% % This file documents the biblatex-chicago package, which allows users % of the biblatex package to format references according to the % Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. % \documentclass[a4paper]{article} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} \usepackage[american]{babel} \usepackage[autostyle]{csquotes} \usepackage{vmargin} \setpapersize{A4} \setmarginsrb{1.65in}{.9in}{1.75in}{.6in}{0pt}{0pt}{12pt}{24pt} \setlength{\marginparwidth}{1in} \usepackage[colorlinks,urlcolor=blue,linkcolor=blue]{hyperref} \usepackage[osf]{mathpazo} \usepackage[scaled]{helvet} \usepackage[pdftex]{xcolor} %\usepackage[dvips]{xcolor} \newcommand{\mycolor}[1]{\textcolor[HTML]{228B22}{#1}} \usepackage{multicol} % Some generic settings. \newcommand{\cmd}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash #1}} \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} \newcommand{\mymarginpar}[1]{\marginpar{\flushright#1}} \newcommand{\colmarginpar}[1]{\mymarginpar{\mycolor{#1}}} \newcommand{\mybigspace}{\vspace{\baselineskip}} \newcommand{\mylittlespace}{\vspace{.5\baselineskip}} \makeatletter \renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection {section}% {1}% {0mm}% {\baselineskip}% {\baselineskip}% {\sffamily\normalsize\bfseries}}% \renewcommand{\subsection}{\@startsection {subsection}% {1}% {0mm}% {\baselineskip}% {.5\baselineskip}% {\sffamily\normalsize\bfseries}}% \renewcommand{\subsubsection}{\@startsection {subsubsection}% {1}% {0mm}% {\baselineskip}% {.5\baselineskip}% {\sffamily\normalsize\bfseries}}% \makeatother \begin{document} \begin{center} \sffamily\large\bfseries The biblatex-chicago package: \\ Style files for biblatex \vspace{.3\baselineskip} \sffamily\normalsize\bfseries David Fussner\qquad Version 0.9.5a (beta) \\ \href{mailto:djf027@googlemail.com}{djf027@googlemail.com}\\ \today \end{center} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \begin{multicols}{2} \footnotesize \tableofcontents \end{multicols} \normalsize \vspace{-.5\baselineskip} \section{Notice} \label{sec:Notice} \textbf{Please be advised that this package is beta software, in at least two senses. First, it merely contains styles to be used in conjunction with the \textsf{biblatex} package, whose author (Philipp Lehman) has made it clear that some parts of it may be subject to alteration before a final release. Any such changes may necessitate alterations to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, as well. Second, I have tried to implement as much of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}'s specification as possible, though undoubtedly some gaps remain. Most of the ones of which I am aware and which I believe I can fill are in the TODO list, while others, e.g., legal citations, await a convincing argument for inclusion. Consider this beta release, then, a request for comments. If it seems like this package could be of use to you, yet it doesn't do something you need/want it to do, please feel free to let me know, and of course any suggestions for solving problems more elegantly or accurately would be most welcome.} \mylittlespace\textbf{Important Note:} If you have used \textsf{biblatex-chicago} before, please make sure you have read the RELEASE file that came with the package. It details the changes you'll need to make to your .bib database in order for it to work properly with this release. If you are new to these styles, please read on. \section{Quickstart} \reversemarginpar %\enlargethispage{-3\baselineskip} The \textsf{biblatex-chicago} package is designed for writers who wish to use \LaTeX\ and \textsf{biblatex}, and who either want or need to format their references according to one of the specifications defined by the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}. This package now, for the first time, includes the \emph{Manual's} \enquote{author-date} system, favored by many disciplines in the sciences and social sciences, whereas previous releases only implemented the \enquote{notes \&\ bibliography} style, generally favored in the humanities. The latter code produces a full reference in a first footnote, shorter references in subsequent notes, and a full reference in the bibliography. Some authors prefer to use the shorter note form even for the first occurrence, relying on the bibliography to provide the full information. This, too, is supported by the code. The author-date style produces a short, in-text citation inside parentheses --- (Author Year) --- keyed to a list of references where entries start with the same name and year. \mylittlespace The documentation you are reading covers both of these Chicago styles and their variants. Much of what follows is relevant to all users, but I have decided, after some experimentation, to keep the instructions for the two styles separate, at least in sections~\ref{sec:Spec} and \ref{sec:authdate}. Information provided under one style will often duplicate that found under the other, but efficiency's loss should, I hope, be clarity's gain, and much of what you learn using one style will be applicable without alteration to the other. Throughout the documentation, any \mycolor{green} text \colmarginpar{\textsf{New!}} indicates something \mycolor{new} in this release, though I shall not so color the entire section on the author-date style. \mylittlespace Here's a list of things you will need in order to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago}: \begin{itemize}{}{} \item Philipp Lehman's \textsf{biblatex} package, of course! You \emph{must} use the latest version --- at least 0.9c, 0.9d is current --- as that version introduces incompatibilities with previous releases, meaning that these style files will not function properly with earlier iterations of \textsf{biblatex}. Lehman's tools require several packages, and he strongly recommends several more: \begin{itemize}{}{} \item e-\TeX\ (required) \item \textsf{etoolbox} --- available from CTAN (required) \item \textsf{keyval} --- a standard package (required) \item \textsf{ifthen} --- a standard package (required) \item \textsf{url} --- a standard package (required) \item \textsf{babel} --- a standard package (\emph{strongly} recommended) \item \textsf{csquotes} --- available from CTAN (recommended). Please upgrade to the latest version of \textsf{csquotes} (5.0b). \item \textsf{bibtex8} --- a replacement for \textsc{Bib}\TeX, which can, with the right com\-mand-line switches, process very large .bib files. It also does the right thing when alphabetizing non-ASCII entries. It is available from CTAN (highly recommended). \item \textsf{Biber} --- alternatively, you can use Lehman's next-generation \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ replacement, called \textsf{Biber}, which is available from SourceForge. You need the latest version (0.5.4) to work with \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, and it is required for users who are processing a .bib file in Unicode. \end{itemize} \item The \colmarginpar{\textsf{New!}} line: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[notes]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} in your document preamble to load the notes \&\ bibliography style, or the line: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[authordate]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} to load the author-date style. Any other options you usually pass to \textsf{biblatex} can be given to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} instead, but loading it this way sets up a number of other parameters automatically. You can also load the package via the usual \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex\}}, adding \texttt{style=chicago-notes} or \texttt{style=chicago-authordate}, but this is mainly for those who wish to set much of the low-level formatting of their document themselves. Please see sections~\ref{sec:loading} and \ref{sec:loading:auth} below for a fuller discussion of the issues involved here. \item You can use \cmd{usepackage[notes,short]\{biblatex-chicago\}} to get the short note format even in the first reference of a notes \&\ bibliography document, letting the bibliography provide the full reference. \item If you are accustomed to using the \textsf{natbib} compatibility option with \textsf{biblatex}, then you can continue to do so with \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. If you are using \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}} to load the package, then the option must be the plain \texttt{natbib} rather than \texttt{natbib=true}. If you use the latter, you'll get a \textsf{keyval} error. Please see sections~\ref{sec:useropts} and \ref{sec:authuseropts}, below. \item By far the simplest setup is to use \textsf{babel}, and to have \texttt{american} as the main text language. As before, \textsf{babel}-less setups, and also those choosing \texttt{english} as the main text language, should work out of the box. \textsf{Biblatex-chicago} also now provides support for German and French. Please see below (section~\ref{sec:international}) for a fuller explanation of all the options. \item The \colmarginpar{\textsf{New!}} \textsf{chicago-notes.bbx}, \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, \textsf{\mycolor{chicago-authordate.cbx}}, \textsf{\mycolor{chi\-cago-authordate.bbx}}, \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, \textsf{cms-am\-erican.lbx}, \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, \textsf{cms-german.lbx}, and \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx} files from \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, installed either in a system-wide \TeX\ directory, or in the working directory where you keep your *.tex files. If you use a system-wide directory, I recommend creating the \texttt{/tex/latex/biblatex\-contrib/biblatex-chicago} directory, where \texttt{} is the root of your local \TeX\ installation --- for example, and depending on your system, \texttt{/usr/share/texmf-local}, \texttt{/usr/local/share/texmf}, or \texttt{C:\textbackslash{}Local TeX Files\textbackslash}. Then you can place all nine of these files there, as it will be easier to update if they're all in one place. Of course, wherever you choose to place them in the \texttt{texmf} tree, you'll need to update the file name database to make sure \TeX\ can find them. \item If you are using the Xe\LaTeX\ engine and are encountering difficulties, please upgrade to the latest version of \textsf{csquotes}, which incorporates chan\-ges that should address formatting bugs that many users have encountered. Please see section~\ref{sec:otherpacks} below for the details. \item Philipp Lehman's very clear and detailed documentation of the \textsf{biblatex} system, available in his package as \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. Here he explains why you might want to use the system, the rules for constructing .bib files for it, and the (numerous) methods at your disposal for modifying the formatted output. \item The annotated bibliography files \textsf{notes-test.bib} and \mycolor{\textsf{dates-test.bib}}, which will acquaint you with most of the details on how to get started constructing your own .bib files for use with the two \textsf{biblatex-chicago} styles. \item The files \textsf{cms-notes-sample.pdf} and \mycolor{\textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}}. The first shows how my system processes \textsf{notes-test.bib} and \textsf{cms-notes-sample.tex}, in both footnotes and bibliography, the second is the result of processing \mycolor{\textsf{dates-test.bib}} and \mycolor{\textsf{cms-dates-sample.tex}}. \item The file you are reading, \textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf}, which aims to be as complete a description as possible of the rules for creating a .bib file that will, when processed by \LaTeX\ and \textsc{Bib}\TeX, at least somewhat ease the burden when you try to implement the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}'s specifications. These docs may seem frustratingly over-long, but remember that you only need to read the part(s) that apply to the style in which you are interested. Much of the information in section~\ref{sec:Spec} is duplicated in section~\ref{sec:authdate}, so even if you have a need for both styles then using one will be excellent preparation for the other. If you have used a previous version of this package, please pay particular attention to the sections on Obsolete and Deprecated Features, starting on page~\pageref{deprec:obsol}. (If you wish to place the seven previous files in a system-wide directory, I would recommend \texttt{/doc/latex/biblatex-contrib/biblatex-chicago}, remembering of course to update the file name database afterward. Let me reiterate, also, that if you currently have quoted material in your .bib file, and are using \cmd{enquote} or the standard \LaTeX\ mechanisms there, then the simplest procedure is always to use \cmd{mkbibquote} instead in order to ensure that punctuation works out right.) \item Access to a copy of \emph{The Chicago Manual of Style} itself, which naturally contains incomparably more information than I can hope to present here. It should always be your first port of call when any doubts arise as to exactly what the specification requires. \end{itemize} \subsection{License} \label{sec:lppl} Copyright © 2008--2010 David Fussner. This package is author-maintained. This work may be copied, distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the \LaTeX\ Project Public License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of this license is in http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of \LaTeX\ version 2005/12/01 or later. This software is provided \enquote{as is,} without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. \subsection{Acknowledgements} \label{sec:acknowl} Even a cursory glance at the cbx and bbx files in the package will demonstrate how much of Lehman's code from \textsf{biblatex} I've adapted and re-used, and I've also followed some of the advice he gave to others in the \texttt{comp.text.tex} newsgroup. He has been instrumental in improving the contextual capitalization procedures of which the style makes such frequent use, and his advice on constructing \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} was invaluable. The code for formatting the footnote marks, and that for printing the separating rule only after a run-on note, I've adapted from the \textsf{footmisc} package by Robin Fairbairns. I borrowed ideas for the \texttt{shorthandibid} option from Dominik Waßenhoven's \textsf{biblatex-dw} package. There may be other \LaTeX\ code I've appropriated and forgotten, in which case please remind me. Finally, Charles Schaum and Joseph Reagle Jr.\ were both extremely generous with their help and advice during the development of this package, and have both continued indefatigably to test it and suggest needed improvements. They were particularly instrumental in encouraging the greatest possible degree of compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. Indeed, if the task of adapting .bib files for use with the Chicago style seems onerous now, you should have tried it before they got their hands on it. \section{Detailed Introduction} \label{sec:Intro} The \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, now in its 15th edition, has long, in America at least, been one of the most influential style guides for writers and publishers. While one's choices are now perhaps more extensive than ever, the \emph{Manual} at least still provides a widely-recognized, and widely-utilized, standard. Indeed, when you add to this the sheer completeness of the specification, its detailed instructions for referencing an enormous number of different kinds of source material, then your choice (or your publisher's choice) of the \emph{Manual} as a style guide seems set to be a happy one. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace These very strengths, however, also make the style difficult to use. Admittedly, the \emph{Manual} does leave room for \enquote{inventive solutions} to particular problems (17.2), and it also emphasizes consistency within a work, as opposed to rigid adherence to the specification, at least when writer and publisher agree (17.18). Sometimes a publisher demands such adherence, however, and anyone who has attempted to produce it may well come away with the impression that the specification itself is somewhat idiosyncratic in its complexity, and I can't help but agree. In the notes \&\ bibliography style, the numerous differences in punctuation (and strings identifying translators, editors, and the like) between footnotes and bibliographies and the sometimes unusual location of page numbers; in both styles the distinction between \enquote{journal} and \enquote{magazine,} and the formatting differences between (e.g.) a work from antiquity and one from the Renaissance, all of these tend to overburden the writer who wants to comply with the standard. Many of these complexities, in truth, make the specification very nearly impossible to implement straightforwardly in a system like \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ --- options multiply, each requiring a particular sort of formatting, until one almost reaches the point of believing that every individual book or article should have its own entry type. Completeness and usability tend each to exclude the other, so the code you have before you is a first attempt to achieve the former without utterly sacrificing the latter. \subsection*{What \textsf{biblatex-chicago} can and can't do} \label{sec:bltries} In short, the \textsf{biblatex} style files in this package try to simplify the task of following the two Chicago specifications. In the notes \&\ bibliography style, the two sorts of reference are treated separately (as are the two different note forms, long and short), and you can choose always to use the short note form, even at the first citation. In the author-date style, a series of options allows you to choose which date (original printing, reprint, or both) appears in citations and at the head of entries in the list of references. In both styles, punctuation is placed within quotation marks when needed, and as a general rule as many parts of the style as possible are implemented as transparently as possible. Thanks to advice I received from Joseph Reagle Jr.\ and Charles Schaum while these files were a work in progress, I have attended as carefully as I can to backward compatibility with the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles, and have attempted to minimize both any changes you need to make to achieve compliance with the Chicago specification, and indeed also any changes necessary to switch between the two Chicago styles. There is no doubt room for improvement on this score, but even now, for a substantial number of entries, any well-constructed .bib file that works for other \textsf{biblatex} styles will \enquote{just work} under \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. By no means, however, will all entries in such a .bib file produce equally satisfactory results. Using this documentation and the examples in \textsf{dates-test.bib} and/or \textsf{notes-test.bib}, it should be possible to achieve compliance, though the amount of revision necessary to do so will vary significantly from .bib file to .bib file. Conversely, once you have created a database for \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it won't necessarily work well with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. Indeed, most, quite possibly all, users will find that they need to use special formatting macros within the .bib file that would make such a file unusable in any other context. I strongly recommend, if you want to experiment with this style, that you work on a copy of any .bib files that are important to you, until you have determined that this package does what you need/want it to do. \mylittlespace When I first began working on this package, I made the decision to alter as little as possible the main files from Lehman's \textsf{biblatex}, so that my .bbx and .cbx files would use his original \LaTeX\ .sty file and \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ .bst file. As you proceed, you will no doubt encounter some of the consequences of this decision, with certain fields and entry types in the .bib file having less-than-memorable names because I chose to use the supplementary ones provided by \textsf{biblatex.bst} rather than alter that file. I intended then, if it turned out that anyone besides myself actually used \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, to ask Mr.\ Lehman to include more descriptive names for these few entry types and fields in biblatex.bst, if he were willing. As luck would have it, several new types appeared in \textsf{biblatex} 0.8, many of which I have incorporated as replacements for the custom entry types I defined before. If a consensus emerges about how best to assign the data to various fields in such entries, then I shall adopt it, but, as you will see below, I have begun the process of making the old custom types obsolete, though in this release they will continue to work. Needless to say, I'm open to advice and suggestions on this score. \section{The Specification:\ Notes\,\&\,Bibliography} \label{sec:Spec} In what follows, I attempt to explain all the parts of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} that might be considered somehow \enquote{non standard,} at least with respect to the styles included with \textsf{biblatex} itself, though in the section on entry fields I have also duplicated a lot of the information in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, which I hope won't badly annoy expert users of the system. Headings in \mycolor{green} \colmarginpar{\textsf{New in this release}} indicate material new to this release, or occasionally old material that has undergone significant revision. Numbers in parentheses refer to sections of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, 15th edition. The file \textsf{notes-test.bib} contains many examples from the \emph{Manual} which, when processed using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, should produce the same output as you see in the \emph{Manual} itself, or at least compliant output, where the specifications are vague or open to interpretation, a state of affairs which does sometimes occur. I have provided \textsf{cms-notes-sample.pdf}, which shows how my system processes \textsf{notes-test.bib}, and I have also included the reference keys from the latter file below in parentheses. \subsection{Entry Types} \label{sec:entrytypes} The complete list of entry types currently available in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, minus the odd \textsf{biblatex} alias, is as follows: \textbf{article}, \textbf{artwork}, \textbf{book}, \mycolor{\textbf{bookinbook}}, \textbf{booklet}, \textbf{collection}, \mycolor{\textbf{customa}}, \mycolor{\textbf{customb}}, \mycolor{\textbf{customc}}, \textbf{image}, \textbf{inbook}, \textbf{incollection}, \textbf{inproceedings}, \textbf{inreference}, \mycolor{\textbf{letter}}, \textbf{manual}, \mycolor{\textbf{misc}}, \textbf{online} (with its alias \textbf{www}), \textbf{patent}, \textbf{periodical}, \textbf{proceedings}, \textbf{reference}, \textbf{report} (with its alias \textbf{techreport}), \textbf{review}, \mycolor{\textbf{suppbook}}, \textbf{suppcollection}, \textbf{suppperiodical}, \textbf{thesis} (with its aliases \textbf{mastersthesis} and \textbf{phdthesis}), and \textbf{unpublished}. \mylittlespace What follows is an attempt to specify all the differences between these types and the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex}. If an entry type isn't discussed here, then it is safe to assume that it works as it does in the standard styles. In general, I have attempted not to discuss specific entry fields here, unless such a field is crucial to the overall operation of a given entry type. As a general and important rule, most entry types require very few fields when you use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, so it seemed to me better to gather information pertaining to fields in the next section. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{article}} \emph{Chicago Manual of Style} (17.148) recognizes three different sorts of periodical publication, \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers.} The first (17.150) includes \enquote{scholarly or professional periodicals available mainly by subscription,} while the second refers to \enquote{weekly or monthly} publications that are \enquote{available either by subscription or in individual issues at bookstores or newsstands.} \enquote{Magazines} will tend to be \enquote{more accessible to general readers,} and typically won't have a volume number. Indeed, by fiat I declare that should you need to refer to a journal that identifies its issues mainly by year, month, or week, then for the purposes of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} such a publication is a \enquote{magazine,} and not a \enquote{journal.} \mylittlespace Now, for articles in \enquote{journals} you can simply use the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ --- and indeed \textsf{biblatex} --- \textsf{article} entry type, which will work as expected and set off the page numbers with a colon, as required by the \emph{Manual}. If, however, you need to refer to a \enquote{magazine} or a \enquote{newspaper,} then you need to add an \textsf{entrysubtype} field containing the exact string \texttt{magazine}. The main formatting differences between a \texttt{magazine} (which includes both \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers}) and a plain \textsf{article} are that the year isn't placed within parentheses, and that page numbers are set off by a comma rather than a colon. Otherwise, the two sorts of reference have much in common. (For \textsf{article}, see \emph{Manual} 17.154--181; batson, beattie:crime, friedman:learning, garaud:gatine, garrett, hlatky:hrt, kern, lewis, loften:hamlet, mcmillen:antebellum, warr:ellison, white:callimachus. For \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, see 17.166, 17.182--198; assocpress:gun, morgenson:market, reaves:rosen, rozner:liberation, stenger:privacy.) \mylittlespace It gets worse. The \emph{Manual} treats reviews (of books, plays, performances, etc.) as a sort of recognizable subset of \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers,} distinguished mainly by the way one formats the title of the review itself. In \textsf{biblatex 0.7}, happily, Lehman provided a \textsf{review} entry type which will handle a large subset of such citations, though not all. The key rule is this: if a review has a separate, non-generic title (gibbard; osborne:poison) in addition to something that reads like \enquote{review of \ldots,} then you need an \textsf{article} entry, with or without the \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, depending on the sort of publication containing the review. If the only title is the generic \enquote{review of \ldots,} for example, then you'll need the \textsf{review} entry type, with or without this same \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle using \texttt{magazine}. On \textsf{review} entries, see below. (The curious reader will no doubt notice that the code for formatting any sort of review still exists in \textsf{article}, as it was initially designed for \textsf{biblatex 0.6}, but this new arrangement is somewhat simpler and therefore, I hope, better.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the case of a review with a specific as well as a generic title, the former goes in the \textsf{title} field, and the latter in the \textsf{titleaddon} field. Standard \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want. Here, however, if all you need is a \textsf{titleaddon}, then you want to switch to the \textsf{review} type, where you can simply use the \textsf{title} field instead. \mylittlespace No less than six more things need explication here. First, since the \emph{Manual} specifies that much of what goes into a \textsf{titleaddon} field stays unformatted --- no italics, no quotation marks --- this plain style is the default for such text, which means that you'll have to format any titles within \textsf{titleaddon} yourself, e.g., with \cmd{mkbibemph\{\}}. Second, the \emph{Manual} specifies a similar plain style for the titles of other sorts of material found in \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers,} e.g., obituaries, letters to the editor, interviews, the names of regular columns, and the like. References may contain both the title of an individual article and the name of the regular column, in which case the former should go, as usual, in a \textsf{title} field, and the latter in \textsf{titleaddon}. As with reviews proper, if there is only the generic title, then you want the \textsf{review} entry type. (See 17.188, 17.190, 17.193; morgenson:market, reaves:rosen.) \mylittlespace Third, the \emph{Manual} suggests that, in the case of \enquote{unsigned newspaper articles or features \ldots the name of the newspaper stands in place of the author} (17.192). It doesn't always carry through on this in its own presentation of newspaper citations (see esp.\ 17.188), but I've implemented their recommendation nonetheless, which means that in an \textsf{article} entry, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, or in a \textsf{review} entry, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, and only in such entries, a missing \textsf{author} field results in the name of the periodical (in the \textsf{journaltitle} field) being used as the missing author. If, for reasons of emphasis or merely because of personal preference, you wish to keep the \textsf{title} in initial position, then you need to define the \textsf{author} using, as you can see from the examples in \textsf{notes-test.bib}, the \textsf{biblatex} macro \cmd{isdot}, which functions, in this context, to define the \textsf{author}, yet to print nothing. Note that if you choose to use the name of the newspaper as an author, then you'll need a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure that the bibliography entry is alphabetized by \textsf{journaltitle} rather than by \textsf{title}. The \colmarginpar{\textsf{New!}} provision of a \textsf{shortauthor} field is no longer necessary with this release, as in its absence the package will now automatically take it from \textsf{journaltitle}. (See lakeforester:pushcarts.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Fourth, if you've been using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} for a while, you may remember using the single-letter \cmd{bibstring} mechanism in order to help \textsf{biblatex} decide where to capitalize a wide variety of strings in numerous entry fields. This mechanism was particularly common in all the periodical types, but if you've had a look in \textsf{notes-test.bib} while following this documentation, you'll have noticed that it no longer appears there. The regular whole-word bibstrings still work as normal, but the single-letter ones are now obsolete, replaced by Lehman's macro \cmd{autocap}, which itself only occurs twice in \textsf{notes-test.bib}. Basically, in certain fields, just beginning your data with a lowercase letter activates the mechanism for capitalizing that letter depending on its context within a note or bibliography entry. Please see \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for the details, but both the \textsf{titleaddon} and \textsf{note} fields are among those treating their data this way, and since both appear regularly in \textsf{article} entries, I thought the problem merited a preliminary mention here. \mylittlespace Fifth, if you need to cite an entire issue of any sort of periodical, rather than one article in an issue, then the \textsf{periodical} entry type, once again with or without the \texttt{magazine} toggle in \textsf{entrysubtype}, is what you'll need. (You can also use the \textsf{article} type, placing what would normally be the \textsf{issuetitle} in the \textsf{title} field and retaining the usual \textsf{journaltitle} field, but this arrangement isn't compatible with standard \textsf{biblatex}.) The \textsf{note} field is where you place something like \enquote{special issue} (with the small \enquote{s} enabling the automatic capitalization routines), whether you are citing one article or the whole issue (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). Indeed, this is a somewhat specialized use of \textsf{note}, and if you have other sorts of information you need to include in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, then you shouldn't put it in the \textsf{note} field, but rather in \textsf{titleaddon} or perhaps \textsf{addendum} (brown:bremer). \mylittlespace Finally, and in the interests of completeness, it may be as well to suggest that if you wish to cite a television or radio broadcast, the \textsf{article} type, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} is the place for it. The name of the program would go in \textsf{journaltitle}, with the name of the episode in \textsf{title}. The network's name now goes into the new \textsf{usera} field, replacing the formatting kludge I suggested in version 0.7. Of course, if the piece you are citing has only a generic name (an interview, for example), then the \textsf{review} type would be the best place for it. (8.196, 17.207; see bundy:macneil for an example of how this all might look in a .bib file.) \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace If you're still with me, allow me to recommend that you browse through \textsf{notes-test.bib} to get a feel for just how many of the \emph{Manual}'s complexities the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} (and, indeed, \textsf{periodical}) types attempt to address. It may be that in future releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} I'll be able to simplify these procedures somewhat, but in the meantime it might be of some comfort that I have found in my own research that the unusual and/or limit cases are really rather rare, and that the vast majority of sources won't require any knowledge of these onerous details. \mybigspace Arne \mymarginpar{\textbf{artwork}} Kjell Vikhagen has pointed out to me that none of the standard entry types were straightforwardly adaptable when referring to visual artworks. The \emph{Manual} doesn't give any thorough specifications for such references, and indeed it's unclear that it believes it necessary to include them in the bibliographical apparatus at all. Still, it's easy to conceive of contexts in which a list of artworks studied might be desirable, and \textsf{biblatex} includes entry types for just this purpose, though the standard styles leave them undefined. The two I have included in this release are \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image}, the former intended for paintings, sculptures, etchings, and the like, the latter for photographs. The two entry types work in exactly the same way as far as constructing your .bib entry, and when printed the only difference will be that the titles of \textsf{artworks} are italicized, those of \textsf{images} placed within quotation marks. \mylittlespace As one might expect, the artist goes in \textsf{author} and the name of the work in \textsf{title}. The \textsf{type} field is intended for the medium --- e.g., oil on canvas, charcoal on paper --- and the \textsf{version} field might contain the state of an etching. You can place the dimensions of the work in \textsf{note}, and the current location in \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and/or \textsf{location}, in ascending order of generality. The \textsf{type} field, as in several other entry types, uses \textsf{biblatex's} automatic capitalization routines, so if the first word only needs a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence, use lowercase in the .bib file and let \textsf{biblatex} handle it for you. (See \emph{Manual} 12.33; leo:madonna, bedford:photo.) \mylittlespace As a final complication, the \emph{Manual} (8.206) says that \enquote{the names of works of antiquity \ldots\,are usually set in roman.} If you should need to include such a work in the reference apparatus, you can either define an \textsf{entrysubtype} for an \textsf{artwork} entry --- anything will do --- or you could use the \textsf{misc} entry type with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. Fortunately, in this instance the other fields in a \textsf{misc} entry function pretty much as in \textsf{artwork} or \textsf{image}. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{bookinbook}} type provides the means of referring to parts of books that are considered, in other contexts, themselves to be books, rather than chapters, essays, or articles. (Older versions of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} used \textbf{customb} for this purpose, but this is now deprecated.) Such an entry can have a \textsf{title} and a \textsf{maintitle}, but it can also contain a \textsf{booktitle}, all three of which will be italicized when printed. In general usage it is, therefore, rather like the traditional \textsf{inbook} type, only with its \textsf{title} in italics rather than in quotation marks. (See \emph{Manual} 17.72, 17.89, 17.93; bernard:boris, euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The Euripides play receives slightly different presentations in 17.89 and 17.93. Although the specification is very detailed, it doesn't eliminate all choice or variation. Using a system like \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ should help to maintain consistency. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{booklet}} is the first of two entry types --- the other being \textsf{manual}, on which see below --- which are traditional in \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ styles, but which the \emph{Manual} (17.241) suggests may well be treated basically as books. In the interests of backward compatibility, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will so format such an entry, which uses the \textsf{howpublished} field instead of a standard \textsf{publisher}, though of course if you do decide just to use a \textsf{book} entry then any information you might have given in a \textsf{howpublished} field should instead go in \textsf{publisher}. (See clark:mesopot.) \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{customa}} entry type is now deprecated in favor of the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{letter} type, which see. If your .bib files contain any \textsf{customa} entries you should change them to \textsf{letter} soon, as I am reclaiming this custom type for other uses in the next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{customb}} entry type is now deprecated in favor of the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{bookinbook}, which see. If your .bib files contain any \textsf{customb} entries you should change them to \textsf{bookinbook} soon, as it will cease to function in the next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{customc}} entry type is now deprecated in favor of the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{suppbook} (and \textbf{suppcollection}, which currently serves as an alias to \textsf{suppbook}). Please see their documentation below. If your .bib files contain any \textsf{customc} entries you should change them to \textsf{suppbook} soon, as it will cease to function in the next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{image}} entry type, left undefined in the standard styles, is in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} intended for referring to photographs. Excluding the possible use of the \textsf{entrysubtype} field, which in an \textsf{image} entry would be ignored, this type is a clone of \textsf{artwork}, so you should consult the latter's documentation above to see how to construct your .bib entry. (See \emph{Manual} 12.33; bedford:photo.) \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{inbook}\\\textbf{incollection}} two standard \textsf{biblatex} types have very nearly identical formatting requirements as far as the Chicago specification is concerned, but I have retained both of them for compatibility. \textsf{Biblatex.pdf} (§~2.1.1) intends the first for \enquote{a part of a book which forms a self-contained unit with its own title,} while the second would hold \enquote{a contribution to a collection which forms a self-contained unit with a distinct author and its own title.} The \textsf{title} of both sorts will be placed within quotation marks, and in general you can use either type for most material falling into these categories. There is, however, an important difference between them, as it is only in \textsf{incollection} entries that I implement the \emph{Manual's} recommendations for space-saving abbreviations in notes and bibliography when you cite multiple pieces from the same \textsf{collection}. These abbreviations are activated when you use the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in \textsf{incollection} entries, and not in \textsf{inbook} entries, mainly because the \emph{Manual} (17.70) here specifies a \enquote{multiauthor book.} (For more on this mechanism see \textbf{crossref}, below, and note that it is also active in \textsf{letter} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries.) If the part of a book to which you are referring has had a separate publishing history as a book in its own right, then you may wish to use the \textsf{bookinbook} type, instead, on which see above. (See \emph{Manual} 17.68--72; \textsf{inbook}: ashbrook:brain, phibbs:diary, will:cohere; \textsf{incollection}: centinel:letters, contrib:contrib, sirosh:visualcortex; ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, and lippincott:chicago [and the \textsf{collection} entry prairie:state] demonstrate the use of the \textsf{crossref} field with its attendant abbreviations in notes and bibliography.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The \emph{Manual} suggests that, when referring to a chapter, one use either a chapter number or the inclusive page numbers, not both. If, however, you wish to refer in a footnote to a specific page within the chapter, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will always print the optional, postnote argument of a \cmd{cite} command --- the page number, say --- instead of any chapter number or inclusive page numbers given in the .bib file \textsf{incollection} entry. This mechanism is quite general, that is, any specific page reference given in any sort of \cmd{cite} command overrides the contents of a \textsf{pages} field in a .bib file entry. \mylittlespace Currently, only the \textsf{chapter} field receives this treatment in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, though it may be possible in the future to generalize this to other named parts of a book. Do let me know if this would be helpful to you. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inproceedings}} entry type works pretty much as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, the main differences between it and \textsf{incollection} are the lack of an \textsf{edition} field and the possibility that an \textsf{organization} may be cited alongside the \textsf{publisher}, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't specify its use (17.71). Please note, also, that the \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref} mechanism for shortening citations of multiple pieces from the same \textsf{proceedings} is operative here, just as it is in \textsf{incollection} entries. See \textbf{crossref}, below, for more details. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inreference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{incollection} in the standard styles, but the \emph{Manual} has particular requirements, so if you are citing \enquote{[w]ell-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias,} then this type should simplify the task of conforming to the specifications (17.238--239). The main thing to keep in mind is that I have designed this entry type for \enquote{alphabetically arranged} works, which you shouldn't cite by page, but rather by the name(s) of the article(s). Because of the formatting required by the \emph{Manual}, we need one of \textsf{biblatex's} list fields for this purpose, and in order to keep all this out of the way of the standard styles, I have chosen the \textsf{lista} field. You should present these article names just as they appear in the work, separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} if there is more than one, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will provide the appropriate prefatory string (\texttt{s.v.}, plural \texttt{s.vv.}), and enclose each in its own set of quotation marks (ency:britannica). In a typical \textsf{inreference} entry, very few other fields are needed, as \enquote{the facts of publication are often omitted, but the edition (if not the first) must be specified.} In practice, this means a \textsf{title} and possibly an \textsf{edition} field. \mylittlespace There are quite a few other peculiarities to explain here. First of all, you should present any well-known works \emph{only} in notes, not in a bibliography, as your readers are assumed to know where to go for such a reference. You can use the \texttt{skipbib} option or the \textsf{keywords} mechanism I discuss below under \textbf{crossref} and \textbf{keywords}. For such works, and given how little information will be present even in a full note, you may wish to use \cmd{fullcite} or \cmd{footfullcite} in place of the short form, especially if, for example, you are citing different versions of an article appearing in different editions. \mylittlespace If the work is slightly less well known, it may be that full publication details are appropriate (times:guide), but this makes things more complicated. In previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, you would have had to format the \textsf{postnote} field of short notes appropriately, including the prefatory string and quotation marks I mentioned above. Now you can put an article name in the \textsf{postnote} field of \textsf{inreference} entries and have it formatted for you, and this holds for both long and short notes, which could allow you to refer separately to many different articles from the same reference work using only one .bib entry. (In a long note, any \textsf{postnote} field stops the printing of the contents of \textsf{lista}.) The only limitation on this system is that the \textsf{postnote} field, unlike \textsf{lista}, is not a list, and therefore for the formatting to work correctly you can only put one article name in it. Despite this limitation, I hope that the current system might simplify things for users who cite numerous works of reference. \mylittlespace If it seems appropriate to include such a work in the bibliography, be aware that the contents of the \textsf{lista} field will also be presented there, which may not be what you want. A separate \textsf{reference} entry might solve this problem, but you may also need a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure proper alphabetization, as \textsf{biblatex} will attempt to use an \textsf{editor} or \textsf{author} name, if either is present. (Cf.\ mla:style, a \textsf{reference} entry that uses section numbers instead of alphabetized headings, and \texttt{useeditor=false} in the \textsf{options} field instead of a \textsf{sortkey} to ensure the correct alphabetization.) \mylittlespace Speaking of the \textsf{author}, this field holds the author of the specific entry (in \textsf{lista}), not the author of the \textsf{title} as a whole. This name will be printed in parentheses after the entry's name (grove:sibelius). If you wish to refer to a reference work by author or indeed by editor, having either appear at the head of the note (long or short) or bibliography entry, then you'll need to use a \textsf{book} entry instead (cf.\ schellinger:novel), where the \textsf{lista} mechanism will also work in the bibliography, but which in every other way will be treated as a normal book, often a good choice for unfamiliar or non-standard reference works. \mylittlespace Finally, all of these rules apply to online reference works, as well, for which you need to provide not only a \textsf{url} but also, always, a \textsf{urldate}, as these sources are in constant flux (wikiped:bibtex, grove:sibelius). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{letter}} is the entry type to use for citing letters, memoranda, or similar texts, but \emph{only} when they appear in a published collection. (Unpublished material of this nature needs a \textsf{misc} entry, for which see below.) Depending on what sort of information you need to present in a citation, you may simply be able to get away with a standard \textsf{book} entry, which may then be cited by page number (see \emph{Manual} 17.31, 17.42; meredith:letters, adorno:benj). If, however, for whatever reason, you need to give full details of a specific letter, then you'll need to use the \textsf{letter} entry type, which attempts to simplify for you the \emph{Manual}'s rather complicated rules for formatting such references. (See 17.76--78; jackson:paulina:letter, white:ross:memo, white:russ [a completely fictitious entry to show the \textsf{xref} mechanism], white:total [a \textsf{book} entry, for the bibliography]). \mylittlespace To start, the name of the letter writer goes in the \textsf{author} field, while the \textsf{title} field contains both the name of the writer and that of the recipient, in the form \texttt{Author to Recipient}. The \textsf{titleaddon} field contains the type of correspondence involved. If it's a letter, this field may be left blank, but if it's a memorandum or report or the like, then this is the place to specify that fact. Also, because the \textsf{origdate} field only accepts numbers, if you want to use the abbreviation \enquote{n.d.} (or \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) for undated letters, then this is where you should put it. Most importantly, the date of the letter itself goes in the \textsf{origdate} field (\texttt{year-month-day}), which now allows a full date specification, while the publishing date of the whole collection goes in the \textsf{date} field, instead of in the obsolete \textsf{origyear}. As in other entry types, then, the \textsf{date} field now has its ordinary meaning of \enquote{date of publication.} (You may have noticed here that the presentation of the \textsf{origdate} in this sort of reference is different from the date format required elsewhere by the \emph{Manual}. This appears to result from some recent changes to the specification, and it may be that we could get away with choosing one or the other format for all occurrences [6.46], but for the moment I hope this mixed solution will suffice.) Another difficulty arises when producing the short footnote form, which requires you to provide a \textsf{shorttitle} field of the form \enquote{\texttt{to Recipient},} the latter name as short as possible while avoiding ambiguity. The remaining fields are fairly self explanatory, but do remember that the title of the published collection belongs in \textsf{booktitle} rather than in \textsf{title}. \mylittlespace Finally, the \emph{Manual} specifies that if you cite more than one letter from a given published collection, then the bibliography should contain only a reference to said collection, rather than to each individual letter, while the form of footnotes would remain the same. This should be possible using \textsc{Bib}\TeX's standard \textsf{crossref} field, with each \textsf{letter} entry pointing to a \textsf{collection} or \textsf{book} entry, for example. I shall discuss cross references at length later (\textbf{crossref} and \textbf{xref}, below), but I should mention here that \textsf{letter} is one of the entry types in which a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field automatically results in special shortened forms in notes and bibliography if more than one piece from a single collection is cited. (The other entry types are \textsf{incollection} and \textsf{inproceedings}; see 17.70 for the \emph{Manual}'s specification.) This ordinarily won't be an issue for \textsf{letter} entries in the bibliography, as individual letters aren't included there, but it is operative in notes, where you can disable it simply by not using a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field. In the \textsf{crossref} docs, below, I recommend a way of keeping the individual letters from turning up in the bibliography, involving the use of the \textsf{keywords} field. