify it in any other way, what you include in \textsf{userd} will be printed \emph{before} the \textsf{urldate}, so phrases like \enquote{\texttt{last modified}} or \enquote{\texttt{last revised}} are what the field will typically contain (14.7--8; wikiped:bibtex). \mylittlespace Because of the rather specialized needs of some audio-visual references, this basic schema changes for \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries. In \textsf{music} entries where an \textsf{eventdate} is present, \textsf{userd} will modify that date instead of any \textsf{urldate} that may also be present, and it will modify an \textsf{origdate} if it is present and there is no \textsf{eventdate}. In \textsf{video} entries it will modify an \textsf{eventdate} if it is present, and in its absence the \textsf{urldate}. In all these cases, \textsf{userd} will modify what remains of any date, i.e., the month and the day, if that date's year has been printed at the head of the entry. Please see the documentation of the \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entry types, and especially of the \textsf{eventdate}, \textsf{origdate}, and \textsf{urldate} fields, above (14.276--279, 15.53; nytrumpet:art). \mylittlespace In all cases, you can start the \textsf{userd} field with a lowercase letter, and \textsf{biblatex} will take care of automatic contextual capitalization for you. \mybigspace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{usere}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field, which \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses specifically to provide a translated \textsf{title} of a work, something that may be needed if you deem the original language unparseable by a significant portion of your likely readership. The \emph{Manual} offers two alternatives in such a situation: either you can translate the title and use that translation in your \textsf{title} field, providing the original language in \textsf{language}, or you can give the original title in \textsf{title} and the translation in \textsf{usere}. Cf.\ \textbf{language}, above. (See 14.108--110, 14.194; kern, pirumova:russian, weresz.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{userf}} is the last of the supplemental fields which \textsf{biblatex} provides, and is used by \textsf{biblatex-chicago} for a very specific purpose. When you cite both a translation and its original, the \emph{Manual} (14.109) recommends that, in a reference list at least, you combine references to both texts in one entry. Lacking specific instructions about the author-date style, I have nonetheless chosen to implement this possibility also for a list of references, though in-text citations will still only refer to individual works. In order to follow this specification, I have provided a third cross-referencing system (the others being \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref}), and have chosen the name \textsf{userf} because it might act as a mnemonic for its function. \mylittlespace In order to use this system, you should start by entering both the original and its translation into your .bib file, just as you normally would. The mechanism works for any entry type, and the two entries need not be of the same type. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the cite key of the original into the \textsf{userf} field. In the \emph{original's} entry, you need to include some means of preventing it appearing separately in the list of references, either a toggle in the \textsf{keywords} field or perhaps \texttt{skipbib} in the \textsf{options} field. In this standard case, the data for the translation will be printed first, followed by the string \texttt{orig. pub. as}, followed by the original, author omitted (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr). As explained above (\textbf{origlanguage}), I have also included a way to modify the string printed before the original. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the original's language in \textsf{origlanguage}, and instead of \texttt{originally published as}, you'll get \texttt{French edition:} or \texttt{Latin edition:}, etc.\ (aristotle:metaphy:gr, aristotle:metaphy:trans). \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{venue}} \textsf{biblatex} offers this field for use in \textsf{proceedings} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries, but I haven't yet implemented it, mainly because the \emph{Manual} has nothing to say about it. Perhaps the \textsf{organization} field could be used, for the moment, instead. Anything in a \textsf{venue} field will be ignored. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{version}} \textsf{biblatex} field, currently only available in \textsf{misc} and \textsf{patent} entries in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{volume}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the volume of a \textsf{journaltitle} in \textsf{article} entries, and also the volume of a multi-volume work in many other sorts of entry. Cf.\ \textsf{part}; conway:evolution shows how sometimes this field may hold series information, as well. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{volumes}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the total number of volumes of a multi-volume work, and in such references you should provide the volume and page numbers in the \textsf{postnote} field of the relevant \cmd{cite} command, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{autocite}\texttt{[3:25]\{bibfile:key\}}. \end{quote} Cf.\ 15.22; meredith:letters, tillich:system, weber:saugetiere, wright:evolution. The entry wright:theory presents one volume of such a multi-volume work, so you would no longer need to give the volume in any \textsf{postnote} field when citing it. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{xref}} modified \textsf{crossref} field provided by \textsf{biblatex}. See \textbf{crossref}, above. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{year}} \textsf{biblatex} field, especially important for the author-date specification. Please see all the details under \textbf{date} above. Unlike the \textsf{date} field \textsf{year} allows non-numeric input, so you can put \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} here if required, or indeed any other sort of non-numerical date information. If you can guess the date then you can include that guess in square brackets instead of \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}. Cf.\ bedford:photo, clark:mesopot, leo:madonna, ross:thesis. \subsection{Commands} \label{sec:commands:authdate} In this section I shall attempt to document all those commands you may need when using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} that I have either altered with respect to the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex} or that I have provided myself. Some of these, unfortunately, will make your .bib file incompatible with other \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I've been unable to avoid this. Any ideas for more elegant, and more compatible, solutions will be warmly welcomed. \subsubsection{Formatting Commands} \label{sec:formatting:authdate} These commands allow you to fine-tune the presentation of your references in both citations and list of references. You can find many examples of their usage in \textsf{dates-test.bib}, and I shall try to point you toward a few such entries in what follows. \textbf{NB:} \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{mkbibquote} command is now mandatory in some situations. See its entry below. \mybigspace Version \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocap}} 0.8 of \textsf{biblatex} introduced the \cmd{autocap} command, which capitalizes a word inside a citation or list of references entry if that word follows sentence-ending punctuation, and leaves it lowercase otherwise. The whole question of capitalization is considerably more complicated in the notes \&\ bibliography style, where the former uses commas and the latter (often) periods to separate blocks of information, whereas the more streamlined author-date specification has few such issues. In \textsf{dates-test.bib} there are only two places where the \cmd{autocap} macro is necessary, and they both involve the string \texttt{forthcoming} in the \textsf{year} field (author:forthcoming, contrib:contrib). \mylittlespace I have nonetheless retained the system developed, following Lehman's example, for the notes \&\ bibliography style, which automatically tracks the capitalization of certain fields in your .bib file. I chose these fields after a non-scientific survey of entries in my own databases, so of course if you have ideas for the extension of this facility I would be most interested to hear them. In order to take advantage of this functionality, all you need do is begin the data in the appropriate field with a lowercase letter, e.g.,\ \texttt{note = \{with the assistance of X\}}. If the data begins with a capital letter --- and this is not infrequent --- that capital will always be retained. (cf., e.g., creel:house, morgenson:market.) If, on the other hand, you for some reason need such a field always to start with a lowercase letter, then you can try using the \cmd{isdot} macro at the start, which turns off the mechanism without printing anything itself. Here, then, for reference purposes, is the complete list of fields where this functionality is active: \begin{enumerate} \item The \textbf{addendum} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{booktitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{edition} field in all entry types. (Numerals work as you expect them to here.) \item The \textbf{maintitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{note} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{shorttitle} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{title} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{titleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{type} field in \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{audio}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{music}, \textsf{suppbook}, \textsf{suppcollection}, and \textsf{video} entry types. \end{enumerate} If you accidentally use the \cmd{autocap} macro in one of the above fields, it frankly shouldn't matter at all, and you'll still get what you want, but taking advantage of the automatic provisions should at least save some typing. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash bibstring}} is Lehman's very powerful mechanism to allow \textsf{biblatex} automatically to provide a localized version of a string, and to determine whether that string needs capitalization, depending on where it falls in an entry. \textsf{Biblatex} also provides functionality which allows you sometimes simply to input, for example, \texttt{newseries} instead of \cmd{bib\-string\{newseries\}}, the package auto-detecting when a bibstring is involved and doing the right thing, though in all such cases either form will work. This functionality is available in the \textsf{series} field of \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries; in the \textsf{type} field of \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries; in the \textsf{location} field of \textsf{patent} entries; in the \textsf{language} field in all entry types; and in the \textsf{nameaddon} field in \textsf{customc} entries. These are the places, as far as I can make out, where \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles support this feature, though I have added the last, style-specific, one. If Lehman generalizes it still further in a future release, I shall do the same, if possible. \enlargethispage{-3\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash mkbibquote}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} command, which requires attention here because it is a crucial part of the mechanism of Lehman's \enquote{American} punctuation system. Quotation marks around the \textsf{title} field in various entry types are automatically provided by \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, but titles-within-titles frequently also require them, so it is best to get accustomed to using this command to make sure any periods or commas appearing in the neighborhood of the closing quotes will appear inside them automatically. A few examples from \textsf{dates-test.bib} should help to clarify this. \mylittlespace In an \textsf{article} entry, the \textsf{title} contains a quoted phrase: \begin{quotation} \noindent\texttt{title = \{Diethylstilbestrol and Media Coverage of the \\ \indent\cmd{mkbibquote}\{Morning After\} Pill\}} \end{quotation} Here, because the quoted text doesn't come at the end of title, and no punctuation will ever need to be drawn within the closing quotation mark, you could instead use \texttt{\cmd{enquote}\{Morning After\}} or even \texttt{`Morning After'}. (Note the single quotation marks here --- the other two methods have the virtue of taking care of nesting for you.) All of these will produce the formatted: \enquote{Diethylstilbestrol and Media Coverage of the \enquote{Morning After} Pill.} \mylittlespace Here, by contrast, is a \textsf{book title}: \begin{quotation} \noindent \texttt{title = \{Annotations to \cmd{mkbibquote}\{Finnegans Wake\}\}} \end{quotation} Because the quoted title within the title comes at the end of the field, and because this reference unit will be separated from what follows by a period in the list of references, then the \cmd{mkbibquote} command is necessary to bring that period within the final quotation marks, like so: \emph{Annotations to \enquote{Finnegans Wake.}} \mylittlespace Note in both cases how you no longer need to be careful with the capitalization inside the curly brackets, as the 16th edition of the \textsf{Manual} has unified the title formatting of both its styles, which means that all lower- and uppercase letters remain as they are typed in your .bib file. \mylittlespace Let me also add that this command interacts well with Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package, which I highly recommend, though the latter isn't strictly necessary in texts using an American style, to which \textsf{biblatex} defaults when \textsf{csquotes} isn't loaded. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partcomp}} and the following 6 macros were all designed to help \textsf{biblatex-chicago} cope with the fact that many bibstrings in the notes \&\ bibliography style differ between notes and bibliography, the former sometimes using abbreviated forms when the latter prints them in full. These problems do not arise in the author-date styles, but using these macros will make your .bib database more portable across languages and across both Chicago styles, and may be slightly easier to remember than the strings themselves. On the other hand, of course, they will make your .bib file less portable across multiple \textsf{biblatex} styles. \mylittlespace These macros allow you to provide an \texttt{editor}, a \texttt{translator}, and/or a \texttt{compiler} in situations where the available fields (\textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}) aren't adequate. Their names all begin with \cmd{part}, as originally I intended them for use when a particular name applied only to a specific \textsf{title}, rather than to a \textsf{maintitle} or \textsf{booktitle} (cf.\ \textbf{namea} and \textbf{nameb}, above). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the present instance, you can use \cmd{partcomp} to identify a compiler when \textsf{namec} (or \textsf{editortype}) won't do, e.g., in a \textsf{note} field or the like. In such a case, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will print the appropriate string in your references. \mybigspace Use \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit}} this macro when identifying an editor whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{editor} or \textsf{namea}). (N.B.: If you are writing in French and using \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, then currently you'll need to add either \texttt{de} or \texttt{d'} after this command in your .bib files to make the references come out right. I'm working on this.) See howell:marriage. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andcomp}} before, but for use when an editor is also a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andtrans}} before, but for when when an editor is also a translator (ratliff:review). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\transandcomp}} before, but for when an editor is also a translator and a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans}} before, but for use when identifying a translator whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{translator} and \textsf{nameb}). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans-\\andcomp}} before, but for when a translator is also a compiler. \subsubsection{Citation Commands} \label{sec:cite:authordate} The \textsf{biblatex} package is particularly rich in citation commands, most of which, in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} and \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}, function as they do in the standard author-date styles. If you are getting unexpected behavior when using them please have a look in your .log file. A command like \cmd{supercite}, listed in §~3.6.2 of the \textsf{biblatex} manual but not defined by \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} or by core \textsf{biblatex}, defaults to \cmd{cite}, and leaves a warning in the .log. The following commands may require some minimal explanation, but if there are standard commands that don't work for you, or new commands that would be useful, please let me know, and it should be possible to fix or add them. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocite}} haven't adapted this in the slightest, but I thought it worth pointing out that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} sets this command to use \cmd{parencite} as the default option. It is, in my experience, much the most common citation command you will use, and also works fine in its multicite form, \textbf{\textbackslash autocites}. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash textcite}} standard \textsf{biblatex} this command searches first for a \textsf{labelname}, usually taken from the \textsf{author} or \textsf{shortauthor} field, then uses the \textsf{shorthand} field if the former doesn't exist. Because of the way the Chicago author-date specification recommends handling abbreviations, I have switched this around, and the command now searches for a \textsf{shorthand} first. This holds also for the multicite form \textbf{\textbackslash textcites}, though both commands revert to their standard \textsf{biblatex} behavior when you give the \texttt{cmslos=false} option in the preamble. \subsection{Package Options} \label{sec:opts:authdate} \subsubsection{Pre-set \textsf{biblatex} Options} \label{sec:preset:authdate} Although a quick glance through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} will tell you which \textsf{biblatex} options the package sets for you, I thought I might gather them here also for your perusal. These settings are, I believe, consistent with the specification, but you can alter them in the options to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your preamble or by loading the package using \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-authordate]\{biblatex\}}, which gives you the \textsf{biblatex} defaults unless you redefine them yourself inside the square brackets. \mylittlespace \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-authordate} \mymarginpar{\texttt{autocite=\\inline}} and \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}} place references in parentheses by default. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{citetracker=\\true}} citetracker for the \cmd{ifciteseen} test is enabled globally. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{alldates=comp}} specification calls for the long format when presenting dates, slightly shortened when presenting date ranges. Please note that because of the author-date style's complicated requirements with respect to dates, there will be cases when printed ranges don't look exactly right --- cf., e.g., nass:address. I'm working on this. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{ibidtracker=\\constrict}} enables an \emph{ibidem} mechanism in citations, but only in the most strictly-defined circumstances. The Chicago author-date style doesn't print \enquote{Ibid} in citations, but in general a repeated citation on the same page will print only the page reference. Technically, this should only occur when a source is cited \enquote{more than once in one paragraph} (15.26), so you can use the \cmd{citereset} command from \textsf{biblatex} to achieve the greatest compliance, as the package only offers automatic resetting on part, chapter, section, and subsection boundaries, while \textsf{biblatex-chicago} automatically resets the tracker at page breaks. (Cf.\ \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.2.1.) Whenever there might be any ambiguity, \textsf{biblatex} should default to printing a more informative reference. \mylittlespace If you are going to repeat a source, make sure that the cite command provides a postnote --- from this release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} you'll no longer get any annoying empty parentheses, but you will get another standard citation, which may add too much clutter. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{labelyear=\\true}} option tells \textsf{biblatex} to provide the special \textsf{labelyear} and \textsf{extrayear} fields for author-date styles. \mylittlespace These \mymarginpar{\textsf{\texttt{maxbibnames\\=10\\ minbibnames\\=7}}} two options are new, and control the number of names printed in the list of references when that number exceeds 10. These numbers follow the recommendations of the \emph{Manual} (17.29--30), and they are different from those for use in citations. With \textsf{biblatex} 1.6 you can no longer redefine \texttt{maxnames} and \texttt{minnames} in the \cmd{printbibliography} command at the bottom of your document, so \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now does this automatically for you, though of course you can change them in your document preamble. Please see section~\ref{sec:otherhints:auth} below (and the file \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}) for hints on dealing with entries with more than three authors. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{pagetracker=\\true}} enables page tracking for the \cmd{iffirstonpage} and \cmd{ifsamepage} commands for controlling, among other things, the \emph{ibidem} mechanism. It tracks individual pages if \LaTeX\ is in oneside mode, or whole spreads in twoside mode. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{punctfont=\\true}} fixes a minor problem with punctuation in titles, ensuring that the colon between a title and a subtitle appears in the correct, matching font. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{sortcase=\\false}} turns off the sorting of uppercase and lowercase letters separately, a practice which the \emph{Manual} doesn't appear to recommend. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{sorting=cms}} setting, new in this release, takes advantage of the \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} command provided by \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biber}, in effect implementing a default sorting order in the list of references tailored to comply with the Chicago author-date specification. Please see the documentation of \cmd{DeclareSortingScheme} in section~\ref{sec:authformopts}, below. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{uniquelist=\\minyear}} option enables \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} to disambiguate entries which have more than three \textsf{authors}, but which differ \emph{after} the first name in the list. This will only occur when two such entries have the same \textsf{year} (15.28). The option is \textsf{Biber}-only, like the following, which means that this next-generation \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ replacement is required for the author-date styles. Please see \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} (or \mycolor{\textsf{cms-trad-sample.pdf}}) and section~\ref{sec:otherhints:auth}, below, for further details. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{uniquename=\\minfull}} enables the package to distinguish different authors who share a surname, using initials in the first instance, and whole names if initials aren't enough (15.21). The option is \textsf{Biber}-only, like the previous one. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{usetranslator\\=true}} enables automatic use of the \textsf{translator} at the head of entries in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}. In the list of references, the entry will be alphabetized by the translator's surname. You can disable this functionality on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ silver:gawain. \subsubsection*{Other \textsf{biblatex} Formatting Options} \label{sec:authformopts} I've chosen defaults for many of the general formatting commands provided by \textsf{biblatex}, including the vertical space between items in the list of references and between items in the list of shorthands (\cmd{bibitemsep} and \cmd{lositemsep}). I define many of these in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and of course you may want to redefine them to your own needs and tastes. It may be as well you know that the \emph{Manual} does state a preference for two of the formatting options I've implemented by default: the 3-em dash as a replacement for repeated names in the list of references (15.17--19, and just below); and the formatting of note numbers, both in the main text and at the bottom of the page / end of the essay (superscript in the text, in-line in the notes; 14.19). The code for this last formatting is also in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and I've wrapped it in a test that disables it if you are using the \textsf{memoir} class, which I believe has its own commands for defining these parameters. You can also disable it by using the \texttt{footmarkoff} package option, on which see below. \mylittlespace Gildas Hamel pointed out that my default definition, in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, of \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{bibnamedash} didn't work well with many fonts, leaving a line of three dashes separated by gaps. He suggested an alternative, which I've adopted, with a minor tweak to make the dash thicker, though you can toy with all the parameters to find what looks right with your chosen font. The default definition is: \cmd{renewcommand*\{\textbackslash bibnamedash\}\{\textbackslash rule[.4ex]\{3em\}\{.6pt\}\}}. \mylittlespace With \colmarginpar{\texttt{losnotes} \&\\\texttt{losendnotes}} this release, and at the request of Kenneth Pearce, I have added two new \texttt{bibenvironments} to \textsf{chicago-authordate.bbx}, for use with the \texttt{env} option to the \cmd{printshorthands} command. The first, \texttt{losnotes}, is designed to allow a list of shorthands to appear inside footnotes, while \texttt{losendnotes} does the same for endnotes. Their main effect is to change the font size, and in the latter case to clear up some spurious punctuation and white space that I see on my system when using endnotes. (You'll probably also want to use the option \texttt{heading=none} in order to get rid of the [oversized] default, providing your own within the \cmd{footnote} command.) Please see the documentation of \textsf{shorthand} in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} above for further options available to you for presenting and formatting the list of shorthands. \mylittlespace The next-generation backend \textsf{Biber} offers enhanced functionality in many areas, three of which I've implemented in this release. If the default definitions don't work well for you, you can redefine all of them in your document preamble --- see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §§4.5.1 and 4.5.2. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\cmd{Declare-}\\\texttt{Labelname}} option allows you to add name fields for consideration when \textsf{biblatex} is attempting to find a shortened name for in-text citations. This, for example, allows a compiler (=\textsf{namec}) to appear in citations without any other intervention from the user, rather than requiring a \textsf{shortauthor} field as previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} did. The default definition currently is \texttt{\{shortauthor,author,\\shorteditor,namea,editor,nameb,% translator,namec\}}. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\cmd{Declare-}\\\texttt{Labelyear}} option allows you to alter the order in which \textsf{Biber} and \textsf{biblatex} search for the year to use both in citations and at the head of entries in the list of references. (This will also be the year to which an alphabetical suffix will be appended when an author has published more than one work in the same year.) In the default configuration, a year will be searched for in the order \textsf{date, eventdate, origdate, urldate}. This suits the Chicago author-date styles very well, except for \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries, and, exceptionally, some \textsf{review} entries. Here the general rule is to emphasize the earliest date. For these three entry types, then, \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} uses the order \textsf{eventdate, origdate, date, urldate}. See \texttt{avdate} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}, just below. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace The \colmarginpar{\cmd{Declare-}\\\texttt{SortingScheme}} third \textsf{Biber} enhancement I have implemented allows you to include almost any field whatsoever in \textsf{biblatex's} sorting algorithms for the list of references, so that a great many more entries will be sorted correctly automatically rather than requiring manual intervention in the form of a \textsf{sortkey} field or the like. Code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} sets the \textsf{biblatex} option \texttt{sorting=cms}, which is a custom scheme, basically a Chicago-specific variant of the default \texttt{nyt}. You can find its definition in \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx}. \mylittlespace The advantages of this scheme are, specifically, that any entry headed by one of the supplemental name fields (\textsf{name[a-c]}), a \textsf{manual} entry headed by an \textsf{organization}, or an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entry headed by a \textsf{journaltitle} will no longer need a \textsf{sortkey} set. The main disadvantage should only occur very rarely, and appears because the supplemental name fields are treated differently from the standard name fields by \textsf{biblatex}. Ordinarily, you can set, for example, \texttt{useauthor=false} in the \textsf{options} field to remove the \textsf{author's} name from consideration for sorting purposes. The Chicago-specific option \textsf{usecompiler=false}, however, doesn't remove \textsf{namec} from such consideration, so in some rare corner cases you may need a \textsf{sortkey}. \subsubsection{{Pre-set \textsf{chicago} Options}} \label{sec:authpreset} At \mymarginpar{\texttt{bookpages=\\true}} the request of Scot Becker, I have included this rather specialized option, which controls the printing of the \textsf{pages} field in \textsf{book} entries. Some bibliographic managers, apparently, place the total page count in that field by default, and this option allows you to stop the printing of this information in the reference list. It defaults to true, which means the field is printed, but it can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field (though rather than use this latter method it would make sense to eliminate the \textsf{pages} field from the affected entries). \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{doi=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{doi} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in the reference list. At the request of Daniel Possenriede, and keeping in mind the \emph{Manual's} preference for this field instead of a \textsf{url} (15.9), I have added a third switch, \mycolor{\texttt{only}}, which prints the \textsf{doi} if it is present and the \textsf{url} only if there is no \textsf{doi}. The package default remains the same, however --- it defaults to true, which will print both \textsf{doi} and \textsf{url} if both are present. The option can be set to \texttt{only} or to \texttt{false} either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field. In \textsf{online} entries, the \textsf{doi} field will always be printed, but the \texttt{only} switch will still eliminate any \textsf{url}. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{eprint=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{eprint} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in the list of references. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. In \textsf{online} entries, the \textsf{eprint} field will always be printed. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{isbn=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{isan}, \textsf{isbn}, \textsf{ismn}, \textsf{isrn}, \textsf{issn}, and \textsf{iswc} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in the list of references. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Once \mymarginpar{\texttt{numbermonth=\\true}} again at the request of Scot Becker, I have included this option, which controls the printing of the \textsf{month} field in all the periodical-type entries when a \textsf{number} field is also present. Some bibliographic software, apparently, always includes the month of publication even when a \textsf{number} is present. When all this information is available the \emph{Manual} (17.181) prints everything, so this option defaults to true, which means the field is printed, but it can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{url=true}} option controls whether any \textsf{url} fields present in the .bib file will be printed in the reference list. It defaults to true, and can be set to false either in the preamble, for the whole document, or on a per-entry basis, in the \textsf{options} field. Please note that, as in standard \textsf{biblatex}, the \textsf{url} field is always printed in \textsf{online} entries, regardless of the state of this option. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{includeall=\\true}} is the one option that rules the six preceding, either printing all the fields under consideration --- the default --- or excluding all of them. It is set to \texttt{true} in \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx}, but you can change it either in the preamble for the whole document or, for specific fields, in the \textsf{options} field of individual entries. The rationale for all of these options is the availability of bibliographic managers that helpfully present as much data as possible, in every entry, some of which may not be felt to be entirely necessary. Setting \texttt{includeall} to \texttt{true} probably works just fine for those compiling their .bib databases by hand, but others may find that some automatic pruning helps clear things up, at least to a first approximation. Some per-entry work afterward may then polish up the details. \mylittlespace For \colmarginpar{\texttt{avdate=true}} \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries, the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} (15.53) strongly recommends both that you provide a recording, release, or broadcast date for your references and also that this earlier date should appear in citations and at the head of reference list entries. In the default setting of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear}, \textsf{biblatex} searches for dates in the following order: \textsf{year, eventyear, origyear, urlyear}. This option changes the default ordering in \textsf{music} and \textsf{video} entries to the following: \textsf{eventyear, origyear, year, urlyear}. \textsf{Review} entries presenting on-line comments have similar needs, so the same reordering applies to that entry type, too. If you simply want to apply the defaults to these three entry types, you can use \texttt{avdate=false} in the options when loading \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. If, however, you want to tailor the algorithm to your own needs, then you can use \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} commands in your preamble. Please be aware, however, that some parts of the style hard-code the search syntax, and although they take account of the \texttt{avdate} setting, if you use your own definitions of \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} the results may, in some corner cases, surprise. Please see \textsf{music}, \textsf{review}, and \textsf{video} in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate}; \textsf{date}, \textsf{eventdate}, \textsf{origdate}, and \textsf{urldate} in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}; and \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} in section~\ref{sec:authformopts}. \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{cmslos=true}} option alters \textsf{biblatex's} standard behavior when processing the \textsf{shorthand} field. Chicago's author-date style only seems to recommend the use of shorthands as abbreviations for long authors' names, particularly institutional names, which means the shorthand will replace only the name part in citations rather than the whole citation (15.36; bsi:abbreviation, iso:electrodoc). The 16th edition now suggests placing the abbreviation at the head of the entry, followed by its expansion inside parentheses, an arrangement automatically provided by \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} when you use the \textsf{shorthand} field, assuming you retain the default setting of this option. Please note that you can still print a list of shorthands if you wish, and you can also get back something approaching the \enquote{standard} behavior of shorthands if you give the \texttt{cmslos=false} option to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your document preamble. Cf.\ section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, s.v. \enquote{\textbf{shorthand}} above, and also \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{nodates=true}} option means that for all entry types except \textsf{inreference}, \textsf{misc}, and \textsf{reference}, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically provide \cmd{bibstring\{nodates\}} for any entry that doesn't otherwise provide a date for citations and for the heads of entries in the list of references. If you set \texttt{nodates=false} in your preamble, then the package won't perform this substitution in any entry type whatsoever. (The bibstring expands to \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}} in English.) \mylittlespace This \colmarginpar{\texttt{usecompiler=\\true}} option enables automatic use of the name of the compiler (in the \textsf{namec} field) at the head of an entry, usually in the absence of an \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, or \textsf{translator}, in accordance with the specification (\emph{Manual} 15.35). It may also, like \texttt{useauthor}, \texttt{useeditor}, and \texttt{usetranslator}, be disabled on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usecompiler=false} in the \textsf{options} field. The only, subtle, difference between this switch and those standard \textsf{biblatex} switches is that this one won't remove \textsf{namec} from the sorting list, whereas \texttt{useauthor=false} and \texttt{useeditor=false} do remove the \textsf{author} and \textsf{editor}. You may, therefore, in corner cases, require a \textsf{sortkey} in the entry. \subsubsection{Style Options -- Preamble} \label{sec:authuseropts} These are parts of the specification that not everyone will wish to enable. All except the second can be used even if you load the package in the old way via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, but most users can just place the appropriate string(s) in the options to the \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}} call in your preamble. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{annotation}} the request of Emil Salim, I have added to this version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} the ability to produce annotated reference lists. If you turn this option on then the contents of your \textsf{annotation} (or \textsf{annote}) field will be printed after the reference. (You can also use external files to store annotations -- please see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~3.10.7 for details on how to do this.) This functionality is currently in a beta state, so before you use it please have a look at the documentation for the \textsf{annotation} field, in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} above. \mylittlespace Although \mymarginpar{\texttt{footmarkoff}} the \emph{Manual} (14.19) recommends specific formatting for footnote (and endnote) marks, i.e., superscript in the text and in-line in foot- or endnotes, Charles Schaum has brought it to my attention that not all publishers follow this practice, even when requiring Chicago style. I have retained this formatting as the default setup, but if you include the \texttt{footmarkoff} option, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will not alter \LaTeX 's (or the \textsf{endnote} package's) defaults in any way, leaving you free to follow the specifications of your publisher. I have placed all of this code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, so if you load the package with a call to \textsf{biblatex} instead, then once again footnote marks will revert to the \LaTeX\ default, but of course you also lose a fair amount of other formatting, as well. See section~\ref{sec:loading:auth}, below. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Several \colmarginpar{\texttt{headline}\\\texttt{(trad only)}} users requested an option that turned off the automatic transformations that produce sentence-style capitalization in the title fields of the 15th-edition author-date style. I have, therefore, also included it in \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}. If you set this option, the word case in your title fields will not be changed in any way, that is, this doesn't automatically transform your titles into headline-style, but rather allows the .bib file to determine capitalization. It works by redefining the command \cmd{MakeSentenceCase}, so in the unlikely event you are using the latter anywhere in your document please be aware that it will also be turned off there. \mylittlespace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{juniorcomma}} \emph{Manual} (6.47) states that \enquote{commas are not required around \emph{Jr.}\ and \emph{Sr.},} so by default \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has followed standard \textsf{biblatex} in using a simple space in names like \enquote{John Doe Jr.} Charles Schaum has pointed out that traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ practice was to include the comma, and since the \emph{Manual} has no objections to this, I have provided an option which allows you to turn this behavior back on, either for the whole document or on a per-entry basis. Please note, first, that numerical suffixes (John Doe III) never take the comma. The code tests for this situation, and detects cardinal numbers well, but if you are using ordinals you may need to set this to \texttt{false} in the \textsf{options} field of some entries. Second, I have fixed a bug in older releases which always printed the \enquote{Jr.}\ part of the name immediately after the surname, even when the surname came before the given names (as in a reference list). The package now correctly puts the \enquote{Jr.}\ part at the end, after the given names, and in this position it always takes a comma, the presence of which is unaffected by this option. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{natbib}} may look like the standard \textsf{biblatex} option, but to keep the coding of \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} simpler for the moment I have reimplemented it there, from whence it is merely passed on to \textsf{biblatex}. If you load the Chicago style with \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}}, then the option should simply read \texttt{natbib}, rather than \texttt{natbib=true}. The shorter form also works if you use \cmd{usepackage}\\ \texttt{[style=chicago-authordate]\{biblatex\}}, so I hope this requirement isn't too onerous. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{noibid}} the request of an early tester, I have included this option to allow you globally to turn off the \texttt{ibidem} mechanism that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} uses by default. This mechanism doesn't actually print \enquote{Ibid,} but rather includes only the \textsf{postnote} information in a citation, i.e., it will print (224) instead of (Author 2000, 224). Setting this option will mean that none of these shortened citations will appear automatically. For more fine-grained control of individual citations you'll probably want to use the \cmd{citereset} command, allied possibly with the \textsf{biblatex}\ \texttt{citereset} option, on which see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.2.1. \mylittlespace Kenneth Pearce \colmarginpar{\texttt{shorthandfull}} has suggested that, in some fields of study, a list of shorthands providing full bibliographical information may replace the list of references itself. This option, which must be used in tandem with \texttt{cmslos=false}, prints this full information in the list of shorthands, though of course you should remember that any .bib entry not containing a \textsf{shorthand} field won't appear in such a list. Please see the documentation of the \textsf{shorthand} field in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} above for information on further options available to you for presenting and formatting the list of shorthands. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{strict}} still-experimental option attempts to follow the \emph{Manual}'s recommendations (14.36) for formatting footnotes on the page, using no rule between them and the main text unless there is a run-on note, in which case a short rule intervenes to emphasize this continuation. I haven't tested this code very thoroughly, and it's possible that frequent use of floats might interfere with it. Let me know if it causes problems. \subsubsection{Style Options -- Entry} \label{sec:authentryopts} These options are settable on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field; both relate to the presentation of dates in citations and the list of references. \mylittlespace The \colmarginpar{\texttt{cmsdate}} 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has simplified the options for entries with more than one date (15.38). You can choose among them using the \texttt{cmsdate} entry option. It has 3 possible states relevant to this problem, alongside a fourth which I discuss below. An example should make this clearer. Let us assume that an entry presents a reprinted edition of a work by Smith, first published in 1926 (the \textsf{origdate}) and reprinted in 1985 (the \textsf{date}): \begin{description} \item[\qquad \textbf{off}:] This is the default. The citation will look like (Smith 1985). \item[\qquad \textbf{both}:] The citation will look like (Smith [1926] 1985). \item[\qquad \textbf{on}:] The citation will look like (Smith 1926). \textbf{NB: The \emph{Manual} no longer includes this among the acceptable options.} If you want to present the \textsf{origdate} at the head of an entry, then generally speaking you should use \texttt{cmsdate=both}. I have retained this option for corner cases where it might be useful. The 15th-edition options \texttt{new} and \texttt{old} now work like \texttt{both}. \end{description} As I explained in detail above in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, s.v.\ \enquote{\textbf{date},}\ because \textsf{biblatex's} sorting algorithms and automatic creation of the \textsf{extrayear} field refer by default to the \textsf{date} before the \textsf{origdate} when both are present, there may be situations when you need to have the \emph{earlier} year in the \textsf{date} field, and the later one in \textsf{origdate}, e.g., if you have another reprinted work by the same author originally printed in the same year. \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically detect this switch, and given the same reprinted work as above, the results will be as follows: \begin{description} \item[\qquad \textbf{off}:] This is the default. The citation will look like (Smith 1926a). \textbf{This style is no longer recommended by the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}}. \item[\qquad \textbf{both}:] The citation will look like (Smith [1926a] 1985). The 15th-edition options \texttt{old} and \texttt{new} are now synonyms for this. \item[\qquad \textbf{on}:] The citation will look like (Smith 1926a). As noted above, \textbf{this style is no longer recommended by the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual}}. \end{description} If, \mymarginpar{\texttt{switchdates}} for any reason, simply switching the \textsf{date} and the \textsf{origdate} isn't possible in a given entry, then you can put \texttt{switchdates} in the \textsf{options} field to achieve the same result. Please take a look at the full documentation of the \textbf{date} field to which I referred just above, and also at \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} and \textsf{dates-test.bib} for examples of how all this works. \mylittlespace The \colmarginpar{New!} 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} now specifies that it is \enquote{usually sufficient to cite newspaper and magazine articles entirely within the text} (15.47). This will apply mainly to \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, and involves a parenthetical citation giving the \textsf{journaltitle} and then the full \textsf{date}, not just the year, with any other relevant identifying information incorporated into running text. (Cf.\ 14.206.)