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{manual}} is the second of two traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ entry types that the \emph{Manual} suggests formatting as books, the other being \textsf{booklet}. As with this latter, I have retained it in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} for backward compatibility, its main peculiarity being that, in the absence of a named author, the \textsf{organization} producing the manual will be printed both as author and as publisher. In such a case, you'll need a \textsf{sortkey} field to aid \textsf{biblatex's} alphabetization routines, but you no longer need to provide a \textsf{shortauthor} field, as the style will automatically use \textsf{organization} in the absence of anything else. Of course, if you were to use a \textsf{book} entry for such a reference, then you would need to define both \textsf{author} and \textsf{publisher} using the name you here might have put in \textsf{organization}. (See 17:47; chicago:manual, dyna:browser, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace As \colmarginpar{\textbf{misc}} its name suggests, the \textsf{misc} entry type was designed as a hold-all for citations that didn't quite fit into other categories. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, I have somewhat extended its applicability, while retaining its traditional use. Put simply, with no \textsf{entrysubtype} field, a \textsf{misc} entry will retain backward compatibility with the standard styles, so the usual \textsf{howpublished}, \textsf{version}, and \textsf{type} fields are all available for specifying an otherwise unclassifiable text, and the \textsf{title} will be italicized. (The \emph{Manual}, you may wish to note, doesn't give specific instructions on how such citations should be formatted, so when using the Chicago style I would recommend you have recourse to this traditional entry type as sparingly as possible.) \mylittlespace If you do provide an \textsf{entrysubtype} field, the \textsf{misc} type provides a means for citing unpublished letters, memoranda, private contracts, wills, interviews, and the like, making it something of an unpublished analogue to the \textsf{letter}, \textsf{article}, and \textsf{review} entry types (which see). Typically, such an entry will cite part of an archive, and equally typically the text cited won't have a specific title, but only a generic one, whereas an \textsf{unpublished} entry will ordinarily have a specific author and title, and won't come from a named archive. The \textsf{misc} type with an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined is the least formatted of all those specified by the \emph{Manual}, so titles are in plain text, and any location details take no parentheses in full footnotes. \mylittlespace If you are wondering what to put in \textsf{entrysubtype}, the answer is, currently, anything at all. You no longer need to put the exact string \texttt{letter} there in order to move the date into closer proximity with the \textsf{title}. Indeed, recent \colmarginpar{\textsf{New}} reconsideration of the \emph{Manual} has suggested that the distinction to be drawn in this class of material hasn't to do with \emph{where} the date is presented but, rather, with \emph{how} it is presented. As I now understand the specification, it draws a distinction between archival material that is \enquote{letter-like} (letters, memoranda, reports, telegrams) and that which isn't (interviews, wills, contracts, or even personal communications you've received and which you wish to cite). This may not always be the easiest distinction to draw, and in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} I have been ignoring it, but once you've decided to classify it one way or the other you put the date in the \textsf{origdate} field for letters, etc., and into the \textsf{date} field for the others. \mylittlespace In effect, whether it's a \textsf{letter} entry or a \enquote{letter-like} \textsf{misc} entry (with \textsf{entrysubtype}), it is by using the \textsf{origdate} field that you identify when it was written. Other sorts of \textsf{misc} entry (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) use the \textsf{date} field. This maintains consistency of usage across entry types and also, I hope, improves compliance when using the \textsf{misc} type for citing archival material. Remember, however, that without an \textsf{entrysubtype} the entry will be treated as traditional \textsf{misc}, and the title italicized. In addition, defining \textsf{entrysubtype} activates the automatic capitalization mechanism in the \textsf{title} field of \textsf{misc} entries, on which see \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below. (See 17.205-206, 17.220, 17.222-232; creel:house, dinkel:agassiz, spock:interview.) \mylittlespace As in \textsf{letter} entries, the titles of unpublished letters are of the form \texttt{Author to Recipient}, and further information can be given in the \textsf{titleaddon} field, including the abbreviation \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}}\ (or \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) for undated examples. The \textsf{note}, \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and \textsf{location} fields (in ascending order of generality) allow the specification of which manuscript collection now holds the letter, though the \emph{Manual} specifies (17.228) that well-known depositories don't usually need a city, state or country specified. (The traditional \textsf{misc} fields are all still available, also.) The short note form can use the same title, but you may need to define the \textsf{shortauthor} field with, e.g., an \cmd{isdot} command to make it work (creel:house). If you want to include the date of a letter in a short note, I have provided the \cmd{letterdatelong} command for inclusion in the postnote field of the citation command. (The standard \textsf{biblatex} command \cmd{printdate} will work if you need to do the same for interviews.) %\vspace{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace As with \textsf{letter} entries, the \emph{Manual} (17.223) suggests that bibliography entries contain only the name of the manuscript collection, unless only one item from that collection is cited. The \textsf{crossref} field can be used, as well as the \textsf{keywords} mechanism (or \texttt{skipbib} option) for preventing the individual items from turning up in the bibliography. Obviously, this is a matter for your discretion, and if you're using only short notes (see the \texttt{short} option, section~\ref{sec:useropts} below), you may feel the need to include more information in the note if the bibliography doesn't contain a full reference to an individual item. \mylittlespace Finally, if the \textsf{misc} entry isn't a letter, remember that, as in \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries, words like \texttt{interview} or \texttt{memorandum} needn't be capitalized unless they follow a period --- the automatic capitalization routines (with the \textsf{title} field starting with a lowercase letter [see dinkel:agassiz, spock:interview, and \textbf{\textbackslash autocap}]) will ensure correctness. In all this class of archived material, the \emph{Manual} (17.222) quite specifically requires more consistency within your own work than conformity to some external standard, so it is the former which you should pursue. I hope that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} proves helpful in this regard. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{online}} \emph{Manual}'s instructions (17.142--147, 17.198, 17.234--237) for citing online materials are slightly different from those suggested by standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, this is a case where complete backward compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles may be impossible, because as a general rule the \emph{Manual} considers relevant not only where a source is found, but also the nature of that source, e.g., if it's an online edition of a book (james:ambassadors), then it calls for a \textsf{book} entry. Even if you cite an \enquote{intrinsically online} source, if that source is structured more or less like a conventional printed periodical, then you'll probably want to use \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} instead of \textsf{online} (stenger:privacy, which cites \emph{CNN.com} --- \emph{Yahoo!\ News} is another example that would be treated in such a way). If the \enquote{standard facts of publication} are missing, then the \textsf{online} type is usually the best choice (evanston:library, powell:email). Some online materials will, no doubt, make it difficult to choose an entry type, but so long as all locating information is present, then perhaps that is enough to fulfill the specification, or at least so I'd like to hope. \mylittlespace Constructing an \textsf{online} .bib file entry is much the same as in \textsf{biblatex}. The \textsf{title} field would contain the title of the page, the \textsf{organization} field could hold the title or owner of the whole site. If there is no specific title for a page, but only a generic one (powell:email), then such a title should go in \textsf{titleaddon}, not forgetting to begin that field with a lowercase letter so that capitalization will work out correctly. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{patent}} \emph{Manual} is very brief on this subject (17.219), but very clear about which information it wants you to present, so such entries may not work well with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. The important date, as far as Chicago is concerned, is the filing date. If a patent has been filed but not yet granted, then you can place the filing date in either the \textsf{date} field or the \textsf{origdate} field, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{patentfiled} to it. If the patent has been granted, then you put the filing date in the \textsf{origdate} field, and you put the date it was issued in the \textsf{date} field, to which the bibstring \texttt{patentissued} will automatically be prepended. (In other words, you no longer need to use a hand-formatted \textsf{addendum} field, though you can place additional information in that field if desired, and it will be printed in close association with the dates.) The patent number goes in the \textsf{number} field, and you should use the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings in the \textsf{type} field. Though it isn't mentioned by the \emph{Manual}, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will print the \textsf{holder} after the \textsf{author}, if you provide one. See petroff:impurity. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{periodical}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} entry type for presenting an entire issue of a periodical, rather than one article within it. It has the same function in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, and in the main uses the same fields, though in keeping with the system established in the \textsf{article} entry type (which see) you'll need to provide \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} if the periodical you are citing is a \enquote{newspaper} or \enquote{magazine} instead of a \enquote{journal.} Also, remember that the \textsf{note} field is the place for identifying strings like \enquote{special issue,} with its initial lowercase letter to activate the automatic capitalization routines. (See \emph{Manual} 17.170; good:wholeissue.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{reference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{collection} by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I intend it to be used in cases where you need to cite a reference work but not an alphabetized entry or entries in that work. This could be because it doesn't contain such entries, or perhaps because you intend the citation to appear in a bibliography rather than in notes. Indeed, the only differences between it and \textsf{inreference} are the lack of a \textsf{lista} field to present an alphabetized entry, and the fact that any \textsf{postnote} field will be printed verbatim, rather than formatted as an alphabetized entry. (See mla:style for an example of a reference work that uses numbered sections rather than alphabetized entries, and that appears in the bibliography as well.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{report}} entry type is a \textsf{biblatex} generalization of the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ type \textsf{techreport}. Instructions for such entries are rather thin on the ground in the \emph{Manual} (17.241), so I have followed the generic advice about formatting it like a book, and hope that the results conform to the specification. Its main peculiarities are the \textsf{institution} field in place of a \textsf{publisher}, the \textsf{type} field for identifying the kind of report in question, and the \textsf{isrn} field containing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a technical report. As in standard \textsf{biblatex}, if you use a \textsf{techreport} entry, then the \textsf{type} field automatically defaults to \cmd{bibstring\{techreport\}}. As with \textsf{booklet} and \textsf{manual}, you can also use a \textsf{book} entry, putting the report type in \textsf{note} and the \textsf{institution} in \textsf{publisher}. (See herwign:office.) \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{review}} \textsf{review} entry type was added to \textsf{biblatex 0.7}, and it certainly eases the task of coping with the \emph{Manual}'s complicated requirements for citing periodicals of all sorts, though it doesn't, I admit, eliminate all difficulties. As its name suggests, this entry type was designed for reviews published in periodicals, and if you've already read the \textsf{article} instructions above --- if you haven't, I recommend doing so now --- you'll know that \textsf{review} serves as well for citing other sorts of material with generic titles, like letters to the editor, obituaries, interviews, and the like. The primary rule is that any piece that has only a generic title, like \enquote{review of \ldots,} \enquote{interview with \ldots,} or \enquote{obituary of \ldots,} calls for the \textsf{review} type. Any piece that also has a specific title, e.g., \enquote{\enquote{Lost in \textsc{Bib}\TeX,} an interview with \ldots,} requires an \textsf{article} entry. (This assumes the text is found in a periodical of some sort. Were it found in a book, then the \textsf{incollection} type would serve your needs, and you could use \textsf{title} and \textsf{titleaddon} there. While we're on the topic of exceptions, the \emph{Manual} includes an example --- 17.207 --- where the \enquote{Interview} part of the title is considered a subtitle rather than a titleaddon, said part therefore being included inside the quotation marks and capitalized accordingly. Not having the journal in front of me I'm not sure what prompted that decision, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago} would obviously have no difficulty coping with such a situation.) \mylittlespace Once you've decided to use \textsf{review}, then you need to determine which sort of periodical you are citing, the rules for which are the same as for an \textsf{article} entry. If it is a \enquote{magazine} or a \enquote{newspaper}, then you need an \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}. The generic title goes in \textsf{title} and the other fields work just as as they do in an \textsf{article} entry with the same \textsf{entrysubtype}, including the substitution of the \textsf{journaltitle} for the \textsf{author} if the latter is missing. (See 17.185, 17.188--194, 17.199--203, 17.207; barcott:review, bundy:macneil, Clemens:letter, gourmet:052006, kozinn:review, nyt:obittrevor, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke, wallraff:word.) If, on the other hand, the piece comes from a \enquote{journal,} then you don't need an \textsf{entrysubtype}. The generic title goes in \textsf{title}, and the remaining fields work just as they do in a plain \textsf{article} entry. (See 17.201; ratliff:review.) \mylittlespace The onerous details are the same as I described them in the \textbf{article} section above, but I'll repeat some of them briefly here. If anything in the \textsf{title} needs formatting, you need to provide those instructions yourself, as the default is completely plain. In the short note form \colmarginpar{\textsf{New!}} you no longer need to provide a formatted \textsf{shortauthor} field for when a \textsf{journatitle} replaces an absent \textsf{author}, as the package now automatically prints the former there in the absence of anything else (gourmet:052006, nyt:trevorobit). If you wish to keep the title at the head of an entry, then you'll need to define \textsf{author} with \cmd{isdot}, (as in nyt:obittrevor, by contrast with nyt:trevorobit). As in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}, words like \enquote{interview,} \enquote{review,} and \enquote{letter} only need capitalization after a full stop, i.e., ordinarily in a bibliography and not a note, so \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} automatically deals with this problem itself if you start the \textsf{title} field with a lowercase letter. The file \textsf{notes-test.bib} and the documentation of \cmd{autocap} will provide guidance here. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppbook}} is the entry type to use if the main focus of a reference is supplemental material in a book or in a collection, e.g., an introduction, afterword, or forward, either by the same or a different author. In previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} these three just-mentioned types of material, and only these three types, could be referenced using the \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{foreword} fields, a system that required you simply to define one of them in any way and leave the others undefined. The macros don't use the text provided by such an entry, they merely check to see if one of them is defined, in order to decide which sort of pre- or post-matter is at stake, and to print the appropriate string before the \textsf{title} in long notes, short notes, list of shorthands, and bibliography. I have retained this mechanism both for backward compatibility and because it works without modification across multiple languages, but have also added functionality which allows you to cite any sort of supplemental material whatever, using the \textsf{type} field. Under this system, simply put the nature of the material, including the relevant preposition, in that field, beginning with a lowercase letter so \textsf{biblatex} can decide whether it needs capitalization depending on the context. Examples might be \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{colophon of}.} (Please note, however, that unless you use a \cmd{bibstring} command in the \textsf{type} field, the resultant entry will not be portable across languages.) \mylittlespace The other rules for constructing your .bib entry remain the same. The \textsf{author} field refers to the author of the introduction or afterword, while \textsf{bookauthor} refers to the author of the main text of the work, if the two differ. If the focus of the reference is the main text of the book, but you want to mention the name of the writer of an introduction or afterword for bibliographical completeness, then the normal \textsf{biblatex} rules apply, and you can just put their name in the appropriate field of a \textsf{book} entry, that is, in the \textsf{foreword}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{introduction} field. (See \emph{Manual} 17.74--75; polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppcollection}} fulfills a function analogous to \textsf{suppbook}. Indeed, I believe the \textbf{suppbook} type can serve to present supplemental material in both types of work, so this entry type is an alias to \textsf{suppbook}, which see. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppperiodical}} type, new to \textsf{biblatex} 0.8, is intended to allow reference to generically-titled works in periodicals, such as regular columns or letters to the editor. Previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} provided the \textsf{review} type for this purpose, and now you can use either of these, as I've added \textsf{suppperiodical} as an alias of \textsf{review}. Please see above under \textbf{review} for the full instructions on how to construct a .bib entry for such a reference. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{unpublished}} \textsf{unpublished} entry type works largely as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}, though it's worth remembering that you should use a lowercase letter at the start of your \textsf{note} field (or perhaps an\ \cmd{autocap} command in the somewhat contradictory \textsf{howpublished}, if you have one) for material that wouldn't ordinarily be capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence (nass:address). \subsection{Entry Fields} \label{sec:entryfields} The following discussion presents, in alphabetical order, a complete list of the entry fields you will need to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. As in section \ref{sec:entrytypes}, I shall include references to the numbered paragraphs of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, and also to the entries in \textsf{notes-test.bib}. Many fields are most easily understood with reference to other, related fields. In such cases, cross references should allow you to find the information you need. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{addendum}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to add miscellaneous information to the end of an entry, after publication data but before any \textsf{url} or \textsf{doi} field. In the \textsf{patent} entry type (which see), it will be printed in close association with the filing and issue dates. In any entry type, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and the style will take care of the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{note}. (See \emph{Manual} 17.145, 17.123; davenport:attention, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace In most \mymarginpar{\textbf{afterword}} circumstances, this field will function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}, i.e., you should include here the author(s) of an afterword to a given work. The \emph{Manual} suggests that, as a general rule, the afterword would need to be of significant importance in its own right to require mentioning in the reference apparatus, but this is clearly a matter for the user's judgment. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if the name given here exactly matches that of an editor and/or a translator, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will concatenate these fields in the formatted references. %\vspace{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace As noted above, however, this field has a special meaning in the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, used to make an afterword, foreword, or introduction the main focus of a citation. If it's an afterword at issue, simply define \textsf{afterword} any way you please, leave \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will do the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction}. (See \emph{Manual} 17.46, 17.74; polakow:afterw.) \mybigspace At \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotation}} \label{sec:annote} the request of Emil Salim, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} has, as of version 0.9, added a package option (see \texttt{annotation} below, section \ref{sec:useropts}) to allow you to produce annotated bibliographies. The formatting of such a bibliography is currently fairly basic, though it conforms with the \emph{Manual's} minimal guidelines (16.77). The default in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx} is to define \cmd{DeclareFieldFormat\{an\-notation\}} using \cmd{par}\cmd{nobreak} \cmd{vskip} \cmd{bibitemsep}, though you can alter it by re-declaring the format in your preamble. The page-breaking algorithms don't always give perfect results here, but the default formatting looks, to my eyes, fairly decent. In addition to tweaking the field formatting you can also insert \cmd{par} (or even \cmd{vadjust\{\cmd{eject}\}}) commands into the text of your annotations to improve the appearance. Please consider the \texttt{annotation} option a work in progress, but it is usable now. (N.B.: The \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{annote} serves as an alias for this.) \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{commentator}. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace For \mymarginpar{\textbf{author}} the most part, I have implemented this field in a completely standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ fashion. Remember that corporate or organizational authors need to have an extra set of curly braces around them (e.g., \texttt{\{\{Associated Press\}\}}\,) to prevent \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ from treating one part of the name as a surname (17.47, 17.197; assocpress:gun, chicago:manual). If there is no \textsf{author}, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will look, in sequence, for an \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, or \textsf{compiler} (actually \textsf{namec}, currently) and use that name (or those names) instead, followed by the appropriate identifying string (esp.\ 17.41, also 17.28--29, 17.88, 17.95, 17.172; boxer:china, brown:bremer, harley:cartography, schellinger:novel, sechzer:women, silver:ga\-wain, soltes:georgia). Please note that when a \textsf{namec} appears at the head of an entry, you'll need to assist \textsf{biblatex}'s sorting algorithms by providing a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure correct alphabetization in the bibliography. Also, a \textsf{shortauthor} entry is necessary to provide a name at the head of the short note form. \mylittlespace In the rare cases when this substitution mechanism isn't appropriate, you have two options: either you can (chaucer:liferecords) put all the information into a \textsf{note} field rather than individual fields, or you can use the \textsf{biblatex} options \texttt{useauthor=false}, \texttt{useeditor=false}, \texttt{usetranslator=false}, and \texttt{usecompiler=\\false} in the \textsf{options} field (chaucer:alt). If you look at the chaucer:alt entry in \textsf{notes-test.bib}, you'll notice a peculiarity of this system of toggles. In order to ensure that the \textsf{title} of the book appears at the head of the entry, you need to use \emph{all four} of the toggles, even though the entry contains no \textsf{translator}. Internally, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} is either searching for an author-substitute, or it is skipping over elements of the ordered, unidirectional chain \textsf{author -> editor -> translator -> compiler -> title}. If you don't include \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field, then the package begins its search at \textsf{translator} and continues on to \textsf{namec}, even though you have \texttt{usecompiler=false} in \textsf{options}. The result will be that the compilers' names will appear at the head of the entry. If you want to skip over parts of the chain, you must turn off \emph{all} of the parts up to the one you wish printed. \mylittlespace This system of toggles, then, can turn off \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}'s mechanism for finding a name to place at the head of an entry, but it also very usefully adds the possibility of citing a work with an \textsf{author} by its editor, compiler or translator instead (17.45; eliot:pound), something that wasn't possible before. For full details of how this works, see the \textsf{editortype} documentation below. (Of course, in \textsf{collection} and \textsf{proceedings} entry types, an \textsf{author} isn't expected, so there the \textsf{editor} is required, as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Also, in \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, the absence of an \textsf{author} triggers the use of the \textsf{journaltitle} in its stead. See those entry types for further details.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The \emph{Manual} provides specific instructions for formatting the names of both anonymous and pseudonymous authors (17.32--39). In the former case, if no author is known or guessed at, then it may simply be omitted (virginia:plantation). The use of \enquote{Anonymous} as the name is \enquote{generally to be avoided,} but may in some cases be useful \enquote{in a bibliography in which several anonymous works need to be grouped.} If, on the other hand, \enquote{the authorship is known or guessed at but was omitted on the title page,} then you need to use the \textsf{authortype} field to let \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} know this fact. If the author is known (horsley:prosodies), then put \texttt{anon} in the \textsf{authortype} field, if guessed at (cook:sotweed) put \texttt{anon?}\ there. (In both cases, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} tests for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if it doesn't work.) This will have the effect of enclosing the name in square brackets, with or without the question mark indicating doubt. As long as you have the right string in the \textsf{authortype} field, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will also do the right thing automatically in the short note form. \mylittlespace The \textsf{nameaddon} field furnishes the means to cope with the case of pseudonymous authorship. If the author's real name isn't known, simply put \texttt{pseud.} (or \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}}) in that field (centinel:letters). If you wish to give a pseudonymous author's real name, simply include it there, formatted as you wish it to appear, as the contents of this field won't be manipulated as a name by \textsf{biblatex} (lecarre:quest). If you have given the author's real name in the \textsf{author} field, then the pseudonym goes in \textsf{nameaddon}, in the form \texttt{Firstname Lastname, pseud.}\ (creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death). This latter method will allow you to keep all references to one author's work under different pseudonyms grouped together in the bibliography, as recommended by the \emph{Manual}. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{authortype}} \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, this field serves a function very much in keeping with the spirit of standard \textsf{biblatex}, if not with its letter. Instead of allowing you to change the string used to identify an author, the field allows you to indicate when an author is anonymous, that is, when his or her name doesn't appear on the title page of the work you are citing. As I've just detailed under \textsf{author}, the \emph{Manual} generally discourages the use of \enquote{Anonymous} as an author, preferring that you simply omit it. If, however, the name of the author is known or guessed at, then you're supposed to enclose that name within square brackets, which is exactly what \textsf{biblatex-chicago} does for you when you put either \texttt{anon} (author known) or \texttt{anon?} (author guessed at) in the \textsf{authortype} field. (Putting the square brackets in yourself doesn't work right, hence this mechanism.) The macros test for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if you don't see the brackets. Assuming the strings are correct, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will also automatically do the right thing in the short note form. Cf.\ \textsf{author}. (See 17.33--34; cook:sotweed, horsley:prosodies.) \mybigspace For \mymarginpar{\textbf{bookauthor}} the most part, as in \textsf{biblatex}, a \textsf{bookauthor} is the author of a \textsf{booktitle}, so that, for example, if one chapter in a book has different authorship from the book as a whole, you can include that fact in a reference (17.75; will:cohere). Keep in mind, however, that the entry type for introductions, forewords and afterwords (\textsf{suppbook}) uses \textsf{bookauthor} as the author of \textsf{title} (polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\vspace{-12pt}\textbf{bookpagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate string to information you provide in a \textsf{pages} field. If you leave it blank, the default is to print no identifying string (the equivalent of setting it to \texttt{none}), as this is the practice the \emph{Manual} recommends for nearly all page numbers. Even if the numbers you cite aren't pages, but it is otherwise clear from the context what they represent, you can still leave this blank. If, however, you specifically need to identify what sort of unit the \textsf{pages} field represents, then you can either hand-format that field yourself, or use one of the provided bibstrings in the \textsf{bookpagination} field. These bibstrings currently are \texttt{column,} \texttt{line,} \texttt{paragraph,} \texttt{page,} \texttt{section,} and \texttt{verse}, all of which are used by \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles. \mylittlespace There are two points that may need explaining here. First, all the bibstrings I have just listed follow the Chicago specification, which may be confusing if they don't produce the strings you expect. Second, remember that \textsf{bookpagination} applies only to the \textsf{pages} field --- if you need to format a citation's \textsf{postnote} field, then you must use \textsf{pagination}, which see (15.45--46, 17.128--138). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{booksubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{booktitle}. See the next entry for further information. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{booktitle}} the \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, and \textsf{letter} entry types, the \textsf{booktitle} field holds the title of the larger volume in which the \textsf{title} itself is contained as one part. It is important not to confuse this with the \textsf{maintitle}, which holds the more general title of multiple volumes, e.g., \emph{Collected Works}. It is perfectly possible for one .bib file entry to contain all three sorts of title (euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr). You may also find a \textsf{booktitle} in other sorts of entries (e.g., \textsf{book} or \textsf{collection}), but there it will almost invariably be providing information for the \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing apparatus (prairie:state), which I discuss below (\textbf{crossref}). \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{booktitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{booktitle}. It will be printed in the main text font, without quotation marks. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{chapter}} field holds the chapter number, mainly useful only in an \textsf{inbook} or an \textsf{incollection} entry where you wish to cite a specific chapter of a book (ashbrook:brain). \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{commentator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator}. \mybigspace \textsf{Biblatex} \mymarginpar{\textbf{crossref}} uses the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing mechanism, and has also introduced a modified one of its own (\textsf{xref}). The \textsf{crossref} field works exactly the same as it always has, while \textsf{xref} attempts to remedy some of the deficiencies of the usual mechanism by ensuring that child entries will inherit no data at all from their parents. Having said all that, a few further instructions may be in order for users of both \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. First, remember that fields in a \textsf{collection} entry, for example, differ from those in an \textsf{incollection} entry. In order for the latter to inherit the \textsf{booktitle} field from the former, the former needs to have such a field defined, even though a \textsf{collection} entry has no use itself for such an entry (see ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state). Note also that an entry with a \textsf{crossref} field will mechanically try to inherit all applicable fields from the entry it cross-references. In the case of ellet:galena et al., you can see that this includes the \textsf{subtitle} field found in prairie:state, which would then, quite incorrectly, be added to the \textsf{title} of ellet:galena. In cases like these, you could just make sure that prairie:state didn't contain such a field, by placing the entire title + subtitle in the \textsf{title} field, separated by a colon. You'd certainly need to provide a \textsf{shorttitle} field for short footnotes, if you chose this solution. Alternatively, as you can see in ellet:galena, you can just define an empty \textsf{subtitle} field to prevent it inheriting the unwanted subtitle from prairie:state. \mylittlespace Turning now more narrowly to \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, the \emph{Manual} (17.70) specifies that if you cite several contributions to the same collection, all (including the collection itself) may be listed separately in the bibliography, which the package does automatically, using the default inclusion threshold of 2 in the case both of \textsf{crossref}'ed and \textsf{xref}'ed entries. (The familiar \cmd{nocite} command may also help in some circumstances.) In footnotes the specification suggests that, after a citation of any one contribution to the collection, all subsequent contributions may, even in the first, long footnote, be cited using a slightly shortened form, thus \enquote{avoiding clutter.} In the bibliography the abbreviated form is appropriate for all the child entries. The current version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} implements these instructions, but only if you use a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field, and only in \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, or \textsf{letter} entries (on the last named, see just below). If you look at ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state you'll see this mechanism in action in both notes and bibliography. If you wish to disable this, then simply don't use a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in your entries. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace A published collection of letters requires a somewhat different treatment (17.78). If you cite more than one letter from the same collection, then the \emph{Manual} specifies that only the collection itself should appear in the bibliography. In footnotes, you can use the \textsf{letter} entry type, documented above, for each individual letter, while the collection as a whole may well require a \textsf{book} entry. I have, after some consideration, implemented the system of shortened references in \textsf{letter} entries, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't explicitly require it. As with \textsf{incollection} and \textsf{inproceedings}, mere use of a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field will activate this mechanism, while avoidance of said fields will disable it. (See white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total, for examples of the \textsf{xref} field in action in this way, and please note that the second of these entries is entirely fictitious, provided merely for the sake of example.) How then to keep the individual letters from appearing in the bibliography? The simplest mechanism is one provided by \textsf{biblatex}, which involves the \textsf{keywords} field. Choose a keyword for any entry you wish excluded from the bibliography --- I've chosen \texttt{original}, for reasons that will become clearer later --- then in the optional argument to the \cmd{printbibliography} command in your document include, e.g., \texttt{notkeyword=original}. (Cf.\ \textbf{keywords} and \textbf{userf}.) \mylittlespace If you look closely at the .bib entries for white:ross:memo and white:russ, you'll see that, despite using \textsf{xref} instead of \textsf{crossref}, the notes referring to them inherit data from the parent (white:total). The citation mechanism is making a separate call to the parent's .bib entry, formatting the information there to fill out the bare data provided by the child, but this only happens in \textsf{letter}, \textsf{incollection}, and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. It is perfectly possible that other sorts of entries may make use of \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} fields --- \textsf{inbook} and \textsf{bookinbook} come to mind --- but such entries will not result in the activation of shortened references in notes and bibliography, nor, when using \textsf{xref}, in the inheritance I have just pointed out. This is how I interpret the specification, though I'm open to persuasion on this score. \mylittlespace I should also take this opportunity to mention that you need to be careful when using the \textsf{shorthand} field in conjunction with the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} fields, bearing in mind the complicated questions of inheritance posed by all such cross-references, most especially in \textsf{letter}, \textsf{incollection}, and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. A \textsf{shorthand} field in a parent entry is, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, a bad idea. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{date}} field may be used to specify an item's complete date of publication, in \textsc{iso}8601 format, i.e., \texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}. It may also be used to specify a date range, according to Lehman's instructions in §~2.3.8 of \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. If only part of a date is required, then the \textsf{month} and \textsf{year} fields may be more convenient. The latter may be particularly useful in some entries because it can hold more than just numerical data, in contrast to \textsf{date} itself. Cf.\ the \textsf{misc} entry type in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes} above for how to use this field to distinguish between two classes of archival material. See also \textsf{origdate} and \textsf{urldate}. \mylittlespace (Users of the Chicago author-date style who wish to minimize the labor needed to convert a .bib database for the notes \&\ bibliography style should be aware that, in this release, the latter style includes compatibility code for the \texttt{cmsdate} (silently ignored) and \texttt{switchdates} options, along with the mechanism for reversing \textsf{date} and \textsf{origdate}. This means that you can, in theory, leave all of this alone in your .bib file when making the conversion, though I'm retaining the right to revoke this if the code in question demonstrably interferes with the functioning of the notes \&\ bibliography style.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{day}} field, as of \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, is obsolete, and will be ignored if you use it in your .bib files. Use \textsf{date} instead. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{doi}} \textsf{biblatex} field. The Digital Object Identifier of the work, which the \emph{Manual} suggests you can use \enquote{in place of page numbers or other locators} (17.181; friedman:learn\-ing). Cf.\ \textsf{url}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{edition}} \textsf{biblatex} field. If you enter a plain cardinal number, \textsf{biblatex} will convert it to an ordinal (chicago:manual), followed by the appropriate string. Any other sort of edition information will be printed as is, though if your data begins with a word (or abbreviation) that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word (or abbreviation) is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing (babb:peru, times:guide). In most situations, the \emph{Manual} generally recommends the use of abbreviations in both bibliography and notes, but there is room for the user's discretion in specific citations (emerson:nature). \mylittlespace In a previous release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, I introduced the \textsf{userd} field to hold this non-numeric information, as \textsf{biblatex} only accepted an integer in the \textsf{edition} field, but this changed in version 0.8. The \textsf{userd} field is now obsolete, and will be silently ignored. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{editor}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{editor} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{editor} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional editor for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{namea} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (donne:var). \mylittlespace As you will see below, I have also provided a \textsf{nameb} field, which holds the translator of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate editors for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{partedit} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field or in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields (chaucer:liferecords). (Because the strings identifying an editor differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field, hence the need for a macro, which I discuss further in the commands section below [\ref{sec:formatcommands}].) Cf.\ \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, and \textsf{translator}. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{editora\\editorb\\editorc}} new release of \textsf{biblatex} provides these fields as a means to specify additional contributors to texts in a number of editorial roles. I'm uncertain how relevant they may be to users of the Chicago style, but I have implemented them just as the standard styles do. To specify the role, use the new fields \textsf{editoratype}, \textsf{editorbtype}, and \textsf{editorctype}, and see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~2.3.6. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Normally, \mymarginpar{\textbf{editortype}} with the exception of the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} types, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically find a name to put at the head of an entry, starting with an \textsf{author}, and proceeding in order through \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (the compiler). If all four are missing, then the \textsf{title} will be placed at the head. (In \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries with a \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, a missing author immediately prompts the use of \textsf{journaltitle} at the head of an entry. See above under \textsf{article} for details.) The \textsf{editortype} field, added in \textsf{biblatex 0.7}, provides even greater flexibility, giving you the ability to put a compiler at the head of an entry without using \textsf{namec}, freeing you from the need to use a \textsf{sortkey} and a \textsf{shortauthor}. You can do this even though an author is named (eliot:pound shows this mechanism in action for a standard editor, rather than a compiler). Two things are necessary for this to happen. First, in the \textsf{options} field you need to set \texttt{useauthor=false}, then you need to put the name you wish to see at the head of your entry into the \textsf{editor} or the \textsf{namea} field. If the \enquote{editor} is in fact a compiler, then you need to put \texttt{compiler} into the \textsf{editortype} field, and \textsf{biblatex} will print the correct string after the name in both the bibliography and in the long note form. \mylittlespace There are a few details of which you need to be aware. Because \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has added the \textsf{namea} field, which gives you the ability to identify the editor specifically of a \textsf{title} as opposed to a \textsf{maintitle} or a \textsf{booktitle}, the \textsf{editortype} mechanism checks first to see whether a \textsf{namea} is defined. If it is, that name will be used at the head of the entry, if it isn't it will go ahead and look for an \textsf{editor}. When the \textsf{editor} field is used, \textsf{biblatex}'s sorting algorithms will work properly, and also its \textsf{labelname} mechanism, meaning that a shortened form of the \textsf{editor} will be used in the short note form. If, however, the \textsf{namea} field provides the name, then your .bib entry will need to have a \textsf{sortkey} field to aid in alphabetizing, and it will also need a \textsf{shorteditor} defined to help with the short note form, not a \textsf{shortauthor}, ruled out because \texttt{useauthor=false}. \mylittlespace In \textsf{biblatex} 0.9 Lehman has reworked the string concatenation mechanism, for reasons he outlines in his RELEASE file, and I have followed his lead. In short, if you define the \textsf{editortype} field, then concatenation is turned off, even if the name of the \textsf{editor} matches, for example, that of the \textsf{translator}. In the absence of an \textsf{editortype}, the usual mechanisms remain in place, that is, if the \textsf{editor} exactly matches a \textsf{translator} and/or a \textsf{namec}, or alternatively if \textsf{namea} exactly matches a \textsf{nameb} and/or a \textsf{namec}, then \textsf{biblatex} will print the appropriate strings. The \emph{Manual} specifically (17.41) recommends not using these identifying strings in the short note form, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} follows their recommendation. If you nevertheless need to provide such a string, you'll have to do it manually in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, or perhaps, in a different sort of entry, in a \textsf{shortauthor} field. \mylittlespace It may also be worth noting that because of certain requirements in the specification -- absence of an \textsf{author}, for example -- the \texttt{useauthor} mechanism won't work properly in the following entry types: \textsf{collection}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{review}, \textsf{suppbook}, \textsf{suppcollection}, and \textsf{suppperiodical}. \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{editoratype\\editorbtype\\editorctype}} fields are new to \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, and identify the exact role of the person named in the corresponding \textsf{editor[a-c]} field. Note that they are not part of the string concatenation mechanism. I have implemented them just as the standard styles do, though I am uncertain of their usefulness for users of Chicago. Cf.\ \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~2.3.6. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{eid}} \textsf{biblatex} field, providing a string or number some journals use uniquely to identify a particular article. Only applicable to the \textsf{article} entry type. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{entrysubtype}} and very powerful \textsf{biblatex} field, left undefined by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} it has four very specific uses, the first three of which I have designed in order to maintain, as much as possible, backward compatibility with the standard styles. First, in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries, the field allows you to differentiate between scholarly \enquote{journals,} on the one hand, and \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers} on the other. Usage is fairly simple: you need to put the exact string \texttt{magazine} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field if you are citing one of the latter two types of source, whereas if your source is a \enquote{journal,} then you need do nothing. \mylittlespace The second use involves references to works from classical antiquity and, according to the \emph{Manual}, from the Middle Ages, as well. When you cite such a work using the traditional divisions into books, sections, lines, etc., divisions which are presumed to be the same across all editions, then you need to put the exact string \texttt{classical} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field. This has no effect in long notes or in the bibliography, but it does affect the formatting of short notes, where it suppresses some of the punctuation. Ordinarily, you will use this toggle in a \textsf{book} or a \textsf{bookinbook} entry, but it is possible that a journal might well also present an edition of such a work. Given the tradition of using italics for the titles of such works, this may require using a \textsf{titleaddon} field (with hand formatting) instead of a \textsf{title}. If you wish to reference a classical or medieval work by the page numbers of a particular, non-standard edition, then you shouldn't use the \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle. Also, and the specification is reasonably clear about this, works from the Renaissance and later, even if cited by the traditional divisions, have short notes formatted normally, and therefore don't need an \textsf{entrysubtype} field. (See \emph{Manual} 17.250--262; aristotle:metaphy:gr, plato:republic:gr; euripides:orestes is an example of a translation cited by page number in a modern edition.) \mylittlespace The third use occurs in \textsf{misc} entries. If such an entry contains no \textsf{entrysubtype} field, then the citation will be treated just as the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles would, including the use of italics for the \textsf{title}. Any string at all in \textsf{entrysubtype} tells \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} to treat the source as part of an unpublished archive. A \textsf{misc} entry with \textsf{entrysubtype} defined is the least formatted of all those specified by the \emph{Manual} --- see section~\ref{sec:entrytypes} above under \textbf{misc} for all the details on how these citations work. \mylittlespace Fourth, and finally, the field can be defined in the new \textsf{artwork} entry type in order to refer to a work from antiquity whose title you do not wish to be italicized. Please see the documentation of \textsf{artwork} above for the details. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{foreword}} with the \textsf{afterword} field above, \textsf{foreword} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like \textsf{afterword} (and \textsf{introduction}), however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined) to make a foreword the focus of a citation. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{holder}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field for identifying a \textsf{patent}'s holder(s), if they differ from the \textsf{author}. The \emph{Manual} has nothing to say on the subject, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} prints it (them), in parentheses, just after the author(s). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{howpublished}} \textsf{biblatex} field, mainly applicable in the \textsf{booklet} entry type, where it replaces the \textsf{publisher}. I have also retained it in the \textsf{misc} and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, for historical reasons. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{institution}} \textsf{biblatex} field. In the \textsf{thesis} entry type, it will usually identify the university for which the thesis was written, while in a \textsf{report} entry it may identify any sort of institution issuing the report. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{introduction}} with the \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} fields above, \textsf{introduction} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like those fields, however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} undefined) to make an introduction the focus of a citation. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isbn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Book Number of a publication. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isrn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a report. Only relevant to the \textsf{report} entry type, and not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Serial Number of a periodical in an \textsf{article} or a \textsf{periodical} entry. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issue}} \textsf{biblatex} field, designed for \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entries identified by something like \enquote{Spring} or \enquote{Summer} rather than by the usual \textsf{month} or \textsf{number} fields (brown:bremer). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuesubtitle}} subtitle for an \textsf{issuetitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuetitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, intended to contain the title of a special issue of any sort of periodical. If the reference is to one article within the special issue, then this field should be used in an \textsf{article} entry (conley:fifthgrade), whereas if you are citing the entire issue as a whole, then it would go in a \textsf{periodical} entry, instead (good:wholeissue). The \textsf{note} field is the proper place to identify the type of issue, e.g.,\ \texttt{special issue}, with the initial letter lower-cased to enable automatic contextual capitalization. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{journalsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{journaltitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{journaltitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, replacing the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{journal}, which, however, still works as an alias. It contains the name of any sort of periodical publication, and is found in the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entry types. In the case where a piece in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}) doesn't have an author, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} provides for this field to be used as the author. See above (section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}) under \textbf{article} for details. The lakeforester:pushcarts and nyt:trevorobit entries in \textsf{notes-test.bib} will give you some idea of how this works. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{keywords}} field is \textsf{biblatex}'s extremely powerful and flexible technique for filtering bibliography entries, allowing you to subdivide a bibliography according to just about any criteria you care to invent. See \textsf{biblatex.pdf} (3.10.4) for thorough documentation. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the field can provide a convenient means to exclude certain entries from making their way into a bibliography. We have already seen (\textbf{letter}, above) how the \emph{Manual} (17.78) requires, in the case of published collections of letters, that when more than one letter from the same collected is cited, the bibliography should contain only a reference to the collection as a whole (white:ross:memo, white:russ, white:total). Similarly, when citing both an original text and its translation (see \textbf{userf}, below), the \emph{Manual} (17.66) suggests including the original at the end of the translation's bibliography entry, a procedure which requires that the original not also be printed as a separate bibliography entry (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr, aristotle:metaphy:trans, aristotle:metaphy:gr). Finally, citations of well-known reference works (like the \emph{Encyclopaedia Britannica}, for example), need only be presented in notes, and not in the bibliography (17.238--239; ency:britannica, wikiped:bibtex; see \textsf{inreference}, above). In all these cases, I have suggested the inclusion of \texttt{original} in the \textsf{keywords} field, along with a \texttt{notkeyword=original} in the optional argument to the \cmd{printbibliography} command, though of course you can choose any key you wish. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{language}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify the language(s) in which a work is written. As a general rule, the Chicago style doesn't require you to provide this information, though it may well be useful for clarifying the nature of certain works, such as bilingual editions, for example. There is at least one situation, however, when the \emph{Manual} does specify this data, and that is when the title of a work is given in translation, even though no translation of the work has been published, something that might happen when a title is in a language deemed to be unparseable by a majority of your expected readership (17.65--67, 17.166, 17.177; pirumova, rozner:liberation). In such a case, you should provide the language(s) involved using this field, connecting multiple languages using the keyword \texttt{and}. (I have retained \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{bibstring} mechanism here, which means that you can use the standard bibstrings or, if one doesn't exist for the language you need, just give the name of the language, capitalized as it should appear in your text. You can also mix these two modes inside one entry without apparent harm.) \mylittlespace An alternative arrangement suggested by the \emph{Manual} is to retain the original title of a piece but then to provide its translation, as well. If you choose this option, you'll need to make use of the \textbf{usere} field, on which see below. In effect, you'll probably only ever need to use one of these two fields in any given entry, and in fact \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will only print one of them if both are present, preferring \textsf{usere} over \textsf{language} for this purpose (see kern and weresz). Note also that both of these fields are universally associated with the \textsf{title} of a work, rather than with a \textsf{booktitle} or a \textsf{maintitle}. If you need to attach a language or a translation to either of the latter two, you could probably manage it with special formatting inside those fields themselves. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{lista}} intend this field specifically for presenting citations from reference works that are arranged alphabetically, where the name of the item rather than a page or volume number should be given. The field is a \textsf{biblatex} list, which means you should separate multiple items with the keyword \texttt{and}. Each item receives its own set of quotation marks, and the whole list will be prefixed by the appropriate string (\enquote{s.v.,} \emph{sub verbo}, pl.\ \enquote{s.vv.}). \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-notes} will only print such a field in a \textsf{book} or an \textsf{inreference} entry, and you should look at the documentation of these entry types for further details. (See \emph{Manual} 17.238--239; ency:britannica, grove:sibelius, times:guide, wikiped:bibtex.) \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{location}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s version of the usual \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{address}, though the latter is accepted as an alias if that simplifies the modification of older .bib files. According to the \emph{Manual} (17.99), a citation usually need only provide the first city listed on any title page, though a list of cities separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} will be formatted appropriately. If the place of publication is unknown, you can use \cmd{autocap\{n\}.p.}\ instead (17.102), though in many or even most cases this isn't strictly necessary (17.32--34; virginia:plantation). For all cities, you should use the common English version of the name, if such exists (17.101). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Two more details need explanation here. In \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries, there is usually no need for a \textsf{location} field, but \enquote{if a journal might be confused with another with a similar title, or if it might not be known to the users of a bibliography,} then this field can present the place or institution where it is published (17.174, 17.196; lakeforester:pushcarts, kimluu:diethyl, and garrett). Less predictably, it is here that \emph{Manual} indicates that a particular book is a reprint edition (17.123), so in such a case you can use the \textsf{biblatex-chicago} macro \cmd{reprint}, followed by a comma, space, and the location (aristotle:metaphy:gr, schweitzer:bach). (You can also now, somewhat more simply, just put the string \texttt{reprint} into the \textsf{pubstate} field to achieve the same result. See the \textsf{pubstate} documentation below.) The \textsf{origdate} field may be used to give the original date of publication, and of course more complicated situations should usually be amenable to inclusion in the \textsf{note} field (emerson:nature). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{mainsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{maintitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{maintitle}} main title for a multi-volume work, e.g., \enquote{Opera} or \enquote{Collected Works.} (See donne:var, euripides:orestes, harley:cartography, lach:asia, pelikan:chris\-tian, and plato:republic:gr.) \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{maintitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{maintitle}, for which see previous entry. Such an annex would be printed in the main text font. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{month}} \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the month of publication. This should be an integer, i.e., \texttt{month=\{3\}} not \texttt{month=\{March\}}. See \textsf{date} for more information. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{namea}} is one of the fields \textsf{biblatex} provides for style writers to use, but which it leaves undefined itself. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago} it contains the name(s) of the editor(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{editor} would be associated with one of these latter fields (donne:var). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{nameb} if they are identical. See under \textbf{editor} above for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{translator}, and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransand\-comp}, for which see section~\ref{sec:formatcommands}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{nameaddon}} field is provided by \textsf{biblatex}, though not used by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it allows you to specify that an author's name is a pseudo\-nym, or to provide either the real name or the pseudonym itself, if the other is being provided in the \textsf{author} field. The abbreviation \enquote{\texttt{pseud.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ (always lowercase in English) is specified, either on its own or after the pseudonym (centinel:letters, creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death, and le\-carre:quest); \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}} does the work for you. See under \textbf{author} above for the full details. \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{nameb}} \textsf{namea}, above, this is a field left undefined by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it contains the name(s) of the translator(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{translator} would be associated with one of these latter fields (euripides:orestes). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{translator} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{namea} if they are identical. See under the \textbf{translator} field below for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{namea}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{origlanguage}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{userf} and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp} in section~\ref{sec:formatcommands}. \mybigspace The \colmarginpar{\textbf{namec}} \emph{Manual} (17.41) specifies that works without an author may be listed under an editor, translator, or compiler, assuming that one is available, and it also specifies the strings to be used with the name(s) of compiler(s). All this suggests that the \emph{Manual} considers this to be standard information that should be made available in a bibliographic reference, so I have added that possibility to the many that \textsf{biblatex} already provides, such as the \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{commentator}, \textsf{annotator}, and \textsf{redactor}, along with writers of an \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{foreword}, or \textsf{afterword}. Since \textsf{biblatex.bst} doesn't offer a \textsf{compiler} field, I have adopted for this purpose the otherwise unused field \textsf{namec}. It is important to understand that, despite the analogous name, this field does not function like \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, but rather like \textsf{editor} or \textsf{translator}, and therefore if used will be associated with whichever title field these latter two would be were they present in the same entry. Identical fields among these three will be concatenated by the package, and concatenated too with the (usually) unnecessary commentator, annotator and the rest. Also please note that I've arranged the concatenation algorithms to include \textsf{namec} in the same test as \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb}, so in this particular circumstance you can, if needed, make \textsf{namec} analogous to these two latter, \textsf{title}-only fields. (See above under \textbf{editortype} for details of how you may, in certain circumstances, use that field to identify a compiler. This method will be particularly useful if you don't need to concatenate the \textsf{namec} with any other role, because if you use the \textsf{editor} field \textsf{biblatex} will automatically attend to alphabetization and name-replacement in the bibliography, and will also provide a name for short notes.) \mylittlespace It might conceivably be necessary at some point to identify the compiler(s) of a \textsf{title} separate from the compiler(s) of a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, but for the moment I've run out of available \textsf{name} fields, so you'll have to fall back on the \cmd{partcomp} macro or the related \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp}, on which see Commands (section~\ref{sec:formatcommands}) below. (Future releases may be able to remedy this.) It may be as well to mention here too that of the three names that can be substituted for the missing \textsf{author} at the head of an entry, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will choose an \textsf{editor} if present, then a \textsf{translator} if present, falling back to \textsf{namec} only in the absence of the other two, and assuming that the fields aren't identical, and therefore to be concatenated. In a change from the previous behavior, these algorithms also now test for \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, which will be used instead of \textsf{editor} and \textsf{translator}, respectively, giving the package the greatest likelihood of finding a name to place at the head of an entry. Please remember, however, that if this name is supplied by any of the non-standard fields \textsf{name[a-c]}, then you will need to provide a \textsf{sortkey} to assist with alphabetization in the bibliography, and also a \textsf{shortauthor} for the short note form. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{note}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to provide bibliographic data that doesn't easily fit into any other field. In this sense, it's very like \textsf{addendum}, but the information provided here will be printed just before the publication data. (See chaucer:alt, chaucer:liferecords, cook:sotweed, emerson:nature, and rodman:walk for examples of this usage in action.) It also has a specialized use in all the periodical types (\textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review}), where it holds supplemental information about a \textsf{journaltitle}, such as \enquote{special issue} (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). In all uses, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. Cf.\ \textsf{addendum}. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{number}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the number of a \textsf{journaltitle} in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entry, the number of a \textsf{title} in a \textsf{periodical} entry, or the volume/number of a book in a \textsf{series}. Generally, in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, this will be a plain cardinal number, but in such entries \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now does the right thing if you have a list or range of numbers (unsigned:ranke). In any \textsf{book}-like entry the field may well contain considerably more information, including even a reference to \enquote{2nd ser.,} for example, while the \textsf{series} field in such an entry will contain the name of the series, rather than a number. This field is also the place for the patent number in a \textsf{patent} entry. Cf.\ \textsf{issue} and \textsf{series}. (See \emph{Manual} 17.90--95 and boxer:china, palmatary:pottery, wauchope:ceramics; 17.163 and beattie:crime, conley:fifthgrade, friedman:learning, garrett, gibbard, hlatky:hrt, mcmillen:antebellum, rozner:liberation, warr:ellison.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: This may be an opportune place to point out that the \emph{Manual} (17.129) prefers arabic to roman numerals in most circumstances (chapters, volumes, series numbers, etc.), even when such numbers might be roman in the work cited. The obvious exception is page numbers, in which roman numerals indicate that the citation came from the front matter, and should therefore be retained. Another possible exception is in references to works \enquote{with many and complex divisions,} in which \enquote{a mixture of roman and arabic} may be \enquote{easier to disentangle.} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{options}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, for setting certain options on a per-entry basis rather than globally. Information about some of the more common options may be found above under \textsf{author} and below in section~\ref{sec:options}. See chaucer:alt, eliot:pound, herwign:office, lecarre:quest, and mla:style for examples of the field in use. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{organization}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, retained mainly for use in the \textsf{misc}, \textsf{online}, and \textsf{manual} entry types, where it may be of use to specify a publishing body that might not easily fit in other categories. In \textsf{biblatex}, it is also used to identify the organization sponsoring a conference in a \textsf{proceedings} or \textsf{inproceedings} entry, and I have retained this as a possibility, though the \emph{Manual} is silent on the matter. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{origdate}} is a new \textsf{biblatex} field, replacing the obsolete \textsf{origyear}, and allowing more than one full specification for those references which need to provide more than one date. As with the analogous \textsf{date} field, you provide the date (or range of dates) in \textsc{iso}8601 format, i.e., \texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}. In most entry types, you would use \textsf{origdate} to provide the date of first publication of a work, most usually needed only in the case of reprint editions, but also recommended by the \emph{Manual} for electronic editions of older works (17.123, 17.146--7; aristotle:metaphy:gr, emerson:nature, james:ambassadors, schweitzer:bach). In the \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc} (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) entry types, the \textsf{origdate} identifies when a letter (or similar) was written. In such \textsf{misc} entries, some \enquote{non-letter-like} materials (like interviews) need the \textsf{date} field for this purpose, while in \textsf{letter} entries the \textsf{date} applies to the publication of the whole collection. If such a published collection were itself a reprint, improvisation in the \textsf{location} field might be able to rescue the situation. (See jackson:paulina:letter, white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total for how \textsf{letter} entries usually work; creel:house shows the field in action in a \textsf{misc} entry, while spock:interview uses \textsf{date}.) \mylittlespace Because the \textsf{origdate} field only accepts numbers, some improvisation may be needed if you wish to include \enquote{n.d.}\ (\cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) in an entry. In \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc}, this information can be placed in \textsf{titleaddon}, but in other entry types you may need to use the \textsf{location} field. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{origlanguage}} keeping with the \emph{Manual}'s specifications, I have fairly thoroughly redefined \textsf{biblatex}'s facilities for treating translations. The \textsf{origtitle} and \textsf{origlocation} fields aren't used, while the \textsf{language} and \textsf{origdate} fields have been press-ganged for other duties. The \textsf{origlanguage} field, for its part, retains a dual role in presenting translations in a bibliography. The details of the \emph{Manual}'s suggested treatment when both a translation and an original are cited may be found below under \textbf{userf}. Here, however, I simply note that the introductory string used to connect the translation's citation with the original's is \enquote{Originally published as,} which I suggest may well be inaccurate in a great many cases, as for instance when citing a work from classical antiquity, which will most certainly not \enquote{originally} have been published in the Loeb Classical Library. Although not, strictly speaking, authorized by the \emph{Manual}, I have provided another way to introduce the original text, using the \textsf{origlanguage} field, which must be provided \emph{in the entry for the translation, not the original text} (aristotle:metaphy:trans). If you put one of the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings there (enumerated below), then the entry will work properly across multiple languages. Otherwise, just put the name of the language there, localized as necessary, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will eschew \enquote{Originally published as} in favor of, e.g., \enquote{Greek edition:} or \enquote{French edition:}. This has no effect in notes, where only the work cited --- original or translation --- will be printed, but it may help to make the \emph{Manual}'s suggestions for the bibliography more palatable. \mylittlespace That was the first usage, in keeping at least with the spirit of the \emph{Manual}. I have also, perhaps less in keeping with that specification, retained some of \textsf{biblatex}'s functionality for this field. If an entry doesn't have a \textsf{userf} field, and therefore won't be combining a text and its translation in the bibliography, you can also use \textsf{origlanguage} as Lehman intended it, so that instead of saying, e.g., \enquote{translated by X,} the entry will read \enquote{translated from the German by X.} The \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this, but it may conceivably help avoid certain ambiguities in some citations. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if you wish to use this functionality, you have to provide \emph{not} the name of the language, but rather a bibliography string, which may, at the time of writing, be one of \texttt{american}, \texttt{brazilian}, \texttt{danish}, \texttt{dutch}, \texttt{english}, \texttt{french}, \texttt{german}, \texttt{greek}, \texttt{italian}, \texttt{latin}, \texttt{norwegian}, \texttt{portuguese}, \texttt{spanish}, or \texttt{swedish}, to which I've added \texttt{russian}. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace NB: \mymarginpar{\textbf{origlocation}} This field is now obsolete, and has, as announced previously, been replaced by \textsf{lista}, which see. Please update your .bib files accordingly. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{origyear}} field is, as of \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, obsolete. It is ignored if it appears in a .bib file. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{pages}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} field for providing page references. In many \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries you'll find this contains something other than a page number, e.g. a section name or edition specification (17.188, 17.191, 17.202; kozinn:review, nyt:obittrevor, nyt:trevorobit). Of course, the same may be true of almost any sort of entry, though perhaps with less frequency. Curious readers may wish to look at brown:bremer (17.172) for an example of a \textsf{pages} field used to facilitate reference to a two-part journal article. Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals; \textsf{bookpagination} and \textsf{pagination} provide details about \textsf{biblatex's} mechanisms for specifying what sort of division a given \textsf{pages} field contains; and \textsf{usera} discusses a different way to present the section information pertaining to a newspaper article. \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\textbf{pagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate identifying string to information you provide in the \textsf{postnote} field of a citation command, whereas \textsf{bookpagination} allows you to prefix a string to the \textsf{pages} field. Please see \textbf{bookpagination} above for all the details on this functionality, as aside from the difference just mentioned the two fields are equivalent. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{part}} \textsf{biblatex} field, which identifies physical parts of a single logical volume in \textsf{book}-like entries, not in periodicals. It has the same purpose in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, but because the \emph{Manual} (17.88) calls such a thing a \enquote{book} and not a \enquote{part,} the string printed in notes and bibliography will, at least in English, be \enquote{\texttt{bk.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ instead of the plain dot between volume number and part number (harley:cartography, lach:asia). This field should only be used in association with a \textsf{volume} number, so if you need to identify \enquote{parts} or \enquote{books} that are part of a published \textsf{series}, for example, then you'll need to use a different field, (which in this case would be \textsf{number} [palmatary:pottery]). Cf.\ \textsf{volume}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{publisher}} \textsf{biblatex} field. Remember that \enquote{\texttt{and}} is a keyword for connecting multiple publishers, so if a publisher's name contains \enquote{and,} then you should either use the ampersand (\&) or enclose the whole name in additional braces. (See \emph{Manual} 17.103--114; aristotle:metaphy:gr, cohen:schiff, creasey:ashe:blast, dunn:revolutions.) \mylittlespace There are, as one might expect, a couple of further subtleties involved here. Ordinarily, two publishers will be separated by a forward slash in both notes and bibliography, but if a company issues \enquote{certain books through a special publishing division or under a special imprint,} then the two names will be separated by a comma, which you will need to provide in the \textsf{publisher} field. The \emph{Manual}'s example (17.112) is \enquote{\texttt{Ohio University Press, Swallow Press},} which would cause \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} no problems. If a book has two co-publishers, \enquote{usually in different countries,} (17.113) then the simplest thing to do is to choose one, probably the nearest one geographically. If you feel it necessary to include both, then levistrauss:savage demonstrates one way of doing so, using a combination of the \textsf{publisher} and \textsf{location} fields. Finally, if the publisher is unknown, then the \emph{Manual} recommends (17.109) simply using the place (if known) and the date. If for some reason you need to indicate the absence of a publisher, the abbreviation given by the \emph{Manual} is \texttt{n.p.}, though this can also stand for \enquote{no place.} Some style guides apparently suggest using \texttt{s.n.}\,(= \emph{sine nomine}) to specify the lack of a publisher, but the \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this. \mybigspace Due \colmarginpar{\textbf{pubstate}} to specific requirements in the author-date style, I have implemented this field there as a way of providing accurate citations of reprinted books. As the functionality seemed useful, I have also, with this release, included some of it in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. In previous releases you could identify a reprint by placing \cmd{bibstring\{reprint\}} in the \textsf{location} field, followed by a comma, and the style would print the appropriate string in notes and bibliography. Now, if it is more convenient, easier to remember, or if you want to reuse your .bib database for the author-date style, you can simply put the string \texttt{reprint} into the \textsf{pubstate} field, and the package will take care of everything for you. Both of these methods will now work just fine, but please choose only one per entry, otherwise the string will be printed twice. Currently, if you put anything else in the \textsf{pubstate} field, it will silently be ignored, but this may change in future releases. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{redactor}} have implemented this field just as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator} and \textsf{commentator}. \mybigspace \textbf{NB:} \mymarginpar{\textbf{reprinttitle}} \textbf{Please note that this feature is in an alpha state, and that I'm contemplating using a different field in the future for this functionality. I include it here in the hope that it might receive some testing in the meantime.} At the request of Will Small, I have included a means of providing the original publication details of an essay or a chapter that you are citing from a subsequent reprint, e.g., a \emph{Collected Essays} volume. In such a case, at least according to the \emph{Manual} (17.73), such details needn't be provided in notes, only in the bibliography, and then only if these details are \enquote{of particular interest.} The data would follow an introductory phrase like \enquote{originally published as,} making the problem strictly parallel to that of including details of a work in the original language alongside the details of its translation. I have addressed the latter problem with the \textsf{userf} field, which provides a sort of cross-referencing method for this purpose, and \textsf{reprinttitle} works in \emph{exactly} the same way. In the .bib entry for the reprint you include a cross-reference to the cite key of the original location using the \textsf{reprinttitle} field (which it may help mnemonically to think of as a \enquote{reprinted title} field). The main difference between the two forms is that \textsf{userf} prints all but the \textsf{author} of the original work, whereas \textsf{reprinttitle} suppresses both the \textsf{author} and the \textsf{title} of the original, giving only the more general details, beginning with, e.g., the \textsf{journaltitle} or \textsf{booktitle} and continuing from there. The string prefacing this information will be \enquote{Originally published in.} Please see the documentation on \textsf{userf} below for all the details on how to create .bib entries for presenting your data. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{series}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, usually just a number in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, almost always the name of a publication series in \textsf{book}-like entries. If you need to attach further information to the \textsf{series} name in a \textsf{book}-like entry, then the \textsf{number} field is the place for it, whether it be a volume, a number, or even something like \enquote{2nd ser.} or \enquote{\cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}.} Of course, you can also use \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}} or \cmd{bibstring\{newseries\}} in an \textsf{article} entry, but there you would place it in the \textsf{series} field itself. (In fact, the \textsf{series} field in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries is one of the places where \textsf{biblatex} allows you just to use the plain bibstring \texttt{oldseries}, for example, rather than making you type \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}. The \textsf{type} field in \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries also has this auto-detection mechanism in place; see the discussion of \cmd{bibstring} below for details.) In whatever entry type, these bibstrings produce the required abbreviation, which thankfully is the same in both notes and bibliography. (For books and similar entries, see \emph{Manual} 17.90--95; boxer:china, browning:aurora, palmatary:pottery, plato:republic:gr, wauchope:ceramics; for periodicals, see 17.178; garaud:gatine, sewall:letter.) Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals. \mybigspace This \colmarginpar{\textbf{shortauthor}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} makes considerably grea\-ter use of it than the standard styles. For the purposes of the Chicago style, the field provides the name to be used in the short form of a footnote. In the vast majority of cases, you don't need to specify it, because the \textsf{biblatex} system selects the author's last name from the \textsf{author} field and uses it in such a reference, but in a few cases this default behavior won't work. In books without an author and listed under an editor, \textsf{biblatex} does the right thing and uses the surname of the editor in a short note (zukowsky:chicago), but if the work is listed under a compiler (or any of the non-standard names \textsf{name[a-c]}), you need to provide that person's name in \textsf{shortauthor}, and also remember to provide a \textsf{sortkey} to make sure the work will be alphabetized correctly in the bibliography. (The current version of \textsf{biblatex} will now automatically alphabetize by \textsf{translator} if that is the name given at the head of an entry.) You no longer, however, need to provide one in an author-less \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entry (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}), where you allow \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} to use the \textsf{journaltitle} as the author, nor in author-less \textsf{manual} entries, where the \textsf{organization} will be so used. The style now automatically provides the same substitution in the short note form, though you'll still need to help the alphabetization routines by providing a \textsf{sortkey} field in such cases (dyna:browser, gourmet:052006, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit). \mylittlespace As mentioned under \textsf{editortype}, the \emph{Manual} (17.41) recommends against providing the identifying string (e.g., ed.\ or trans.)\ in the short note form, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} follows their recommendation. If you need to provide these strings in such a citation, then you'll have to do so by hand in the \textsf{shortauthor} field, or in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, whichever you are using. \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorteditor}} \textsf{shortauthor}, a field to provide a name for a short footnote, in this case for, e.g., a \textsf{collection} entry that typically lacks an author. The \textsf{shortauthor} field works just as well in most situations, but if you have set \texttt{useauthor=false} (and not \texttt{useeditor=false}) in an entry's \textsf{options} field, then only \textsf{shorteditor} will be recognized. Cf.\ \textsf{editortype}, above. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorthand}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s mechanism for using abbreviations in place of the usual short note form, and I've left it effectively unmodified in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, apart from a few formatting tweaks. Any entry which contains such a field will produce a normal first note, either long or short according to your package options, informing the reader that the work will hereafter be cited by this abbreviation. As in \textsf{biblatex}, the \cmd{printshorthands} command will produce a formatted list of abbreviations for reference purposes, a list which the \emph{Manual} suggests should be placed either in the front matter (when using footnotes) or before the endnotes, in case these are used. (See 16.39--40, and also \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for more information.) \mylittlespace As I mentioned above under \textbf{crossref}, extra care is needed when using shorthands with cross-references, and I would avoid them in all parent entries, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorttitle}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, primarily used to provide an abbreviated title for short notes. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, you need to take particular care with \textsf{letter} entries, where, as explained above, the \emph{Manual} requires a special format (\enquote{\texttt{to Recipient}}). (See 17.76--78; jackson:paulina:letter, white:ross:memo, white:russ.) Some \textsf{misc} entries (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}) also need special attention. (See creel:house, where the full title is used as the shortauthor + shorttitle by putting \cmd{isdot} into the \textsf{shortauthor} field.) Remember, also, that the generic titles in \textsf{review} and \textsf{misc} entries may not want capitalization in all contexts, so, as with the \textsf{title} field, if you begin a \textsf{shorttitle} with a lowercase letter the style will do the right thing (barcott:review, bundy:macneil, Clemens:letter, kozinn:review, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{sortkey}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify how you want an entry alphabetized in a bibliography. In general, if an entry doesn't turn up where you expect or want it, this field should provide the solution. More particularly, entries without an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}, or with a corporate author beginning with the definite or indefinite article, will usually require your assistance in this way (chaucer:alt, cotton:manufacture, gourmet:052006, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:obittrevor, nyt:trevorobit, silver:gawain, unsigned:ranke, virginia:plantation). Lehman also provides \textbf{sortname}, \textbf{sorttitle}, and \textbf{sortyear} for more fine-grained control. Please consult \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for the details. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{subtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{title} --- see next entry. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{title}} the vast majority of cases, this field works just as it always has in \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and just as it does in \textsf{biblatex}. Nearly every entry will have one, the most likely exceptions being \textsf{incollection} or \textsf{online} entries with a merely generic title, instead of a specific one (centinel:letters, powell:email). The main source of difficulties flows from the \emph{Manual}'s rules for formatting \textsf{titles}, rules which also hold for \textsf{booktitles} and \textsf{maintitles}. The whole point of using a \textsc{Bib}\TeX-based system is for it to do the formatting for you, and in most cases \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} does just that, surrounding titles with quotation marks, italicizing them, or occasionally just leaving them alone. When, however, a title is quoted within a title, then you need to know some of the rules. A summary here should serve to clarify them, and help you to understand when \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} might need your help in order to comply with them. \mylittlespace The internal rules of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} are as follows: \begin{description} \item[\qquad Italics:] \textsf{booktitle}, \textsf{maintitle}, and \textsf{journaltitle} in all entry types; \textsf{title} of \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{book}, \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{booklet}, \textsf{collection}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{manual}, \textsf{misc} (with no \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{report}, \textsf{suppbook}, and \textsf{suppcollection} entry types. \item[\qquad Quotation Marks:] \textsf{title} of \textsf{article}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, \textsf{online}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{thesis}, and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, \textsf{issuetitle} in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entry types. \item[\qquad Unformatted:] \textsf{booktitleaddon}, \textsf{maintitleaddon}, and \textsf{titleaddon} in all entry types, \textsf{title} of \textsf{letter}, \textsf{misc} (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{review}, and \textsf{suppperiodical} entry types. \end{description} Now, the rules for which entry type to use for which sort of work tend to be fairly straightforward, but in cases of doubt you can consult section \ref{sec:entrytypes} above, the examples in \textsf{notes-test.bib}, or go to the \emph{Manual} itself, 8.164--210. Assuming, then, that you want to present a title within a title, and you know what sort of formatting each of the two would, on its own, require, then the following rules apply: \begin{enumerate} \item Inside an italicized title, all other titles are enclosed in quotation marks and italicized, so in such cases all you need to do is provide the quotation marks using \cmd{mkbibquote}, which will take care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s) (17.58; donne:var, mchugh:wake). \item Inside a quoted title, you should present another title as it would appear if it were on its own, so in such cases you'll need to do the formatting yourself. Within the double quotes of the title another quoted title would take single quotes --- the \cmd{mkbibquote} command does this for you automatically, and also, I repeat, takes care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s). (See 17.157; garrett, loften:hamlet, murphy:silent, white:callimachus.) \item Inside a plain title (most likely in a \textsf{review} entry or a \textsf{titleaddon} field), you should present another title as it would appear on its own, once again formatting it yourself using \cmd{mkbibemph} or \cmd{mkbibquote}. (barcott:review, gibbard, osborne:poison, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke). \end{enumerate} The \emph{Manual} provides a few more rules, as well. A word normally italicized in text should also be italicized in a quoted or plain-text title, but should be in roman (\enquote{reverse italics}) in an italicized title. A quotation used as a (whole) title (with or without a subtitle) retains its quotation marks when it is quoted or plain, but loses them when it is italicized (17.60, 17.157; lewis). A word or phrase in quotation marks, but that isn't a quotation, retains those marks in all title types (kimluu:diethyl). \mylittlespace Finally, please note that in all \textsf{review} (and \textsf{suppperiodical}) entries, and in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}, and only in those entries, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically capitalize the first word of the \textsf{title} after sentence-ending punctuation, assuming that such a \textsf{title} begins with a lowercase letter in your .bib database. See \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for more details. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{titleaddon}} \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want (cf.\ centinel:letters, powell:email). This field will always be unformatted, that is, neither italicized nor placed within quotation marks, so any formatting you may need within it you'll need to provide manually yourself. The single exception to this rule is when your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, in which case you need then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will automatically do the right thing. See\ \textbf{\textbackslash autocap}, below. (Cf.\ brown:bremer, osborne:poison, reaves:rosen, and white:ross:memo for examples where the field starts with a lowercase letter; morgenson:market provides an example where the \textsf{titleaddon} field, holding the name of a regular column in a newspaper, is capitalized, a situation that is handled as you would expect.) \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{translator}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{translator} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{translator} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional translator for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{nameb} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). \mylittlespace I have also provided a \textsf{namea} field, which holds the editor of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate translators for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{parttrans} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field or in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields (ratliff:review). (Because the strings identifying a translator differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field, hence the need for a macro, which I discuss further in the commands section below [\ref{sec:formatcommands}].) \mylittlespace Finally, as I detailed above under \textbf{author}, in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}, the \textsf{translator} will be used at the head of an entry (silver:gawain), and the bibliography entry alphabetized by the translator's name, behavior that can be controlled with the \texttt{{usetranslator}} switch in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{type}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, and in its normal usage serves to identify the type of a \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, or \textsf{thesis} entry. \textsf{Biblatex} 0.7 introduced the ability, in some circumstances, to use a bibstring without inserting it in a \cmd{bibstring} command, and in these entry types the \textsf{type} field works this way, allowing you simply to input, e.g., \texttt{patentus} rather than \cmd{bibstring\{patentus\}}, though both will work. (See petroff:impurity; herwign:office, murphy:silent, and ross:thesis all demonstrate how the \textsf{type} field may sometimes be automatically set in such entries by using one of the standard entry-type aliases). \mylittlespace With the arrival of Lehman's remarkable punctuation-tracking code in \textsf{biblatex} 0.8, there can be almost no use for the \textsf{type} field as a switch for the \cmd{custpunct} macro, so I have been able to reuse it in order to generalize the functioning of the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, and of its alias \textsf{suppcollection}. In such entries, you can now use the \textsf{type} field to specify what sort of supplemental material you are citing, e.g., \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{postscript to}.} Cf.\ \textsf{suppbook} above for the details. (See \emph{Manual} 17.74--75; polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mylittlespace You can also use the \textsf{type} field in \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image} entries to identify the medium of the artwork or photograph, e.g., \texttt{oil on canvas} or \texttt{albumen print}. If the first word in this field would normally only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then leave it in lowercase in your .bib file and \textsf{biblatex} will automatically do the right thing in citations. Cf.\ \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image}, above, for all the details. (See leo:madonna, bedford:photo.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{url}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it holds the url of an online publication, though you can provide one for all entry types. The required \LaTeX\ package \textsf{url} will ensure that your documents format such references properly, in the text and in the reference apparatus. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{urldate}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it identifies exactly when you accessed a given url. This field would contain the whole date, in \textsc{iso}8601 format (evanston:library, grove:sibelius, hlatky:hrt, osborne:poison, sirosh:visualcortex, wikiped:bibtex). Please note that the \textbf{urlday}, \textbf{urlmonth}, and \textbf{urlyear} fields are all now obsolete. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{usera}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field which functions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} almost as a \enquote{\textsf{journaltitleaddon}} field. In \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, the contents of this field will be placed, unformatted and between commas, after the \textsf{journaltitle} and before the date. The main use is for identifying the broadcast network when you cite a radio or television program (bundy:macneil), though you may also want to use it to identify the section of a newspaper in which you've found a particular article (morgenson:market). (See \emph{Manual} 17.190, 17.207. As far as I can work out, newspaper section information may be placed either before the date [\textsf{usera}] or after it [\textsf{pages}]. Cp. kozinn:review [17.202] and morgenson:market [17.190]. The choice would appear to be yours.) \mybigspace \textbf{NB:} \mymarginpar{\textbf{userb}} \textbf{this field is now deprecated, mainly because it is very unlikely you will have any further need for the \textbackslash custpunct macros. I leave the code, and the instructions for how to use it, in place, because it's barely possible that a need for it might still arise.} A supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field, with a very specific use in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. If the occasion does arise when you need to supply some context-sensitive punctuation yourself, then usually the \cmd{custpunct} command will then be needed, controlled in certain circumstances by a toggle in the \textsf{type} field. If, however, you already need the \textsf{type} field for its regular usage in a \textsf{suppbook}, \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, or \textsf{thesis} entry, and if you need to control the \cmd{custpunct} with a toggle, then you'll have to use \cmd{custpunctb}, toggled by putting the exact string \texttt{plain} in \textsf{userb}. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace NB: \mymarginpar{\textbf{userd}} this field is now obsolete. If it appears in a .bib file it will be ignored. \mybigspace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{usere}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field, which \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses specifically to provide a translated \textsf{title} of a work, something that may be needed if you deem the original language unparseable by a significant portion of your likely readership. The \emph{Manual} offers two alternatives in such a situation: either you can translate the title and use that translation in your \textsf{title} field, providing the original language in \textsf{language}, or you can give the original title in \textsf{title} and the translation in \textsf{usere}. If you choose the latter, you may need to provide a \textsf{shorttitle} so that the short note form is also parseable. Cf.\ \textbf{language}, above. (See 17.65--67, 17.166, 17.177; kern, weresz.) %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{userf}} is the last of the supplemental fields which \textsf{biblatex} provides, used by \textsf{biblatex-chicago} for a very specific purpose. When you cite both a translation and its original, the \emph{Manual} (17.66) recommends that, in the bibliography at least, you combine references to both texts in one entry, though the presentation in notes is pretty much up to you. In order to follow this specification, I have provided a third cross-referencing system (the others being \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref}), and have chosen the name \textsf{userf} because it might act as a mnemonic for its function. \mylittlespace In order to use this system, you should start by entering both the original and its translation into your .bib file, just as you normally would. The mechanism works for any entry type, and the two entries need not be of the same type. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the cite key of the original into the \textsf{userf} field. In the \emph{original's} entry, you need to include a toggle in the \textsf{keywords} field that will prevent that entry from being printed separately in the bibliography --- I have chosen the string \texttt{original}, and use \texttt{notkeyword=original} in the \cmd{printbibliography} command, though you can use anything you want. In this standard case, the data for the translation will be printed first, followed by the string \texttt{originally published as}, followed by the original, author omitted, in what amounts to the same format that the \emph{Manual} uses for long footnotes (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr). As explained above (\textbf{origlanguage}), I have also included a way to modify the string printed before the original. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the original's language in \textsf{origlanguage}, and instead of \texttt{originally published as}, you'll get \texttt{French edition:} or \texttt{Latin edition:}, etc.\ (aristotle:metaphy:gr, aristotle:metaphy:trans). \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{venue}} \textsf{biblatex} offers this field for use in \textsf{proceedings} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries, but I haven't yet implemented it, mainly because the \emph{Manual} has nothing to say about it. Perhaps the \textsf{organization} field could be used, for the moment, instead. Anything in a \textsf{venue} field will be ignored. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{version}} \textsf{biblatex} field, currently only available in \textsf{misc} and \textsf{patent} entries in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{volume}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the volume of a \textsf{journaltitle} in \textsf{article} (and some \textsf{review}) entries, and also the volume of a multi-volume work in many other sorts of entry. Cf.\ \textsf{part}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{volumes}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the total number of volumes of a multi-volume work, and its use in an entry triggers particular behavior in short notes referring to such an entry, which notes will not print any punctuation between the title of the work and the volume+page reference given in the optional postnote field of the relevant \cmd{cite} command (17.134; meredith:letters). If this behavior is inconvenient in a particular entry, you may need to provide a \textsf{shorttitle} field ending in an \cmd{addcomma}, though in such a case you'd need to ensure that the \cmd{cite} command's postnote field contained something, as otherwise the note would end, wrongly, with a comma. (The \emph{Manual} appears to be somewhat inconsistent on this question [cf.\ 16.47], so if this feature proves onerous in use I could remove it.) \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{xref}} modified \textsf{crossref} field provided by \textsf{biblatex}. See \textbf{crossref}, above. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{year}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It usually identifies the year of publication, though unlike the \textsf{date} field it allows non-numeric input, so you can put \enquote{n.d.}\ (or, to be language agnostic, \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) here if required, or indeed any other sort of non-numerical date information. If you can guess the date then you can include that guess in square brackets instead of, or after, the \enquote{n.d.}\ abbreviation. Cf.\ bedford:photo, clark:mesopot, ross:leo, thesis:madonna. \subsection{Commands} \label{sec:commands} In this section I shall attempt to document all those commands you may need when using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} that I have either altered with respect to the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex} or that I have provided myself. Some of these, unfortunately, will make your .bib file incompatible with other \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I've been unable to avoid this. Any ideas for more elegant, and more compatible, solutions will be warmly welcomed. \subsubsection{Formatting Commands} \label{sec:formatcommands} These commands allow you to fine-tune the presentation of your references in both notes and bibliography. You can find many examples of their usage in \textsf{notes-test.bib}, and I shall try to point you toward a few such entries in what follows. \textbf{NB:} \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{mkbibquote} command is now mandatory in some situations. See its entry below. \mybigspace Version \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocap}} 0.8 of \textsf{biblatex} introduced the \cmd{autocap} command, which capitalizes a word inside a note or bibliography entry if that word follows sentence-ending punctuation, and leaves it lowercase otherwise. As this command is both more powerful and more elegant than the kludge I designed for a previous version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} (see\ \textbf{\textbackslash bibstring} below), you should be aware that the use of the single-letter \cmd{bibstring} commands in your .bib file is obsolete. \mylittlespace In order somewhat to reduce the burden on users even further, I have, following Lehman's example, implemented a new system which automatically tracks the capitalization of certain fields in your .bib file. I chose these fields after a non-scientific survey of entries in my own databases, so of course if you have ideas for the extension of this facility I would be most interested to hear them. In order to take advantage of this functionality, all you need do is begin the data in the appropriate field with a lowercase letter, e.g.,\ \texttt{note = \{with the assistance of X\}}. If the data begins with a capital letter --- and this is not infrequent --- that capital will always be retained. (cf., e.g., creel:house, morgenson:market.) If, on the other hand, you for some reason need such a field always to start with a lowercase letter, then you can try using the \cmd{isdot} macro at the start, which turns off the mechanism without printing anything itself. Here, then, is the complete list of fields where this functionality is active: \begin{enumerate} \item The \textbf{addendum} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{booktitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{edition} field in all entry types. (Numerals work as you expect them to here.) \item The \textbf{maintitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{note} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{shorttitle} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{title} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{titleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{type} field in \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{suppbook}, and \textsf{suppcollection} entry types. \end{enumerate} In any other cases --- and there are only two examples of this in \textsf{notes-test.bib} (centinel:letters, powell:email) --- you'll need to provide the \cmd{autocap} command yourself. Indeed, if you accidentally do so in one of the above fields, it shouldn't matter at all, and you'll still get what you want, but taking advantage of the automatic provisions should at least save some typing. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash bibstring}} is Lehman's very powerful mechanism to allow \textsf{biblatex} automatically to provide a localized version of a string, and to determine whether that string needs capitalization, depending on where it falls in an entry. In the first release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, the style relied very heavily on this macro, particularly on an extension I provided by defining all 26 letters of the (ASCII) alphabet as \texttt{bibstrings} (\cmd{bibstring\{a\}}, \cmd{bibstring\{b\}}, etc.) While you should continue to use the standard, whole-word bibstrings, \textbf{all use of the single-letter variants I formerly provided is obsolete, and will generate an error}. This functionality has been replaced by the \cmd{autocap} command, which does the same thing, only more elegantly. This command was designed by Philipp Lehman, and has now been included in version 0.8 of \textsf{biblatex}. For yet greater convenience I have implemented, following Lehman's example, a system automating this functionality in all of the entry fields where its use was, by my reckoning, most frequent. This means that, when you require this functionality, all you need do is input the data in such a field starting with a lowercase letter, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will do the rest with no further assistance. In my \textsf{notes-test.bib} file, this new mechanism in effect eliminated all need for the single-letter \texttt{bibstrings} and very nearly all need for the \cmd{autocap} command --- centinel:letters and powell:email being the only exceptions. Please see \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} above for full details. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace I should also mention here that \textsf{biblatex 0.7} introduced a new functionality which sometimes allows you simply to input, for example, \texttt{newseries} instead of \cmd{bib\-string\{newseries\}}, the package auto-detecting when a bibstring is involved and doing the right thing, though in all such cases either form will work. This functionality is available in the \textsf{series} field of \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries; in the \textsf{type} field of \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries; in the \textsf{location} field of \textsf{patent} entries; and in the \textsf{language} field in all entry types. These are the places, as far as I can make out, where \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles support this feature, and I have followed suit. If Lehman generalizes it still further in a future release, I shall do the same, if possible. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash custpunct} \\ \textbf{\textbackslash custpunctb}} common with other American citation styles, the \emph{Manual} requires that the commas and periods separating units of a reference go inside any quotation marks that happen to be present. As of version 0.8c, \textsf{biblatex} contains truly remarkable code that handles this situation in very nearly complete generality, detecting punctuation after the closing quotation mark and moving it inside when necessary, and also controlling which punctuation marks can be printed after which other punctuation marks, whether quotation marks intervene or not. This functionality is now mature, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} relies on this code to place punctuation in the \enquote{American style,} rather than on complicated \cmd{DeclareFieldFormat} instructions that attempt to anticipate all possible permutations. One result of this, thankfully, is that both \cmd{custpunct} and \cmd{custpunctb} are now basically unnecessary, as their only purpose was to supply context-appropriate punctuation inside any quotation marks that users themselves provided as part of various entry fields. A second consequence, and I've already recommended this in previous releases anyway, is that users now \emph{must} use \cmd{mkbibquote} instead of \cmd{enquote} or the usual \LaTeX\ mechanisms inside their .bib files. For further details, please see the \cmd{mkbibquote} entry below. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace I have retained the code for the \cmd{custpunct} commands in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, in case a particularly gnarly entry might still require them, but I have already started to re-use the \textsf{type} field, which formerly served as a switch for \cmd{custpunct}, in other contexts (see \textbf{artwork}, \textbf{image}, and \textbf{suppbook} above). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash isdot}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} macro, but I thought I might mention it here as a convenient placeholder in entry fields that you may, for one reason or another, wish simultaneously to have defined and yet to print nothing. (See creel:house, nyt:obittrevor, sewall:letter, unsigned:ranke, and white:total.) \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash letterdatelong}} have provided this macro mainly for use in the optional postnote field of the various citation commands. When citing a letter (published or unpublished, \textsf{letter} or \textsf{misc}), it may be useful to append the date to the usual short note form in order to disambiguate references. This macro simply prints the date of a letter, or indeed of any other sort of correspondence. (If your main document language isn't English, it's better just to use the standard \textsf{biblatex} command \cmd{printorigdate}.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash mkbibquote}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} command, which requires attention here because it is a crucial part of the mechanism of Lehman's \enquote{American} punctuation system. If you look in \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx} you'll see that the quoted fields, e.g., an \textsf{article} or \textsf{incollection title}, have this command in their formatting, which does most of the work for you. If, however, you need to provide additional quotation marks in a field --- a quoted title within a title, for example --- then you may need to use this command so that any following period or comma will be brought within the closing quotation marks. Its use is \emph{required} when the quoted material comes at the end of a field, and I recommend always using it in your .bib database, as it does no harm even when that condition is not fulfilled. A few examples from \textsf{notes-test.bib} should help to clarify this. \mylittlespace In an \textsf{article} entry, the \textsf{title} contains a quoted phrase: \begin{quotation} \noindent\texttt{title = \{Diethylstilbestrol and Media Coverage of the \\ \indent\cmd{mkbibquote}\{Morning After\} Pill\}} \end{quotation} Here, because the quoted text doesn't come at the end of title, and no punctuation will ever need to be drawn within the closing quotation mark, you could instead use \texttt{\cmd{enquote}\{Morning After\}} or even \texttt{`Morning After'}. (Note the single quotation marks here --- the other two methods have the virtue of taking care of nesting for you.) All of these will produce the formatted \enquote{Diethylstilbestrol and Media Coverage of the \enquote{Morning After} Pill.} Here, by contrast, is a \textsf{book title}: \begin{quotation} \noindent \texttt{title = \{Annotations to \cmd{mkbibquote}\{Finnegans Wake\}\}} \end{quotation} Because the quoted title within the title comes at the end of the field, and because this bibliographical unit will be separated from what follows by a period in the bibliography, then the \cmd{mkbibquote} command is necessary to bring that period within the final quotation marks, like so: \emph{Annotations to \enquote{Finnegans Wake.}} \mylittlespace Let me also add that this command interacts well with Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package, which I highly recommend, though the latter isn't strictly necessary in texts using an American style, to which \textsf{biblatex} defaults when \textsf{csquotes} isn't loaded. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash reprint}} and the following 7 macros all help \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} cope with the fact that many bibstrings in the Chicago system differ between notes and bibliography, the former sometimes using abbreviated forms when the latter prints them in full. In the current case, if a book is a reprint, then the macro \cmd{reprint}, followed by a comma, should go in the \textsf{location} field before the city of publication (aristotle:metaphy:gr, schweitzer:bach). See \textbf{location}, above. \mylittlespace \textbf{NB:} The rules for employing abbreviated or full bibstrings in the \emph{Manual} are remarkably complex, but I have attempted to make them as transparent for users as possible. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, if you don't see it mentioned in this section, then in theory you should always provide an abbreviated version, using the \cmd{bibstring} mechanism, if necessary (babb:peru). The standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings should also work (palmatary:pottery), and any that won't should be covered by the series of macros beginning here with \cmd{reprint} and ending below with \cmd{parttransandcomp}. \mybigspace Since \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partcomp}} the \emph{Manual} specifies that the strings \texttt{editor}, \texttt{translator}, and \texttt{compiler} all require different forms in notes and bibliography, and since it mentions these three apart from all the others \textsf{biblatex} provides (\textsf{annotator}, \textsf{commentator}, et al.), and further since it may indeed happen that the available fields (\textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}) aren't adequate for presenting some entries, I have provided 7 macros to allow you to print the correct strings for these functions in both notes and bibliography. Their names all begin with \cmd{part}, as originally I intended them for use when a particular name applied only to a specific \textsf{title}, rather than to a \textsf{maintitle} or \textsf{booktitle} (cf.\ \textbf{namea} and \textbf{nameb}, above). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the present instance, you can use \cmd{partcomp} to identify a compiler when \textsf{namec} won't do, e.g., in a \textsf{note} field or the like. In such a case, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will print the appropriate string in your references. \mybigspace Use \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit}} this macro when identifying an editor whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{editor} or \textsf{namea}). (N.B.: If you are writing in French and using \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, then currently you'll need to add either \texttt{de} or \texttt{d'} after this command in your .bib files to make the references come out right. I'm working on this.) See chaucer:liferecords. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andcomp}} before, but for use when an editor is also a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andtrans}} before, but for when when an editor is also a translator (ratliff:review). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\transandcomp}} before, but for when an editor is also a translator and a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans}} before, but for use when identifying a translator whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{translator} and \textsf{nameb}). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans-\\andcomp}} before, but for when a translator is also a compiler. \subsubsection{Citation Commands} \label{sec:citecommands} The \textsf{biblatex} package is particularly rich in citation commands, some of which (e.g., \cmd{supercite(s)}, \cmd{citeyear}) provide functionality that isn't really needed by the Chicago notes and bibliography style offered here. If you are getting unexpected behavior when using them please have a look in your .log file. A command like \cmd{textcite}, listed in §~3.6.2 of the \textsf{biblatex} manual but not defined by \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, defaults to \cmd{cite}, and leaves a warning in the .log. Others (e.g., \cmd{cite\-author}), though I haven't tested them extensively, should pretty much work out of the box. What remains are the commands I have found most useful and necessary for following the \emph{Manual}'s specifications, and I document in this section any alterations I have made to these. As always, if there are standard commands that don't work for you, or new commands that would be useful, please let me know, and it should be possible to fix or add them. \mylittlespace A number of users have run into a problem that appears when they've used a command like \cmd{cite} inside a \cmd{footnote} macro. In this situation, the automatic capitalization routines will not be in operation at the start of the footnote, so instead of \enquote{Ibid.,} for example, you'll see \enquote{ibid.} If you need to use the \cmd{cite} command within a \cmd{footnote} command, the solution is to use \cmd{Cite} instead. Alternatively, don't use a \cmd{footnote} macro at all, rather try \cmd{footcite} or \cmd{autocite} with the optional prenote and postnote arguments. Cf.\ \cmd{Citetitle} below, and also section~3.6 of \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocite}} haven't adapted this in the slightest, but I thought it worth pointing out that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} sets this command to use \cmd{footcite} as the default option. It is, in my experience, much the most common citation command you will use, and also works fine in its multicite form, \textbf{\textbackslash autocites}. \mybigspace While \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash cite*}} the \cmd{cite} command works just as you would expect it to, I have also provided a starred version for the rare situations when you might need to turn off the ibidem tracking mechanism. \textsf{Biblatex} provides very sophisticated algorithms for using \enquote{Ibid} in notes, so in general you won't find a need for this command, but in case you'd prefer a longer citation where you might automatically find \enquote{Ibid,} I've provided this. Of course, you'll need to put it inside a \cmd{footnote} command manually. (See also section \ref{sec:useropts}, below.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash Citetitle}} simply prepends \cmd{bibsentence} to the usual \cmd{citetitle} command. Some titles may need this for the automatic contextual capitalization facility to work correctly. (Included as standard from \textsf{biblatex} 0.8d.) \mybigspace Joseph \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash citetitles}} Reagle noticed that, because of the way \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} formats titles in quotation marks, using the \cmd{citetitle} command will often get you punctuation you don't want, especially when presenting a list of titles. I've included this multicite command to enable you to present such a list, if the need arises. Remember that you'll have to put it inside a \cmd{footnote} command manually. \mybigspace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash footfullcite}} standard \textsf{biblatex} command, modified to work properly with \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, and provided in case you find yourself in a situation where you really need the full citation in a footnote, but where \cmd{autocite} would print a short note or even \enquote{Ibid.} This may be particularly useful if you've chosen to use all short notes by setting the \texttt{short} option in the arguments to \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex\}}, yet still feel the need for the occasional full citation. \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash fullcite}} too, is a standard command, and it too provides a full citation, but unlike the previous command it doesn't automatically place it in a footnote. It may be useful within long textual notes. \mybigspace Matthew \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash headlesscite}} Lundin requested a more generalized \cmd{headlesscite} macro, suppressing the author's name in specific contexts while allowing users not to worry about whether a particular citation needs the long or short form, a responsibility thereby handed over to \textsf{biblatex's} tracking mechanisms. This citation command attempts to fulfill this request. Please note that, in the short form, the result will be rather like a \cmd{citetitle} command, which may or may not be what you want. Note, also, that as I have provided only the most flexible form of the command, you'll have to wrap it in a \cmd{footnote} yourself. Please see the next entry for further discussion of some of the needs this command might help address. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash headless-\\fullcite}} have provided this command in case you want to print a full citation without the author's name. The \emph{Manual} (17.31, 17.42) suggests this for brevity's sake in cases where that name is already obvious enough from the title, and where repetition might seem awkward (creel:house, feydeau:farces, meredith:letters, and sewall:letter). \textsf{Letter} entries --- and only such entries --- do this for you automatically, and of course the repetition is tolerated in bibliographies for the sake of alphabetization, but in notes this command may help achieve greater elegance, even if it isn't strictly necessary. As I've provided only the most flexible form of the command, you'll have to wrap it in a \cmd{footnote} yourself. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash shortcite}} have provided this command in case, for any reason, you specifically require the short form of a note, and \textsf{biblatex} thinks you want something else. Again, I've provided only the most flexible form of the command, so you'll have to wrap it in a \cmd{footnote} manually. \mylittlespace If you look at \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx}, you'll see a number of other citation commands, but those are intended for internal use only, mainly in cross-references of various sorts. Use at your own risk. \subsection{Package Options} \label{sec:options} \subsubsection{Pre-Set \textsf{biblatex} Options} \label{sec:presetopts} Although a quick glance through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} will tell you which \textsf{biblatex} options the package sets for you, I thought I might gather them here also for your perusal. These settings are, I believe, consistent with the specification, but you can alter them in the options to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your preamble or by loading the package via \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes]\{biblatex\}}, which gives you the \textsf{biblatex} defaults unless you redefine them yourself inside the square brackets. \mylittlespace By \mymarginpar{\texttt{abbreviate=\\false}} default, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} prints the longer bibstrings, mainly for use in the bibliography, but since notes require the shorter forms of many of them, I've had to define many new strings for use there. \mylittlespace \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-notes} \mymarginpar{\texttt{autocite=\\footnote}} places references in footnotes by default. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{citetracker=\\true}} citetracker for the \cmd{ifciteseen} test is enabled globally. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{alldates=comp}} specification calls for the long format when presenting dates, slightly shortened when presenting date ranges. \mylittlespace The \colmarginpar{\texttt{dateabbrev=\\false}} \emph{Manual} prefers full month names in the notes \&\ bibliography style. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{ibidtracker=\\constrict}} enables the use of \enquote{Ibid} in notes, but only in the most strictly-defined circumstances. Whenever there might be any ambiguity, \textsf{biblatex} should default to printing a more informative reference. Remember also that you can use the \cmd{cite*} command to disable this functionality in any given reference, or indeed one of the \texttt{fullcite} commands if you need the long note form for any reason. \mylittlespace This \marginpar{\texttt{loccittracker\\=constrict}} allows the package to determine whether two consecutive citations of the same source also cite the same page of that source. In such a case, \texttt{Ibid} alone will be printed, without the page reference, following the specification (16.47). \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{pagetracker=\\true}} enables page tracking for the \cmd{iffirstonpage} and \cmd{ifsamepage} commands for controlling, among other things, the printing of \enquote{Ibid.} It tracks individual pages if \LaTeX\ is in oneside mode, or whole spreads in twoside mode. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{usetranslator\\=true}} enables automatic use of the \textsf{translator} at the head of entries in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}. In the bibliography, the entry will be alphabetized by the translator's surname. You can disable this functionality on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ silver:gawain. \subsubsection*{{Pre-set \textsf{biblatex-chicago} Option}} \label{sec:chicpreset} This \mymarginpar{\texttt{usecompiler=\\true}} option enables automatic use of the name of the compiler (in the \textsf{namec} field) at the head of an entry, usually in the absence of an \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, or \textsf{translator}, in accordance with the specification (\emph{Manual} 17.41). It may also, like \texttt{useauthor}, \texttt{useeditor}, and \texttt{usetranslator}, be disabled on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usecompiler=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Please remember that, because \textsf{namec} isn't a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, this name won't be part of its standard name algorithms, and that any entry headed by a \textsf{namec} will therefore need a \textsf{shortauthor} for short notes and a \textsf{sortkey} or the like in order to have it appear in the correct place in the bibliography. (The exception to this is when you modify the \textsf{editor's} identifying string using the \textsf{editortype} field, which is the procedure I recommend if the entry-heading compiler is only a compiler, and not also, e.g., an editor or a translator.) \subsubsection*{Other \textsf{biblatex} Formatting Options} \label{sec:formatopts} I've chosen defaults for many of the general formatting commands provided by \textsf{biblatex}, including the vertical space between bibliography items and between items in the list of shorthands (\cmd{bibitemsep} and \cmd{lositemsep}). I define many of these in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and of course you may want to redefine them to your own needs and tastes. It may be as well you know that the \emph{Manual} does state a preference for two of the formatting options I've implemented by default: the 3-em dash as a replacement for repeated names in the bibliography (16.103--106); and the formatting of note numbers, both in the main text and at the bottom of the page / end of the essay (superscript in the text, in-line in the notes; 16.25). The code for this last formatting is also in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and I've wrapped it in a test that disables it if you are using the \textsf{memoir} class, which I believe has its own commands for defining these parameters. You can also disable it by using the \texttt{footmarkoff} package option, on which see below. \mylittlespace Finally, \mymarginpar{\texttt{maxnames=10\\minnames=7}} in the \cmd{printbibliography} command at the bottom of \textsf{sample.tex} you'll see that I've set these two options, which control the number of names printed in the bibliography when that number exceeds 10. These numbers follow the recommendations of the \emph{Manual} (17.29--30), and they are different from those for use in notes. By putting these options in your \cmd{printbibliography} command, you can use \textsf{biblatex's} default settings for notes, which are correct as far as the \emph{Manual} is concerned, and then switch to these settings for the bibliography. \subsubsection{Style Options -- Preamble} \label{sec:useropts} These are parts of the specification that not everyone will wish to enable. All except the second can be used even if you load the package in the old way via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, but most users can just place the appropriate string(s) in the options to the \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}} call in your preamble. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{annotation}} the request of Emil Salim, I included in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} the ability to produce annotated bibliographies. If you turn this option on then the contents of your \textsf{annotation} (or \textsf{annote}) field will be printed after the bibliographical reference. (You can also use external files to store annotations -- please see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~3.10.7 for details on how to do this.) This functionality is currently in a beta state, so before you use it please have a look at the documentation for the \textsf{annotation} field, on page~\pageref{sec:annote} above. \mylittlespace Although \mymarginpar{\texttt{footmarkoff}} the \emph{Manual} (16.25) recommends specific formatting for footnote (and endnote) marks, i.e., superscript in the text and in-line in foot- or endnotes, Charles Schaum has brought it to my attention that not all publishers follow this practice, even when requiring Chicago style. I have retained this formatting as the default setup, but if you include the \texttt{footmarkoff} option, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} will not alter \LaTeX 's (or the \textsf{endnote} package's) defaults in any way, leaving you free to follow the specifications of your publisher. I have placed all of this code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, so if you load the package with a call to \textsf{biblatex} instead, then once again footnote marks will revert to the \LaTeX\ default, but of course you also lose a fair amount of other formatting, as well. See section~\ref{sec:loading}, below. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{natbib}} may look like the standard \textsf{biblatex} option, but to keep the coding of \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} simpler for the moment I have reimplemented it there, from whence it is merely passed on to \textsf{biblatex}. If you load the Chicago style with \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}}, then the option should simply read \texttt{natbib}, rather than \texttt{natbib=true}. The shorter form also works if you load the style using \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes]\{biblatex\}}, so I hope this requirement isn't too onerous. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{noibid}} the request of an early tester, I have included this option to allow you globally to turn off the \texttt{ibidem} mechanism that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} uses by default. Some publishers, it would appear, require this. Setting this option will mean that all possible instances of \emph{ibid.}\ will be replaced by the short note form. For more fine-grained control of individual citations you'll probably want to use specialized citation commands, instead. See section \ref{sec:citecommands}. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{short}} option means that your text will only use the short note form, even in the first citation of a particular work. The \emph{Manual} (16.3) recommends this space-saving format only when you provide a \emph{full} bibliography, though even with such a bibliography you may feel it easier for your readers to present long first citations. If you do use the \texttt{short} option, remember that there are several citation commands which allow you to present the full reference in specific cases (see section \ref{sec:citecommands}). If your bibliography is not complete, then you should not use this option. \mylittlespace Chris Sparks \mymarginpar{\texttt{shorthandibid}} pointed out that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} would never use \emph{ibid.}\ in the case of entries containing a \textsf{shorthand} field, but rather that consecutive references to such an entry continued to provide the shorthand, instead. The \emph{Manual} isn't, as far as I can tell, completely clear on this question. In 17.252, discussing references to works from classical antiquity, it states that \enquote{when abbreviations are used, these rather than \emph{ibid.}\ should be used in succeeding references to the same work,} but I can't make out whether this rule is specific to classical references or has more general scope. Given this ambiguity, I don't think it unreasonable to provide an option to allow printing of \emph{ibid.}\ instead of the shorthand in such circumstances, though the default behavior remains the same as it always has. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{strict}} still-experimental option attempts to follow the \emph{Manual}'s recommendations (16.57) for formatting footnotes on the page, using no rule between them and the main text unless there is a run-on note, in which case a short rule intervenes to emphasize this continuation. I haven't tested this code very thoroughly, and it's possible that frequent use of floats might interfere with it. Let me know if it causes problems. \subsection{General Usage Hints} \label{sec:hints} \subsubsection{Loading the Style} \label{sec:loading} With the addition of the author-date style to the package, I have provided two keys for choosing which style to load, \texttt{notes} and \texttt{authordate}, one of which you put in the options to the \cmd{usepackage} command. The default way of loading the notes + bibliography style has therefore slightly changed. With early versions of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, the standard way of loading the package was via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes,strict,backend=bibtex8,\%\\ babel=other,bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex\}} \end{quote} Now, the default way to load the style, and one that will in the vast majority of standard cases produce the same results as the old invocation, will look like this: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[notes,strict,backend=bibtex8,babel=other,\%\\ bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} (In point of fact, the previous \textsf{biblatex-chicago} loading method without the \texttt{notes} option will still work, but only because I've made the notes \&\ bibliography style the default if no style is explicitly requested.) If you read through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, you'll see that it sets a number of \textsf{biblatex} options aimed at following the Chicago specification, as well as setting a few formatting variables intended as reasonable defaults (see section~\ref{sec:presetopts}, above). Some parts of this specification, however, are plainly more \enquote{suggested} than \enquote{required,} and indeed many publishers, while adopting the main skeleton of the Chicago style in citations, nonetheless maintain their own house styles to which the defaults I have provided do not conform. \mylittlespace If you only need to change one or two parameters, this can easily be done by putting different options in the call to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} or redefining other formatting variables in the preamble, thereby overriding the package defaults. If, however, you wish more substantially to alter the output of the package, perhaps to use it as a base for constructing another style altogether, then you may want to revert to the old style of invocation above. You'll lose all the definitions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, including those to which I've already alluded and also the code that sets the note number in-line rather than superscript in endnotes or footnotes. Also in this file is the code that calls \textsf{cms-american.lbx}, which means that you'll lose all the Chicago-specific bibstrings I've defined unless you provide, in your preamble, a \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping} command adapted for your setup, on which see section~\ref{sec:international} below and also §§~4.8.1 and 4.10.8 in Lehman's \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. \mylittlespace What you \emph{will not} lose is the ability to call the package options \texttt{annotation, strict, short,} and \texttt{noibid} (section~\ref{sec:useropts}, above), in case these continue to be useful to you when constructing your own modifications. There's very little code, therefore, actually in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, but I hope that even this minimal separation will make the package somewhat more adaptable. Any suggestions on this score are, of course, welcome. \subsubsection{Other Hints} \label{sec:otherhints} One useful rule, when you are having difficulty creating a .bib entry, is to ask yourself whether all the information you are providing is strictly necessary. The Chicago specification is a very full one, but the \emph{Manual} is actually, in many circumstances, fairly relaxed about how much of the data from a work's title page you need to fit into a reference. Authors of introductions and afterwords, multiple publishers in different countries, the real names of authors more commonly known under pseudonyms, all of these are candidates for exclusion if you aren't making specific reference to them, and if you judge that their inclusion won't be of particular interest to your readers. Of course, any data that may be of such interest, and especially any needed to identify and track down a reference, has to be present, but sometimes it pays to step back and reevaluate how much information you're providing. I've tried to make \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} robust enough to handle the most complex, data-rich citations, but there may be instances where you can save yourself some typing by keeping it simple. \mylittlespace Scot Becker has pointed out to me that the inverse problem not only exists but may well become increasingly common, to wit, .bib database entries generated by bibliographic managers which helpfully provide as much information as is available, including fields that users may well wish not to have printed (ISBN, URL, DOI, \textsf{pagetotal}, inter alia). The standard \textsf{biblatex} styles contain a series of options, detailed in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.3, for controlling the printing of some of these fields, but I haven't yet implemented them in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. This is in my TODO list, and the next release will also include some more general options, at Scot's recommendation, that turn off everything at once. Until then judicious pruning remains the only solution. \mylittlespace If you are having problems with the interaction of punctuation and quotation marks in notes or bibliography, first please check that you've used \cmd{mkbibquote} in the relevant part of your .bib file. If you are still getting errors, please let me know, as it may well be a bug. \mylittlespace For the \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} style, I have fully adopted \textsf{biblatex's} system for providing punctuation at the end of entries. Several users noted insufficiencies in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, sometimes related to the semicolon between multiple citations, sometimes to ineradicable periods after long notes, bugs that were byproducts of my attempt to fix other end-of-entry errors. One of the side effects of this older code was (wrongly) to put a period after a long note produced, e.g., by a command like \cmd{footnote\{\textbackslash headlessfullcite\}}, whereas only the \enquote{foot} cite commands (including \cmd{autocite} in the default \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} set up) should do so. If you came to rely on this side effect, please note now that you'll have to put the period in yourself when explicitly calling \cmd{footnote}, like so: \cmd{footnote\{\textbackslash headlessfullcite\{key\}.\}} \mylittlespace When you use abbreviations at the ends of fields in your .bib file (e.g., \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}} or \enquote{\texttt{Inc.},}) \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} should deal automatically with adding (or suppressing) appropriate punctuation after the final dot. This includes retaining periods after such dots when a closing parenthesis intervenes, as in (n.d.). Merely entering the abbreviation without informing \textsf{biblatex} that the final dot is a dot and not a period should always work, though you do have to provide manual formatting in those rare cases when you need a comma after the author's initials in a bibliography, usually in a \textsf{misc} entry (see house:papers). If you find you need to provide such formatting elsewhere, please let me know. \mylittlespace Finally, allow me to reiterate what Philipp Lehman says in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, to wit, use \textsf{bibtex8}, rather than standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and avoid the cryptic errors that ensue when your .bib file gets to a certain size. \section{The Specification: Author-Date} \label{sec:authdate} In what follows, I attempt to explain all the parts of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} that might be considered somehow \enquote{non standard,} at least with respect to the styles included with \textsf{biblatex} itself, though in the section on entry fields I have also duplicated a lot of the information in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, which I hope won't badly annoy expert users of the system. Headings in \mycolor{green} \colmarginpar{\textsf{New in this release}} indicate material new to this release, or occasionally old material that has undergone significant revision. Numbers in parentheses refer to sections of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, 15th edition. The file \textsf{dates-test.bib} contains many examples from the \emph{Manual} which, when processed using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, should produce the same output as you see in the \emph{Manual} itself, or at least compliant output, where the specifications are vague or open to interpretation, a state of affairs which does sometimes occur. I have provided \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}, which shows how my system processes \textsf{dates-test.bib}, and I have also included the reference keys from the latter file below in parentheses. \subsection{Entry Types} \label{sec:types:authdate} The complete list of entry types currently available in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, minus the odd \textsf{biblatex} alias, is as follows: \textbf{article}, \textbf{artwork}, \textbf{book}, \textbf{bookinbook}, \textbf{booklet}, \textbf{collection}, \textbf{customa}, \textbf{customb}, \textbf{customc}, \textbf{image}, \textbf{inbook}, \textbf{incollection}, \textbf{inproceedings}, \textbf{inreference}, \textbf{letter}, \textbf{manual}, \textbf{misc}, \textbf{online} (with its alias \textbf{www}), \textbf{patent}, \textbf{periodical}, \textbf{proceedings}, \textbf{reference}, \textbf{report} (with its alias \textbf{techreport}), \textbf{review}, \textbf{suppbook}, \textbf{suppcollection}, \textbf{suppperiodical}, \textbf{thesis} (with its aliases \textbf{mastersthesis} and \textbf{phdthesis}), and \textbf{unpublished}. \mylittlespace What follows is an attempt to specify all the differences between these types and the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex}. If an entry type isn't discussed here, then it is safe to assume that it works as it does in the standard styles. In general, I have attempted not to discuss specific entry fields here, unless such a field is crucial to the overall operation of a given entry type. As a general and important rule, most entry types require very few fields when you use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, so it seemed to me better to gather information pertaining to fields in the next section. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{article}} \emph{Chicago Manual of Style} (17.148) recognizes three different sorts of periodical publication, \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers.} The first (17.150) includes \enquote{scholarly or professional periodicals available mainly by subscription,} while the second refers to \enquote{weekly or monthly} publications that are \enquote{available either by subscription or in individual issues at bookstores or newsstands.} \enquote{Magazines} will tend to be \enquote{more accessible to general readers,} and typically won't have a volume number. \mylittlespace Now, for articles in \enquote{journals} you can simply use the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ --- and indeed \textsf{biblatex} --- \textsf{article} entry type, which will work as expected and set off the page numbers with a colon in the list of references, as required by the \emph{Manual}. If, however, you need to refer to a \enquote{magazine} or a \enquote{newspaper,} then you need to add an \textsf{entrysubtype} field containing the exact string \texttt{magazine}. The main formatting differences between a \texttt{magazine} (which includes both \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers}) and a plain \textsf{article} are that time specifications (month, day, season) aren't placed within parentheses, and that page numbers are set off by a comma rather than a colon. Otherwise, the two sorts of reference have much in common. (For \textsf{article}, see \emph{Manual} 17.154--181; batson, beattie:crime, chu:panda, connell:chronic, conway:evolution, friedman:learning, garaud:gatine, garrett, hlatky:hrt, kern, lewis, loften:hamlet, loomis:structure, rozner:liberation, schneider:mittelpleistozaene, terborgh:preservation, wall:ra\-di\-o, warr:ellison, white:callimachus. With \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, cf.