\ In order to facilitate this, I have added a further switch to the \texttt{cmsdate} option \colmarginpar{\mycolor{\texttt{cmsdate=full}}} --- \mycolor{\textbf{full}} --- which \emph{only} affects the presentation of citations, and causes the printing of the full date specification there. You can use the standard \textsf{biblatex} \texttt{skipbib} option to keep such entries from appearing in the list of references, and you may, if your .bib entry is a complete one, also need \texttt{useauthor=false} in order to ensure that the \textsf{journaltitle} appears in the citations rather than the \textsf{author}. \mylittlespace As a final note, I should point out that the code in \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx} allows \texttt{cmsdate} to be used in the document preamble as a general setting. This leads to a world of pain, so I very strongly advise against it, though I'm leaving it in for testing purposes. \subsection{General Usage Hints} \label{sec:hints:auth} \subsubsection{Loading the Styles} \label{sec:loading:auth} With the addition of the \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}} style to the package, there are now three keys for choosing which style to load, \texttt{notes}, \texttt{authordate}, and \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}, one of which you put in the options to the \cmd{usepackage} command. With early versions of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the standard way of loading the package was via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-authordate,strict,backend=biber,\%\\ babel=other,bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex\}} \end{quote} Now, the default way to load the style, and one that will in the vast majority of standard cases produce the same results as the old invocation, will look like this: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[authordate,strict,backend=biber,babel=other,\%\\ bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} If you read through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, you'll see that it sets a number of \textsf{biblatex} options aimed at following the Chicago specification, as well as setting a few formatting variables intended as reasonable defaults (see section~\ref{sec:preset:authdate}, above). Some parts of this specification, however, are plainly more \enquote{suggested} than \enquote{required,} and indeed many publishers, while adopting the main skeleton of the Chicago style in citations, nonetheless maintain their own house styles to which the defaults I have provided do not conform. \mylittlespace If you only need to change one or two parameters, this can easily be done by putting different options in the call to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} or redefining other formatting variables in the preamble, thereby overriding the package defaults. If, however, you wish more substantially to alter the output of the package, perhaps to use it as a base for constructing another style altogether, then you may want to revert to the old style of invocation above. You'll lose all the definitions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, including those to which I've already alluded and also the code that sets the note number in-line rather than superscript in endnotes or footnotes. Also in this file is the code that calls all of the package's localization files, which means that you'll lose all the Chicago-specific bibstrings I've defined unless you provide, in your preamble, a \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping} command, or several, adapted for your setup, on which see section~\ref{sec:international} below and also §§~4.9.1 and 4.11.7 in Lehman's \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. \mylittlespace What you \emph{will not} lose is the ability to call the package options \texttt{annotation, strict, cmslos=false} and \texttt{noibid} (section~\ref{sec:authuseropts}, above), in case these continue to be useful to you when constructing your own modifications. There's very little code, therefore, actually in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, but I hope that even this minimal separation will make the package somewhat more adaptable. Any suggestions on this score are, of course, welcome. \subsubsection{Other Hints} \label{sec:otherhints:auth} Starting with \textsf{biblatex} version 1.5, in order to adhere to the author-date specification you will need to use \textsf{Biber} to process your .bib files, as \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ (and its more recent variants) will no longer provide all the required features. This document assumes that you are using \textsf{Biber}; if you wish to continue using \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ then you need \textsf{biblatex} version 1.4c and, if you have any problems with the current release, possibly \textsf{biblatex-chicago} 0.9.7a. \mylittlespace If your .bib file contains a large number of entries with more than three authors, then you may run into some limitations of the \textsf{biblatex-chicago} code. The default settings in the package are \texttt{maxnames=3,minnames=1} in citations and \texttt{max\-bibnames=10,minbibnames=7} in the list of references. In practice, this means that an entry like hlatky:hrt, with 5 authors, will present all of them in the list of references but will truncate to one in citations, like so: (Hlatky et al. 2002). For the vast majority of circumstances, these settings are exactly right for the Chicago author-date specification. However, if \enquote{a reference list includes another work of the same date that would also be abbreviated as [\enquote{Hlatky et al.}] but whose coauthors are different persons or listed in a different order, the text citations must distinguish between them} (15.28). The new (\textsf{Biber}-only) \textsf{biblatex} option \texttt{uniquelist}, set for you in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, will automatically handle many of these situations for you, but it is as well to understand that it does so by temporarily suspending the limits, listed above, on how many names to print in a citation. Without \texttt{uniquelist}, \textsf{biblatex} would present such a work as, e.g., (Hlatky et al. 2002b), while hlatky:hrt would be (Hlatky et al. 2002a). This does distinguish between them, but inaccurately, as it suggests that the two different author lists are exactly the same. With \texttt{uniquelist}, the two citations might look like (Hlatky, Boothroyd et al.\ 2002) and (Hlatky, Smith et al.\ 2002), which is what the specification requires. \mylittlespace If, however, the distinguishing name occurs further down the author list --- in fourth or fifth position in our examples --- then the default settings would produce citations with all 4 or 5 names printed, which can become awkwardly long. In such a situation, you can provide \textsf{shortauthor} fields that look like this: \{\{Hlatky et al., \textbackslash mkbibquote\{Quality of Life,\}\}\} and \{\{Hlatky et al., \textbackslash mkbibquote\{Depressive Symptoms,\}\}\}, using a shortened title to distinguish the references. This would produce (Hlatky et al., \enquote{Quality of Life,} 2002) and (Hlatky et al., \enquote{Depressive Symptoms,} 2002), again as the spec requires. There is, unfortunately, no simpler way that I know of to deal with this situation. \mylittlespace One useful rule, when you are having difficulty creating a .bib entry, is to ask yourself whether all the information you are providing is strictly necessary. The Chicago specification is a very full one, but the \emph{Manual} is actually, in many circumstances, fairly relaxed about how much of the data from a work's title page you need to fit into a reference. Authors of introductions and afterwords, multiple publishers in different countries, the real names of authors more commonly known under pseudonyms, all of these are candidates for exclusion if you aren't making specific reference to them, and if you judge that their inclusion won't be of particular interest to your readers. Of course, any data that may be of such interest, and especially any needed to identify and track down a reference, has to be present, but sometimes it pays to step back and reevaluate how much information you're providing. I've tried to make \textsf{biblatex-chicago} robust enough to handle the most complex, data-rich citations, but there may be instances where you can save yourself some typing by keeping it simple. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Scot Becker has pointed out to me that the inverse problem not only exists but may well become increasingly common, to wit, .bib database entries generated by bibliographic managers which helpfully provide as much information as is available, including fields that users may well wish not to have printed (ISBN, URL, DOI, \textsf{pagetotal}, inter alia). The standard \textsf{biblatex} styles contain a series of options, detailed in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.2.2, for controlling the printing of some of these fields, and with this release I have implemented the ones that are relevant to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, along with a couple that Scot requested and that may be of more general usefulness. There is also a general option to excise with one command all the fields under consideration -- please see section~\ref{sec:authpreset} above. \mylittlespace Finally, allow me to reiterate what Philipp Lehman says in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, to wit, if you aren't going to use \textsf{Biber}, use \textsf{bibtex8}, rather than standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and avoid the cryptic errors that ensue when your .bib file gets to a certain size. \section{\mycolor{Internationalization}} \label{sec:international} Several users have requested that, in line with analogous provisions in other \enquote{American} \textsf{biblatex} styles (e.g., \textsf{biblatex-apa} and \textsf{biblatex-mla}), I include facilities for producing a Chicago-like style in other languages. I have supplied three lbx files, \textsf{cms-german.lbx}, its clone \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx}, and \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, in at least partial fulfillment of this request. For this release, Baldur Kristinsson has very kindly provided \mycolor{\textsf{cms-icelandic.lbx}} for speakers of that language, while Håkon Malmedal has equally kindly provided \mycolor{\textsf{cms-norsk.lbx}}, \mycolor{\textsf{cms-norwegian.lbx}}, and \mycolor{\textsf{cms-nynorsk.lbx}}. I have added \mycolor{\textsf{cms-british.lbx}} in order to simplify and to improve the package's handling of non-American typographical conventions in English. This means that all --- or at least most --- of the Chicago-specific bibstrings are now available for documents and reference apparatuses written in these languages, with, as I intend, more languages to follow, limited mainly by my finite time and even-more-finite competence. (If you would like to provide bibstrings for a language in which you want to work, or indeed correct deficiencies in the lbx files contained in the package, please contact me.) \mylittlespace Using \mymarginpar{\textbf{babel}} these facilities is fairly simple. By default, and this functionality remains the same as it was in the previous release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, calls to \cmd{DeclareLanguage\-Mapping} in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} will automatically load the American strings, and also \textsf{biblatex's} American-style punctuation tracking, when you: \begin{enumerate} \item Load \textsf{babel} with \texttt{american} as the main text language. \item Load \textsf{babel} with \texttt{english} as the main text language. \item[] \qquad \emph{or} \item Do not load \textsf{babel} at all. \end{enumerate} (This last is a change from the \textsf{biblatex} defaults --- cp.\ §~3.9.1 in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} --- but it seems to me reasonable, in an American citation style, to expect this arrangement to work well for the majority of users.) \mylittlespace If, \colmarginpar{New!} for whatever reason, you wanted to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago} but retain British typographical conventions --- punctuation outside of quotation marks, outer quotes single rather than double, etc.\ --- then you no longer need to follow the complicated rules outlined in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. Instead, simply load \textsf{babel} with the \texttt{british} option. \mylittlespace If you want to use French, German, Icelandic, or Norwegian strings in the reference apparatus, then you can load \textsf{babel} with \texttt{french}, \texttt{german}, \texttt{icelandic}, \texttt{ngerman}, \texttt{norsk}, or \texttt{nynorsk} as the main document language. You no longer need any calls to \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping} in your document preamble, since \textsf{bib\-latex-chicago.sty} now automatically provides these if you load the package in the standard way. \mylittlespace You can also define which bibstrings to use on an entry-by-entry basis by using the \textsf{hyphenation} field in your bib file, but you will have to make sure that the Chicago-specific strings for the given language are loaded using a \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping} call in the preamble. Indeed, if \texttt{american} isn't the main text language when loading \textsf{babel}, then in order to have access to those strings you'll need \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping\{american\}\{cms-american\}} in your preamble, as \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} won't load it for you. \mylittlespace Three other hints may be in order here. Please note, first, that I haven't altered the standard punctuation procedures used in any of the other available languages, so commas and full stops will appear outside of quotation marks, and those quotation marks themselves will be language-specific. If, for whatever reason, you wish to follow the Chicago specification and move punctuation inside quotation marks, then you'll need a declaration of this sort in your preamble: \begin{quote} \cmd{DefineBibliographyExtras\{german\}\{\%}\\ \hspace*{2em}\cmd{DeclareQuotePunctuation\{.,\}\}} \end{quote} Second, depending on the nature of your bibliography database, it will only rarely be possible to process the same bib file in different languages and obtain completely satisfactory results. Fields like \textsf{note} and \textsf{addendum} will often contain language-specific information that won't be translated when you switch languages, so manual intervention will be necessary. If you suspect you may have a need to use the same bib file in different languages, you can minimize the amount of manual intervention required by using the bibstrings defined either by \textsf{biblatex} or by \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. Here, a quick read through \textsf{notes-test.bib} and/or \textsf{dates-test.bib} should give you an idea of what is available for this purpose --- see esp.\ the strings \texttt{by}, \texttt{nodate}, \texttt{newseries}, \texttt{number}, \texttt{numbers}, \texttt{oldseries}, \texttt{pseudonym}, \texttt{reviewof}, \texttt{revisededition}, and \texttt{volume}, and also section \ref{sec:formatcommands} above, esp.\ s.v.\ \enquote{\cmd{partedit}.