\ 17.166, 17.182--198; assocpress:gun, lakeforester:pushcarts, morgenson:market, reaves:ro\-sen, stenger:privacy.) \mylittlespace If you are familiar with the notes \&\ bibliography style, you'll know that the \emph{Manual} treats reviews (of books, plays, performances, etc.) as a sort of recognizable subset of \enquote{journals,} \enquote{magazines,} and \enquote{newspapers,} distinguished mainly by the way one formats the title of the review itself. In the author-date style, however, since both a generic title like \enquote{review of \ldots} and a specific one (cf. gibbard; osborne:poison) are formatted in the same way (no quotation marks or italics, sentence-style capitalization), all you really need, conveniently, is the \textsf{article} type, with the \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle to distinguish the sort of periodical which contains the review. %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the case of a review with a specific as well as a generic title, the former goes in the \textsf{title} field, and the latter in the \textsf{titleaddon} field. Standard \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want. Here, however, if all you need is a generic title like \enquote{review of \ldots,} then you can simply use the \textsf{title} field for it, ignoring \textsf{titleaddon}. \mylittlespace No less than seven more things need explication under this heading. First, since the \emph{Manual} specifies, for the author-date style, that what goes into the \textsf{title} or the \textsf{titleaddon} fields of \textsf{article} entries stays unformatted --- no italics, no quotation marks --- this plain style (with sentence-style capitalization, as usual) is the default for such text, which means that you'll have to format any titles within these fields yourself, e.g., with \cmd{mkbibemph\{\}}. Second, the \emph{Manual} specifies a similar plain style for the titles of other sorts of material found in \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers,} e.g., obituaries, letters to the editor, interviews, the names of regular columns, and the like, though the names of regular columns, please note, need to be capitalized headline style. References may contain both the title of an individual article and the name of the regular column, in which case the former should go, as usual, in a \textsf{title} field, and the latter in \textsf{titleaddon}. (See 17.188, 17.190, 17.193; morgenson:market, reaves:rosen.) \mylittlespace Third, the \emph{Manual} suggests that, in the case of \enquote{unsigned newspaper articles or features \ldots the name of the newspaper stands in place of the author} (17.192). It doesn't always carry through on this in its own presentation of newspaper citations (see esp.\ 17.188), but I've implemented their recommendation nonetheless, which means that in an \textsf{article} entry, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, and only in such an entry, a missing \textsf{author} field results in the name of the periodical (in the \textsf{journaltitle} field) being used as the missing author. Note that if you choose to use the name of the newspaper as an author, then you'll need to define the \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure that the reference list entry is alphabetized by \textsf{journaltitle} rather than by \textsf{title}. Also, if you want to abbreviate the \textsf{journaltitle} for use in citations, then the \textsf{shortauthor} field, somewhat surprisingly, is the place for it. (See lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke.) %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Fourth, in certain fields, just beginning your data with a lowercase letter activates the mechanism for capitalizing that letter depending on its context within a list of references entry. This is less important in the author-date style, where this information only turns up in the reference list and not in citations, but you can consult \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for all the details. Both the \textsf{titleaddon} and \textsf{note} fields are among those treating their data this way, and since both appear regularly in \textsf{article} entries, I thought the problem merited a preliminary mention here. \mylittlespace Fifth, if you need to cite an entire issue of any sort of periodical, rather than one article in an issue, then the \textsf{periodical} entry type, once again with or without the \texttt{magazine} toggle in \textsf{entrysubtype,} is what you'll need. (You can also use the \textsf{article} type, placing what would normally be the \textsf{issuetitle} in the \textsf{title} field and retaining the usual \textsf{journaltitle} field, but this arrangement isn't compatible with standard \textsf{biblatex}.) The \textsf{note} field is where you place something like \enquote{special issue} (with the small \enquote{s} enabling the automatic capitalization routines), whether you are citing one article or the whole issue (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). Indeed, this is a somewhat specialized use of \textsf{note}, and if you have other sorts of information you need to include in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{periodical} entry, then you shouldn't put it in the \textsf{note} field, but rather in \textsf{titleaddon} or perhaps \textsf{addendum} (brown:bremer). \mylittlespace Sixth, I would suggest that if you wish to cite a television or radio broadcast, the \textsf{article} type, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} is the place for it. The name of the program would go in \textsf{journaltitle}, with the name of the episode in \textsf{title}. The network's name goes into the \textsf{usera} field. (8.196, 17.207; see bundy:macneil for an example of how this all might look in a .bib file.) \mylittlespace Finally, if you're planning to use the same .bib file for the author-date and for the notes \&\ bibliography style, you may need to look under the \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes} above for the full instructions on their differences. Any well-constructed \textsf{review} entry will work just fine under author-date, but if you only need the author-date style then you can avoid the complexity of learning another entry type. \mylittlespace If you're still with me, allow me to recommend that you browse through \textsf{dates-test.bib} to get a feel for just how many of the \emph{Manual}'s complexities the \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} types attempt to address. It may be that in future releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} I'll be able to simplify these procedures somewhat, but if you are only using author-date at least you've avoided some of the worst of it. \mybigspace Arne \mymarginpar{\textbf{artwork}} Kjell Vikhagen has pointed out to me that none of the standard entry types were straightforwardly adaptable when referring to visual artworks. The \emph{Manual} doesn't give any thorough specifications for such references, and indeed it's unclear that it believes it necessary to include them in the reference apparatus at all. Still, it's easy to conceive of contexts in which a list of artworks studied might be desirable, and \textsf{biblatex} includes entry types for just this purpose, though the standard styles leave them undefined. The two I have adopted are \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image}, the former intended for paintings, sculptures, etchings, and the like, the latter for photographs. The two entry types work in exactly the same way as far as constructing your .bib entry, and when printed the only difference will be that the titles of \textsf{artworks} are italicized, those of \textsf{images} in plain text. \mylittlespace As one might expect, the artist goes in \textsf{author} and the name of the work in \textsf{title}. The \textsf{type} field is intended for the medium --- e.g., oil on canvas, charcoal on paper --- and the \textsf{version} field might contain the state of an etching. You can place the dimensions of the work in \textsf{note}, and the current location in \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and/or \textsf{location}, in ascending order of generality. The \textsf{type} field, as in several other entry types, uses \textsf{biblatex's} automatic capitalization routines, so if the first word only needs a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence, use lowercase in the .bib file and let \textsf{biblatex} handle it for you. (See \emph{Manual} 12.33; leo:madonna, bedford:photo.) \mylittlespace As a final complication, the \emph{Manual} (8.206) says that \enquote{the names of works of antiquity \ldots\,are usually set in roman.} If you should need to include such a work in the reference apparatus, you can either define an \textsf{entrysubtype} for an \textsf{artwork} entry --- anything will do --- or you could use the \textsf{image} type, or you could try the \textsf{misc} entry type with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. Fortunately, in this instance the other fields in a \textsf{misc} entry function pretty much as in \textsf{artwork} or \textsf{image}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{bookinbook}} type provides the means of referring to parts of books that are considered, in other contexts, themselves to be books, rather than chapters, essays, or articles. (Older versions of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} used \textbf{customb} for this purpose, but this is now deprecated.) Such an entry can have a \textsf{title} and a \textsf{maintitle}, but it can also contain a \textsf{booktitle}, all three of which will be italicized in the reference matter. In general usage it is, therefore, rather like the traditional \textsf{inbook} type, only with its \textsf{title} in italics rather than in plain text. (See \emph{Manual} 17.72, 17.89, 17.93; bernard:boris, euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The Euripides play receives slightly different presentations in 17.89 and 17.93. Although the specification is very detailed, it doesn't eliminate all choice or variation. Using a system like \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ should help to maintain consistency. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{booklet}} is the first of two entry types --- the other being \textsf{manual}, on which see below --- which are traditional in \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ styles, but which the \emph{Manual} (17.241) suggests may well be treated basically as books. In the interests of backward compatibility, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will so format such an entry, which uses the \textsf{howpublished} field instead of a standard \textsf{publisher}, though of course if you do decide just to use a \textsf{book} entry then any information you might have given in a \textsf{howpublished} field should instead go in \textsf{publisher}. (See clark:mesopot.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customa}} entry type is now deprecated in favor of the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{letter} type, which see. If your .bib files contain any \textsf{customa} entries you should change them to \textsf{letter} soon, as I am reclaiming this custom type for other uses in the next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customb}} entry type is now deprecated in favor of the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{bookinbook}, which see. If your .bib files contain any \textsf{customb} entries you should change them to \textsf{bookinbook} soon, as it will cease to function in the next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{customc}} entry type is now deprecated in favor of the standard \textsf{biblatex} \textbf{suppbook} (and \textbf{suppcollection}, which currently serves as an alias to \textsf{suppbook}). Please see their documentation below. If your .bib files contain any \textsf{customc} entries you should change them to \textsf{suppbook} soon, as it will cease to function in the next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{image}} entry type, left undefined in the standard styles, is in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} intended for referring to photographs. Excluding the possible use of the \textsf{entrysubtype} field, which in an \textsf{image} entry would be ignored, this type is a clone of \textsf{artwork}, so you should consult the latter's documentation above to see how to construct your .bib entry. (See \emph{Manual} 12.33; bedford:photo.) \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{inbook}\\\textbf{incollection}} two standard \textsf{biblatex} types have very nearly identical formatting requirements as far as the Chicago specification is concerned, but I have retained both of them for compatibility. \textsf{Biblatex.pdf} (§~2.1.1) intends the first for \enquote{a part of a book which forms a self-contained unit with its own title,} while the second would hold \enquote{a contribution to a collection which forms a self-contained unit with a distinct author and its own title.} The \textsf{title} of both sorts will be in plain text, and in general you can use either type for most material falling into these categories. There is, however, an important difference between them, as it is only in \textsf{incollection} entries that I implement the \emph{Manual's} recommendations for space-saving abbreviations in the list of references when you cite multiple pieces from the same \textsf{collection}. These abbreviations are activated when you use the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in \textsf{incollection} entries, and not in \textsf{inbook} entries, mainly because the \emph{Manual} (17.70) here specifies a \enquote{multiauthor book.} (For more on this mechanism see \textbf{crossref}, below, and note that it is also active in \textsf{letter} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries.) If the part of a book to which you are referring has had a separate publishing history as a book in its own right, then you may wish to use the \textsf{bookinbook} type, instead, on which see above. (See \emph{Manual} 17.68--72; \textsf{inbook}: ashbrook:brain, phibbs:diary, will:cohere; \textsf{incollection}: centinel:letters, contrib:contrib, sirosh:visualcortex; ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, and lippincott:chicago [and the \textsf{collection} entry prairie:state] demonstrate the use of the \textsf{crossref} field with its attendant abbreviations in the list of references.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The \emph{Manual} suggests that, when referring to a chapter, one use either a chapter number or the inclusive page numbers, not both. In-text citations, of course, require any \textsf{postnote} field to specify if it is a whole chapter to which you are referring. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inproceedings}} entry type works pretty much as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, the main differences between it and \textsf{incollection} are the lack of an \textsf{edition} field and the possibility that an \textsf{organization} may be cited alongside the \textsf{publisher}, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't specify its use (17.71). Please note, also, that the \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref} mechanism for shortening citations of multiple pieces from the same \textsf{proceedings} is operative here, just as it is in \textsf{incollection} entries. See \textbf{crossref}, below, for more details. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{inreference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{incollection} in the standard styles, but the \emph{Manual's} requirements for the notes \&\ bibliography style prompted a thoroughgoing revision. Unfortunately, instructions for the author-date style are considerably less copious, so parts of what follows are my best guess at following the specification (17.238--239). \mylittlespace One thing, at least, seems clear. If your reference work can easily or conveniently be presented like a regular book, that is, with an author or editor, a year of publication, and a title, and if you you will be citing it by page or section number, then you should almost certainly simply choose the \textsf{book} entry type for your .bib entry. (Cf.\ mla:style, schellinger:novel, times:guide. The latter was presented as an \textsf{inreference} entry for the notes \&\ bibliography style, but because the \textsf{book} entry type can also present references to alphabetized headings [see below], at least in the list of references, then it seemed better just to choose a \textsf{book} entry for the author-date style.) \mylittlespace If you simply cannot make your source fit the template for a \textsf{book}, then you may need to use the \textsf{inreference} type, the main feature of which is the \textsf{lista} field, which you use to present citations from \enquote{alphabetically arranged} works by named article rather than by page number. You should present these article names just as they appear in the work, separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} if there is more than one, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will provide the appropriate prefatory string (\texttt{s.v.}, plural \texttt{s.vv.}), and enclose each in its own set of quotation marks (times:guide). More relevant to the author-date style is the fact that the \textsf{postnote} field works the same way in \textsf{inreference} entries, the only limitation on this system being that this field, unlike \textsf{lista}, is not a list, and therefore for the formatting to work correctly you can only put one article name in it. In the case of \enquote{[w]ell-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias,} you are encouraged not to include them in the list of references, so the \textsf{lista} field actually may be of less use than this special formatting of \textsf{postnote}. You may want to look at ency:britannica, where only a (carefully-formatted) \textsf{shorttitle} and an \textsf{options} field are necessary to allow you to produce in-text citations that look like (\emph{Ency.\ Brit.}\ 15th ed., s.v. \enquote{Article}). \mylittlespace If it seems appropriate to include such a work in the list of references, perhaps because the work is not so well known that a short citation will be parseable by your readers, or perhaps because it is an online work, which requires you to provide a \textsf{urldate} (see below), be aware that the contents of the \textsf{lista} field will also be presented there, which may not be what you want. A separate \textsf{inreference} or \textsf{reference} entry might solve this problem, but you may also need a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure proper alphabetization, as \textsf{biblatex} will attempt to use an \textsf{editor} or \textsf{author} name, if either is present. In a typical \textsf{inreference} entry, very few fields are needed, as \enquote{the facts of publication are often omitted, but the edition (if not the first) must be specified.} In practice, this means a \textsf{title} and possibly an \textsf{edition} field. The \textsf{author} field holds the author of the specific article (in \textsf{lista}), not the author of the \textsf{title} as a whole. This name will be printed in parentheses after the entry's name (grove:sibelius). \mylittlespace All of these rules apply to online reference works, as well, for which you need to provide not only a \textsf{url} but also, always, a \textsf{urldate}, as these sources are in constant flux (wikiped:bibtex, grove:sibelius). For author-date, it may be convenient to duplicate the \textsf{urlyear} in the \textsf{year}, as this will help to present and categorize the material both in citations and in the list of references. Please note, however, that the automatic provision of the \enquote{n.d.} abbreviation when a \textsf{year} is missing has been turned off for \textsf{inreference} entries, as for \textsf{misc} and \textsf{reference} entries. \mylittlespace Some of these presentational difficulties might make switching between the two Chicago styles rather more difficult, depending on the nature of your sources. The advice I offer in section~\ref{sec:twostyles} below may be of assistance. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{letter}} entry type was designed to be used for citing letters, memoranda, or similar texts, but \emph{only} when they appear in a published collection. (Unpublished material of this nature needs a \textsf{misc} entry, for which see below.) The author-date specification (17.77), however, recommends against individual letters appearing in a list of references, suggesting instead that you put the whole published collection in a \textsf{book} entry and use a notice in the text to specify the letter (white:total). \mylittlespace If you absolutely must include individual letters in the list of references, for whatever reason, then the instructions above for the notes \&\ bibliography style in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}, s.v.\ \enquote{\textsf{letter,}} should get you started. There are a few wrinkles, related to date specifications, that I shall attempt to clarify here. If you look at white:ross and white:russ, you'll see the worst-case scenario, when you want to present two letters from the same published collection, which two letters were written in the same year. The \texttt{cmsdate=on} call in the \textsf{options} field means that it will be the \textsf{origdate}, i.e., the year the letter was written, that will head the entry (and appear in a citation). Since the two letters are from the same year, the \textsf{origdate} field can't actually be used, as \textsf{biblatex} will only append the letters \texttt{a,b,c} etc.\ to a \textsf{date}, so we place the \textsf{origdate} in the \textsf{date} field and put \texttt{switchdates} in the \textsf{options} field. The latter is necessary because the entry doesn't have both dates, which would turn on the \texttt{switchdates} mechanism automatically if the \textsf{date} were earlier than the \textsf{origdate}. This is the case, in turn, because we are using the \textsf{xref} mechanism to refer to the whole published collection (white:total), so that entry provides the \textsf{date} for the shortened cross-reference included in the list of references. \mylittlespace If this all seems clear as mud, I'm not surprised, but let me suggest that you experiment with the different date settings to see what kinds of effects they have on the final result, and also read the documentation of the \textsf{date} field in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} below. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{manual}} is the second of two traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ entry types that the \emph{Manual} suggests formatting as books, the other being \textsf{booklet}. As with this latter, I have retained it in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} for backward compatibility, its main peculiarity being that, in the absence of a named author, the \textsf{organization} producing the manual will be provided both as author and as publisher. In such a case, you'll also need a \textsf{sortkey} field to aid \textsf{biblatex's} alphabetization routines. (You can give a shortened form of the \textsf{organization} in the \textsf{shortauthor} field for text citations, if needed.) Of course, if you were to use a \textsf{book} entry for such a reference, then you would need to define both \textsf{author} and \textsf{publisher} using the name you here might have put in \textsf{organization}. (See 17:47; chicago:manual, dyna:browser, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{misc}} its name suggests, the \textsf{misc} entry type was designed as a hold-all for citations that didn't quite fit into other categories. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, I have somewhat extended its applicability, while retaining its traditional use. Put simply, with no \textsf{entrysubtype} field, a \textsf{misc} entry will retain backward compatibility with the standard styles, so the usual \textsf{howpublished}, \textsf{version}, and \textsf{type} fields are all available for specifying an otherwise unclassifiable text, and the \textsf{title} will be italicized. (The \emph{Manual}, you may wish to note, doesn't give specific instructions on how such citations should be formatted, so when using the Chicago style I would recommend you have recourse to this traditional entry type as sparingly as possible.) \mylittlespace If you do provide an \textsf{entrysubtype} field, the \textsf{misc} type provides a means for citing unpublished letters, memoranda, private contracts, wills, interviews, and the like, making it something of an unpublished analogue to the \textsf{letter} and \textsf{article} entry types (which see). Typically, such an entry will cite part of an archive, and equally typically the text cited won't have a specific title, but only a generic one, whereas an \textsf{unpublished} entry will ordinarily have a specific author and title, and won't come from a named archive. As a rule, and as with the \textsf{letter} type, the \emph{Manual} (17.233) suggests that the list of references will usually contain only the name of the whole archived collection, with more specific information about individual items provided in the text, \enquote{outside the parentheses.} If, on the other hand, \enquote{only one item from a collection has been mentioned in text, the entry may begin with the writer's name (if known).} (See 17.205-206, 17.220, 17.222-232; house:papers cites a whole archive, while creel:house, dinkel:agassiz, and spock:interview cite individual pieces.) \mylittlespace As far as constructing your .bib entry goes, you should first know that, like the \textsf{inreference} and \textsf{reference} types, the absence of any date will not result in the \enquote{n.d.} abbreviation automatically being provided. As for presenting the date, the \emph{Manual} draws a distinction between archival material that is \enquote{letter-like} (letters, memoranda, reports, telegrams) and that which isn't (interviews, wills, contracts, or even personal communications you've received and which you wish to cite). This may not always be the easiest distinction to draw, and in previous releases of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} I have been ignoring it, but once you've decided to classify it one way or the other you put the date in the \textsf{origdate} field for letters, etc.\ (creel:house), and into the \textsf{date} field for the others (spock:interview). Like with the \textsf{letter} type, if you've used the \textsf{origdate} field, you need to put \texttt{cmsdate=on} in the \textsf{options} field to make sure that that year appears at the head of the entry (and in citations). (Cf.\ particularly the documentation in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} below, s.v.\ \enquote{date}, and also the \textsf{letter} type above for some of the date-related complications that can arise, and how you can address them with judicious use of the \textsf{options}, \textsf{date}, and \textsf{origdate} fields.) \mylittlespace As in \textsf{letter} entries, the titles of unpublished letters are of the form \texttt{Author to Recipient}, and further information can be given in the \textsf{titleaddon} field. Interviews or similar pieces will have a different sort of title, but all types will use the \textsf{note}, \textsf{organization}, \textsf{institution}, and \textsf{location} fields (in ascending order of generality) to identify the archive, though the \emph{Manual} specifies (17.228) that well-known depositories don't usually need a city, state or country specified. (The traditional \textsf{misc} fields are all still available, also.) \mylittlespace When your .bib entry refers to an entire archived collection, then you may wish to use the word \enquote{\texttt{classical}} as your \textsf{entrysubtype}, which will have no effect on the list of references but will change the look of the in-text citations (house:papers). Instead of any date, the citation will include the \textsf{title}, separated from the \textsf{author's} name by a space, e.g., (House Papers). This same arrangement, happily, allows you easily to cite individual books of the Bible, and also certain other sacred texts (17.246--49; genesis). Please see under \textsf{entrysubtype} in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} below for all the details of the \texttt{classical} toggle. \mylittlespace In all this class of archived material, the \emph{Manual} (17.222) quite specifically requires more consistency within your own work than conformity to some external standard, so it is the former which you should pursue. I hope that \textsf{biblatex-chicago} proves helpful in this regard. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{online}} \emph{Manual}'s instructions (17.142--147, 17.198, 17.234--237) for citing online materials are slightly different from those suggested by standard \textsf{biblatex}. Indeed, this is a case where complete backward compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles may be impossible, because as a general rule the \emph{Manual} considers relevant not only where a source is found, but also the nature of that source, e.g., if it's an online edition of a book (james:ambassadors), then it calls for a \textsf{book} entry. Even if you cite an \enquote{intrinsically online} source, if that source is structured more or less like a conventional printed periodical, then you'll probably want to use \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} instead of \textsf{online} (stenger:privacy, which cites \emph{CNN.com} --- \emph{Yahoo!\ News} is another example that would be treated in such a way). If the \enquote{standard facts of publication} are missing, then the \textsf{online} type is usually the best choice (evanston:library, powell:email). Some online materials will, no doubt, make it difficult to choose an entry type, but so long as all locating information is present, then perhaps that is enough to fulfill the specification, or at least so I'd like to hope. \mylittlespace Constructing an \textsf{online} .bib file entry is much the same as in \textsf{biblatex}. The \textsf{title} field would contain the title of the page, the \textsf{organization} field could hold the title or owner of the whole site. If there is no specific title for a page, but only a generic one (powell:email), then in the author-date style the \textsf{title} will serve just as well as \textsf{titleaddon}, which latter is required for the notes \&\ bibliography style. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{patent}} \emph{Manual} is very brief on the subject of patents (17.219), but very clear about which information it wants you to present, so such entries may not work well with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. The important date, as far as Chicago is concerned, is the filing date. If a patent has been filed but not yet granted, then you can place the filing date in either the \textsf{date} field or the \textsf{origdate} field, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically prepend the bibstring \texttt{patentfiled} to it. If the patent has been granted, then you put the filing date in the \textsf{origdate} field, and you put the date it was issued in the \textsf{date} field, to which the bibstring \texttt{patentissued} will automatically be prepended. In this entry type, and in no other, the \texttt{cmsdate=on} option is turned on by default, so that the filing date will be at the head of the entry in the list of references and in the citation, as well. If you have more than one patent by the same author(s) filed in the same year, and if one or both of them have also been granted, then you'll need to reverse the dates (or put \texttt{switchdates} in the \textsf{options} field) so that \enquote{a,b,c} etc.\ can be appended to the year. (If there is just the one, filing, date, please don't use the \texttt{switchdates} option.) The patent number goes in the \textsf{number} field, and you should use the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings in the \textsf{type} field. Though it isn't mentioned by the \emph{Manual}, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will print the \textsf{holder} after the \textsf{author}, if you provide one. See petroff:impurity. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{periodical}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} entry type for presenting an entire issue of a periodical, rather than one article within it. It has the same function in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, and in the main uses the same fields, though in keeping with the system established in the \textsf{article} entry type (which see) you'll need to provide \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine} if the periodical you are citing is a \enquote{newspaper} or \enquote{magazine} instead of a \enquote{journal.} Also, remember that the \textsf{note} field is the place for identifying strings like \enquote{special issue,} with its initial lowercase letter to activate the automatic capitalization routines, though this isn't strictly necessary in the author-date style. (See \emph{Manual} 17.170; good:wholeissue.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{reference}} entry type is aliased to \textsf{collection} by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I intend it to be used in cases where you need to cite a reference work but not an alphabetized article or articles in that work. This could be because it doesn't contain such articles, and yet you still want the entry in the list of references to start with the \textsf{title}. Indeed, the only differences between it and \textsf{inreference} are the lack of a \textsf{lista} field to present an alphabetized entry, and the fact that any \textsf{postnote} field will be printed verbatim, rather than formatted as an alphabetized entry. (Cf.\ \textsf{inreference}, above.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{report}} entry type is a \textsf{biblatex} generalization of the traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ type \textsf{techreport}. Instructions for such entries are rather thin on the ground in the \emph{Manual} (17.241), so I have followed the generic advice about formatting it like a book, and hope that the results conform to the specification. Its main peculiarities are the \textsf{institution} field in place of a \textsf{publisher}, the \textsf{type} field for identifying the kind of report in question, and the \textsf{isrn} field containing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a technical report. As in standard \textsf{biblatex}, if you use a \textsf{techreport} entry, then the \textsf{type} field automatically defaults to \cmd{bibstring\{techreport\}}. As with \textsf{booklet} and \textsf{manual}, you can also use a \textsf{book} entry, putting the report type in \textsf{note} and the \textsf{institution} in \textsf{publisher}. (See herwign:office.) \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{review}} its name suggests, this entry type was designed for reviews published in periodicals, and if you've already read the \textsf{article} documentation above you'll know that I haven't yet found an example where you absolutely need to use it for the author-date style. The code to process such an entry remains in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, so if you are building a .bib file for use with both Chicago styles then any \textsf{review} entries in it will work fine in both, but otherwise the \textsf{article} type will suffice. If you find I'm wrong about this, please let me know. (Cf.\ barcott:review, bundy:macneil, Clemens:letter, gourmet:052006, kozinn:review, nyt:trevorobit, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke, wallraff:word.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppbook}} is the entry type to use if the main focus of a reference is supplemental material in a book or in a collection, e.g., an introduction, afterword, or forward, either by the same or by a different author. There are two mechanisms in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} for producing such a citation. First, these three just-mentioned types of material, and only these three types, can be referenced using the \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{foreword} fields, a system that requires you simply to define one of them in any way and leave the others undefined. The macros don't use the text provided by such an entry, they merely check to see if one of them is defined, in order to decide which sort of pre- or post-matter is at stake, and to print the appropriate string before the \textsf{title} in the list of references, and possibly also in the list of shorthands. This mechanism works without modification across multiple languages, but I have also provided functionality which allows you to cite any sort of supplemental material whatever, using the \textsf{type} field. Under this second system, simply put the nature of the material, including the relevant preposition, in that field, beginning with a lowercase letter so \textsf{biblatex} can decide whether it needs capitalization depending on the context. Examples might be \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{colophon of}.} (Please note, however, that unless you use a \cmd{bibstring} command in the \textsf{type} field, the resultant entry will not be portable across languages.) \mylittlespace The other rules for constructing your .bib entry remain the same. The \textsf{author} field refers to the author of the introduction or afterword, while \textsf{bookauthor} refers to the author of the main text of the work, if the two differ. If the focus of the reference is the main text of the book, but you want to mention the name of the writer of an introduction or afterword for completeness, then the normal \textsf{biblatex} rules apply, and you can just put their name in the appropriate field of a \textsf{book} entry, that is, in the \textsf{foreword}, \textsf{afterword}, or \textsf{introduction} field. (See \emph{Manual} 17.74--75; friedman:intro, polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppcollection}} fulfills a function analogous to \textsf{suppbook}. Indeed, I believe the \textbf{suppbook} type can serve to present supplemental material in both types of work, so this entry type is an alias to \textsf{suppbook}, which see. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{suppperiodical}} type is intended to allow reference to generically-titled works in periodicals, such as regular columns or letters to the editor. \textsf{Biblatex} also provides the \textsf{review} type for this purpose, and in the notes \&\ bibliography style \textsf{suppperiodical} is an alias of \textsf{review}. In the author-date style, however, as discussed above, you really only need the \textsf{article} entry type for this purpose, though I have retained \textsf{suppperiodical} in order to facilitate switching between the two Chicago styles. \subsection{Entry Fields} \label{sec:fields:authdate} The following discussion presents, in alphabetical order, a complete list of the entry fields you will need to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}. As in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate}, I shall include references to the numbered paragraphs of the \emph{Chicago Manual of Style}, and also to the entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib}. Many fields are most easily understood with reference to other, related fields. In such cases, cross references should allow you to find the information you need. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{addendum}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to add miscellaneous information to the end of an entry, after publication data but before any \textsf{url} or \textsf{doi} field. In the \textsf{patent} entry type (which see), it will be printed in close association with the filing and issue dates. In any entry type, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and the style will take care of the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{note}. (See \emph{Manual} 17.145, 17.123; davenport:attention, natrecoff:camera.) \mybigspace In most \mymarginpar{\textbf{afterword}} circumstances, this field will function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}, i.e., you should include here the author(s) of an afterword to a given work. The \emph{Manual} suggests that, as a general rule, the afterword would need to be of significant importance in its own right to require mentioning in the reference apparatus, but this is clearly a matter for the user's judgment. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if the name given here exactly matches that of an editor and/or a translator, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate these fields in the formatted references. \mylittlespace As noted above, however, this field has a special meaning in the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, used to make an afterword, foreword, or introduction the main focus of a citation. If it's an afterword at issue, simply define \textsf{afterword} any way you please, leave \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will do the rest. Cf.\ \textsf{foreword} and \textsf{introduction}. (See \emph{Manual} 17.46, 17.74; polakow:afterw.) \mybigspace At \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotation}} the request of Emil Salim, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has, as of version 0.9, added a package option (see \texttt{annotation} below, section \ref{sec:useropts}) to allow you to produce annotated lists of references. The formatting of such a list is currently fairly basic, though it conforms with the \emph{Manual's} minimal guidelines (16.77). The default in \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx} is to define \cmd{DeclareFieldFormat\{an\-notation\}} using \cmd{par}\cmd{nobreak} \cmd{vskip} \cmd{bibitemsep}, though you can alter it by re-declaring the format in your preamble. The page-breaking algorithms don't always give perfect results here, but the default formatting looks, to my eyes, fairly decent. In addition to tweaking the field formatting you can also insert \cmd{par} (or even \cmd{vadjust\{\cmd{eject}\}}) commands into the text of your annotations to improve the appearance. Please consider the \texttt{annotation} option a work in progress, but it is usable now. (N.B.: The \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{annote} serves as an alias for this.) \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{annotator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{commentator}. \mybigspace For \mymarginpar{\textbf{author}} the most part, I have implemented this field in a completely standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ fashion. Remember that corporate or organizational authors need to have an extra set of curly braces around them (e.g., \texttt{\{\{Associated Press\}\}}\,) to prevent \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ from treating one part of the name as a surname (17.47, 17.197; assocpress:gun, chicago:manual). If there is no \textsf{author}, then \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will look, in sequence, for an \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, or \textsf{compiler} (actually \textsf{namec}, currently) and use that name (or those names) instead, followed by the appropriate identifying string (esp.\ 17.41, also 17.28--29, 17.88, 17.95, 17.172; boxer:china, brown:bremer, harley:cartography, schellinger:novel, sechzer:women, silver:ga\-wain, soltes:georgia). Please note that when a \textsf{namec} appears at the head of an entry, you'll need to assist \textsf{biblatex}'s sorting algorithms by providing a \textsf{sortkey} field to ensure correct alphabetization in the list of references. Also, a \textsf{shortauthor} field is necessary to provide a name for citations. \mylittlespace As its name suggests, the author-date style very much wants to have a name of some sort present both for the entries in the list of references and for the in-text citations. Indeed, \enquote{this system works best where all or most of the sources are easily convertible to author-date references} (16.4). The \emph{Manual} is nothing if not flexible, however, so with unsigned articles or encyclopedia entries the \textsf{journaltitle} or \textsf{title} may take the place of the \textsf{author} (gourmet:052006, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke, wikipedia:bibtex). Even in such \textsf{article} entries, however, it may be advantageous to provide a (formatted and abbreviated) \textsf{shortauthor} field to keep the in-text citations to a reasonable length, though not at the expense of making it hard to find the relevant entries in the reference list. \mylittlespace If you wish to emphasize the activity of an editor or a translator, you can use the \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} options \texttt{useauthor=false}, \texttt{useeditor=false}, \texttt{usetranslator=false}, and \texttt{usecompiler=false} in the \textsf{options} field to choose which one appears at the head of an entry. A peculiarity of this system of toggles is that in order to ensure that the \textsf{title} of a book appears at the head of an entry, you would need to use \emph{all four} of the toggles, even though the hypothetical entry contains no \textsf{translator}. Internally, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} is either searching for an author-substitute, or it is skipping over elements of the ordered, unidirectional chain \textsf{author -> editor -> translator -> compiler -> title}. If you don't include \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field, then the package begins its search at \textsf{translator} and continues on to \textsf{namec}, even though you have \texttt{usecompiler=false} in \textsf{options}. The result will be that the compilers' names will appear at the head of the entry. If you want to skip over parts of the chain, you must turn off \emph{all} of the parts up to the one you wish printed. \mylittlespace This system of toggles, then, can turn off \textsf{biblatex-chicago}'s mechanism for finding a name to place at the head of an entry, but it also very usefully adds the possibility of citing a work with an \textsf{author} by its editor, compiler or translator instead (17.45; eliot:pound), something that wasn't possible before. For full details of how this works, see the \textsf{editortype} documentation below. (Of course, in \textsf{collection} and \textsf{proceedings} entry types, an \textsf{author} isn't expected, so there the \textsf{editor} is required, as in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Also, in \textsf{article} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}, the absence of an \textsf{author} triggers the use of the \textsf{journaltitle} in its stead. See those entry types for further details.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: The \emph{Manual} provides specific instructions for formatting the names of both anonymous and pseudonymous authors (17.32--39). The use of \enquote{Anonymous} as the name is \enquote{generally to be avoided,} but may in some cases be useful \enquote{in a bibliography in which several anonymous works need to be grouped.} I would add that sometimes it's the simplest option for a difficult citation --- cf.\ virginia:plantation, where placing \enquote{\texttt{Anon.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ in the \textsf{author} field seems about the only way to fit this text into the author-date style. If \enquote{the authorship is known or guessed at but was omitted on the title page,} then you need to use the \textsf{authortype} field to let \textsf{biblatex-chicago} know this fact. If the author is known (horsley:prosodies), then put \texttt{anon} in the \textsf{authortype} field, if guessed at (cook:sotweed) put \texttt{anon?}\ there. (In both cases, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} tests for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if it doesn't work.) This will have the effect of enclosing the name in square brackets, with or without the question mark indicating doubt. As long as you have the right string in the \textsf{authortype} field, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will also do the right thing automatically in text citations. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace The \textsf{nameaddon} field furnishes the means to cope with the case of pseudonymous authorship. If the author's real name isn't known, simply put \texttt{pseud.}\ (or \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}}) in that field (centinel:letters). If you wish to give a pseudonymous author's real name, simply include it there, formatted as you wish it to appear, as the contents of this field won't be manipulated as a name by \textsf{biblatex} (lecarre:quest, stendhal:parma). If you have given the author's real name in the \textsf{author} field, then the pseudonym goes in \textsf{nameaddon}, in the form \texttt{Firstname Lastname, pseud.}\ (creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:\\york:death). This latter method will allow you to keep all references to one author's work under different pseudonyms grouped together in the list of references, a method recommended by the \emph{Manual}. \mylittlespace One final piece of advice. An institutional author's name, or a journal's name being used in place of an author, can be rather too long for in-text citations. In unsigned:ranke I placed an abbreviated form of the \textsf{journaltitle} into \textsf{shortauthor}, a practice condoned by the \emph{Manual} (17.159) even in author-date reference lists. In iso:electrodoc, I provided a \textsf{shorthand} field, which by default in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will appear in text citations and will produce an entry in a list of shorthands that clarifies the abbreviation. (A future release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will allow you to explain the abbreviation inside the list of references itself, as suggested by the \emph{Manual}, 17.47.) Please see \textsf{shorthands} below for the details. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{authortype}} \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, this field serves a function very much in keeping with the spirit of standard \textsf{biblatex}, if not with its letter. Instead of allowing you to change the string used to identify an author, the field allows you to indicate when an author is anonymous, that is, when his or her name doesn't appear on the title page of the work you are citing. As I've just detailed under \textsf{author}, the \emph{Manual} generally discourages the use of \enquote{Anonymous} (or \enquote{Anon.} as an author, though in some cases it may well be your best option. If, however, the name of the author is known or guessed at, then you're supposed to enclose that name within square brackets, which is exactly what \textsf{biblatex-chicago} does for you when you put either \texttt{anon} (author known) or \texttt{anon?} (author guessed at) in the \textsf{authortype} field. (Putting the square brackets in yourself doesn't work right, hence this mechanism.) The macros test for these \emph{exact} strings, so check your typing if you don't see the brackets. Assuming the strings are correct, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will also automatically do the right thing in the short note form. (See the \textsf{author} docs just above. Also \emph{Manual} 17.33--34; cook:sotweed, horsley:prosodies.) \mybigspace For \mymarginpar{\textbf{bookauthor}} the most part, as in \textsf{biblatex}, a \textsf{bookauthor} is the author of a \textsf{booktitle}, so that, for example, if one chapter in a book has different authorship from the book as a whole, you can include that fact in a reference (17.75; will:cohere). Keep in mind, however, that the entry type for introductions, forewords and afterwords (\textsf{suppbook}) uses \textsf{bookauthor} as the author of \textsf{title} (polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\vspace{-12pt}\textbf{bookpagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate string to information you provide in a \textsf{pages} field. If you leave it blank, the default is to print no identifying string (the equivalent of setting it to \texttt{none}), as this is the practice the \emph{Manual} recommends for nearly all page numbers. Even if the numbers you cite aren't pages, but it is otherwise clear from the context what they represent, you can still leave this blank. If, however, you specifically need to identify what sort of unit the \textsf{pages} field represents, then you can either hand-format that field yourself, or use one of the provided bibstrings in the \textsf{bookpagination} field. These bibstrings currently are \texttt{column,} \texttt{line,} \texttt{paragraph,} \texttt{page,} \texttt{section,} and \texttt{verse}, all of which are used by \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles. \mylittlespace There are two points that may need explaining here. First, all the bibstrings I have just listed follow the Chicago specification, which may be confusing if they don't produce the strings you expect. Second, remember that \textsf{bookpagination} applies only to the \textsf{pages} field --- if you need to format a citation's \textsf{postnote} field, then you must use \textsf{pagination}, which see (15.45--46, 17.128--138). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{booksubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{booktitle}. See the next entry for further information. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{booktitle}} the \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, and \textsf{letter} entry types, the \textsf{booktitle} field holds the title of the larger volume in which the \textsf{title} itself is contained as one part. It is important not to confuse this with the \textsf{maintitle}, which holds the more general title of multiple volumes, e.g., \emph{Collected Works}. It is perfectly possible for one .bib file entry to contain all three sorts of title (euripides:orestes, plato:republic:gr). You may also find a \textsf{booktitle} in other sorts of entries (e.g., \textsf{book} or \textsf{collection}), but there it will almost invariably be providing information for the \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing apparatus (prairie:state), which I discuss below (\textbf{crossref}). The \textsf{booktitle} takes sentence-style capitalization in author-date. \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{booktitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{booktitle}. It will be printed in the main text font, without quotation marks. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{chapter}} field holds the chapter number, mainly useful only in an \textsf{inbook} or an \textsf{incollection} entry where you wish to cite a specific chapter of a book (ashbrook:brain). \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{commentator}} have implemented this \textsf{biblatex} field pretty much as that package's standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator}. \mybigspace \textsf{Biblatex} \mymarginpar{\textbf{crossref}} uses the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ cross-referencing mechanism, and has also introduced a modified one of its own (\textsf{xref}). The \textsf{crossref} field works exactly the same as it always has, while \textsf{xref} attempts to remedy some of the deficiencies of the usual mechanism by ensuring that child entries will inherit no data at all from their parents. Having said all that, a few further instructions may be in order for users of both \textsf{biblatex} and \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. First, remember that fields in a \textsf{collection} entry, for example, differ from those in an \textsf{incollection} entry. In order for the latter to inherit the \textsf{booktitle} field from the former, the former needs to have such a field defined, even though a \textsf{collection} entry has no use itself for such an entry (see ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state). Note also that an entry with a \textsf{crossref} field will mechanically try to inherit all applicable fields from the entry it cross-references. In the case of ellet:galena et al., you can see that this includes the \textsf{subtitle} field found in prairie:state, which would then, quite incorrectly, be added to the \textsf{title} of ellet:galena. In cases like these, you could just make sure that prairie:state didn't contain such a field, by placing the entire title + subtitle in the \textsf{title} field, separated by a colon. Alternatively, as you can see in ellet:galena, you can just define an empty \textsf{subtitle} field to prevent it inheriting the unwanted subtitle from prairie:state. \mylittlespace Turning now more narrowly to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the \emph{Manual} (17.70) specifies that if you cite several contributions to the same collection, all (including the collection itself) may be listed separately in the list of references, which the package does automatically, using the default inclusion threshold of 2 in the case both of \textsf{crossref}'ed and \textsf{xref}'ed entries. (The familiar \cmd{nocite} command may also help in some circumstances.) In the list of references an abbreviated form will be appropriate for all the child entries. The current version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} implements these instructions, but only if you use a \textsf{crossref} or an \textsf{xref} field, and only in \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, or \textsf{letter} entries (on the last named, see just below). If you look at ellet:galena, keating:dearborn, lippincott:chicago, and prairie:state you'll see this mechanism in action in the list of references. If you wish to disable this, then simply don't use a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field in your entries. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace A published collection of letters requires a somewhat different treatment (17.77--78). If you cite more than one letter from the same collection, then the \emph{Manual} specifies that only the collection itself --- probably in a \textsf{book} entry --- should appear in the list of references. In the author-date style, it discourages individual letters from appearing in that list at all, even if only one is cited from a collection. If you have special reason to do so, however, you can still present individual published letters there, and they too can use the system of shortened references just outlined, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't explicitly require it. As with \textsf{incollection} and \textsf{inproceedings}, mere use of a \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} field will activate this mechanism, while avoidance of said fields will disable it. (See white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total, for examples of the \textsf{xref} field in action in this way, and please note that the second of these entries is entirely fictitious, provided merely for the sake of example.) \mylittlespace I should also take this opportunity to mention that you need to be careful when using the \textsf{shorthand} field in conjunction with the \textsf{crossref} or \textsf{xref} fields, bearing in mind the complicated questions of inheritance posed by all such cross-references, most especially in \textsf{letter}, \textsf{incollection}, and \textsf{inproceedings} entries. A \textsf{shorthand} field in a parent entry is, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, a bad idea. \mybigspace Predictably, \mymarginpar{\textbf{date}} this is one of the key fields for the author-date style, and one which, as a general rule, every .bib entry designed for this system ought to contain. So important is it, that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will, in most entry types, supply a missing \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} if there is no date otherwise provided; citations will look like (Author n.d.), and entries in the list of references will begin: Author, Firstname.\ n.d. This seems simple enough, but there are a surprising number of complications which require attention. \mylittlespace First, the entry types in which the automatic provision of \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} is turned off are \textsf{inreference}, \textsf{misc}, and \textsf{reference}, none of which may be expected in the standard case to have a date provided. In all other entry types \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}} will appear if no date is provided, though you can turn this off throughout the document in all entry types with the option \texttt{nodates=false} when loading \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your preamble. (See section~\ref{sec:authpreset}, below.) Second, if you wish to provide the \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}} yourself in the \textsf{year} field, please instead put \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} there, as otherwise the punctuation in citations will come out (subtly) wrong. Third, while we're on the subject, the \textsf{year} field is also the place for things like \enquote{\texttt{forthcoming}}, though you should use the \cmd{autocap} macro there to make sure the word comes out correctly in both citations and the list of references. The reason for this is that the \textsf{date} field accepts only numerical data, in \textsc{iso}8601 format (\texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}), whereas \textsf{year} can, conveniently, hold just about anything. \mylittlespace Fourth, for most entry types, only a year is really necessary, and in all types only the year --- or year range --- will be printed in text citations and at the head of entries in the list of references. More specific \textsf{date} fields are often present, however, in \textsf{article}, \textsf{misc}, \textsf{online}, \textsf{patent}, and \textsf{unpublished} entries, for all of which any day or month provided will be printed later in the reference list entry. The \emph{Manual} is a little inconsistent when presenting the names of months in the author-date style, but currently \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} uses abbreviated forms, which you can change by setting the option \texttt{dateabbrev=false} in your document preamble. (Cf.\ assocpress:gun, barcott:review, batson, creel:house, nass:address, petroff:impurity, powell:email.) \mylittlespace Fifth, the \emph{Manual} (17.125--7) provides a number of options for when a particular entry --- a reprinted edition, say --- has more than one date, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} allows you to choose among all of them. The user interface is a little more complicated than I had hoped, but I shall attempt to explain it here as clearly as I can. If a reprinted book, say, has both a \textsf{date} of publication for the reprint edition and an \textsf{origdate} for the original edition, then by default \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will use the \textsf{date} in citations and at the head of the entry in the reference list. If you inform \textsf{biblatex-chicago} that the book is a reprint by putting the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, then a parenthetical notice will be printed at the end of the entry saying \enquote{(Orig.\ pub.\ 1898.)} With no \textsf{pubstate} field (and no \texttt{cmsdate} option), the algorithms will ignore the \textsf{origdate}. \mylittlespace If, for any reason, you wish the \textsf{origdate} to appear at the head of the entry, then you need to use the \texttt{cmsdate} toggle in the \textsf{options} field. This has 4 possible states: \begin{enumerate} \item \texttt{cmsdate=on} prints the \textsf{origdate} at the head of the entry in the list of references and in citations: (Author 1898). \item \texttt{cmsdate=new} prints both the \textsf{origdate} and the \textsf{date}, using the \emph{Manual's}\ \enquote{new} format: (Author 1898/1952). \item \texttt{cmsdate=old} prints both the \textsf{origdate} and the \textsf{date}, using the \emph{Manual's}\ \enquote{old} format: (Author [1898] 1952). \item \texttt{cmsdate=off} is the default, discussed above: (Author 1952). \end{enumerate} In the first three cases, if you put the string \texttt{reprint} in the \textsf{pubstate} field, then the publication data in the list of references will include a notice, formatted according to the specifications, that the modern, cited edition is a reprint. In the first case, since the \textsf{date} hasn't yet been printed, this publication data will also include the date of the modern reprint. \mylittlespace Let us imagine, however, that your list of references contains another book by the same author, also a reprint edition: (Author 1896/1974). How will these two works be ordered in the list of references? By whatever appears in the \textsf{date} field, \emph{always}, which in this case will be wrong, because the entries should always be ordered by the \emph{first} date to appear there, in this case the contents of \textsf{origdate}. In this example, the solution can be as simple as a \textsf{sortyear} field set to something earlier than the date of the other work, e.g., 1951. \mylittlespace And if the original publication dates of the two works are the same? Just as when it is ordering entries, \textsf{biblatex} will only process the contents of the \textsf{date} field when it is deciding whether to add the alphabetical suffix (\texttt{a,b,c} etc.) to the year to distinguish different works by the same author published in the same year. You can't even put the suffix on yourself because the \textsf{origdate} field only accepts numerical data. Citations of the two works should read, e.g., (Author 1898a) and (Author 1898b), but will in fact read, ambiguously, (Author 1898) and (Author 1898). Here we are forced to resort to an unusual expedient, which amounts to switching the two date fields, placing the earlier date in \textsf{date} and the later one in \textsf{origdate}. \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-authordate} tests for this condition using a simple arithmetical comparison between the two years, then printing the two dates according to the state of the \texttt{cmsdate} toggle. The four states of this toggle are the same as before, but there are only three possible outcomes, as follows: \begin{enumerate} \item \texttt{cmsdate=off} (the default) and \texttt{cmsdate=on} \emph{both} print the \textsf{date} at the head of the entry in the list of references and in citations: (Author 1898a), (Author 1898b). \item \texttt{cmsdate=new} prints both the \textsf{date} and the \textsf{origdate}, using the \emph{Manual's}\ \enquote{new} format: (Author 1898a/1952), (Author 1898b/1974). \item \texttt{cmsdate=old} prints both the \textsf{date} and the \textsf{origdate}, using the \emph{Manual's}\ \enquote{old} format: (Author [1898a] 1952), (Author [1898b] 1974). \end{enumerate} If, for some reason, the automatic switching of the dates cannot be achieved, perhaps in crossref'd \textsf{letter} entries that you really want to have in your list of references (white:ross:memo, white:russ), or perhaps in a reprint edition that that hasn't yet appeared in print (preventing the comparison between a year and the word \enquote{forthcoming}), then you can use the per-entry option \texttt{switchdates} in the \textsf{options} field to achieve the required effects. It may also be worth remarking that the instructions in the \emph{Manual} aren't entirely clear on the subject of the alphabetical affix when both dates are used in a citation or at the head of an entry. It's possible that the differentiation between (Author 1898/1952) and (Author 1898/1974) is good enough without affixing anything to the first year, but then in this situation you would have to be using either \texttt{cmsdate=new} or \texttt{cmsdate=old}, so the switching functionality at least allows maximum flexibility. \mylittlespace Finally, in the \textsf{misc} entry type this field can help to distinguish between two classes of archival material, letters and \enquote{letter-like} sources using \textsf{origdate} while others (interviews, wills, contracts) use \textsf{date}. (See \textsf{misc} in section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} for the details.) If such an entry, as may well occur, contains only an \textsf{origdate}, you need to provide \texttt{cmsdate=on} in order to get that \textsf{origdate} to appear in citations and at the head of the entry in the reference list. I recommend that you have a look through \textsf{dates-test.bib} to see how all these complications will affect the construction of your .bib database, especially at aristotle:metaphy:gr, creel:house, emerson:nature, james:ambassadors, maitland:canon, maitland:equity, schweit\-zer:bach, spock:in\-terview, white:ross:memo, and white:russ. Cf.\ also \textsf{origdate} and \textsf{year}, below, and the \texttt{cmsdate}, \texttt{nodates}, and \texttt{switchdates} options in sections~\ref{sec:preset:authdate} and \ref{sec:authentryopts}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{day}} field, as of \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, is obsolete, and will be ignored if you use it in your .bib files. Use \textsf{date} instead. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{doi}} \textsf{biblatex} field. The Digital Object Identifier of the work, which the \emph{Manual} suggests you can use \enquote{in place of page numbers or other locators} (17.181; friedman:learn\-ing). Cf.\ \textsf{url}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{edition}} \textsf{biblatex} field. If you enter a plain cardinal number, \textsf{biblatex} will convert it to an ordinal (chicago:manual), followed by the appropriate string. Any other sort of edition information will be printed as is, though if your data begins with a word (or abbreviation) that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word (or abbreviation) is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing (babb:peru, times:guide). In most situations, the \emph{Manual} generally recommends the use of abbreviations in the list of references, but there is room for the user's discretion in specific citations (emerson:nature). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{editor}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{editor} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{editor} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional editor for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{namea} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (donne:var). \mylittlespace As you will see below, I have also provided a \textsf{nameb} field, which holds the translator of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate editors for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{partedit} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field, in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields, or even in a \textsf{number} field (howell:marriage). (Because the strings identifying an editor differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field when using the notes \&\ bibliography style, but you can certainly do so in the author-date style, if you wish. Using the macros will make your .bib file more portable across both Chicago specifications, and also across multiple languages, but they are otherwise unnecessary. Cf. section~\ref{sec:international}, and also \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, and \textsf{translator}.) \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{editora\\editorb\\editorc}} new release of \textsf{biblatex} provides these fields as a means to specify additional contributors to texts in a number of editorial roles. I'm uncertain how relevant they may be to users of the Chicago styles, but I have implemented them just as the standard styles do. To specify the role, use the new fields \textsf{editoratype}, \textsf{editorbtype}, and \textsf{editorctype}, and see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~2.3.6. \mybigspace Normally, \mymarginpar{\textbf{editortype}} with the exception of the \textsf{article} type, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically find a name to put at the head of an entry, starting with an \textsf{author}, and proceeding in order through \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (the compiler). If all four are missing, then the \textsf{title} will be placed at the head. (In \textsf{article} entries with a \texttt{magazine} \textsf{entrysubtype}, a missing author immediately prompts the use of \textsf{journaltitle} at the head of an entry. See above under \textsf{article} for details.) The \textsf{editortype} field provides even greater flexibility, giving you the ability to put a compiler at the head of an entry without using \textsf{namec}, freeing you from the need to use a \textsf{sortkey} and a \textsf{shortauthor}. You can do this even though an author is named (eliot:pound shows this mechanism in action for a standard editor, rather than a compiler). Two things are necessary for this to happen. First, in the \textsf{options} field you need to set \texttt{useauthor=false} (if there is an \textsf{author)}, then you need to put the name you wish to see at the head of your entry into the \textsf{editor} or the \textsf{namea} field. If the \enquote{editor} is in fact a compiler, then you need to put \texttt{compiler} into the \textsf{editortype} field, and \textsf{biblatex} will print the correct string after the name in the list of references. \mylittlespace There are a few details of which you need to be aware. Because \textsf{biblatex-chicago} has added the \textsf{namea} field, which gives you the ability to identify the editor specifically of a \textsf{title} as opposed to a \textsf{maintitle} or a \textsf{booktitle}, the \textsf{editortype} mechanism checks first to see whether a \textsf{namea} is defined. If it is, that name will be used at the head of the entry, if it isn't it will go ahead and look for an \textsf{editor}. When the \textsf{editor} field is used, \textsf{biblatex}'s sorting algorithms will work properly, and also its \textsf{labelname} mechanism, meaning that a shortened form of the \textsf{editor} will be used in citations. If, however, the \textsf{namea} field provides the name, then your .bib entry will need to have a \textsf{sortkey} field to aid in alphabetizing, and it will also need a \textsf{shorteditor} defined to help with in-text citations, not a \textsf{shortauthor}, ruled out because \texttt{useauthor=false}. \mylittlespace In \textsf{biblatex} 0.9 Lehman has reworked the string concatenation mechanism, for reasons he outlines in his RELEASE file, and I have followed his lead. In short, if you define the \textsf{editortype} field, then concatenation is turned off, even if the name of the \textsf{editor} matches, for example, that of the \textsf{translator}. In the absence of an \textsf{editortype}, the usual mechanisms remain in place, that is, if the \textsf{editor} exactly matches a \textsf{translator} and/or a \textsf{namec}, or alternatively if \textsf{namea} exactly matches a \textsf{nameb} and/or a \textsf{namec}, then \textsf{biblatex} will print the appropriate strings. The \emph{Manual} specifically (17.41) recommends not using these identifying strings in citations, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} follows that recommendation. If you nevertheless need to provide such a string, you'll have to do it manually in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, or perhaps, in a different sort of entry, in a \textsf{shortauthor} field. \mylittlespace It may also be worth noting that because of certain requirements in the specification -- absence of an \textsf{author}, for example -- the \texttt{useauthor} mechanism won't work properly in the following entry types: \textsf{collection}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{suppbook}, \textsf{suppcollection}, and \textsf{suppperiodical}. \mybigspace These \mymarginpar{\textbf{editoratype\\editorbtype\\editorctype}} fields are new to \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, and identify the exact role of the person named in the corresponding \textsf{editor[a-c]} field. Note that they are not part of the string concatenation mechanism. I have implemented them just as the standard styles do, though I am uncertain of their usefulness for users of Chicago. Cf.\ \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~2.3.6. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{eid}} \textsf{biblatex} field, providing a string or number some journals use uniquely to identify a particular article. Only applicable to the \textsf{article} entry type. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{entrysubtype}} and very powerful \textsf{biblatex} field, left undefined by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} it has four very specific uses, the first three of which I have designed in order to maintain, as much as possible, backward compatibility with the standard styles. First, in \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entries, the field allows you to differentiate between scholarly \enquote{journals,} on the one hand, and \enquote{magazines} and \enquote{newspapers} on the other. Usage is fairly simple: you need to put the exact string \texttt{magazine} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field if you are citing one of the latter two types of source, whereas if your source is a \enquote{journal,} then you need do nothing. \mylittlespace The second use involves references to works from classical antiquity and, according to the \emph{Manual}, from the Middle Ages, as well. When you cite such a work using the traditional divisions into books, sections, lines, etc., divisions which are presumed to be the same across all editions, then you need to put the exact string \texttt{classical} into the \textsf{entrysubtype} field. This has no effect in the list of references, which will still present the particular edition you are using, but it does affect the formatting of in-text citations, in two ways. First, it suppresses some of the punctuation. Second, and more importantly, it suppresses the \textsf{date} field in favor of the \textsf{title}, so that citations look like (Aristotle \emph{Metaphysics} 3.2.996b5--8) instead of (Aristotle 1997, 3.2.996b5--8). This mechanism may also prove useful in \textsf{misc} entries for citations from the Bible or other sacred texts (cf.\ genesis), and for citing archival collections (house:papers), where it produces citations of the form (House Papers). (Cf.\ the next but one paragraph.) \mylittlespace If you wish to reference a classical or medieval work by the page numbers of a particular, non-standard edition, then you shouldn't use the \texttt{classical} \textsf{entrysubtype} toggle. Also, and the specification isn't entirely clear about this, works from the Renaissance and later, even if cited by the traditional divisions, seem to have citations formatted normally, and therefore don't need an \textsf{entrysubtype} field. (See \emph{Manual} 17.246--262; aristotle:metaphy:gr, plato:republic:gr; euripides:orestes is an example of a translation cited by page number in a modern edition.) \mylittlespace The third use of the \textsf{entrysubtype} field occurs in \textsf{misc} entries. If such an entry contains no such field, then the citation will be treated just as the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles would, including the use of italics for the \textsf{title}. Any string at all in \textsf{entrysubtype} tells \textsf{biblatex-chicago} to treat the source as part of an unpublished archive. Please see section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} above under \textbf{misc} for all the details on how these citations work. \mylittlespace Fourth, and finally, the field can be defined in the \textsf{artwork} entry type in order to refer to a work from antiquity whose title you do not wish to be italicized. Please see the documentation of \textsf{artwork} above for the details. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{foreword}} with the \textsf{afterword} field above, \textsf{foreword} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like \textsf{afterword} (and \textsf{introduction}), however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{introduction} undefined) to make a foreword the focus of a citation. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{holder}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field for identifying a \textsf{patent}'s holder(s), if they differ from the \textsf{author}. The \emph{Manual} has nothing to say on the subject, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago} prints it (them), in parentheses, just after the author(s). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{howpublished}} \textsf{biblatex} field, mainly applicable in the \textsf{booklet} entry type, where it replaces the \textsf{publisher}. I have also retained it in the \textsf{misc} and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, for historical reasons. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{institution}} \textsf{biblatex} field. In the \textsf{thesis} entry type, it will usually identify the university for which the thesis was written, while in a \textsf{report} entry it may identify any sort of institution issuing the report. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{introduction}} with the \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} fields above, \textsf{introduction} will in general function as it does in standard \textsf{biblatex}. Like those fields, however, it has a special meaning in a \textsf{suppbook} entry, where you simply need to define it somehow (and leave \textsf{afterword} and \textsf{foreword} undefined) to make an introduction the focus of a citation. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isbn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Book Number of a publication. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{isrn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Technical Report Number of a report. Only relevant to the \textsf{report} entry type, and not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issn}} \textsf{biblatex} field, for providing the International Standard Serial Number of a periodical in an \textsf{article} or a \textsf{periodical} entry. Not typically required by the \emph{Manual}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issue}} \textsf{biblatex} field, designed for \textsf{article} or \textsf{periodical} entries identified by something like \enquote{Spring} or \enquote{Summer} rather than by the usual \textsf{month} or \textsf{number} fields (brown:bremer). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuesubtitle}} subtitle for an \textsf{issuetitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{issuetitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, intended to contain the title of a special issue of any sort of periodical. If the reference is to one article within the special issue, then this field should be used in an \textsf{article} entry (conley:fifthgrade), whereas if you are citing the entire issue as a whole, then it would go in a \textsf{periodical} entry, instead (good:wholeissue). The \textsf{note} field is the proper place to identify the type of issue, e.g.,\ \texttt{special issue}, with the initial letter lower-cased to enable automatic contextual capitalization. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{journalsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{journaltitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{journaltitle}} \textsf{biblatex} field, replacing the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{journal}, which, however, still works as an alias. It contains the name of any sort of periodical publication, and is found in the \textsf{article} entry type. In the case where a piece in an \textsf{article} (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}) doesn't have an author, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} provides for this field to be used as the author. See above (section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}) under \textbf{article} for details. The lakeforester:pushcarts and nyt:trevorobit entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib} will give you some idea of how this works. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{keywords}} field is \textsf{biblatex}'s extremely powerful and flexible technique for filtering entries in a list of references, allowing you to subdivide it according to just about any criteria you care to invent. See \textsf{biblatex.pdf} (3.10.4) for thorough documentation. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the field provides one convenient means to exclude certain entries from making their way into a list of references, though the toggle \texttt{skipbib} in the \textsf{options} field works just as well, and perhaps more simply. There are a few reasons for so excluding entries. When citing both an original text and its translation (see \textbf{userf}, below), the \emph{Manual} (17.66) suggests including the original at the end of the translation's reference list entry, a procedure which requires that the original not also be printed as a separate entry (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr, aristotle:metaphy:trans, aristotle:metaphy:gr). Well-known reference works (like the \emph{Encyclopaedia Britannica}, for example) and many sacred texts need only be presented in citations, and not in the list of references (17.238--239; ency:britannica, genesis, wikiped:bibtex; see \textsf{inreference} and \textsf{misc}, above). \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{language}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify the language(s) in which a work is written. As a general rule, the Chicago style doesn't require you to provide this information, though it may well be useful for clarifying the nature of certain works, such as bilingual editions, for example. There is at least one situation, however, when the \emph{Manual} does specify this data, and that is when the title of a work is given in translation, even though no translation of the work has been published, something that might happen when a title is in a language deemed to be unparseable by a majority of your expected readership (17.65--67, 17.166, 17.177; chu:panda, pirumova, rozner:liberation). In such a case, you should provide the language(s) involved using this field, connecting multiple languages using the keyword \texttt{and}. (I have retained \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{bibstring} mechanism here, which means that you can use the standard bibstrings or, if one doesn't exist for the language you need, just give the name of the language, capitalized as it should appear in your text. You can also mix these two modes inside one entry without apparent harm.) \mylittlespace An alternative arrangement suggested by the \emph{Manual} is to retain the original title of a piece but then to provide its translation, as well. If you choose this option, you'll need to make use of the \textbf{usere} field, on which see below. In effect, you'll probably only ever need to use one of these two fields in any given entry, and in fact \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will only print one of them if both are present, preferring \textsf{usere} over \textsf{language} for this purpose (see kern, pirumova:russian, and weresz). Note also that both of these fields are universally associated with the \textsf{title} of a work, rather than with a \textsf{booktitle} or a \textsf{maintitle}. If you need to attach a language or a translation to either of the latter two, you could probably manage it with special formatting inside those fields themselves. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{lista}} intend this field specifically for presenting citations from reference works that are arranged alphabetically, where the name of the article rather than a page or volume number should be given. The field is a \textsf{biblatex} list, which means you should separate multiple items with the keyword \texttt{and}. Each item receives its own set of quotation marks, and the whole list will be prefixed by the appropriate string (\enquote{s.v.,} \emph{sub verbo}, pl.\ \enquote{s.vv.}). \textsf{Biblatex-chicago} will only print such a field in a \textsf{book} or an \textsf{inreference} entry, and you should look at the documentation of these entry types for further details. (See \emph{Manual} 17.238--239; grove:sibelius, times:guide, wikiped:bibtex.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{location}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s version of the usual \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ field \textsf{address}, though the latter is accepted as an alias if that simplifies the modification of older .bib files. According to the \emph{Manual} (17.99), a citation usually need only provide the first city listed on any title page, though a list of cities separated by the keyword \enquote{\texttt{and}} will be formatted appropriately. If the place of publication is unknown, you can use \cmd{autocap\{n\}.p.}\ instead (17.102), though in many or even most cases this isn't strictly necessary (17.32--34; virginia:plantation). For all cities, you should use the common English version of the name, if such exists (17.101). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace One other use needs explanation here. In \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entries, there is usually no need for a \textsf{location} field, but \enquote{if a journal might be confused with another with a similar title, or if it might not be known to the users of a bibliography,} then this field can present the place or institution where it is published (17.174, 17.196; garrett, kimluu:diethyl, and lakeforester:pushcarts). \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{mainsubtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{maintitle} --- see next entry. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{maintitle}} main title for a multi-volume work, e.g., \enquote{Opera} or \enquote{Collected Works.} It takes sentence-style capitalization in author-date. (See donne:var, euripides:\-orestes, harley:cartography, lach:asia, pelikan:chris\-tian, and plato:republic:gr.) \mybigspace An \mymarginpar{\textbf{maintitleaddon}} annex to the \textsf{maintitle}, for which see previous entry. Such an annex would be printed in the main text font. If your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{month}} \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the month of publication. This should be an integer, i.e., \texttt{month=\{3\}} not \texttt{month=\{March\}}. See \textsf{date} for more information. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{namea}} is one of the fields \textsf{biblatex} provides for style writers to use, but which it leaves undefined itself. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago} it contains the name(s) of the editor(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{editor} would be associated with one of these latter fields (donne:var). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{nameb} if they are identical. See under \textbf{editor} above for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{nameb}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{translator}, and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransand\-comp}, for which see section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{nameaddon}} field is provided by \textsf{biblatex}, though not used by the standard styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it allows you to specify that an author's name is a pseudo\-nym, or to provide either the real name or the pseudonym itself, if the other is being provided in the \textsf{author} field. The abbreviation \enquote{\texttt{pseud.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ (always lowercase in English) is specified, either on its own or after the pseudonym (centinel:letters, creasey:ashe:blast, creasey:morton:hide, creasey:york:death, and le\-carre:quest); \cmd{bibstring\{pseudonym\}} does the work for you. See under \textbf{author} above for the full details. \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{nameb}} \textsf{namea}, above, this is a field left undefined by the standard \textsf{biblatex} styles. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, it contains the name(s) of the translator(s) of a \textsf{title}, if the entry has a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, or both, in which situation the \textsf{translator} would be associated with one of these latter fields (euripides:orestes). You should present names in this field exactly as you would those in an \textsf{author} or \textsf{translator} field, and the package will concatenate this field with \textsf{namea} if they are identical. See under the \textbf{translator} field below for the full details. Cf.\ also \textsf{namea}, \textsf{namec}, \textsf{origlanguage}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{userf} and the macros \cmd{partedit}, \cmd{parttrans}, \cmd{parteditandtrans}, \cmd{partcomp}, \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp} in section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate}. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{namec}} \emph{Manual} (17.41) specifies that works without an author may be listed under an editor, translator, or compiler, assuming that one is available, and it also specifies the strings to be used with the name(s) of compiler(s). All this suggests that the \emph{Manual} considers this to be standard information that should be made available in a bibliographic reference, so I have added that possibility to the many that \textsf{biblatex} already provides, such as the \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{commentator}, \textsf{annotator}, and \textsf{redactor}, along with writers of an \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{foreword}, or \textsf{afterword}. Since \textsf{biblatex.bst} doesn't offer a \textsf{compiler} field, I have adopted for this purpose the otherwise unused field \textsf{namec}. It is important to understand that, despite the analogous name, this field does not function like \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, but rather like \textsf{editor} or \textsf{translator}, and therefore if used will be associated with whichever title field these latter two would be were they present in the same entry. Identical fields among these three will be concatenated by the package, and concatenated too with the (usually) unnecessary commentator, annotator and the rest. Also please note that I've arranged the concatenation algorithms to include \textsf{namec} in the same test as \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb}, so in this particular circumstance you can, if needed, make \textsf{namec} analogous to these two latter, \textsf{title}-only fields. (See above under \textbf{editortype} for details of how you may, in certain circumstances, use that field to identify a compiler. This method will be particularly useful if you don't need to concatenate the \textsf{namec} with any other role, because if you use the \textsf{editor} field \textsf{biblatex} will automatically attend to alphabetization and name-replacement in the list of references, and will also provide a name for citations.) \mylittlespace It might conceivably be necessary at some point to identify the compiler(s) of a \textsf{title} separate from the compiler(s) of a \textsf{booktitle} or \textsf{maintitle}, but for the moment I've run out of available \textsf{name} fields, so you'll have to fall back on the \cmd{partcomp} macro or the related \cmd{parteditandcomp}, \cmd{parttransandcomp}, and \cmd{partedittransandcomp}, on which see Commands (section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate}) below. (Future releases may be able to remedy this.) It may be as well to mention here too that of the three names that can be substituted for the missing \textsf{author} at the head of an entry, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will choose an \textsf{editor} if present, then a \textsf{translator} if present, falling back to \textsf{namec} only in the absence of the other two, and assuming that the fields aren't identical, and therefore to be concatenated. In a change from the previous behavior, these algorithms also now test for \textsf{namea} or \textsf{nameb}, which will be used instead of \textsf{editor} and \textsf{translator}, respectively, giving the package the greatest likelihood of finding a name to place at the head of an entry. Please remember, however, that if this name is supplied by any of the non-standard fields \textsf{name[a-c]}, then you will need to provide a \textsf{sortkey} to assist with alphabetization in the list of references, and a \textsf{shortauthor} for citations. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{note}} in standard \textsf{biblatex}, this field allows you to provide bibliographic data that doesn't easily fit into any other field. In this sense, it's very like \textsf{addendum}, but the information provided here will be printed just before the publication data. (See chaucer:alt, cook:sotweed, emerson:nature, and rodman:walk for examples of this usage in action.) It also has a specialized use in the periodical types (\textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical}), where it holds supplemental information about a \textsf{journaltitle}, such as \enquote{special issue} (conley:fifthgrade, good:wholeissue). In all uses, if your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. Cf.\ \textsf{addendum}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{number}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, containing the number of a \textsf{journaltitle} in an \textsf{article} entry, the number of a \textsf{title} in a \textsf{periodical} entry, or the volume/number of a book in a \textsf{series}. Generally, in an \textsf{article} or \textsf{periodical} entry, this will be a plain cardinal number, but in such entries \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now does the right thing if you have a list or range of numbers (unsigned:ranke). In any \textsf{book}-like entry it may well contain considerably more information, including even a reference to \enquote{2nd ser.,} for example, while the \textsf{series} field in such an entry will contain the name of the series, rather than a number. This field is also the place for the patent number in a \textsf{patent} entry. Cf.\ \textsf{issue} and \textsf{series}. (See \emph{Manual} 17.90--95 and boxer:china, palmatary:pottery, wauchope:ceramics; 17.163 and beattie:crime, conley:fifthgrade, friedman:learning, garrett, gibbard, hlatky:hrt, mcmillen:antebellum, rozner:liberation, warr:ellison.) \mylittlespace \textbf{NB}: This may be an opportune place to point out that the \emph{Manual} (17.129) prefers arabic to roman numerals in most circumstances (chapters, volumes, series numbers, etc.), even when such numbers might be roman in the work cited. The obvious exception is page numbers, in which roman numerals indicate that the citation came from the front matter, and should therefore be retained. Another possible exception is in references to works \enquote{with many and complex divisions,} in which \enquote{a mixture of roman and arabic} may be \enquote{easier to disentangle.} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{options}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, for setting certain options on a per-entry basis rather than globally. Information about some of the more common options may be found above under \textsf{author} and \textsf{date}, and below in section~\ref{sec:authuseropts}. See creel:house, eliot:pound, emerson:nature, ency:britannica, herwign:office, lecarre:quest, and maitland:canon for examples of the field in use. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{organization}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, retained mainly for use in the \textsf{misc}, \textsf{online}, and \textsf{manual} entry types, where it may be of use to specify a publishing body that might not easily fit in other categories. In \textsf{biblatex}, it is also used to identify the organization sponsoring a conference in a \textsf{proceedings} or \textsf{inproceedings} entry, and I have retained this as a possibility, though the \emph{Manual} is silent on the matter. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{origdate}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field which replaced the obsolete \textsf{origyear}, and which therefore allows more than one full date specification for those references which need to provide more than just one. As with the analogous \textsf{date} field, you provide the date (or range of dates) in \textsc{iso}8601 format, i.e., \texttt{yyyy-mm-dd}. In most entry types, you would use \textsf{origdate} to provide the date of first publication of a work, most usually needed only in the case of reprint editions, but also recommended by the \emph{Manual} for electronic editions of older works (17.123, 17.146--7; aristotle:metaphy:gr, emerson:nature, james:ambassadors, schweitzer:bach). In both the \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc} (with \textsf{entrysubtype)} entry types, the \textsf{origdate} identifies when a letter (or similar) was written. In such \textsf{misc} entries, some \enquote{non-letter-like} materials (like interviews) need the \textsf{date} field for this purpose, while in \textsf{letter} entries the \textsf{date} applies to the publication of the whole collection. If such a published collection were itself a reprint, judicious use of the \textsf{pubstate} field or perhaps improvisation in the \textsf{location} field might be able to rescue the situation. (See white:ross:memo, white:russ, and white:total for how \textsf{letter} entries can work; creel:house shows the field in action in a \textsf{misc} entry, while spock:interview uses \textsf{date} instead.) \mylittlespace Because of the importance of date specifications in the author-date style, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} provides a series of options and automated behaviors to allow you to emphasize the \textsf{origdate} in citations and at the head of entries in the list of references. In entries which have \emph{only} an \textsf{origdate} --- usually \textsf{misc} with an \textsf{entrysubtype} --- you'll need to include \texttt{cmsdate=on} in your \textsf{options} field so that that date will appear where it should, but in other entries you have a choice of which year appears where. In some cases it may even be necessary to reverse the two date fields, putting the earlier year in \textsf{date} and the later in \textsf{origdate}. Please see above under \textbf{date} for all the details on how these options interact. \mylittlespace Because the \textsf{origdate} field only accepts numbers, some improvisation may be needed if you wish to include \enquote{n.d.}\ (\cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}) in an entry. In \textsf{letter} and \textsf{misc}, this information can be placed in \textsf{titleaddon}, but in other entry types you may need to use the \textsf{location} field. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{origlanguage}} keeping with the \emph{Manual}'s specifications, I have fairly thoroughly redefined \textsf{biblatex}'s facilities for treating translations. The \textsf{origtitle} and \textsf{origlocation} fields aren't used, while the \textsf{language} and \textsf{origdate} fields have been press-ganged for other duties. The \textsf{origlanguage} field, for its part, retains a dual role in presenting translations in a list of references. The details of the \emph{Manual}'s suggested treatment when both a translation and an original are cited may be found below under \textbf{userf}. Here, however, I simply note that the introductory string used to connect the translation's citation with the original's is \enquote{Originally published as,} which I suggest may well be inaccurate in a great many cases, as for instance when citing a work from classical antiquity, which will most certainly not \enquote{originally} have been published in the Loeb Classical Library. Although not, strictly speaking, authorized by the \emph{Manual}, I have provided another way to introduce the original text, using the \textsf{origlanguage} field, which must be provided \emph{in the entry for the translation, not the original text} (aristotle:metaphy:trans). If you put one of the standard \textsf{biblatex} bibstrings there (enumerated below), then the entry will work properly across multiple languages. Otherwise, just put the name of the language there, localized as necessary, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will eschew \enquote{Originally published as} in favor of, e.g., \enquote{Greek edition:} or \enquote{French edition:}. This has no effect in citations, where only the work cited --- original or translation --- will be printed, but it may help to make the \emph{Manual}'s suggestions for the list of references more palatable. \mylittlespace That was the first usage, in keeping at least with the spirit of the \emph{Manual}. I have also, perhaps less in keeping with that specification, retained some of \textsf{biblatex}'s functionality for this field. If an entry doesn't have a \textsf{userf} field, and therefore won't be combining a text and its translation in the list of references, you can also use \textsf{origlanguage} as Lehman intended it, so that instead of saying, e.g., \enquote{translated by X,} the entry will read \enquote{translated from the German by X.} The \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this, but it may conceivably help avoid certain ambiguities in some citations. As in \textsf{biblatex}, if you wish to use this functionality, you have to provide \emph{not} the name of the language, but rather a bibstring, which may, at the time of writing, be one of \texttt{american}, \texttt{brazilian}, \texttt{danish}, \texttt{dutch}, \texttt{english}, \texttt{french}, \texttt{german}, \texttt{greek}, \texttt{italian}, \texttt{latin}, \texttt{norwegian}, \texttt{portuguese}, \texttt{spanish}, or \texttt{swedish}, to which I've added \texttt{russian}. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{origyear}} field is, as of \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, obsolete. It is ignored if it appears in a .bib file. Please use \textsf{origdate} instead. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{pages}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} field for providing page references. In many \textsf{article} entries you'll find this contains something other than a page number, e.g. a section name or edition specification (17.188, 17.191, 17.202; kozinn:review, nyt:trevorobit). Of course, the same may be true of almost any sort of entry, though perhaps with less frequency. Curious readers may wish to look at brown:bremer (17.172) for an example of a \textsf{pages} field used to facilitate reference to a two-part journal article. Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals; \textsf{bookpagination} and \textsf{pagination} provide details about \textsf{biblatex's} mechanisms for specifying what sort of division a given \textsf{pages} field contains; and \textsf{usera} discusses a different way to present the section information pertaining to a newspaper article. \mybigspace This, \mymarginpar{\textbf{pagination}} a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, allows you automatically to prefix the appropriate identifying string to information you provide in the \textsf{postnote} field of a citation command, whereas \textsf{bookpagination} allows you to prefix a string to the \textsf{pages} field. Please see \textbf{bookpagination} above for all the details on this functionality, as aside from the difference just mentioned the two fields are equivalent. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{part}} \textsf{biblatex} field, which identifies physical parts of a single logical volume in \textsf{book}-like entries, not in periodicals. It has the same purpose in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, but because the \emph{Manual} (17.88) calls such a thing a \enquote{book} and not a \enquote{part,} the string printed in the list of references will, at least in English, be \enquote{\texttt{bk.}\hspace{-2pt}}\ instead of the plain dot between volume number and part number (harley:cartography, lach:asia). This field should only be used in association with a \textsf{volume} number, so if you need to identify \enquote{parts} or \enquote{books} that are part of a published \textsf{series}, for example, then you'll need to use a different field, (which in the case of a series would be \textsf{number} [palmatary:pottery]). Cf.\ \textsf{volume}; iso:electrodoc. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{publisher}} \textsf{biblatex} field. Remember that \enquote{\texttt{and}} is a keyword for connecting multiple publishers, so if a publisher's name contains \enquote{and,} then you should either use the ampersand (\&) or enclose the whole name in additional braces. (See \emph{Manual} 17.103--114; aristotle:metaphy:gr, cohen:schiff, creasey:ashe:blast, dunn:revolutions.) \mylittlespace There are, as one might expect, a couple of further subtleties involved here. Ordinarily, two publishers will be separated by a forward slash in the list of references, but if a company issues \enquote{certain books through a special publishing division or under a special imprint,} then the two names will be separated by a comma, which you will need to provide in the \textsf{publisher} field. The \emph{Manual}'s example (17.112) is \enquote{\texttt{Ohio University Press, Swallow Press},} which would cause \textsf{biblatex-chicago} no problems. If a book has two co-publishers, \enquote{usually in different countries,} (17.113) then the simplest thing to do is to choose one, probably the nearest one geographically. If you feel it necessary to include both, then levistrauss:savage demonstrates one way of doing so, using a combination of the \textsf{publisher} and \textsf{location} fields. Finally, if the publisher is unknown, then the \emph{Manual} recommends (17.109) simply using the place (if known) and the date. If for some reason you need to indicate the absence of a publisher, the abbreviation given by the \emph{Manual} is \texttt{n.p.}, though this can also stand for \enquote{no place.} Some style guides apparently suggest using \texttt{s.n.}\,(= \emph{sine nomine}) to specify the lack of a publisher, but the \emph{Manual} doesn't mention this. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{pubstate}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, new to version 0.9. Because the author-date specification has fairly complicated rules about presenting reprinted editions, I have adopted this field as a means of simplifying the problem for users. Instead of hand-formatting in the \textsf{location} field, you can now simply put the string \texttt{reprint} into the \textsf{pubstate} field, and depending on which date you have chosen to appear at the head of the entry, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will either print the string \texttt{Repr.}\ in the proper place or otherwise provide a parenthesized notice at the end of the entry detailing the original publication date. See under \textbf{date} above for the available permutations. (Cf.\ aristotle:metaphy:gr, maitland:canon, maitland:equity, schweitzer:bach.) If the field contains something other than the word \texttt{reprint}, then it will be treated as in the standard styles, and printed after the publication information, although the \emph{Manual} has nothing to say about this. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{redactor}} have implemented this field just as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, even though the \emph{Manual} doesn't actually mention it. It may be useful for some purposes. Cf.\ \textsf{annotator} and \textsf{commentator}. \mybigspace \textbf{NB:} \mymarginpar{\textbf{reprinttitle}} \textbf{Please note that this feature is in an alpha state, and that I'm contemplating using a different field in the future for this functionality. I include it here in the hope that it might receive some testing in the meantime.} At the request of Will Small, I have included a means of providing the original publication details of an essay or a chapter that you are citing from a subsequent reprint, e.g., a \emph{Collected Essays} volume. In such a case, at least according to the \emph{Manual} (17.73), such details need be provided only if they are \enquote{of particular interest.} The data would follow an introductory phrase like \enquote{originally published as,} making the problem strictly parallel to that of including details of a work in the original language alongside the details of its translation. I have addressed the latter problem with the \textsf{userf} field, which provides a sort of cross-referencing method for this purpose, and \textsf{reprinttitle} works in \emph{exactly} the same way. In the .bib entry for the reprint you include a cross-reference to the cite key of the original location using the \textsf{reprinttitle} field (which it may help mnemonically to think of as a \enquote{reprinted title} field). The main difference between the two forms is that \textsf{userf} prints all but the \textsf{author} of the original work, whereas \textsf{reprinttitle} suppresses both the \textsf{author} and the \textsf{title} of the original, giving only the more general details, beginning with, e.g., the \textsf{journaltitle} or \textsf{booktitle} and continuing from there. The string prefacing this information will be \enquote{Orig.\ pub.\ in.} Please see the documentation on \textsf{userf} below for all the details on how to create .bib entries for presenting your data. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{series}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, usually just a number in an \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, or \textsf{review} entry, almost always the name of a publication series in \textsf{book}-like entries. If you need to attach further information to the \textsf{series} name in a \textsf{book}-like entry, then the \textsf{number} field is the place for it, whether it be a volume, a number, or even something like \enquote{2nd ser.} or \enquote{\cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}.} Of course, you can also use \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}} or \cmd{bibstring\{newseries\}} in an \textsf{article} entry, but there you would place it in the \textsf{series} field itself. (In fact, the \textsf{series} field in \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entries is one of the places where \textsf{biblatex} allows you just to use the plain bibstring \texttt{oldseries}, for example, rather than making you type \cmd{bibstring\{oldseries\}}. The \textsf{type} field in \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries also has this auto-detection mechanism in place; see the discussion of \cmd{bibstring} below for details.) In whatever entry type, these bibstrings produce the required abbreviation. (For books and similar entries, see \emph{Manual} 17.90--95; boxer:china, browning:aurora, palmatary:pottery, plato:republic:gr, wauchope:ceramics; for periodicals, see 17.178; garaud:gatine, sewall:letter.) Cf.\ \textsf{number} for more information on the \emph{Manual}'s preferences regarding the formatting of numerals. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{shortauthor}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, but \textsf{biblatex-chicago} makes considerably grea\-ter use of it than the standard styles. For the purposes of the author-date specification, the field provides the name to be used in text citations. In the vast majority of cases, you don't need to specify it, because the \textsf{biblatex} system selects the author's last name from the \textsf{author} field and uses it in such a reference, but in a few cases this default behavior won't work. In books without an author and listed under an editor, \textsf{biblatex} does the right thing and uses the surname of the editor in a short note (zukowsky:chicago), but if the work is listed under a \textsf{namec} (or any of the non-standard names \textsf{name[a-c]}), you need to provide that person's name in \textsf{shortauthor}, and also remember to provide a \textsf{sortkey} to make sure the work will be alphabetized correctly in the list of references. (The current version of \textsf{biblatex} will now automatically alphabetize by \textsf{translator} if that is the name given at the head of an entry.) If, in an author-less \textsf{article} entry (\textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{magazine}), you allow \textsf{biblatex-chicago} to use the title of the periodical as the author --- the default behavior --- then your \textsf{shortauthor} field can optionally contain an abbreviated form of the periodical name, formatted appropriately, which usually means something like \enquote{\cmd{mkbibemph\{Abbrev. Period. Title\}}.} Note that in this case, too, you'll need to help the alphabetizing routines by providing a \textsf{sortkey} field (gourmet:052006, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke). Indeed, with long, institutional authors, a shortened version in \textsf{shortauthor} may save space in the running text (cotton:manufacture, evanston:library). See just below under \textbf{shorthand} for another method of saving space. \mylittlespace As mentioned under \textsf{editortype}, the \emph{Manual} (17.41) recommends against providing the identifying string (e.g., ed.\ or trans.)\ in text citations, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} follows their recommendation. If you need to provide these strings in such a citation, then you'll have to do so by hand in the \textsf{shortauthor} field, or in the \textsf{shorteditor} field, whichever you are using. \mybigspace Like \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorteditor}} \textsf{shortauthor}, a field to provide a name for a text citation, in this case for, e.g., a \textsf{collection} entry that typically lacks an author. The \textsf{shortauthor} field works just as well in most situations, but if you have set \texttt{useauthor=false} (and not \texttt{useeditor=false}) in an entry's \textsf{options} field, then only \textsf{shorteditor} will be recognized. Cf.\ \textsf{editortype}, above. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorthand}} is \textsf{biblatex}'s mechanism for using abbreviations in citations. For \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} I have modified it somewhat to conform to the needs of the specification, though there is a package option to revert the behavior to something closer to the \textsf{biblatex} standard --- see under \texttt{cmslos} in section~\ref{sec:authpreset}. The main problem when presenting readers with an abbreviation is to ensure that they know how to expand it. In the notes \&\ bibliography style this is accomplished with a notice in the first footnote citing a given work, which explains that henceforth the abbreviation will be used instead, and also, if needed, a list of shorthands that summarizes all the abbreviations used in a particular text. The first part of this system isn't available in the author-date style of citation, and indeed these citations are in themselves already highly-abbreviated keys to the fuller information to be found in the list of references. There are cases, however, particularly when institutions or \textsf{journaltitles} appear as authors, when you may feel the need to provide a shortened version for citations. I have already discussed one option available to you just above (cf.\ \textbf{shortauthor}), but for this to work the abbreviation must either be instantly recognizable to your readership or at least easily parseable by them. \mylittlespace The \emph{Manual's} suggestion, particularly when \enquote{long names are cited several times} (17.47), is to provide an abbreviation which is then explained by a cross-refer\-ence inside the list of references itself. In a future release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, once I have reclaimed one of the custom entry types from its current use, I shall implement exactly this system. For the moment, the author-date style will automatically produce this cross-reference in the list of shorthands, rather than in the list of references. (Cf.\ bsi:abbreviation, iso:electrodoc.) As in standard \textsf{biblatex}, the \cmd{printshorthands} command will produce a formatted list of these cross-references. You can, if necessary, place \texttt{skiplos} in the \textsf{options} field to exclude a particular entry from the list of shorthands. (See 16.39--40, and also \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for more information.) \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace As I mentioned above under \textbf{crossref}, extra care is needed when using shorthands with cross-references, and I would avoid them in all parent entries, at least in the current state of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{shorttitle}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, primarily used to provide an abbreviated title for citation styles that need one. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} such a field will be necessary only very rarely (unlike in the notes \&\ bibliography style), and is most likely to turn up in \textsf{inreference} or \textsf{reference} entries (where the \textsf{title} takes the place of the \textsf{author}), or in any sort of entry with a \texttt{classical} \textsf{entrysubtype}. This latter toggle makes citations use \textsf{author} and \textsf{title} instead of \textsf{author} and \textsf{year}, and if an abbreviated version of that title would save space in your running text this is the field where you can provide it. (Cf.\ ency:britannica, grove:sibelius, aristotle:metaphy:gr.) \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{sortkey}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, designed to allow you to specify how you want an entry alphabetized in a list of references. In general, if an entry doesn't turn up where you expect or want it, this field should provide the solution. More particularly, entries without an \textsf{author} an \textsf{editor}, or a \textsf{translator}, or with a corporate author beginning with the definite or indefinite article, will usually require your assistance in this way (cotton:manufacture, dyna:browser, gourmet:052006, grove:sibelius, lakeforester:pushcarts, nyt:trevorobit, unsigned:ranke). There may be circumstances --- several reprinted books by the same author, for example --- when the \textbf{sortyear} field is more appropriate, on which see below. Lehman also provides \textbf{sortname} and \textbf{sorttitle} for equally fine-grained control. Please consult \textsf{biblatex.pdf} for the details. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{sortyear}} standard \textsf{biblatex} field, provided by Lehman for more fine-grained control over the sorting of entries in a list of references, and possibly useful in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} to help present several reprinted books by the same author. See \textsf{sortkey} above and maitland:equity. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{subtitle}} subtitle for a \textsf{title} --- see next entry. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{title}} the vast majority of cases, this field works just as it always has in \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and just as it does in \textsf{biblatex}. Nearly every entry for the author-date specification will have such a field, any exceptions likely stemming from the need to re-use a database for the notes \&\ bibliography style. Aside from this, the main source of difficulties flows from the \emph{Manual}'s rules for formatting \textsf{titles}, rules which also hold for \textsf{booktitles} and \textsf{maintitles}. The whole point of using a \textsc{Bib}\TeX-based system is for it to do the formatting for you, and in most cases \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} does just that, capitalizing them sentence-style, italicizing them, and sometimes both. There are two situations that require user intervention. First, in titles that take sentence-style capitalization, you need, as always in traditional \textsc{Bib}\TeX, to assist the algorithms by placing anything that needs to remain capitalized within an extra pair of curly braces. Second, when a title is quoted within a title, you need to know some of the rules of the Chicago style. A summary here should serve to clarify them, and help you to understand when \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} might need your help in order to comply with them. \mylittlespace With regard to sentence-style capitalization, the rules of the Chicago author-date style are fairly simple: \begin{description} \item[\qquad Headline Style:] \textsf{journaltitle} in all types, \textsf{series} in all \textsf{book}-like entries (i.e., not in \textsf{articles}), and \textsf{title} in \textsf{periodical} entries. \item[\qquad Sentence Style:] Every other \textsf{title}, \emph{except} in \textsf{letter} entries and in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. Also, the \textsf{booktitle}, \textsf{issuetitle}, and \textsf{maintitle} in all entry types. \item[\qquad Contextual Capitalization of First Word:] \textsf{titleaddon}, \textsf{booktitleaddon}, \textsf{maintitleaddon} in all entry types, and the \textsf{title} of \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}. \item[\qquad Plain:] \textsf{title} in \textsf{letter} entries. \end{description} What this means in practice is that to get a title like \emph{The Chicago manual of style}, your .bib entry needs to have a field that looks something like this: \begin{quote} \texttt{title = \{The \{Chicago\} Manual of Style\}} \end{quote} This is completely straightforward, but remember that if an \textsf{article} has a title like: Review of \emph{The Chicago manual of style}, then the curly braces enclosing material to be formatted in italics will cause the capitalization algorithm to stop and leave all of that material as it is, so your .bib entry would need to have a field something like this: \begin{quote} \texttt{title = \{}\cmd{bibstring\{reviewof\}} \cmd{mkbibemph\{The Chicago manual of style\}\}} \end{quote} (As an aside, the use of the \texttt{reviewof} bibstring isn't strictly necessary here, but it helps with portability across languages and across the two Chicago styles. If you've noticed a lot of lowercase letters starting fields in \textsf{dates-test.bib}, they're present because in the notes \&\ bibliography style capitalization is complicated by notes using commas where the bibliography uses periods, and words like \enquote{review} start in uppercase only if the context demands it. There's considerably less of this in the author-date style [note the \textsf{*titleaddon} fields], but it still pays to be aware of the issue.) \mylittlespace With regard to italics, the rules of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} are as follows: \begin{description} \item[\qquad Italics:] \textsf{booktitle}, \textsf{maintitle}, and \textsf{journaltitle} in all entry types; \textsf{title} of \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{book}, \textsf{bookinbook}, \textsf{booklet}, \textsf{collection}, \textsf{inbook}, \textsf{manual}, \textsf{misc} (with no \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{proceedings}, \textsf{report}, \textsf{suppbook}, and \textsf{suppcollection} entry types. \item[\qquad Main Text Font (Roman):] \textsf{title} of \textsf{article}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{incollection}, \textsf{inproceedings}, \textsf{letter}, \textsf{misc} (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}), \textsf{online}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{periodical}, \textsf{suppperiodical}, \textsf{thesis}, and \textsf{unpublished} entry types, \textsf{issuetitle} in \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entry types. \textsf{booktitleaddon}, \textsf{maintitleaddon}, and \textsf{titleaddon} in all entry types. \end{description} Now, the rules for which entry type to use for which sort of work tend to be fairly straightforward, but in cases of doubt you can consult section~\ref{sec:types:authdate} above, the examples in \textsf{dates-test.bib}, or go to the \emph{Manual} itself, 8.164--210. Assuming, then, that you want to present a title within a title, and you know what sort of formatting each of the two would, on its own, require, then the following rules apply: \begin{enumerate} \item Inside an italicized title, all other titles are enclosed in quotation marks and italicized, so in such cases all you need to do is provide the quotation marks using \cmd{mkbibquote}, which will take care of any following punctuation that needs to be brought within the closing quotation mark(s) (17.58; donne:var, mchugh:wake). \item Inside a plain-text title, you should present another title as it would appear if it were on its own, so in such cases you'll need to do the formatting yourself, using \cmd{mkbibemph} or \cmd{mkbibquote}. (See 17.157; barcott:review, garrett, gibbard, loften:hamlet, loomis:structure, murphy:silent, osborne:poi\-son, ratliff:review, unsigned:ranke, white:callimachus.) \end{enumerate} The \emph{Manual} provides a few more rules, as well. A word normally italicized in text should also be italicized in a plain-text title, but should be in roman (\enquote{reverse italics}) in an italicized title. A quotation used as a (whole) title (with or without a subtitle) retains its quotation marks when it is plain, but loses them when it is italicized (17.60, 17.157; lewis). A word or phrase in quotation marks, but that isn't a quotation, retains those marks in all title types (kimluu:diethyl). \mylittlespace Finally, please note that in all \textsf{review} (and \textsf{suppperiodical}) entries (if you happen to be using those), and in \textsf{misc} entries with an \textsf{entrysubtype}, and only in those entries, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically capitalize the first word of the \textsf{title} after sentence-ending punctuation, assuming that such a \textsf{title} begins with a lowercase letter in your .bib database. See \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} below for more details. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{titleaddon}} \textsf{biblatex} intends this field for use with additions to titles that may need to be formatted differently from the titles themselves, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses it in just this way, with the additional wrinkle that it can, if needed, replace the \textsf{title} entirely, and this in, effectively, any entry type, providing a fairly powerful, if somewhat complicated, tool for getting \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ to do what you want (cf.\ centinel:letters). This field will always be unformatted, that is, neither italicized nor placed within quotation marks, so any formatting you may need within it you'll need to provide manually yourself. The single exception to this rule is when your data begins with a word that would ordinarily only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, in which case you need then simply ensure that that word is in lowercase, and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically do the right thing. See\ \textbf{\textbackslash autocap}, below. (Cf.\ brown:bremer, osborne:poison, reaves:rosen, and white:ross:memo for examples where the field starts with a lowercase letter; morgenson:market provides an example where the \textsf{titleaddon} field, holding the name of a regular column in a newspaper, is capitalized, a situation that is handled as you would expect.) \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{translator}} far as possible, I have implemented this field as \textsf{biblatex}'s standard styles do, but the requirements specified by the \emph{Manual} present certain complications that need explaining. Lehman points out in his documentation that the \textsf{translator} field will be associated with a \textsf{title}, a \textsf{booktitle}, or a \textsf{maintitle}, depending on the sort of entry. More specifically, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} associates the \textsf{translator} with the most comprehensive of those titles, that is, \textsf{maintitle} if there is one, otherwise \textsf{booktitle}, otherwise \textsf{title}, if the other two are lacking. In a large number of cases, this is exactly the correct behavior (adorno:benj, centinel:letters, plato:republic:gr, among others). Predictably, however, there are numerous cases that require, for example, an additional translator for one part of a collection or for one volume of a multi-volume work. For these cases I have provided the \textsf{nameb} field. You should format names for this field as you would for \textsf{author} or \textsf{editor}, and these names will always be associated with the \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). \mylittlespace I have also provided a \textsf{namea} field, which holds the editor of a given \textsf{title} (euripides:orestes). If \textsf{namea} and \textsf{nameb} are the same, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will concatenate them, just as \textsf{biblatex} already does for \textsf{editor}, \textsf{translator}, and \textsf{namec} (i.e., the compiler). Furthermore, it is conceivable that a given entry will need separate translators for each of the three sorts of title. For this, and for various other tricky situations, there is the \cmd{parttrans} macro (and its siblings), designed to be used in a \textsf{note} field or in one of the \textsf{titleaddon} fields (ratliff:review). (Because the strings identifying a translator differ in notes and bibliography, one can't simply write them out in such a field when using the notes \&\ bibliography style, but you can certainly do so in the author-date style, if you wish. Using the macros will make your .bib file more portable across both Chicago specifications, and also across multiple languages, but they are otherwise unnecessary. [See section~\ref{sec:international}].) \mylittlespace Finally, as I detailed above under \textbf{author}, in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}, the \textsf{translator} will be used at the head of an entry (silver:gawain), and the reference list entry alphabetized by the translator's name, behavior that can be controlled with the \texttt{{usetranslator}} switch in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{type}} is a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, and in its normal usage serves to identify the type of a \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, or \textsf{thesis} entry. \textsf{Biblatex} implements the possibility, in some circumstances, to use a bibstring without inserting it in a \cmd{bibstring} command, and in these entry types the \textsf{type} field works this way, allowing you simply to input, e.g., \texttt{patentus} rather than \cmd{bibstring\{patentus\}}, though both will work. (See petroff:impurity; herwign:office, murphy:silent, and ross:thesis all demonstrate how the \textsf{type} field may sometimes be automatically set in such entries by using one of the standard entry-type aliases). \mylittlespace Another use for the field is to generalize the functioning of the \textsf{suppbook} entry type, and of its alias \textsf{suppcollection}. In such entries, the \textsf{type} field can specify what sort of supplemental material you are citing, e.g., \enquote{\texttt{preface to}} or \enquote{\texttt{postscript to}.} Cf.\ \textsf{suppbook} above for the details. (See \emph{Manual} 17.74--75; polakow:afterw, prose:intro). \mylittlespace You can also use the \textsf{type} field in \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image} entries to identify the medium of the artwork or photograph, e.g., \texttt{oil on canvas} or \texttt{albumen print}. If the first word in this field would normally only be capitalized at the beginning of a sentence, then leave it in lowercase in your .bib file and \textsf{biblatex} will automatically do the right thing in citations. Cf.\ \textsf{artwork} and \textsf{image}, above, for all the details. (See leo:madonna, bedford:photo.) \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{url}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it holds the url of an online publication, though you can provide one for all entry types. The required \LaTeX\ package \textsf{url} will ensure that your documents format such references properly, in the text and in the reference apparatus. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{urldate}} \textsf{biblatex} field, it identifies exactly when you accessed a given url. This field would contain the whole date, in \textsc{iso}8601 format (evanston:library, grove:sibelius, hlatky:hrt, osborne:poison, sirosh:visualcortex, wikiped:bibtex). Please note that the \textbf{urlday}, \textbf{urlmonth}, and \textbf{urlyear} fields are all now obsolete. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{usera}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field which functions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} almost as a \enquote{\textsf{journaltitleaddon}} field. In \textsf{article} and \textsf{periodical} entries with \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{maga\-zine}, the contents of this field will be placed, unformatted and between commas, after the \textsf{journaltitle} and before the date. The main use is for identifying the broadcast network when you cite a radio or television program (bundy:macneil), though you may also want to use it to identify the section of a newspaper in which you've found a particular article (morgenson:market). (See \emph{Manual} 17.190, 17.207. As far as I can work out, newspaper section information may be placed either before the date [\textsf{usera}] or after it [\textsf{pages}]. Cp. kozinn:review [17.202] and morgenson:market [17.190]. The choice would appear to be yours.) \mybigspace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{usere}} supplemental \textsf{biblatex} field, which \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses specifically to provide a translated \textsf{title} of a work, something that may be needed if you deem the original language unparseable by a significant portion of your likely readership. The \emph{Manual} offers two alternatives in such a situation: either you can translate the title and use that translation in your \textsf{title} field, providing the original language in \textsf{language}, or you can give the original title in \textsf{title} and the translation in \textsf{usere}. Cf.\ \textbf{language}, above. (See 17.65--67, 17.166, 17.177; kern, pirumova:russian, weresz.) \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{userf}} is the last of the supplemental fields which \textsf{biblatex} provides, used by \textsf{biblatex-chicago} for a very specific purpose. When you cite both a translation and its original, the \emph{Manual} (17.66) recommends that, in a reference list at least, you combine references to both texts in one entry. Lacking specific instructions about the author-date style, I have nonetheless chosen to implement this possibility also for a list of references, though in-text citations will still only refer to individual works. In order to follow this specification, I have provided a third cross-referencing system (the others being \textsf{crossref} and \textsf{xref}), and have chosen the name \textsf{userf} because it might act as a mnemonic for its function. \mylittlespace In order to use this system, you should start by entering both the original and its translation into your .bib file, just as you normally would. The mechanism works for any entry type, and the two entries need not be of the same type. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the cite key of the original into the \textsf{userf} field. In the \emph{original's} entry, you need to include some means of preventing it appearing separately in the list of references, either a toggle in the \textsf{keywords} field or perhaps \texttt{skipbib} in the \textsf{options} field. In this standard case, the data for the translation will be printed first, followed by the string \texttt{orig. pub. as}, followed by the original, author omitted (furet:passing:eng, furet:passing:fr). As explained above (\textbf{origlanguage}), I have also included a way to modify the string printed before the original. In the entry for the \emph{translation}, you put the original's language in \textsf{origlanguage}, and instead of \texttt{originally published as}, you'll get \texttt{French edition:} or \texttt{Latin edition:}, etc.\ (aristotle:metaphy:gr, aristotle:metaphy:trans). \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{venue}} \textsf{biblatex} offers this field for use in \textsf{proceedings} and \textsf{inproceedings} entries, but I haven't yet implemented it, mainly because the \emph{Manual} has nothing to say about it. Perhaps the \textsf{organization} field could be used, for the moment, instead. Anything in a \textsf{venue} field will be ignored. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{version}} \textsf{biblatex} field, currently only available in \textsf{misc} and \textsf{patent} entries in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{volume}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the volume of a \textsf{journaltitle} in \textsf{article} entries, and also the volume of a multi-volume work in many other sorts of entry. Cf.\ \textsf{part}; conway:evolution shows how sometimes this field may hold series information, as well. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{volumes}} \textsf{biblatex} field. It holds the total number of volumes of a multi-volume work, and in such references you should provide the volume and page numbers in the \textsf{postnote} field of the relevant \cmd{cite} command, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{autocite}\texttt{[3:25]\{bibfile:key\}}. \end{quote} Cf.\ 16.110; meredith:letters, tillich:system, weber:saugetiere, wright:evolution. The entry wright:theory presents one volume of such a multi-volume work, so you would no longer need to give the volume in any \textsf{postnote} field when citing it. \mybigspace A \mymarginpar{\textbf{xref}} modified \textsf{crossref} field provided by \textsf{biblatex}. See \textbf{crossref}, above. \mybigspace Standard \mymarginpar{\textbf{year}} \textsf{biblatex} field, especially important for the author-date specification. Please see all the details under \textbf{date} above. Unlike the \textsf{date} field \textsf{year} allows non-numeric input, so you can put \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} here if required, or indeed any other sort of non-numerical date information. If you can guess the date then you can include that guess in square brackets instead of \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}. Cf.\ bedford:photo, clark:mesopot, ross:leo, thesis:madonna. \subsection{Commands} \label{sec:commands:authdate} In this section I shall attempt to document all those commands you may need when using \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} that I have either altered with respect to the standard provided by \textsf{biblatex} or that I have provided myself. Some of these, unfortunately, will make your .bib file incompatible with other \textsf{biblatex} styles, but I've been unable to avoid this. Any ideas for more elegant, and more compatible, solutions will be warmly welcomed. \subsubsection{Formatting Commands} \label{sec:formatting:authdate} These commands allow you to fine-tune the presentation of your references in both citations and list of references. You can find many examples of their usage in \textsf{dates-test.bib}, and I shall try to point you toward a few such entries in what follows. \textbf{NB:} \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{mkbibquote} command is now mandatory in some situations. See its entry below. \mybigspace Version \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocap}} 0.8 of \textsf{biblatex} introduced the \cmd{autocap} command, which capitalizes a word inside a citation or list of references entry if that word follows sentence-ending punctuation, and leaves it lowercase otherwise. The whole question of capitalization is considerably more complicated in the notes \&\ bibliography style, where the former uses commas and the latter (often) periods to separate blocks of information, whereas the more streamlined author-date specification has few such issues. In \textsf{dates-test.bib} there are only two places where the \cmd{autocap} macro is necessary, and they both involve the string \texttt{forthcoming} in the \textsf{year} field (author:forthcoming, contrib:contrib). \mylittlespace I have nonetheless retained the system developed, following Lehman's example, for the notes \&\ bibliography style, which automatically tracks the capitalization of certain fields in your .bib file. I chose these fields after a non-scientific survey of entries in my own databases, so of course if you have ideas for the extension of this facility I would be most interested to hear them. In order to take advantage of this functionality, all you need do is begin the data in the appropriate field with a lowercase letter, e.g.,\ \texttt{note = \{with the assistance of X\}}. If the data begins with a capital letter --- and this is not infrequent --- that capital will always be retained. (cf., e.g., creel:house, morgenson:market.) If, on the other hand, you for some reason need such a field always to start with a lowercase letter, then you can try using the \cmd{isdot} macro at the start, which turns off the mechanism without printing anything itself. Here, then, for reference purposes, is the complete list of fields where this functionality is active: \begin{enumerate} \item The \textbf{addendum} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{booktitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{edition} field in all entry types. (Numerals work as you expect them to here.) \item The \textbf{maintitleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{note} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{shorttitle} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{title} field in the \textsf{review} (\textsf{suppperiodical}) entry type and in the \textsf{misc} type, in the latter case, however, only when there is an \textsf{entrysubtype} defined, indicating that the work cited is from an archive. \item The \textbf{titleaddon} field in all entry types. \item The \textbf{type} field in \textsf{artwork}, \textsf{image}, \textsf{suppbook}, and \textsf{suppcollection} entry types. \end{enumerate} If you accidentally use the \cmd{autocap} macro in one of the above fields, it frankly shouldn't matter at all, and you'll still get what you want, but taking advantage of the automatic provisions should at least save some typing. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash bibstring}} is Lehman's very powerful mechanism to allow \textsf{biblatex} automatically to provide a localized version of a string, and to determine whether that string needs capitalization, depending on where it falls in an entry. \textsf{Biblatex} also provides functionality which allows you sometimes simply to input, for example, \texttt{newseries} instead of \cmd{bib\-string\{newseries\}}, the package auto-detecting when a bibstring is involved and doing the right thing, though in all such cases either form will work. This functionality is available in the \textsf{series} field of \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries; in the \textsf{type} field of \textsf{manual}, \textsf{patent}, \textsf{report}, and \textsf{thesis} entries; in the \textsf{location} field of \textsf{patent} entries; and in the \textsf{language} field in all entry types. These are the places, as far as I can make out, where \textsf{biblatex's} standard styles support this feature, and I have followed suit. If Lehman generalizes it still further in a future release, I shall do the same, if possible. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash mkbibquote}} is the standard \textsf{biblatex} command, which requires attention here because it is a crucial part of the mechanism of Lehman's \enquote{American} punctuation system. No titles in the author-date system require quotation marks, but titles-within-titles frequently do, so it is best to get accustomed to using this command to make sure any periods or commas appearing in the neighborhood of the closing quotes will appear inside them automatically. A few examples from \textsf{dates-test.bib} should help to clarify this. \mylittlespace In an \textsf{article} entry, the \textsf{title} contains a quoted phrase: \begin{quotation} \noindent\texttt{title = \{Diethylstilbestrol and Media Coverage of the \\ \indent\cmd{mkbibquote}\{morning after\} Pill\}} \end{quotation} Here, because the quoted text doesn't come at the end of title, and no punctuation will ever need to be drawn within the closing quotation mark, you could instead use \texttt{\cmd{enquote}\{morning after\}} or even \texttt{``morning after''}. (Note the double quotation marks here --- the other two methods have the virtue of taking care of nesting for you.) All of these will produce the formatted: Diethylstilbestrol and media coverage of the \enquote{morning after} pill. \mylittlespace Here, by contrast, is a \textsf{book title}: \begin{quotation} \noindent \texttt{title = \{Annotations to \cmd{mkbibquote}\{Finnegans wake\}\}} \end{quotation} Because the quoted title within the title comes at the end of the field, and because this reference unit will be separated from what follows by a period in the list of references, then the \cmd{mkbibquote} command is necessary to bring that period within the final quotation marks, like so: \emph{Annotations to \enquote{Finnegans wake.}} \mylittlespace Note in both cases how you need to be careful with the sentence-style capitalization inside the curly brackets. The automatic algorithms assume anything inside the brackets doesn't need alteration, so you need to provide lower- or uppercase as they should appear in the list of references. \mylittlespace Let me also add that this command interacts well with Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package, which I highly recommend, though the latter isn't strictly necessary in texts using an American style, to which \textsf{biblatex} defaults when \textsf{csquotes} isn't loaded. \mybigspace This \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partcomp}} and the following 6 macros were all designed to help \textsf{biblatex-chicago} cope with the fact that many bibstrings in the notes \&\ bibliography style differ between notes and bibliography, the former sometimes using abbreviated forms when the latter prints them in full. These problems do not arise in the author-date style, but using these macros will make your .bib database more portable across languages and across both Chicago styles, and may be slightly easier to remember than the strings themselves. On the other hand, of course, they will make your .bib file less portable across multiple \textsf{biblatex} styles. \mylittlespace These macros allow you to provide an \texttt{editor}, a \texttt{translator}, and/or a \texttt{compiler} in situations where the available fields (\textsf{editor}, \textsf{namea}, \textsf{translator}, \textsf{nameb}, and \textsf{namec}) aren't adequate. Their names all begin with \cmd{part}, as originally I intended them for use when a particular name applied only to a specific \textsf{title}, rather than to a \textsf{maintitle} or \textsf{booktitle} (cf.\ \textbf{namea} and \textbf{nameb}, above). %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace In the present instance, you can use \cmd{partcomp} to identify a compiler when \textsf{namec} (or \textsf{editortype}) won't do, e.g., in a \textsf{note} field or the like. In such a case, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will print the appropriate string in your references. \mybigspace Use \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit}} this macro when identifying an editor whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{editor} or \textsf{namea}). (N.B.: If you are writing in French and using \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, then currently you'll need to add either \texttt{de} or \texttt{d'} after this command in your .bib files to make the references come out right. I'm working on this.) See howell:marriage. \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andcomp}} before, but for use when an editor is also a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\andtrans}} before, but for when when an editor is also a translator (ratliff:review). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash partedit-\\transandcomp}} before, but for when an editor is also a translator and a compiler. \vspace{1.3\baselineskip} As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans}} before, but for use when identifying a translator whose name doesn't conveniently fit into the usual fields (\textsf{translator} and \textsf{nameb}). \mybigspace As \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash parttrans-\\andcomp}} before, but for when a translator is also a compiler. \subsubsection{Citation Commands} \label{sec:cite:authordate} The \textsf{biblatex} package is particularly rich in citation commands, most of which, in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}, function as they do in the standard author-date styles. If you are getting unexpected behavior when using them please have a look in your .log file. A command like \cmd{supercite}, listed in §~3.6.2 of the \textsf{biblatex} manual but not defined by \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} or by core \textsf{biblatex}, defaults to \cmd{cite}, and leaves a warning in the .log. The following commands may require some minimal explanation, but if there are standard commands that don't work for you, or new commands that would be useful, please let me know, and it should be possible to fix or add them. \mybigspace I \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash autocite}} haven't adapted this in the slightest, but I thought it worth pointing out that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} sets this command to use \cmd{parencite} as the default option. It is, in my experience, much the most common citation command you will use, and also works fine in its multicite form, \textbf{\textbackslash autocites}. \mybigspace In \mymarginpar{\textbf{\textbackslash textcite}} standard \textsf{biblatex} this command searches first for a \textsf{labelname}, usually taken from the \textsf{author} or \textsf{shortauthor} field, then uses the \textsf{shorthand} field if the former doesn't exist. Because of the way the Chicago author-date specification recommends handling abbreviations, I have switched this around, and the command now searches for a \textsf{shorthand} first. This holds also for the multicite form \textbf{\textbackslash textcites}. \subsection{Package Options} \label{sec:opts:authdate} \subsubsection{Pre-set \textsf{biblatex} Options} \label{sec:preset:authdate} Although a quick glance through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} will tell you which \textsf{biblatex} options the package sets for you, I thought I might gather them here also for your perusal. These settings are, I believe, consistent with the specification, but you can alter them in the options to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your preamble or by loading the package using \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-authordate]\{biblatex\}}, which gives you the \textsf{biblatex} defaults unless you redefine them yourself inside the square brackets. \mylittlespace \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-authordate} \mymarginpar{\texttt{autocite=\\inline}} places references in footnotes by default. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{citetracker=\\true}} citetracker for the \cmd{ifciteseen} test is enabled globally. \mybigspace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{alldates=comp}} specification calls for the long format when presenting dates, slightly shortened when presenting date ranges. Please note that because of the author-date style's complicated requirements with respect to dates, there will be cases when printed ranges don't look exactly right --- cf., e.g., nass:address. I'm working on this. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{ibidtracker=\\constrict}} enables an \emph{ibidem} mechanism in citations, but only in the most strictly-defined circumstances. The Chicago author-date style doesn't print \enquote{Ibid} in citations, but in general a repeated citation on the same page will print only the page reference. Technically, this should only occur when a source is cited \enquote{more than once in one paragraph} (16.114), so you can use the \cmd{citereset} command from \textsf{biblatex} to achieve the greatest compliance, as the package only offers automatic resetting on part, chapter, section, and subsection boundaries, while \textsf{biblatex-chicago} automatically resets the tracker at page breaks. (Cf./ \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.2.) Whenever there might be any ambiguity, \textsf{biblatex} should default to printing a more informative reference. \mylittlespace If you are going to repeat a source, make sure that the cite command provides a \textsf{postnote} --- if you don't need to cite a specific page, then it's better only to use one citation rather than two, as otherwise, in the current state of the code, you'll get empty parentheses, like so: (). \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{labelyear=\\true}} option tells \textsf{biblatex} to provide the special \textsf{labelyear} and \textsf{extrayear} fields for author-date styles. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{pagetracker=\\true}} enables page tracking for the \cmd{iffirstonpage} and \cmd{ifsamepage} commands for controlling, among other things, the \emph{ibidem} mechanism. It tracks individual pages if \LaTeX\ is in oneside mode, or whole spreads in twoside mode. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{sorting=nyt}} changes \textsf{biblatex's} default sorting order in the list of references to comply with the Chicago author-date specification. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{uniquename=\\true}} enables the package to distinguish different authors who share a surname, using initials in the first instance, and whole names if initials aren't enough (16.108). \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{usetranslator\\=true}} enables automatic use of the \textsf{translator} at the head of entries in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}. In the list of references, the entry will be alphabetized by the translator's surname. You can disable this functionality on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usetranslator=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Cf.\ silver:gawain. \subsubsection*{{Pre-set \textsf{biblatex-chicago} Options}} \label{sec:authpreset} This \mymarginpar{\texttt{cmslos=true}} option alters \textsf{biblatex's} standard behavior when processing the \textsf{shorthand} field. Chicago's author-date style only seems to recommend the use of shorthands as abbreviations for long authors' names, particularly institutional names, which means the shorthand will replace only the name part in citations rather than the whole citation (17.47; bsi:abbreviation, iso:electrodoc). It suggests placing the expansion of the abbreviation into the reference list itself, a procedure that I shall implement in the next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. For now, the list of shorthands will present the expansion. Please note, also, that you can get back something approaching the \enquote{standard} behavior of shorthands if you give the \texttt{cmslos=false} option to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your document preamble. Cf.