} \mylittlespace Finally, the French and German bibstrings I have provided may well break with established bibliographical traditions in those languages, but my main concern when choosing them was to remain as close as possible to the quirks of the Chicago specification. I have entirely relied on the judgment of the creators of the Icelandic and Norwegian localizations in those instances. If you have strong objections to any of the strings, or indeed to any of my formatting decisions, please let me know. \section{One .bib Database, Two Chicago Styles} \label{sec:twostyles} I have, when designing this package, attempted to keep at least half an eye on the possibility that users might want to re-use a .bib database in documents using the two different Chicago styles. The extensive unification of the two styles in the 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has simplified things, and though I have no idea whether this will even be a common concern, I still thought I might gather in this section the issues that a hypothetical user might face. The two possible conversion vectors are by no means symmetrical, so I provide two lists, items within the lists appearing in no particular order. These may well be incomplete, so any additions are welcome. \subsection{Notes -> Author-Date } \label{sec:conv:notesauth} This is, I believe, the simpler conversion, as most well-constructed .bib entries for the notes \& bibliography style will nearly \enquote{just work} in author-date, but here are a few caveats nonetheless: \begin{enumerate} \item \mycolor{\textbf{NB:}} Unless you are using \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}, the formatting of titles in the two styles is now the same, which means you would no longer need to worry about extra curly brackets and their affects on capitalization. If you are using \textsf{authordate-trad}, please see the caveats in the documentation of the \textsf{title} field in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, above. \item You may need to reevaluate your use of shorthands, given that by default the author-date styles use them in place of authors rather than in place of the whole citation. The preamble option \textsf{cmslos=false} may help, but this may leave your document out-of-spec. \item The potential problem with multiple author lists containing more than three names doesn't arise in the notes \& bibliography style, so the \textsf{shortauthor} fields in such entries may need alteration according to the instructions in section~\ref{sec:otherhints:auth} above. \item Date presentation is relatively simple in notes \& bibliography, so you'll need to contemplate the \texttt{cmsdate} options from section~\ref{sec:authentryopts} when doing the conversion to author-date. \end{enumerate} \subsection{Author-date -> Notes} \label{sec:conv:authnotes} It is my impression that an author-date .bib database is somewhat easier to construct in the first instance, but subsequently converting it to notes \& bibliography is a little more onerous. Here are some of the things you may need to address: \begin{enumerate} \item If you've decided against using the \cmd{partedit} macro and friends from section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate} above, commands not strictly necessary for author-date, you'll need to insert them now. \item In general, you need to be more careful in notes \& bibliography about capitalization issues. Fields which only appear once in author-date --- in the list of references --- may appear in both long notes and in the bibliography, in different syntactic contexts, so a quick perusal of the documentation of the \cmd{autocap} macro in section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate} above may help. \item You also need to be more careful about the use of abbreviations, e.g., in journal names, where the author-date style is more liberal in their use than the notes \&\ bibliography style. (Cf.\ 14.179.) The bibstrings mechanism and package options sort much of this out automatically, but not all. \item The \textsf{shorttitle} field is used extensively in notes \& bibliography to keep short notes short, so you may find that you need to add a fair number of these to an author-date database. In general this field is ignored by the latter style, so this, too, will be a one-time conversion. \item You may need to add \textsf{letter} entries if you are citing just one letter from a published collection. See section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}, s.v. \enquote{letter,} above. \item The default shorthand presentation differs from one style to the other. You may need to reconsider how you use this field when making the conversion. \item As I explained above in section~\ref{sec:entryfields}, s.v.\ \enquote{date,} I have included compatibility code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} for the \texttt{cmsdate} (silently ignored) and \texttt{switchdates} options, along with the automatic mechanism for reversing \textsf{date} and \textsf{origdate}. This means that you can, in theory, leave all of this alone in your .bib file when making the conversion, though I'm retaining the right to revise this if the code in question demonstrably interferes with the functioning of the notes \&\ bibliography style. \end{enumerate} \section{Interaction with Other Packages} \label{sec:otherpacks} For \mymarginpar{\textbf{endnotes}} users of the \textsf{endnotes} package --- or of \textsf{pagenote} --- \textsf{biblatex} 0.9 offers considerably enhanced functionality. Please read Lehman's RELEASE file and the documentation of the \texttt{notetype} option in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~3.1.2.1. \mylittlespace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{memoir}} problem I have found occurs because the \textsf{memoir} class provides its own commands for the formatting of foot- and end-note marks. By default, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses superscript numbers in the text, and in-line numbers in foot- or end-notes, but I have turned this off when the \textsf{memoir} class is loaded, reasoning that users of that package may well have their own ideas about such formatting. \mylittlespace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{ragged2e}} footnote mark code I've just mentioned also causes problems for the \textsf{rag\-ged2e} package, but in this case a simple workaround is to load \textsf{biblatex} \emph{after} you've loaded \textsf{ragged2e} in your document preamble. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Nick \mymarginpar{\textbf{Xe\LaTeX}} Andrewes alerted me to problems that appeared when he used the Xe\LaTeX\ engine to process his files. These included spurious punctuation after quotation marks in some situations, and also failures in the automatic capitalization routines. Some of these problems disappeared when I switched to using Lehman's punctuation-tracking code for \enquote{American} styles, but some remained. A bug report from J. P. E.~Harper-Scott suggested a new way of addressing the issue, and newer versions of Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package incorporate a full fix. This, thankfully, doesn't require turning off any of Xe\LaTeX 's features, and indeed merely involves upgrading to the latest version of \textsf{csquotes}, which I recommend doing in any case. Compatibility with the EU1 encoding is now standard in that package. \section{TODO \&\ Known Bugs} \label{sec:bugs} This release implements the 16th edition of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}. It now also contains a version of the author-date style (\mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}) with traditional title formatting, alongside the \textsf{authordate} code which unifies the treatment of titles between itself and the notes \&\ bibliography style. I hope that users will migrate to one of these styles implementing the most recent specification, so that I can focus my development and testing there. For the moment, I shall call the 15th-edition styles \enquote{mildly deprecated,} but if you still have urgent feature requests for them, I'll do what I can. \mylittlespace Regardless of which edition you are considering, there are a number of things I haven't implemented. The solution in brown:bre\-mer to multi-part journal articles obviously isn't optimal, and I should investigate a way of making it simpler. If the kludge presented there doesn't appeal, you can always, for the time being, refer separately to the various parts. Legal citations are another thorny issue, and implementing them would involve choosing a particular documentation scheme (for which there exist at least three widely-used standards in the US), then providing what would be, it has seemed to me, an entirely separate \textsf{biblatex} style, bearing little or no relation to the usual look of Chicago citations. Indeed, the \emph{Manual} (14.281) even makes it clear that you should be using a different reference book if you are presenting work in the field, so I've thought it prudent to stay clear of those waters so far. I have received a request for this feature, however, so when I have finished the updates for the 16th edition I shall look at it more closely. If you have other issues with particular sorts of citation, I'm of course happy to take them on board. The \emph{Manual} covers an enormous range of materials, but if we exclude the legal citations it seems to me that the available entry types could be pressed into service to address the vast majority of them. If this optimism proves misguided, please let me know. \mylittlespace Kenneth L. Pearce has reported a bug that appears when using multiple citation commands inside the \textsf{annotation} field of annotated bibliographies. As late as I am with the file for the 16th edition, I shall attempt to address this in a future release. If you run into this problem, he suggests placing all the citations together in parentheses at the end of the annotation, though on my machine this doesn't always work too well, either. \mylittlespace The same user has requested a way to provide shortened citations not just of essays in one \textsf{collection}, but also of multiple books in, for example, a collected works. I shall be looking into this for future releases. \mylittlespace Version 1.5 of \textsf{biblatex} revised the way the package deals with breaking long URLs and DOIs across lines. The new code is designed to deal as elegantly as possible with as wide a variety of cases as possible, but in a few of my test entries it has caused some line-breaking issues of its own. Depending on the nature of your cited sources, it may be useful for you to revert to the older, pre-1.5 \textsf{biblatex} behavior, something which is easily done by copying and pasting the old definition of the \cmd{biburlsetup} command into your document preamble. If you look in the preambles of \textsf{cms-notes-sample.tex} or \textsf{cms-dates-sample.tex}, you can see the redefinition and copy it from there, just to see whether it helps your situation. If it would be generally useful, I could also easily turn it into a package option. Feedback welcome. \mylittlespace The switch to \textsf{Biber} for the author-date specification means that \textsf{biblatex} now provides considerably enhanced handling of the various date fields. I have attempted to document the relevant changes in \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} and in the \textbf{date} discussion in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, above, but it's possible the package may need some changes to cope with all the permutations. Please let me know if you find something that looks like a bug. \mylittlespace Roger Hart, Pierric Sans, and a number of other users have reported a bug in the formatting of title fields. This, as far as I can tell, has to do with the interaction between \cmd{MakeSentenceCase} and certain characters at the start of the title, particularly Unicode ones. If you are using \mycolor{\textsf{authordate-trad}}, it may help for the moment to put an empty set of curly braces \{\}\ at the start of the field, but I shall look into this further. \mylittlespace Recent versions of \textsf{biblatex} have introduced some new entry types for citing multi-volume works. These are largely aimed at those already using \textsf{Biber}, which provides much-improved functionality for the \textsf{crossref} field compared to standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ or \textsf{bibtex8}. Depending upon the time required to implement the changes for the 16th edition, these types may make it into the package for the next major release, or they may have to wait until the one after. \mylittlespace Roger Hart has requested that I incorporate some means of changing the punctuation before \textsf{titleaddon} fields, perhaps using a customizable command like \cmd{titleaddonpunct}. I hope to provide this in the next release. He has also requested, despite the \emph{Manual's} objections, the possibility of using both \texttt{Idem} and \texttt{Ibid.}\ in notes. I shall look into this for the next release. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace This release fixes the formatting errors of which I am aware, though users writing in French should be aware of problems with the \cmd{partedit} command in section~\ref{sec:formatcommands} above. There also remain the larger issues I've discussed throughout this documentation, which mainly represent my inability to make all of \textsf{biblatex-chicago's} formatting functions transparent for the user, but thankfully Lehman's superb punctuation-tracking code has preemptively fixed a great many small errors, some of which I hadn't even noticed before I began testing that functionality. That there are other micro-bugs seems certain --- if you report them I'll do my best to fix them. \mylittlespace I haven't looked closely at the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ style by Glenn Paulley, contained in the \textsf{chicago} package on CTAN, which implements the author-date specification from the 13th edition of the \emph{Manual}. If anyone is still using the style, and requires some compatibility code for it, let me know, and I'll look into it. \section{Revision History} \label{sec:history} \textbf{0.9.9b: Released \today} \begin{itemize} \item This \label{deprec:obsol} release contains a new variant of the author-date style, available as the \mycolor{\texttt{authordate-trad}} option when loading \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. This provides the traditional, plain, pre-16th-edition Chicago title handling --- sentence-style capitalization, absence of quotation marks in \textsf{article} titles and the like --- but in all other respects follows the 16th-edition specification, as suggested by the \emph{Manual} (15.45). Remember that the \texttt{headline} package option can be used to turn off the automatic sentence-style capitalization, meaning that titles will appear as presented in the .bib file, at least as far as capitalization is concerned. Please see especially the documentation of \textsf{\textbf{title}} in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, above, for the details. \item I have updated calls to \cmd{DeclareLabelname} and \cmd{DeclareLabelyear} in several .cbx files so that the package works correctly with the most recent version (2.4) of \textsf{biblatex}. \item Following a request by Norman Gray, I have included a \cmd{textcite} (and a \cmd{textcites}) command in the notes \&\ bibliography style for the first time. Please see section~\ref{sec:citecommands}, above, for the details. \item Following a request by Daniel Possenriede, I have added in all three 16th-edition styles a new switch, \mycolor{\texttt{only}}, to the \texttt{doi} option, which prints the \textsf{doi} when present and the \textsf{url} only when there is no \textsf{doi}. The package default remains, however, \texttt{true}. \item I am grateful to Baldur Kristinsson for providing an Icelandic localization file for \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, called \mycolor{\textsf{cms-icelandic.lbx}}. You'll see if you look through it that it is still something of a work in progress, but it should cover most needs in that language very well. If you would like to fill in some of the gaps please let me know. \item I am also grateful to Håkon Malmedal for providing Norwegian localizations for \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, contained in the files \mycolor{\textsf{cms-norsk.lbx}}, \mycolor{\textsf{cms-norwe\-gian.lbx}}, and \mycolor{\textsf{cms-nynorsk.lbx}}. \item I have added a new British localization (\mycolor{\textsf{cms-british.lbx}}) that should make it much simpler for users to produce documents adhering to that tradition. For further details on the usage of all these localizations please see section~\ref{sec:international}, above. \item Several users have reported a bug that resulted in doubled bibstrings in certain contexts. This happened only when using localizations for which \textsf{biblatex-chicago} didn't have explicit support, and it should now be fixed. \item I have changed the way the 16th-edition author-date styles handle the \emph{Ibidem} mechanism. In the absence of a \textsf{postnote} field you no longer get empty parentheses, but rather a standard in-text citation. If you do have a \textsf{postnote} field, then only that will appear. \end{itemize} \enlargethispage{-2\baselineskip} \textbf{0.9.9a: Released July 30, 2012} \begin{itemize} \item I have made a few changes to \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} to allow the package to work with the latest version (2.0) of \textsf{biblatex}. In all other respects this release is identical to 0.9.9. If you do use the package with \textsf{biblatex} 2.0, please let me know if there are issues I need to address. Thanks to Charles Schaum for alerting me to some of them. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.9: Released July 5, 2012} \mylittlespace Converting 15th-Edition .bib Files to Use the 16th Edition: \mylittlespace \textbf{Notes and Bibliography Style} \begin{itemize} \item The specification for \textbf{music} entries has been significantly altered for the new edition. You no longer need to worry about the \texttt{\textcircledP} and \texttt{\textcopyright} signs in the \textsf{howpublished} field, which will be silently ignored, and the \textsf{pubstate} field now reverts to its usual function of identifying reprints or, in this case, reissues. The spec really only requires a record label (\textsf{series}) and catalog number (\textsf{number}), though \textsf{publisher} is still available if you need it. There is a new emphasis, finally, on the dating of musical recordings, so that the \textsf{eventdate} gives the recording date of a particular song or other portion of a recording, the \textsf{origdate} the recording date of an entire album, and the \textsf{date} the publishing date of that album. Please see the full documentation in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}, above. \item The specification for \textbf{video} entries has also been clarified. For television series, the episode and series numbers go in \textsf{booktitleaddon} instead of \textsf{titleaddon} and, as with \textsf{music} entries, the \textsf{eventdate} will hold the original broadcast date of such an episode, or perhaps the recording/performance date of, e.g., an opera on DVD. The \textsf{origdate} will still hold the original release date of a film, and the \textsf{date} the publishing or copyright date of the medium you are referencing. Please see the full documentation in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}, above. \item You should add \textbf{customc} entries to provide bibliographical cross-references from multiple pseudonyms back to the author's name. \item In \textbf{suppbook} entries, the \emph{Manual} now requires you to provide the page range (in the \textsf{pages} field) for the specific part you are citing, e.g., an introduction, foreword, or afterword.\enlargethispage{-2\baselineskip} \item In \textbf{patent} entries, the \emph{Manual} now prefers sentence-style capitalization for titles, which you'll need to provide yourself by hand. \item When a descriptive phrase is used as an \textsf{author}, you can now omit an initial definite or indefinite article, which will help with alphabetization in the bibliography. \item A DOI is now preferred to a URL, if both are available. \item On the same subject, a revision date (or similar) is preferred to an access date for online material. You can use the new \textbf{userd} field to change the string introducing the \textsf{urldate}, which defaults to being an access date. \item Special imprints are now separated from their parent press by a forward slash rather than a comma, so can just be added to the \textsf{publisher} field with the usual keyword \texttt{and}. \item I have implemented a reasonable, less-flexible facsimile of the \textsf{Biber}-only command \mycolor{\cmd{DeclareLabelname}} which should work for those using any backend. It allows \textsf{biblatex} to find a name for short notes outside the standard name fields, including, notably, in the \textsf{name[a-c]} fields. This should reduce the instances where you need a \textsf{shortauthor} field to provide such a name. \item The Chicago-specific setting of another \textsf{Biber}-only command, \mycolor{\cmd{Declare\-SortingScheme=cms}}, allows non-standard fields to be considered by \textsf{biblatex's} sorting algorithms, which should reduce the instances where you need a \textsf{sortkey} or the like in your entries. If you aren't using \textsf{Biber}, the package reverts to the standard \texttt{nty} sorting scheme. \end{itemize} \textbf{Author-Date Style} \begin{itemize} \item All title fields now follow the rules for the notes \&\ bibliography style as far as punctuation, formatting, and capitalization are concerned. \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-authordate} will deal with most of this automatically, but if you have any hand formatting of lowercase letters within curly braces in your .bib file, you will need to restore the headline-style capitalization there. Also, you'll need to be more careful when you provide quotation marks inside titles, remembering to use \cmd{mkbibquote} so that punctuation can be brought inside nested quotation marks. These revisions will apply particularly to \textbf{title}, \textbf{booktitle}, and \textbf{maintitle} fields. \item The one exception to these rules is in \textbf{patent} entries, where sentence-style capitalization of the \textsf{title} is now specified. You'll have to provide this by hand yourself, as in the notes \&\ bibliography style. \item Because of these changes to title formatting, you'll need to observe the difference between \textbf{article} and \textbf{review} entries, where the latter contain generic, \enquote{Review of \ldots} titles and the former standard, specific titles. \item The presentation of \textbf{shorthand} fields has changed. You no longer need to use the \textbf{customc} entry type to include cross-references from shorthands to expansions in the list of references. Now, simply using a \textsf{shorthand} field in an entry places that \textsf{shorthand} in citations and at the head of the entry in the list of references, where it will be followed by its expansion within parentheses. The new system will require help with sorting in the reference list --- placing the \textsf{shorthand} also in a \textsf{sortkey} should do the trick. \item On the subject of \textbf{customc} entries, the \emph{Manual} now recommends using cross-references in several contexts, particularly when a single author uses more than one pseudonym. Adding \textsf{customc} entries makes this happen. \item There have been significant changes when presenting book-like entries with more than one date. If you are using the \texttt{cmsdate=on} option, or indeed simply placing the earlier date in the \textbf{date} field and the later one in \textbf{origdate}, the presentation will be the same as before, but you should understand that the \emph{Manual} no longer recommends this \textsf{origdate}-only style. It prefers, instead, to present either the \textsf{date} alone or both dates in citations and at the head of reference list entries. When presenting both dates, there is now no longer a choice between the \texttt{old} and \texttt{new} options for \texttt{cmsdate}, but only the \texttt{both} option. If you have \texttt{old} or \texttt{new} in your .bib files, they will be treated as synonyms of \texttt{both}. \item The specification for \textbf{music} entries has been significantly altered for the new edition. You no longer need to worry about the \texttt{\textcircledP} and \texttt{\textcopyright} signs in the \textsf{howpublished} field, which will be silently ignored, and the \textsf{pubstate} field reverts to its more usual function of identifying reprints or, in this case, reissues. The spec really only requires a record label (\textsf{series}) and catalog number (\textsf{number}), though \textsf{publisher} is still available if you need it. There is a new emphasis, finally, on the dating of musical recordings, which means that such entries will fit better with the author-date style. It also means that I have had to redefine the various date fields. The \textsf{eventdate} gives the recording date of a particular song or other portion of a recording, the \textsf{origdate} the recording date of an entire album, and the \textsf{date} the publishing date of that album. The earlier date is the one that will appear in citations and at the head of reference list entries. Please see the full documentation in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate}, above. \item The specification for \textbf{video} entries has also been clarified. For television series, the episode and series numbers go in \textsf{booktitleaddon} instead of \textsf{titleaddon} and, as with \textsf{music} entries, the \textsf{eventdate} will hold the original broadcast date of such an episode, or perhaps the recording/performance date of, e.g., an opera on DVD. The \textsf{origdate} will still hold the original release date of a film, and the \textsf{date} the publishing or copyright date of the medium you are referencing. The earlier date, once again, is the one that will appear in citations and at the head of reference list entries. Please see the full documentation in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate}, above. \item In \textbf{suppbook} entries, the \emph{Manual} now requires you to provide the page range (in the \textsf{pages} field) for the specific part you are citing, e.g., an introduction, foreword, or afterword. \item The author-date style now prefers longer bibstrings in the list of references, bringing it into line with the notes \&\ bibliography style. Generally, the package will take care of this for you, but if you've been using abbreviated strings in \textsf{note} fields, for example, you may want to change them so that they conform with the strings the package provides. In some circumstances the \cmd{partedit} macro, and its relatives, may help. See section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate}. \item When a descriptive phrase is used as an \textsf{author}, you can now omit an initial definite or indefinite article, which will help with alphabetization in the bibliography. \item A DOI is now preferred to a URL, if both are available. \item On the same subject, a revision date (or similar) is preferred to an access date for online material. You can use the new \textbf{userd} field to change the string introducing the \textsf{urldate}, which defaults to being an access date. \item Special imprints are now separated from their parent press by a forward slash rather than a comma, so can just be added to the \textsf{publisher} field with the usual keyword \texttt{and}. \item The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} is less than enthusiastic about the use of \enquote{Anon.}\ as the \textsf{author}, preferring instead that the \textsf{title} or the \textsf{journaltitle} take its place. If you do decide to get rid of \enquote{Anon.,} new facilities provided by \textsf{Biber} --- see next entry --- should mean that \textsf{biblatex} no longer requires assistance when alphabetizing such author-less entries. \item The Chicago-specific setting of the \textsf{Biber}-only command, \mycolor{\cmd{DeclareSort\-ing\-Scheme=cms}}, allows non-standard fields to be considered by \textsf{biblatex's} sorting algorithms, which should reduce the instances where you need a \textsf{sortkey} or the like in your entries. \item The Chicago-specific setting of the \textsf{Biber}-only command \mycolor{\cmd{DeclareLabel\-name}} allows \textsf{biblatex} to find a name (\enquote{\textsf{label}}) for citations outside the standard name fields, including, notably, in the \textsf{name[a-c]} fields. This should reduce the instances where you need a \textsf{shortauthor} field to provide such a name. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item For reprinted books, you can now present more detailed publishing information about the original edition using the new \mycolor{\textbf{origlocation}} and \mycolor{\textbf{origpublisher}} fields. You can also use the \textsf{origlocation} in \textsf{letter} or \textsf{misc} (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) entries to identify where a published or unpublished letter was written. These uses apply to both Chicago styles. \item Thanks to a patch sent by Kazuo Teramoto, you can now take advantage of \textsf{biblatex's} facilities for citing \mycolor{\textbf{eprint}} resources. There is also a new \mycolor{\texttt{eprint}} option, set to \texttt{true} by default, which controls the printing of this field in both Chicago styles. You can set the option both in the preamble and in the \textsf{options} field of individual entries. The field will always print in \textbf{online} entries. \item I have added a new citation command, \mycolor{\cmd{citejournal}}, to the notes \&\ bibliography style to allow you to present journal articles using an alternative short note form, which may be a clearer form of reference in certain circumstances. Such short notes will present the name of the \textsf{author}, the \textsf{journaltitle}, and the \textsf{volume} number. \item I have included a very slightly modified version of the standard \textsf{biblatex} \cmd{citeauthor} command, which may be useful for references to works from classical antiquity. \item I have added a new \texttt{cmsdate=\mycolor{full}} switch to the author-date style, which only affects citations in the text, and means that a full date specification will appear there, rather than just the year. If you follow the \emph{Manual's} recommendations concerning newspaper and magazine articles only appearing in running text and not in the reference list, this option will help. \item I have added a new \mycolor{\texttt{avdate}} option to the author-date style, set to \texttt{true} by default in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}. This alters the default setting of \cmd{Declare\-Labelyear} in \textbf{music}, \textbf{review}, and \textbf{video} entries to take account of specialized instructions in the \emph{Manual} for finding dates to appear in citations and at the head of reference list entries. Setting \texttt{avdate=false} in the options when you load \textsf{biblatex-chicago} restores the default settings for all entry types. See \texttt{avdate} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}. \item The \emph{Manual} has added recommendations for citing blogs, which generally will need an \textbf{article} entry with \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}. You can identify a blog as such by placing \enquote{blog} in the \textsf{location} field. If you want to cite a comment to a blog or to other online material, the \textbf{review} entry type, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} will serve. The \textbf{eventdate} dates the comment, and any timestamp that is required can go in \textsf{nameaddon}. These instructions work in both specifications. \item Photographs are no longer presented differently from other sorts of artworks so, in effect, in both styles, the \textbf{image} type is now a clone of \textbf{artwork}, though retained for backward compatibility. \item Following a request by Kenneth Pearce, I have added new facilities for presenting \textbf{shorthands} in both Chicago styles. In both, there are two new \texttt{bibenvironments} which you can set using the \texttt{env} option to the \cmd{printshorthands} command: \mycolor{\texttt{losnotes}} formats the list of shorthands so that it can be presented in a footnote, while \mycolor{\texttt{losendnotes}} does the same for endnotes. In both styles, there is a new preamble option, \mycolor{\texttt{shorthandfull}}, which prints the full bibliographical information of each entry inside the list of shorthands, allowing such a list effectively to replace a bibliography or list of references. In the author-date style, you need to set the \texttt{cmslos=false} option as well, in order for this to work. In the notes \&\ bibliography style, I have added a new citation command, \mycolor{\cmd{shorthandcite}}, which prints the \textsf{shorthand} even in the first citation of a given work. \item Following suggestions by Roger Hart, I have implemented three new field-exclusion options in the notes \&\ bibliography style. In all three cases, the field in question will always appear in the bibliography, but not in long notes, which may help to save space. The fields at stake are \textsf{addendum}, \textsf{note}, and \textsf{series}, controlled respectively by the new \mycolor{\texttt{addendum}}, \mycolor{\texttt{notefield}}, and \mycolor{\texttt{bookseries}} options. All of these are set to \texttt{true} using the new \mycolor{\texttt{completenotes}} option in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, but you can change the settings either in the preamble or in the \textsf{options} field of individual entries. Please see the documentation of these options in section~\ref{sec:chicpreset}, above, for details on which entry types are excluded from their scope. \item Thanks to a coding suggestion from Gildas Hamel, I have redefined the \cmd{bibnamedash} in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, which should now by default look a little better in a wider variety of fonts. \item At the request of Baldur Kristinsson, I have added \cmd{DeclareLanguageMap\-ping} commands to \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} for all the languages \textsf{biblatex-chicago} currently provides. If you load the style in the standard way, you no longer need to provide these mappings manually yourself. \item I have improved the date handling in both styles, particularly with regard to date ranges. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.8d: Released November 15, 2011} \begin{itemize} \item Some minor fixes to both styles for compatibility with \textsf{biblatex} 1.7. \item Kenneth Pearce found an error in the formatting of \textsf{bookinbook} titles in the author-date style's list of shorthands. This should work properly now. \item Jonathan Robinson spotted some inconsistencies in the way the notes \&\ bibliography style interacts with the \textsf{hyperref} package. Following his suggestion, short notes now point to long notes when the latter are available, but to bibliography entries instead when you have set the \texttt{short} option. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.8c: Released October 12, 2011} \begin{itemize} \item Emil Salim pointed out some rather basic errors in the presentation of \textsf{inproceedings} and \textsf{proceedings} entries, errors that have been present from the first release of the style(s). These should now, belatedly, have been put right. \item Minor improvements to coding and documentation. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.8b: Released September 29, 2011} \begin{itemize} \item Bad Dates: Christian Boesch alerted me to some date-formatting errors produced when using the styles with the \texttt{german} option to \textsf{babel}. A little further investigation revealed similar problems with \texttt{french}, and before long it became clear that date handling in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} was generally, and significantly, sub-optimal. The whole system should now be more robust and more accurate. \item The new date-handling code shouldn't require any changes to your .bib files, but users of the author-date style may want to have a look at the documentation of the \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc} entry types, and of the four date fields, for some information about how the changes could simplify the creation of their databases. \item Various other minor improvements. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.8a: Released September 21, 2011} \begin{itemize} \item Fixed a series of unsightly errors in the author-date style, discovered while working on the pending update to the 16th edition. \item Fixed bugs uncovered in both the author-date and the notes \&\ bibliography styles thanks to Charles Schaum's adventurous use of the \textsf{origyear} field. \item Added two new bibstrings to the cms-*.lbx files to fix potential bugs in some of the audiovisual entry types. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.8: Released August 31, 2011} \begin{itemize} \item Starting with \textsf{biblatex} version 1.5, in order to adhere to the author-date specification you will need to use \textsf{Biber} to process your .bib files, as \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ (and its more recent variants) will no longer provide all the required features. Unfortunately, however, the current release of \textsf{Biber} (0.9.5) contains bugs that make it tricky to use with \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. These bugs have been addressed in 0.9.6 beta, which is available for various operating systems in the \texttt{development} subdirectory of your SourceForge mirror, e.g., \href{http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/download.sourceforge.net/pub/sourceforge/b/project/bi/biblatex-biber/biblatex-biber/development/binaries/}{UK mirror}. (If, by the time you read this, \textsf{Biber} 0.9.6 has already been released, then so much the better.) Please see the start of \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} for more details. \item The switch to \textsf{Biber} for the author-date specification means that \textsf{biblatex} now provides considerably enhanced handling of the various date fields. I have attempted to document the relevant changes in \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} and in the \textbf{date} discussion in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, above, but in my testing the only alterations I've so far had to make to my .bib files involve adhering more closely to the instructions for specifying date ranges. \textsf{Biber} doesn't like \{\texttt{1968/75}\}, and will ignore it. Either use \{\texttt{1968/1975}\} or use \{\texttt{1968-{}-75}\} in the \textsf{year} field. \item In the notes \&\ bibliography style, and mainly in \textsf{article}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{misc}, and \textsf{review} entries, previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} recommended using the \cmd{isdot} macro when you needed both to define a field and not have it appear in the printed output. This mechanism no longer works in \textsf{biblatex} 1.6, and while addressing the problem I realized that relying on it covered over some inconsistencies and bugs in my code, so from this release forward you will need to modify your .bib and .tex files to use other, more standard mechanisms to achieve the same ends, in particular the \cmd{headlesscite} commands and declaring \texttt{useauthor=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Please consult the documentation in section~\ref{sec:formatcommands}, s.v.\ \enquote{\cmd{isdot},} for a list of example entries where you can see these changes at work. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item Fixed the \cmd{smartcite} citation command in, and added a \cmd{smartcites} command to, \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, so that the notes \& bibliography style no longer prints parentheses around citations produced using \cmd{autocite(s)} commands inside \cmd{footnote} commands. Many thanks to Louis-Dominique Dubeau for pointing out this error. \item Rembrandt Wolpert and Aaron Lambert pointed out an issue with a command (\cmd{lbx@fromlang}) that \textsf{biblatex} no longer defines, and Charles Schaum very kindly suggested a temporary workaround in a newsgroup post, a workaround that should no longer be necessary. \item Version 1.6 of \textsf{biblatex} no longer allows you to redefine the \texttt{minnames} and \texttt{maxnames} options in the \cmd{printbibliography} command, so I've defined \texttt{minbibnames} and \texttt{maxbibnames} in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, instead. These parameters have been available since version 1.1, so this is now the earliest version of \textsf{biblatex} that will work with the Chicago styles. Of course, if the (Chicago-recommended) values of these options don't suit your needs, you can redefine them in your document preamble. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.7a: Released March 17, 2011} \begin{itemize} \item Added \cmd{smartcite} command to \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx} so that the notes \&\ bibliography style will work with \textsf{biblatex} 1.3. \item Added bibstrings \texttt{byconductor} and \texttt{cbyconductor} to the .lbx files, mistakenly omitted in version 0.9.7. \item Minor fixes to the docs. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.7: Released February 15, 2011} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{customa} and \textbf{customb} entry types are now obsolete. Any such entries will be ignored. Please change any that remain to \textbf{letter} and \textbf{bookinbook}, respectively. \item If you still have any \textbf{customc} entries containing introductions, prefaces, or the like, please change them to \textbf{suppbook}. I have recycled \textsf{customc} for another purpose, on which see below. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item At the request of Johan Nordstrom, I have added three new audiovisual entry types to both styles, \textbf{audio}, \textbf{music}, and \textbf{video}. The documentation of \textsf{audio} in sections~ \ref{sec:entrytypes} and \ref{sec:types:authdate} above contains an overview of the three, and the details for each type are to be found under their individual headings. \item I have transformed the \textbf{customc} entry type to enable alphabetized cross-references --- the \enquote{c} is meant to be mnemonic --- to other, separate entries in a reference list or bibliography. In particular, this facilitates cross-references to other names in a list, rather than to other works. In author-date, in a procedure recommended by the \emph{Manual}, this now allows you to expand shorthands inside the reference list rather than in a list of shorthands. In both styles, you can now provide a pointer to the main entry if a reader is looking an author up under, e.g., a pseudonym or other alternative name. \item I have introduced the \textbf{userc} field, intended to simplify the printing of the cross-references provided by \textsf{customc} entries. The standard \cmd{nocite} command works as well, but the additional mechanism may be more convenient in some circumstances. \item You can now provide an \textbf{eventdate} in \textsf{music} entries to identify, e.g., a particular recording session. It will be printed just after the \textsf{title}. \item In the notes \&\ bibliography style, I have now implemented the \textbf{shorthandintro} field, which allows you to change the string introducing a shorthand in the first, long note. It works just as it does in the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles. \item At the request of Scot Becker, I have added six new field-exclusion options to both styles, all of which can be set both in the document preamble and/or in the \textsf{options} field of individual .bib entries. Three of these --- \texttt{doi}, \texttt{isbn}, and \texttt{url} --- are standard \textsf{biblatex} options, the others --- \texttt{bookpages}, \texttt{includeall}, and \texttt{numbermonth} --- are \textsf{chicago}-specific. See the docs in sections~\ref{sec:chicpreset} and \ref{sec:authpreset}, above. \item At the request of Charles Schaum, I've added the \texttt{juniorcomma} option to both styles, which can be set in the document preamble and/or in the \textsf{options} field of individual entries. It allows you to get the traditional comma between a surname and \enquote{Jr.} or \enquote{Sr.} \item Fixed an old inaccuracy in the presentation of \enquote{Jr.} and \enquote{Sr.,} so that they now appear at the end of names printed surname first in bibliographies and reference lists. \item Thanks to Andrew Goldstone, I fixed some old inaccuracies in the syntax of shortened notes and bibliography entries presenting multiple contributions to one multi-author (or single-author) volume. \item I've altered the directory structure of the archive containing this release. Files were multiplying, and look set to multiply still further, so I've copied the structure used by Lehman for \textsf{biblatex} itself. \item Fixed an old bug, which I'd guess was triggered quite rarely, in the formatting of publication information in long notes. \item Fixed another bug in author-date where the colon separating titles and subtitles was in the wrong font. The \textsf{biblatex} \texttt{punctfont} option solved this. \item Fixed a punctuation bug in \textsf{InReference} entries in the notes \&\ bibliography style. Also fixed \textsf{title} presentation in \textsf{Reference} entries in author-date. \item Fixed some inaccuracies in the tests establishing priority between \textsf{date} and \textsf{origdate} fields. These arose when date ranges were involved, and it's possible I haven't yet addressed all possible permutations of the problem. \item Added several new bibstrings to the \textsf{cms-*.lbx} files for the new audiovisual entry types. This means that the \textsf{editortype} fields can now be set to \texttt{director}, \texttt{producer}, or \texttt{conductor}, depending on your needs. You can also set the fields to \texttt{none}, which eliminates all identifying strings, and which is useful for identifying performers of various sorts. \item Minor improvements to documentation. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.5a: Released September 7, 2010} \begin{itemize} \item Quick fix for an elementary and show-stopping mistake in \textsf{biblatex-chica\-go.sty}, a mistake disguised if you load \textsf{csquotes}, which I do in all my test files. Mea culpa. Many thanks indeed to Israel Jacques and Emil Salim for pointing this out to me. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.5: Released September 3, 2010} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item All the custom entry types --- \textbf{customa}, \textbf{customb}, and \textbf{customc} --- are now deprecated. They will still work for the time being, but please be aware that in the next major release they will no longer function, at least not as you might be expecting. Please change your .bib files to use \textbf{letter} (=\textbf{customa}), \textbf{bookinbook} (=\textbf{customb}), and \textbf{suppbook} (=\textbf{customc}) instead. \item If by some chance anyone is still using the old \cmd{custpunctc} macro, it is now obsolete. It really shouldn't be needed, but let me know if I'm wrong. \end{itemize} %\vspace{2\baselineskip} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item The Chicago author-date style is now implemented in the package, and is fully documented in section~\ref{sec:authdate}, above. \item The default way of loading the style(s) has slightly changed. You should put either \texttt{notes} or \texttt{authordate} in the options to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[authordate,more options% \,\ldots]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} \item With the addition of the second Chicago style, I have thought it appropriate to alter both the name of the package and the names of the files it contains. The package is now \textsf{biblatex-chicago} instead of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df}, and the following files have been renamed: \begin{itemize} \item \textsf{chicago-notes-df.cbx} is now \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx} \item \textsf{chicago-notes-df.bbx} is now \textsf{chicago-notes.bbx} \item \textsf{sample.tex} is now \textsf{cms-notes-sample.tex} \item \textsf{sample.pdf} is now \textsf{cms-notes-sample.pdf} \item \textsf{chicago-test.bib} is now \textsf{notes-test.bib} \item \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df.pdf} (this file) is now \textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf} \end{itemize} The following files have been added: \begin{itemize} \item \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx} \item \textsf{chicago-authordate.bbx} \item \textsf{cms-dates-sample.tex} \item \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} \item \textsf{dates-test.bib} \end{itemize} The following files have retained their old names: \begin{itemize} \item \textsf{cms-american.lbx} \item \textsf{cms-french.lbx} \item \textsf{cms-german.lbx} \item \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx} \item \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} \end{itemize} \item I have implemented the \textsf{pubstate} field, slightly differently yet compatibly in the two styles, to provide a simpler mechanism for identifying a reprinted book. In the author-date style, it is highly recommended you use it, as it sorts out some complicated formatting questions automatically. In the notes \&\ bibliography style it isn't strictly necessary, but may be useful anyway and easier to remember than the old system. See the documentation under \textsf{pubstate} in sections~\ref{sec:entryfields} and \ref{sec:fields:authdate}, above. \item Users of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} no longer need a \textsf{shortauthor} field in author-less \textsf{manual} entries, or in author-less \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entries with a \texttt{maga\-zine} \textsf{entrysubtype}. The package will now automatically take an author for short notes from the \textsf{organization} field for \textsf{manual} entries and from the \textsf{journaltitle} field for the others. You can still use a \textsf{shortauthor} field if you want, but it's no longer necessary. (This also holds for \textsf{chicago-authordate}.) \item Date presentation in the \textsf{misc} entry type (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) has changed to fix an inaccuracy. You can now use the \textsf{date} and \textsf{origdate} fields to distinguish between two sorts of archival source: letters and \enquote{letter-like} sources use \textsf{origdate}, interviews and other non-letters use \textsf{date}. The only difference is in how the date is printed, so current .bib entries will continue to work fine, albeit with minor inaccuracies in the case of non-letter-like sources. See the docs on \textbf{misc} in sections~\ref{sec:entrytypes} and \ref{sec:types:authdate}, above. \item When only one date is presented in a \textsf{patent} entry --- either in the \textsf{date} or \textsf{origdate} field --- this will now always be used as the filing date. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, this makes a change from the previous (incorrect) behavior. \item I have included the option \texttt{dateabbrev=false} in the default settings for \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. This ensures that the long month names are printed, as otherwise recent releases of \textsf{biblatex} print the abbreviated ones by default. \item The provision of punctuation in \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{classical} entries has been improved, allowing the comma to appear before certain kinds of location specifiers even when citing works by their traditional divisions. See \emph{Manual} 17.253. (This applies to both Chicago styles.) \item The \textsf{number} field in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries now allows you to include a series or range of numbers in the field, with the style automatically providing the correct bibstring (singular or plural). \item I have removed and altered bibstrings in the .lbx files to take advantage of the new \cmd{bibsstring} and \cmd{biblstring} commands in \textsf{biblatex}, and added one new string (\texttt{origpubyear}) needed by \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9a: Released March 20, 2010} \begin{itemize} \item Quick fixes for compatibility with \textsf{biblatex} 0.9a. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9: Released March 18, 2010} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{userd} field is now obsolete. All information it used to hold should be placed in the \textsf{edition} field. \item The \textbf{origyear} field is now obsolete in \textsf{biblatex}. It has been replaced by \textbf{origdate}, and because the latter allows a full date specification, I have been able to make the operation of \textsf{customa} (=\,\textsf{letter}), \textsf{misc} (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}), and \textsf{patent} entries more intuitive. The RELEASE file contained in this package gives the short instructions on how to update your .bib files, and you can also consult the documentation of those entry types above. \item The modified \textsf{csquotes.cfg} file I provided in earlier releases is now obsolete, and has been removed from the package. Please upgrade to the latest version of \textsf{csquotes} and, if you are still using my modified .cfg file, remove it from your \TeX\ search path, or at the very least excise the code I provided. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item Added the files \textsf{cms-german.lbx} (with its clone \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx}) and \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, which allow the creation of Chicago-like references in those languages. See section \ref{sec:international} above for details on usage. \item Added the \texttt{annotation} package option to allow the creation of annotated bibliographies. This code is still not entirely polished yet, but it is usable. Please see page \pageref{sec:annote} above for instructions and hints. \item Added \textsf{biblatex's} new \textbf{bookinbook} entry type, which currently functions as an alias of the \textsf{customb} type. As \textsf{biblatex} now provides standard equivalents for all of the custom types I initially found it necessary to provide --- \textsf{letter}~= \textsf{customa}, \textsf{bookinbook}~= \textsf{customb}, and \textsf{suppbook} \& \textsf{suppcollection}~= \textsf{customc} --- it may soon be time to prune out the custom types to enhance compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. I shall give plenty of warning before I do so. \item In line with the new system adopted in \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, using the \textsf{editortype} field turns off the usual string concatenation mechanisms of the Chicago style. See Lehman's RELEASE file for a discussion of this. \item I have added support for the new \textsf{editor[a--c]} and \textsf{editor[a--c]type} fields, and they work just as in standard \textsf{biblatex}, though I'm uncertain how much use they'll get from users of the Chicago style. \item I have added many bibstrings to the .lbx files to help with internationalization. The new ones that you might want to use in your .bib files include: \texttt{pseudonym}, \texttt{nodate}, \texttt{revisededition}, \texttt{numbers}, and \texttt{reviewof}. Please see section~\ref{sec:international} for a fuller list. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9d: Released February 17, 2010} \begin{itemize} \item Chris Sparks and Aaron Lambert both found formatting bugs in the 0.8.9c code. I've fixed these bugs, and am releasing this version now, the last in the 0.8.9 series. The next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df}, due as soon as possible, will contain many more significant changes, including those necessary for it to function properly with the recently-released \textsf{biblatex} version 0.9. In the meantime, at least version 0.8.9d should produce more accurate output. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9c: Released November 4, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Emil Salim noticed that the \emph{ibidem} mechanism wasn't working properly, printing the page number after \enquote{Ibid} even when the page reference of the preceding citation was identical. The fix for this involved setting \texttt{loccittracker=constrict} in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, something you'll have to do manually yourself if you're loading the package via a call to \textsf{biblatex} rather than to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \item Several users have reported unwanted behavior when repeated names in bibliographies are replaced with the \texttt{bibnamedash}. This release should fix both when the \texttt{bibnamedash} appears and what punctuation follows it. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9b: Released September 9, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Fixed a long-standing bug in formatting names in the bibliography. The package now correctly places a comma after the reversed name that begins the entry, using \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{revsdnamedelim} command. Many thanks to Johanna Pink for catching my rather egregious error. \item While fixing some formatting errors that cropped up when using the newest version of \textsf{biblatex} (0.8h at time of writing), I also spotted some more venerable bugs in the code for using shortened cross-references for citing multiple entries in a collection of essays or letters. I believe this now works correctly, but please let me know if you discover differently. \item Joseph Reagle noticed that endnote marks (produced using the \textsf{endnotes} package) did not receive the same treatment as footnote marks. I have rectified this, placing the code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} so that you can turn it off either by using the old package-loading system or by setting the \texttt{footmarkoff} package option when loading \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \item Updates to Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package have rendered my modifications in \textsf{csquotes.cfg} obsolete. Please use the latest version of \textsf{csquotes} (4.4a at time of writing) and ignore my file, which will disappear in a later release. \item At the request of Will Small, I have included some code, still in an alpha state, to allow you to specify, in the bibliography, the original publication details of essays which you are citing from later reprints (a \emph{Collected Essays} volume, for example). See the documentation above under the \textsf{\mycolor{reprinttitle}} field if you would like to test this functionality. \end{itemize} %\enlargethispage{-3\baselineskip} \textbf{0.8.9a: Released July 5, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Slight changes for compatibility with \textsf{biblatex} 0.8e. The package still works with 0.8c and 0.8d, as well. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9: Released July 2, 2009} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{single-letter bibstrings} (\cmd{bibstring\{a\}}, \cmd{bibstring\{b\}}, etc.) are now obsolete. You should replace any still present in your .bib file with \cmd{autocap} commands --- see §~3.8.4 of \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item The default way of loading the package is now with \cmd{usepackage[further-options]\{biblatex-chicago\}} rather than \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes-df,further-options]\{biblatex\}}. Please see section~\ref{sec:loading} above for details and hints. \item Package-specific bibstrings have been removed from the .cbx and .bbx files and are now gathered in a new file, \textbf{cms-american.lbx}, which changes the way the package interacts with \textbf{babel}. It is now somewhat simpler if you want the defaults, but somewhat more complex if you require non-standard features. Please see section~\ref{sec:otherpacks} above for more details. \item Two new entry types have been added: \textbf{artwork} for works of visual art excluding photographs, and \textbf{image} for photographs. See the documentation of \textsf{artwork} for how to create .bib entries for both types. \item Added the new bibliography and entry option \textbf{usecompiler}, set to \texttt{true} by default. This streamlines the code that finds a name to head an entry (\textbf{author -> editor [or namea] -> translator [or nameb] -> compiler [namec] -> title}). The whole system should work more consistently now, but do see the \textsf{author} and \textsf{namec} documentation for improved notes on how to use it. \item Added the new bibliography option \textbf{footmarkoff}, to turn off the optional in-line (as opposed to superscript) formatting of the marks in foot- or endnotes. You only need this if you load the package with the new default \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}}; users loading it the old way get default \LaTeX\ formatting. \item At Matthew Lundin's request, I have added the citation command \textbf{\textbackslash head\-lesscite}, which works like \cmd{headlessfullcite} but allows \textsf{biblatex} to decide whether to print the full or the short note. \item Fully adopted \textsf{biblatex's} system for providing end-of-entry punctuation, which should solve some of the bugs users have been finding. See section~\ref{sec:otherhints}, above, and do please let me know if inconsistencies remain. \item Added a modified \textbf{csquotes.cfg} file to address issues users were having when using the \textbf{Xe\LaTeX} engine in combination with \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. See section~\ref{sec:otherpacks}, above. \item Added \texttt{natbib} option to allow users of the default setup to continue to benefit from \textsf{biblatex's} \textsf{natbib} compatibility code. Thanks to Bennett Helm for pointing out this issue. \item Added a \textbf{shorthandibid} option to allow the printing of \emph{ibid.}\ in consecutive references to an entry that contains a \textsf{shorthand} field. Thanks to Chris Sparks for calling my attention to this problem. \item While investigating the preceding, I noticed failures when combining the \texttt{short} option with a \textsf{shorthand} field. The package now actually does what it has always claimed to do under \textbf{shorthand}. \item Many small bug fixes and improvements to the documentation. \end{itemize} To Do: \begin{itemize} \item The shorthand vs \emph{ibid.}\ question may need more careful addressing in some cross references, and also in relation to the \texttt{noibid} package option. \item Charles Schaum has quite rightly pointed out the inconsistency in my naming conventions --- \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} as opposed to \textsf{chicago-notes-df.cbx}, for example. I'm going to delay a decision on which way to go with this until a later release. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.5a: Released June 14, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Quick and dirty fixes to bibliography strings to allow compatibility with \textsf{biblatex} version 0.8d. If you are still using 0.8c, then I would wait for the next version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df}, which is due soon. See README. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.5: Released January 10, 2009} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{\textbackslash custpunct} commands are now deprecated --- Lehman's \enquote{American} punctuation tracking facilities should handle quoted text automatically, assuming you remember always to use \textbf{\textbackslash mkbibquote} in your database. If you still need \cmd{custpunct}, please let me know, as it may be an error in the style. \item With \cmd{custpunct} no longer needed, the toggles activated by placing \enquote{\texttt{plain}} in the \textbf{type} or \textbf{userb} fields are also deprecated. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item At least \textbf{biblatex 0.8b} is now required --- 0.8c works fine, as well. \item I now \emph{strongly recommend} that you use \textbf{babel} with \enquote{\texttt{american}} as the main text language. See section~\ref{sec:otherpacks} above for further details. \item The \textbf{customc} entry type has been revised, allowing you to cite any sort of supplementary material using the \textbf{type} field instead of relying on toggles in the \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{afterword}, and \textsf{foreword} fields, though these latter still work. The two new entry types \textbf{suppbook} and \textbf{suppcollection} are both aliased to \textsf{customc}, and therefore work in exactly the same way. \item The new entry type \textbf{suppperiodical} is aliased to \textbf{review}. \item The new entry type \textbf{letter} is aliased to \textbf{customa}. \item In \textbf{inreference} entries the \textsf{postnote} field of all \cmd{cite} commands is now treated like data in \textsf{lista}, that is, it will be placed within quotation marks and prefaced with the appropriate string. The only difference is that you can only put one such article name in \textsf{postnote}, as it isn't a list field. \item I've set the new \textsf{biblatex} option \texttt{usetranslator} to \texttt{true} by default, which means entries will automatically be alphabetized by their \textsf{translator} in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}. \item A host of small formatting errors were eliminated, nearly all of them through adopting Lehman's punctuation tracker. \item In the main body of this documentation, I've added some \mycolor{\textbf{color coding}} to help you more quickly to identify entry types and fields that are either new or that have undergone significant revision. \end{itemize} To Do: \begin{itemize} \item Separate out \enquote{options} from the basic citation \enquote{style,} using a \LaTeX\ style file. This is an architectural change recommended by Lehman. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.2.2: Released November 24, 2008} \begin{itemize} \item Fixed spurious commas appearing in some bibliography entries, spotted by Nick Andrewes. While investigating this I noticed a more general problem with punctuation after italicized titles ending with question marks or exclamation points. This will be addressed in forthcoming revisions both of \textsf{biblatex} and of this package. \item Nick also reported some problems with spurious punctuation in the bibliography when using XeLaTeX. I haven't yet been able to pin down the exact cause of these, but if you are using XeLaTeX and are having (or have solved) similar problems I'd be interested to hear from you. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.2: Released November 3, 2008} \begin{itemize} \item Fixed several formatting glitches between citations in multicite commands (spotted by Joseph Reagle) and also after some prenotes. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.1: Released October 22, 2008} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{origlocation} field is now obsolete, and has been replaced by \textbf{lista}. Please update your .bib files accordingly. \item The single-letter \textbf{\textbackslash bibstring} commands I provided in version 0.7 are now deprecated. In most cases, you'll be able to take advantage of the automatic contextual capitalization facilities introduced in this release, but if you still need the single-letter \cmd{bibstring} functionality then you should switch to \cmd{autocap}, as I shall be removing the single-letter \texttt{bibstrings} in a future release. See above under \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} for all the details. \item The \textbf{userd} field is now deprecated, as \textsf{biblatex} 0.8 allows all forms of data to be included in the \textsf{edition} field. I shall be removing \textsf{userd} in a future release, so please update your .bib files as soon as is convenient. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item Updated the .bbx and .cbx files to work with \textsf{biblatex} 0.8. This most recent version of \textsf{biblatex} is now required for \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df} to work. \item Added the \textbf{usera} field, which holds supplemental information about a \textsf{journaltitle} in \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries. See the documentation of the field for details. \item Added the \textbf{\textbackslash citetitles} multicite command to fix a problem with spurious punctuation when multiple titles were listed. \item Added the \textbf{\textbackslash Citetitle} command to help with automatic capitalization of titles when they occur at the beginning of a note. \item Minor punctuation fixes in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df.bbx}. \end{itemize} To Do: \begin{itemize} \item Integrate \textsf{biblatex's} American punctuation facilities. \item Separate out \enquote{options} from the basic citation \enquote{style,} using a \LaTeX\ style file. This is an architectural change recommended by Lehman. \item Investigate and possibly integrate the new entry types provided in \textsf{biblatex} 0.8. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.7: First public release, September 18, 2008} \end{document}