\ section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, s.v. \enquote{\textbf{shorthand}} above, and also \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}. \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{nodates=true}} option means that for all entry types except \textsf{inreference}, \textsf{misc}, and \textsf{reference}, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will automatically provide \cmd{bibstring\{nodates\}} for any entry that doesn't otherwise provide a date for citations and for the heads of entries in the list of references. If you set \texttt{nodates=false} in your preamble, then the package won't perform this substitution in any entry type whatsoever. (The bibstring expands to \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}} in English.) \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{usecompiler=\\true}} option enables automatic use of the name of the compiler (in the \textsf{namec} field) at the head of an entry, usually in the absence of an \textsf{author}, \textsf{editor}, or \textsf{translator}, in accordance with the specification (\emph{Manual} 17.41). It may also, like \texttt{useauthor}, \texttt{useeditor}, and \texttt{usetranslator}, be disabled on a per-entry basis by setting \texttt{usecompiler=false} in the \textsf{options} field. Please remember that, because \textsf{namec} isn't a standard \textsf{biblatex} field, this name won't be part of its sorting algorithms, and that any entry headed by a \textsf{namec} will therefore need a \textsf{shortauthor} defined for citations and a \textsf{sortkey} or the like in order to have it appear in the correct place in the list of references. (The exception to this is when you modify the \textsf{editor's} identifying string using the \textsf{editortype} field, which is the procedure I recommend if the entry-heading compiler is only a compiler, and not also, e.g., an editor or a translator. Cf.\ times:guide.) \subsubsection*{Other \textsf{biblatex} Formatting Options} \label{sec:authformopts} I've chosen defaults for many of the general formatting commands provided by \textsf{biblatex}, including the vertical space between items in the list of references and between items in the list of shorthands (\cmd{bibitemsep} and \cmd{lositemsep}). I define many of these in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and of course you may want to redefine them to your own needs and tastes. It may be as well you know that the \emph{Manual} does state a preference for two of the formatting options I've implemented by default: the 3-em dash as a replacement for repeated names in the list of references (16.103--106); and the formatting of note numbers, both in the main text and at the bottom of the page / end of the essay (superscript in the text, in-line in the notes; 16.25). The code for this last formatting is also in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, and I've wrapped it in a test that disables it if you are using the \textsf{memoir} class, which I believe has its own commands for defining these parameters. You can also disable it by using the \texttt{footmarkoff} package option, on which see below. \mylittlespace Finally, \mymarginpar{\texttt{maxnames=10\\minnames=7}} in the \cmd{printbibliography} command at the bottom of \textsf{cms-dates-sam\-ple.tex} you'll see that I've set these two options, which control the number of names printed in the list of references when that number exceeds 10. These numbers follow the recommendations of the \emph{Manual} (17.29--30), and they are different from those for use in citations. By putting these options in your \cmd{printbibliography} command, you can use \textsf{biblatex's} default settings for citations, which are correct as far as the \emph{Manual} is concerned, and then switch to these settings for the list of references. Please see section~\ref{sec:otherhints:auth} below (and the file \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}) for hints on dealing with entries with more than three authors. \subsubsection{Style Options -- Preamble} \label{sec:authuseropts} These are parts of the specification that not everyone will wish to enable. All except the second can be used even if you load the package in the old way via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, but most users can just place the appropriate string(s) in the options to the \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}} call in your preamble. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{annotation}} the request of Emil Salim, I have added to this version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago} the ability to produce annotated reference lists. If you turn this option on then the contents of your \textsf{annotation} (or \textsf{annote}) field will be printed after the reference. (You can also use external files to store annotations -- please see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~3.10.7 for details on how to do this.) This functionality is currently in a beta state, so before you use it please have a look at the documentation for the \textsf{annotation} field, in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate} above. \mylittlespace Although \mymarginpar{\texttt{footmarkoff}} the \emph{Manual} (16.25) recommends specific formatting for footnote (and endnote) marks, i.e., superscript in the text and in-line in foot- or endnotes, Charles Schaum has brought it to my attention that not all publishers follow this practice, even when requiring Chicago style. I have retained this formatting as the default setup, but if you include the \texttt{footmarkoff} option, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} will not alter \LaTeX 's (or the \textsf{endnote} package's) defaults in any way, leaving you free to follow the specifications of your publisher. I have placed all of this code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, so if you load the package with a call to \textsf{biblatex} instead, then once again footnote marks will revert to the \LaTeX\ default, but of course you also lose a fair amount of other formatting, as well. See section~\ref{sec:loading:auth}, below. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} Sort this out??? \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{natbib}} may look like the standard \textsf{biblatex} option, but to keep the coding of \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} simpler for the moment I have reimplemented it there, from whence it is merely passed on to \textsf{biblatex}. If you load the Chicago style with \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}}, then the option should simply read \texttt{natbib}, rather than \texttt{natbib=true}. The shorter form also works if you use \cmd{usepackage}\\ \texttt{[style=chicago-authordate]\{biblatex\}}, so I hope this requirement isn't too onerous. \mylittlespace At \mymarginpar{\texttt{noibid}} the request of an early tester, I have included this option to allow you globally to turn off the \texttt{ibidem} mechanism that \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} uses by default. This mechanism doesn't actually print \enquote{Ibid,} but rather includes only the \textsf{postnote} information in a citation, i.e., it will print (224) instead of (Author 2000, 224). Setting this option will mean that none of these shortened citations will appear automatically. For more fine-grained control of individual citations you'll probably want to use the \cmd{citereset} command, allied possibly with the \textsf{biblatex}\ \texttt{citereset} option, on which see \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.2. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace This \mymarginpar{\texttt{strict}} still-experimental option attempts to follow the \emph{Manual}'s recommendations (16.57) for formatting footnotes on the page, using no rule between them and the main text unless there is a run-on note, in which case a short rule intervenes to emphasize this continuation. I haven't tested this code very thoroughly, and it's possible that frequent use of floats might interfere with it. Let me know if it causes problems. \subsubsection{Style Options -- Entry} \label{sec:authentryopts} These options are settable on a per-entry basis in the \textsf{options} field; both relate to the presentation of dates in citations and the list of references. \mylittlespace The \mymarginpar{\texttt{cmsdate}} \emph{Manual} outlines a series of options for entries with more than one date (17.124--27). All of these possibilities are available in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} using the \texttt{cmsdate} entry option. It has 4 possible states, which are perhaps best illustrated by example. Let us assume that an entry presents a reprinted edition of a work by Smith, first published in 1926 (the \textsf{origdate}) and reprinted in 1985 (the \textsf{date}): \begin{description} \item[\qquad \textbf{off}:] This is the default. The citation will look like (Smith 1985). \item[\qquad \textbf{on}:] The citation will look like (Smith 1926). \item[\qquad \textbf{new}:] The citation will look like (Smith 1926/1985). \item[\qquad \textbf{old}:] The citation will look like (Smith [1926] 1985). \end{description} As I explained in detail above in section~\ref{sec:fields:authdate}, s.v.\ \enquote{\textbf{date},}\ because \textsf{biblatex's} sorting algorithms and automatic creation of the \textsf{extrayear} field \emph{always} refer to the \textsf{date}, there may be situations when you need to have the \emph{earlier} year in the \textsf{date} field, and the later one in \textsf{origdate}, e.g., if you have another reprinted work by the same author originally printed in the same year. \textsf{Biblatex-chicago-authordate} will automatically detect this switch, and given the same reprinted work as above, the results will be as follows: \begin{description} \item[\qquad \textbf{off}:] This is the default. The citation will look like (Smith 1926a). \item[\qquad \textbf{on}:] The citation will look like (Smith 1926a). \item[\qquad \textbf{new}:] The citation will look like (Smith 1926a/1985). \item[\qquad \textbf{old}:] The citation will look like (Smith [1926a] 1985). \end{description} If, \mymarginpar{\texttt{switchdates}} for any reason, simply switching the \textsf{date} and the \textsf{origdate} isn't possible in a given entry, then you can put \texttt{switchdates} in the \textsf{options} field to achieve the same result. Please take a look at the full documentation of the \textbf{date} field to which I referred just above, and also at \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} and \textsf{dates-test.bib} for examples of how all this works. \mylittlespace As a final note, I should point out that the code in \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx} allows \texttt{cmsdate} to be used in the document preamble as a general setting. This leads to a world of pain, so I very strongly advise against it, though I'm leaving it in for testing purposes. \subsection{General Usage Hints} \label{sec:hints:auth} \subsubsection{Loading the Style} \label{sec:loading:auth} With the addition of the author-date style to the package, I have provided two keys for choosing which style to load, \texttt{notes} and \texttt{authordate}, one of which you put in the options to the \cmd{usepackage} command. With early versions of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, the standard way of loading the package was via a call to \textsf{biblatex}, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-authordate,strict,backend=bibtex8,\%\\ babel=other,bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex\}} \end{quote} Now, the default way to load the style, and one that will in the vast majority of standard cases produce the same results as the old invocation, will look like this: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[authordate,strict,backend=bibtex8,babel=other,\%\\ bibencoding=inputenc]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} If you read through \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, you'll see that it sets a number of \textsf{biblatex} options aimed at following the Chicago specification, as well as setting a few formatting variables intended as reasonable defaults (see section~\ref{sec:preset:authdate}, above). Some parts of this specification, however, are plainly more \enquote{suggested} than \enquote{required,} and indeed many publishers, while adopting the main skeleton of the Chicago style in citations, nonetheless maintain their own house styles to which the defaults I have provided do not conform. \mylittlespace If you only need to change one or two parameters, this can easily be done by putting different options in the call to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} or redefining other formatting variables in the preamble, thereby overriding the package defaults. If, however, you wish more substantially to alter the output of the package, perhaps to use it as a base for constructing another style altogether, then you may want to revert to the old style of invocation above. You'll lose all the definitions in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, including those to which I've already alluded and also the code that sets the note number in-line rather than superscript in endnotes or footnotes. Also in this file is the code that calls \textsf{cms-american.lbx}, which means that you'll lose all the Chicago-specific bibstrings I've defined unless you provide, in your preamble, a \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping} command adapted for your setup, on which see section~\ref{sec:international} below and also §§~4.8.1 and 4.10.8 in Lehman's \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. \mylittlespace What you \emph{will not} lose is the ability to call the package options \texttt{annotation, strict, cmslos=false} and \texttt{noibid} (section~\ref{sec:authuseropts}, above), in case these continue to be useful to you when constructing your own modifications. There's very little code, therefore, actually in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, but I hope that even this minimal separation will make the package somewhat more adaptable. Any suggestions on this score are, of course, welcome. \subsubsection{Other Hints} \label{sec:otherhints:auth} If your .bib file contains a large number of entries with more than three authors, then you may run into some limitations of the \textsf{biblatex-chicago} code. The default settings in the package are \texttt{maxnames=3,minnames=1} in citations and \texttt{max\-names=10,minnames=7} in the list of references (parameters you provide in the \cmd{printbibliography} command). In practice, this means that an entry like hlatky:hrt, with 5 authors, will present all of them in the list of references but will truncate to one in citations, like so: (Hlatky et al. 2002). For the vast majority of circumstances, these settings are exactly right for the Chicago author-date specification. However, if \enquote{a reference list includes another work \emph{of the same date} that would also be abbreviated as [\enquote{Hlatky et al.}] but whose coauthors are different persons or listed in a different order, the text citations must distinguish between them} (16.118). By default, \textsf{biblatex} would present such a work as, e.g., (Hlatky et al. 2002b), while hlatky:hrt would be (Hlatky et al. 2002a). This does distinguish between them, but inaccurately, as it suggests that the two different author lists are exactly the same. \mylittlespace The solution to this problem is the \textsf{shortauthor} field. For our two entries they might look like, e.g., \{\{Hlatky, Boothroyd et al.\}\} and \{\{Hlatky, Smith et al.\}\}. This will produce the two citations (Hlatky, Boothroyd et al.\ 2002) and (Hlatky, Smith et al.\ 2002), which is what the specification requires. If the distinguishing name occurs further down the author list --- in fourth or fifth position in our examples --- then you may have to use \textsf{shortauthor} fields that look like this: \{\{Hlatky et al., \textbackslash mkbibquote\{Quality of Life,\}\}\} and \{\{Hlatky et al., \textbackslash mkbibquote\{Depressive Symptoms,\}\}\}, using a shortened title to distinguish the references. This would produce (Hlatky et al., \enquote{Quality of Life,} 2002) and (Hlatky et al., \enquote{Depressive Symptoms,} 2002), again as the spec requires. There is, unfortunately, no simpler way that I know of to deal with this situation. \mylittlespace One useful rule, when you are having difficulty creating a .bib entry, is to ask yourself whether all the information you are providing is strictly necessary. The Chicago specification is a very full one, but the \emph{Manual} is actually, in many circumstances, fairly relaxed about how much of the data from a work's title page you need to fit into a reference. Authors of introductions and afterwords, multiple publishers in different countries, the real names of authors more commonly known under pseudonyms, all of these are candidates for exclusion if you aren't making specific reference to them, and if you judge that their inclusion won't be of particular interest to your readers. Of course, any data that may be of such interest, and especially any needed to identify and track down a reference, has to be present, but sometimes it pays to step back and reevaluate how much information you're providing. I've tried to make \textsf{biblatex-chicago} robust enough to handle the most complex, data-rich citations, but there may be instances where you can save yourself some typing by keeping it simple. \mylittlespace Scot Becker has pointed out to me that the inverse problem not only exists but may well become increasingly common, to wit, .bib database entries generated by bibliographic managers which helpfully provide as much information as is available, including fields that users may well wish not to have printed (ISBN, URL, DOI, \textsf{pagetotal}, inter alia). The standard \textsf{biblatex} styles contain a series of options, detailed in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §3.1.3, for controlling the printing of some of these fields, but I haven't yet implemented them in \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. This is in my TODO list, and the next release will also include some more general options, at Scot's recommendation, that turn off everything at once. Until then judicious pruning remains the only solution. \mylittlespace Finally, allow me to reiterate what Philipp Lehman says in \textsf{biblatex.pdf}, to wit, use \textsf{bibtex8}, rather than standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX, and avoid the cryptic errors that ensue when your .bib file gets to a certain size. \section{Internationalization} \label{sec:international} Several users have requested that, in line with analogous provisions in other \enquote{American} \textsf{biblatex} styles (e.g., \textsf{biblatex-apa} and \textsf{biblatex-mla}), I include facilities for producing a Chicago-like style in other languages. I have supplied three new lbx files, \textsf{cms-german.lbx}, its clone \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx}, and \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, in at least partial fulfilment of this request. This means that all of the Chicago-specific bibstrings are now available for documents and reference apparatuses written in French and German, with, as I intend, more languages to follow, limited mainly by my finite time and even-more-finite competence. (If you would like to provide bibstrings for a language in which you want to work, or indeed correct deficiencies in the lbx files I have prepared, please contact me.) \mylittlespace Using \mymarginpar{\textbf{babel}} these new facilities is fairly simple. By default, and this functionality remains the same as it was in the previous release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, calls to \cmd{DeclareLanguage\-Mapping} in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} will automatically load the American strings, and also \textsf{biblatex's} American-style punctuation tracking, when you: \begin{enumerate} \item Load \textsf{babel} with \texttt{american} as the main text language. \item Load \textsf{babel} with \texttt{english} as the main text language. \item[] \qquad \emph{or} \item Do not load \textsf{babel} at all. \end{enumerate} (This last is a change from the \textsf{biblatex} defaults --- cp.\ §~3.9.1 in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} --- but it seems to me reasonable, in an American citation style, to expect this arrangement to work well for the majority of users.) \mylittlespace If, for whatever reason, you wanted to use \textsf{biblatex-chicago} but retain British typographical conventions --- punctuation outside of quotation marks, outer quotes single rather than double, etc.\ --- then one possible solution at least would be to follow these three steps: \begin{enumerate} \item Load \textsf{babel} with the \texttt{british} option. \item Put \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping\{british\}\{cms-american\}} in your preamble. \item Edit \textsf{cms-american.lbx} so that the line reading:\\ \cmd{InheritBibliographyExtras\{american\}}\\ instead reads:\\ \cmd{InheritBibliographyExtras\{british\}}. \end{enumerate} If you want to use French or German strings in the reference apparatus, then you can: \begin{enumerate} \item Load \textsf{babel} with \texttt{german} or \texttt{french} as the main document language. \item Put \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping\{german\}\{cms-german\}} or \cmd{Declare-\\ LanguageMapping\{french\}\{cms-french\}} in your document preamble. \end{enumerate} You can also define which bibstrings to use on an entry-by-entry basis by using the \textsf{hyphenation} field in your bib file, but you will have to make sure that the Chicago-specific strings for the given language are loaded using a \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping} call in the preamble. Indeed, if \texttt{american} isn't the main text language when loading \textsf{babel}, then in order to have access to those strings you'll need \cmd{DeclareLanguageMapping\{american\}\{cms-american\}} in your preamble, as \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} won't load it for you. \mylittlespace Three other hints may be in order here. Please note, first, that I haven't altered the standard punctuation procedures used in German or French, so commas and full stops will appear outside of quotation marks, and those quotation marks themselves will be language-specific. If, for whatever reason, you wish to follow the Chicago specification and move punctuation inside quotation marks, then you'll need a declaration of this sort in your preamble: \begin{quote} \cmd{DefineBibliographyExtras\{german\}\{\%}\\ \hspace*{2em}\cmd{DeclareQuotePunctuation\{.,\}\}} \end{quote} Second, depending on the nature of your bibliography database, it will only rarely be possible to process the same bib file in different languages and obtain completely satisfactory results. Fields like \textsf{note} and \textsf{addendum} will often contain language-specific information that won't be translated when you switch languages, so manual intervention will be necessary. If you suspect you may have a need to use the same bib file in different languages, you can minimize the amount of manual intervention required by using the bibstrings defined either by \textsf{biblatex} or by \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. Here, a quick read through \textsf{notes-test.bib} and/or \textsf{dates-test.bib} should give you an idea of what is available for this purpose --- see esp.\ the strings \texttt{by}, \texttt{nodate}, \texttt{newseries}, \texttt{number}, \texttt{numbers}, \texttt{oldseries}, \texttt{pseudonym}, \texttt{reviewof}, \texttt{revisededition}, and \texttt{volume}, and also section \ref{sec:formatcommands} above, esp.\ s.v.\ \enquote{\cmd{partedit}.} \mylittlespace Finally, the French and German bibstrings I have provided may well break with established bibliographical traditions in those languages, but my main concern when choosing them was to remain as close as possible to the quirks of the Chicago specification. If you have strong objections to any of the strings, or indeed to any of my formatting decisions, please let me know. \section{One .bib Database, Two Chicago Styles} \label{sec:twostyles} I have, when designing this package, attempted to keep at least half an eye on the possibility that users might want to re-use a .bib database in documents using the two different Chicago styles. I have no idea whether this will even be a common concern, but I thought I might gather in this section the issues that a hypothetical user might face. The two possible conversion vectors are by no means symmetrical, so I provide two lists, items within the lists appearing in no particular order. These may well be incomplete, so any additions are welcome. \subsection{Notes -> Author-Date } \label{sec:conv:notesauth} This is, I believe, the simpler conversion, as most well-constructed .bib entries for the notes \& bibliography style will nearly \enquote{just work} in author-date, but here are a few caveats nonetheless: \begin{enumerate} \item You'll need curly brackets in titles, subtitles, etc., to protect capitalization in the sentence-style defaults of author-date. \item You may need to reevaluate your use of shorthands, given that by default the author-date style uses them in place of authors rather than in place of the whole citation. The preamble option \textsf{cmslos=false} may help, but this may leave your document out-of-spec. \item The potential problem with multiple author lists containing more than three names doesn't arise in the notes \& bibliography style, so the \textsf{shortauthor} fields in such entries may need alteration according to the instructions in section~\ref{sec:otherhints:auth} above. \item Date presentation is relatively simple in notes \& bibliography, but you'll need to contemplate the \texttt{cmsdate} options from section~\ref{sec:authentryopts} when doing the conversion to author-date. \end{enumerate} \subsection{Author-date -> Notes} \label{sec:conv:authnotes} It is my impression that an author-date .bib database is somewhat easier to construct in the first instance, but subsequently converting it to notes \& bibliography is a little more onerous. Here are some of the things you may need to address: \begin{enumerate} \item If you've decided against using the \cmd{partedit} macro and friends from section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate} above, commands not strictly necessary for author-date, you'll need to insert them now. \item In general, you need to be more careful in notes \& bibliography about capitalization issues. Fields which only appear once in author-date --- in the list of references --- may appear in both long notes and in the bibliography, in different syntactic contexts, so a quick perusal of the documentation of the \cmd{autocap} macro in section~\ref{sec:formatting:authdate} above may help. \item You also need to be more careful about the use of abbreviations, e.g., in journal names, where the author-date style is more liberal in their use than the notes \&\ bibliography style. (Cf.\ 17.159.) The bibstrings mechanism and package options sort much of this out automatically, but not all. \item Although you can get away with the \textsf{article} type for all sorts of periodical entries in author-date, you'll need the \textsf{review} type for notes \& bibliography. Any well-constructed \textsf{review} entry should work just fine in author-date, so this is a one-time conversion. Please see the documentation in section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}, s.vv. \enquote{article} and \enquote{review,} above. \item The \textsf{shorttitle} field is used extensively in notes \& bibliography to keep short notes short, so you may find that you need to add a fair number of these to an author-date database. In general this field is ignored by the latter style, so this, too, will be a one-time conversion. \item You may need to add \textsf{letter} entries if you are citing just one letter from a published collection. See section~\ref{sec:entrytypes}, s.v. \enquote{letter,} above. \item The default shorthand presentation differs from one style to the other. You may need to reconsider how you use this field when making the conversion. \item As I explained above in section~\ref{sec:entryfields}, s.v.\ \enquote{date,} I have included compatibility code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} for the \texttt{cmsdate} (silently ignored) and \texttt{switchdates} options, along with the automatic mechanism for reversing \textsf{date} and \textsf{origdate}. This means that you can, in theory, leave all of this alone in your .bib file when making the conversion, though I'm retaining the right to revise this if the code in question demonstrably interferes with the functioning of the notes \&\ bibliography style. \end{enumerate} \section{Interaction with Other Packages} \label{sec:otherpacks} For \mymarginpar{\textbf{endnotes}} users of the \textsf{endnotes} package --- or of \textsf{pagenote} --- \textsf{biblatex} 0.9 offers considerably enhanced functionality. Please read Lehman's RELEASE file and the documentation of the \texttt{notetype} option in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} §~3.1.2. \mylittlespace Another \mymarginpar{\textbf{memoir}} problem I have found occurs because the \textsf{memoir} class provides its own commands for the formatting of foot- and end-note marks. By default, \textsf{biblatex-chicago} uses superscript numbers in the text, and in-line numbers in foot- or end-notes, but I have turned this off when the \textsf{memoir} class is loaded, reasoning that users of that package may well have their own ideas about such formatting. \mylittlespace The \mymarginpar{\textbf{ragged2e}} footnote mark code I've just mentioned also causes problems for the \textsf{rag\-ged2e} package, but in this case a simple workaround is to load \textsf{biblatex} \emph{after} you've loaded \textsf{ragged2e} in your document preamble. %\enlargethispage{\baselineskip} \mylittlespace Nick \mymarginpar{\textbf{Xe\LaTeX}} Andrewes alerted me to problems that appeared when he used the Xe\LaTeX\ engine to process his files. These included spurious punctuation after quotation marks in some situations, and also failures in the automatic capitalization routines. Some of these problems disappeared when I switched to using Lehman's punctuation-tracking code for \enquote{American} styles, but some remained. A bug report from J. P. E.~Harper-Scott suggested a new way of addressing the issue, and the newest version of Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package (4.4) incorporates a full fix. This, thankfully, doesn't require turning off any of Xe\LaTeX 's features, and indeed merely involves upgrading to the latest version of \textsf{csquotes}, which I recommend doing in any case. Compatibility with the EU1 encoding is now standard in that package. \section{TODO \&\ Known Bugs} \label{sec:bugs} Johan Nordstrom asked me to look into citing audiovisual sources, and I agree with him that as it now stands \textsf{biblatex-chicago} doesn't conveniently handle as many different kinds as it could. \textsf{Biblatex} provides a number of entry types for such references, so in the next major release I shall include as many of these types as seem necessary. The \emph{Manual} believes such material is mainly relevant for the notes \&\ bibliography style, but I shall attempt to provide similar functionality for author-date, as well. \enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} \mylittlespace For the author-date style, the \emph{Manual} (17.47) recommends expanding shorthands inside the list of references itself. Currently, \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate} does so only in the separate list of shorthands. In the next major release I shall attempt to rectify this, probably using one of the \textsf{custom} entry types which are now dedicated to other purposes, but which I have marked as deprecated in this release. \mylittlespace As recommended by Scot Becker, I shall implement the standard \textsf{biblatex} options \texttt{isbn,\,url,} and \texttt{doi}, along with some more draconian general options for turning off the printing of fields that bibliographic managers routinely provide but which the Chicago styles don't particularly require. \mylittlespace I am planning to implement the \textsf{shorthandintro} field to improve the flexibility of the package. I shall also be looking into the \textsf{pubstate} field, which currently functions more fully in author-date than it does in notes \&\ bibliography. \mylittlespace There are a number of things I haven't implemented. The solution in brown:bre\-mer to multi-part journal articles obviously isn't optimal, and I should investigate a way of making it simpler. If the kludge presented there doesn't appeal, you can always, for the time being, refer separately to the various parts. Legal citations are another thorny issue, and implementing them would involve choosing a particular documentation scheme (for which there exist at least three widely-used standards in the US), then providing what would effectively be an entirely separate \textsf{biblatex} style, bearing little or no relation to the usual look of Chicago citations. Indeed, the \emph{Manual} (17.275) even makes it clear that you should be using a different reference book if you are presenting work in the field, so I've thought it prudent to stay clear of those waters. I'm open to arguments on this score, and of course if you have other issues with particular sorts of citation I'm happy to take them on board. The \emph{Manual} covers an enormous range of materials, but if we exclude the legal citations --- the audio-visual ones mentioned above --- it seems to me that the available entry types could be pressed into service to address the vast majority of them. If this optimism proves misguided, please let me know. \mylittlespace This release fixes the formatting errors of which I am aware, though users writing in French should be aware of problems with the \cmd{partedit} command in section~\ref{sec:formatcommands} above. There also remain the larger issues I've discussed throughout this documentation, which mainly represent my inability to make all of \textsf{biblatex-chicago's} formatting functions transparent for the user, but thankfully Lehman's superb punctuation-tracking code has preemptively fixed a great many small errors, some of which I hadn't even noticed before I began testing the new functionality. That there are other micro-bugs seems certain --- if you report them I'll do my best to fix them. \mylittlespace I haven't looked closely at the standard \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ style by Glenn Paulley, contained in the \textsf{chicago} package on CTAN, which implements the author-date specification from the 13th edition of the \emph{Manual}. If anyone is still using the style, and requires some compatibility code for it, let me know, and I'll look into it. \mylittlespace On my 800 MHz PIII with 256 MB of RAM (running Slackware), it has to be admitted that \textsf{biblatex-chicago} makes \LaTeX\ run a bit slowly. The \textsf{bibtex8} run is swift enough, but the actual formatting of the document can lag. It may be that newer machines mostly eliminate this, or it may be that I need to pay more attention to the efficiency of the code, but in any case I thought I should warn you in advance. \section{Revision History} \label{sec:history} \textbf{0.9.5a: Released \today} \begin{itemize} \item Quick fix for an elementary and show-stopping mistake in \textsf{biblatex-chica\-go.sty}, a mistake disguised if you load \textsf{csquotes}, which I do in all my test files. Mea culpa. Many thanks indeed to Israel Jacques and Emil Salim for pointing this out to me. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9.5: Released September 3, 2010} \mylittlespace \label{deprec:obsol} Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item All the custom entry types --- \textbf{customa}, \textbf{customb}, and \textbf{customc} --- are now deprecated. They will still work for the time being, but please be aware that in the next major release they will no longer function, at least not as you might be expecting. Please change your .bib files to use \textbf{letter} (=\textbf{customa}), \textbf{bookinbook} (=\textbf{customb}), and \textbf{suppbook} (=\textbf{customc}) instead. \item If by some chance anyone is still using the old \cmd{custpunctc} macro, it is now obsolete. It really shouldn't be needed, but let me know if I'm wrong. \end{itemize} \vspace{2\baselineskip} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item The Chicago author-date style is now implemented in the package, and is fully documented in section~\ref{sec:authdate}, above. \item The default way of loading the style(s) has slightly changed. You should put either \texttt{notes} or \texttt{authordate} in the options to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, e.g.: \begin{quote} \cmd{usepackage[authordate,more options% \,\ldots]\{biblatex-chicago\}} \end{quote} \item With the addition of the second Chicago style, I have thought it appropriate to alter both the name of the package and the names of the files it contains. The package is now \textsf{biblatex-chicago} instead of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df}, and the following files have been renamed: \begin{itemize} \item \textsf{chicago-notes-df.cbx} is now \textsf{chicago-notes.cbx} \item \textsf{chicago-notes-df.bbx} is now \textsf{chicago-notes.bbx} \item \textsf{sample.tex} is now \textsf{cms-notes-sample.tex} \item \textsf{sample.pdf} is now \textsf{cms-notes-sample.pdf} \item \textsf{chicago-test.bib} is now \textsf{notes-test.bib} \item \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df.pdf} (this file) is now \textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf} \end{itemize} The following files have been added: \begin{itemize} \item \textsf{chicago-authordate.cbx} \item \textsf{chicago-authordate.bbx} \item \textsf{cms-dates-sample.tex} \item \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf} \item \textsf{dates-test.bib} \end{itemize} The following files have retained their old names: \begin{itemize} \item \textsf{cms-american.lbx} \item \textsf{cms-french.lbx} \item \textsf{cms-german.lbx} \item \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx} \item \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} \end{itemize} \item I have implemented the \textsf{pubstate} field, slightly differently yet compatibly in the two styles, to provide a simpler mechanism for identifying a reprinted book. In the author-date style, it is highly recommended you use it, as it sorts out some complicated formatting questions automatically. In the notes \&\ bibliography style it isn't strictly necessary, but may be useful anyway and easier to remember than the old system. See the documentation under \textsf{pubstate} in sections~\ref{sec:entryfields} and \ref{sec:fields:authdate}, above. \item Users of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes} no longer need a \textsf{shortauthor} field in author-less \textsf{manual} entries, or in author-less \textsf{article} or \textsf{review} entries with a \texttt{maga\-zine} \textsf{entrysubtype}. The package will now automatically take an author for short notes from the \textsf{organization} field for \textsf{manual} entries and from the \textsf{journaltitle} field for the others. You can still use a \textsf{shortauthor} field if you want, but it's no longer necessary. (This also holds for \textsf{chicago-authordate}.) \item Date presentation in the \textsf{misc} entry type (with \textsf{entrysubtype}) has changed to fix an inaccuracy. You can now use the \textsf{date} and \textsf{origdate} fields to distinguish between two sorts of archival source: letters and \enquote{letter-like} sources use \textsf{origdate}, interviews and other non-letters use \textsf{date}. The only difference is in how the date is printed, so current .bib entries will continue to work fine, albeit with minor inaccuracies in the case of non-letter-like sources. See the docs on \textbf{misc} in sections~\ref{sec:entrytypes} and \ref{sec:types:authdate}, above. \item When only one date is presented in a \textsf{patent} entry --- either in the \textsf{date} or \textsf{origdate} field --- this will now always be used as the filing date. In \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}, this makes a change from the previous (incorrect) behavior. \item I have included the option \texttt{dateabbrev=false} in the default settings for \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes}. This ensures that the long month names are printed, as otherwise recent releases of \textsf{biblatex} print the abbreviated ones by default. \item The provision of punctuation in \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{classical} entries has been improved, allowing the comma to appear before certain kinds of location specifiers even when citing works by their traditional divisions. See \emph{Manual} 17.253. (This applies to both Chicago styles.) \item The \textsf{number} field in \textsf{article}, \textsf{periodical}, and \textsf{review} entries now allows you to include a series or range of numbers in the field, with the style automatically providing the correct bibstring (singular or plural). \item I have removed and altered bibstrings in the .lbx files to take advantage of the new \cmd{bibsstring} and \cmd{biblstring} commands in \textsf{biblatex}, and added one new string (\texttt{origpubyear}) needed by \textsf{biblatex-chicago-authordate}. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9a: Released March 20, 2010} \begin{itemize} \item Quick fixes for compatibility with \textsf{biblatex} 0.9a. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.9: Released March 18, 2010} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{userd} field is now obsolete. All information it used to hold should be placed in the \textsf{edition} field. \item The \textbf{origyear} field is now obsolete in \textsf{biblatex}. It has been replaced by \textbf{origdate}, and because the latter allows a full date specification, I have been able to make the operation of \textsf{customa} (=\,\textsf{letter}), \textsf{misc} (with an \textsf{entrysubtype}), and \textsf{patent} entries more intuitive. The RELEASE file contained in this package gives the short instructions on how to update your .bib files, and you can also consult the documentation of those entry types above. \item The modified \textsf{csquotes.cfg} file I provided in earlier releases is now obsolete, and has been removed from the package. Please upgrade to the latest version of \textsf{csquotes} and, if you are still using my modified .cfg file, remove it from your \TeX\ search path, or at the very least excise the code I provided. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item Added the files \textsf{cms-german.lbx} (with its clone \textsf{cms-ngerman.lbx}) and \textsf{cms-french.lbx}, which allow the creation of Chicago-like references in those languages. See section \ref{sec:international} above for details on usage. \item Added the \texttt{annotation} package option to allow the creation of annotated bibliographies. This code is still not entirely polished yet, but it is usable. Please see page \pageref{sec:annote} above for instructions and hints. \item Added \textsf{biblatex's} new \textbf{bookinbook} entry type, which currently functions as an alias of the \textsf{customb} type. As \textsf{biblatex} now provides standard equivalents for all of the custom types I initially found it necessary to provide --- \textsf{letter}~= \textsf{customa}, \textsf{bookinbook}~= \textsf{customb}, and \textsf{suppbook} \& \textsf{suppcollection}~= \textsf{customc} --- it may soon be time to prune out the custom types to enhance compatibility with other \textsf{biblatex} styles. I shall give plenty of warning before I do so. \item In line with the new system adopted in \textsf{biblatex} 0.9, using the \textsf{editortype} field turns off the usual string concatenation mechanisms of the Chicago style. See Lehman's RELEASE file for a discussion of this. \item I have added support for the new \textsf{editor[a--c]} and \textsf{editor[a--c]type} fields, and they work just as in standard \textsf{biblatex}, though I'm uncertain how much use they'll get from users of the Chicago style. \item I have added many bibstrings to the .lbx files to help with internationalization. The new ones that you might want to use in your .bib files include: \texttt{pseudonym}, \texttt{nodate}, \texttt{revisededition}, \texttt{numbers}, and \texttt{reviewof}. Please see section~\ref{sec:international} for a fuller list. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9d: Released February 17, 2010} \begin{itemize} \item Chris Sparks and Aaron Lambert both found formatting bugs in the 0.8.9c code. I've fixed these bugs, and am releasing this version now, the last in the 0.8.9 series. The next release of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df}, due as soon as possible, will contain many more significant changes, including those necessary for it to function properly with the recently-released \textsf{biblatex} version 0.9. In the meantime, at least version 0.8.9d should produce more accurate output. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9c: Released November 4, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Emil Salim noticed that the \emph{ibidem} mechanism wasn't working properly, printing the page number after \enquote{Ibid} even when the page reference of the preceding citation was identical. The fix for this involved setting \texttt{loccittracker=constrict} in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, something you'll have to do manually yourself if you're loading the package via a call to \textsf{biblatex} rather than to \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \item Several users have reported unwanted behavior when repeated names in bibliographies are replaced with the \texttt{bibnamedash}. This release should fix both when the \texttt{bibnamedash} appears and what punctuation follows it. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9b: Released September 9, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Fixed a long-standing bug in formatting names in the bibliography. The package now correctly places a comma after the reversed name that begins the entry, using \textsf{biblatex's} \cmd{revsdnamedelim} command. Many thanks to Johanna Pink for catching my rather egregious error. \item While fixing some formatting errors that cropped up when using the newest version of \textsf{biblatex} (0.8h at time of writing), I also spotted some more venerable bugs in the code for using shortened cross-references for citing multiple entries in a collection of essays or letters. I believe this now works correctly, but please let me know if you discover differently. \item Joseph Reagle noticed that endnote marks (produced using the \textsf{endnotes} package) did not receive the same treatment as footnote marks. I have rectified this, placing the code in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} so that you can turn it off either by using the old package-loading system or by setting the \texttt{footmarkoff} package option when loading \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. \item Updates to Lehman's \textsf{csquotes} package have rendered my modifications in \textsf{csquotes.cfg} obsolete. Please use the latest version of \textsf{csquotes} (4.4a at time of writing) and ignore my file, which will disappear in a later release. \item At the request of Will Small, I have included some code, still in an alpha state, to allow you to specify, in the bibliography, the original publication details of essays which you are citing from later reprints (a \emph{Collected Essays} volume, for example). See the documentation above under the \textsf{\mycolor{reprinttitle}} field if you would like to test this functionality. \end{itemize} %\enlargethispage{-3\baselineskip} \textbf{0.8.9a: Released July 5, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Slight changes for compatibility with \textsf{biblatex} 0.8e. The package still works with 0.8c and 0.8d, as well. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.9: Released July 2, 2009} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{single-letter bibstrings} (\cmd{bibstring\{a\}}, \cmd{bibstring\{b\}}, etc.) are now obsolete. You should replace any still present in your .bib file with \cmd{autocap} commands --- see §~3.8.4 of \textsf{biblatex.pdf}. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item The default way of loading the package is now with \cmd{usepackage[further-options]\{biblatex-chicago\}} rather than \cmd{usepackage[style=chicago-notes-df,further-options]\{biblatex\}}. Please see section~\ref{sec:loading} above for details and hints. \item Package-specific bibstrings have been removed from the .cbx and .bbx files and are now gathered in a new file, \textbf{cms-american.lbx}, which changes the way the package interacts with \textbf{babel}. It is now somewhat simpler if you want the defaults, but somewhat more complex if you require non-standard features. Please see section~\ref{sec:otherpacks} above for more details. \item Two new entry types have been added: \textbf{artwork} for works of visual art excluding photographs, and \textbf{image} for photographs. See the documentation of \textsf{artwork} for how to create .bib entries for both types. \item Added the new bibliography and entry option \textbf{usecompiler}, set to \texttt{true} by default. This streamlines the code that finds a name to head an entry (\textbf{author -> editor [or namea] -> translator [or nameb] -> compiler [namec] -> title}). The whole system should work more consistently now, but do see the \textsf{author} and \textsf{namec} documentation for improved notes on how to use it. \item Added the new bibliography option \textbf{footmarkoff}, to turn off the optional in-line (as opposed to superscript) formatting of the marks in foot- or endnotes. You only need this if you load the package with the new default \cmd{usepackage\{biblatex-chicago\}}; users loading it the old way get default \LaTeX\ formatting. \item At Matthew Lundin's request, I have added the citation command \textbf{\textbackslash head\-lesscite}, which works like \cmd{headlessfullcite} but allows \textsf{biblatex} to decide whether to print the full or the short note. \item Fully adopted \textsf{biblatex's} system for providing end-of-entry punctuation, which should solve some of the bugs users have been finding. See section~\ref{sec:otherhints}, above, and do please let me know if inconsistencies remain. \item Added a modified \textbf{csquotes.cfg} file to address issues users were having when using the \textbf{Xe\LaTeX} engine in combination with \textsf{biblatex-chicago}. See section~\ref{sec:otherpacks}, above. \item Added \texttt{natbib} option to allow users of the default setup to continue to benefit from \textsf{biblatex's} \textsf{natbib} compatibility code. Thanks to Bennett Helm for pointing out this issue. \item Added a \textbf{shorthandibid} option to allow the printing of \emph{ibid.}\ in consecutive references to an entry that contains a \textsf{shorthand} field. Thanks to Chris Sparks for calling my attention to this problem. \item While investigating the preceding, I noticed failures when combining the \texttt{short} option with a \textsf{shorthand} field. The package now actually does what it has always claimed to do under \textbf{shorthand}. \item Many small bug fixes and improvements to the documentation. \end{itemize} To Do: \begin{itemize} \item The shorthand vs \emph{ibid.}\ question may need more careful addressing in some cross references, and also in relation to the \texttt{noibid} package option. \item Charles Schaum has quite rightly pointed out the inconsistency in my naming conventions --- \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty} as opposed to \textsf{chicago-notes-df.cbx}, for example. I'm going to delay a decision on which way to go with this until a later release. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.5a: Released June 14, 2009} \begin{itemize} \item Quick and dirty fixes to bibliography strings to allow compatibility with \textsf{biblatex} version 0.8d. If you are still using 0.8c, then I would wait for the next version of \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df}, which is due soon. See README. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.5: Released January 10, 2009} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{\textbackslash custpunct} commands are now deprecated --- Lehman's \enquote{American} punctuation tracking facilities should handle quoted text automatically, assuming you remember always to use \textbf{\textbackslash mkbibquote} in your database. If you still need \cmd{custpunct}, please let me know, as it may be an error in the style. \item With \cmd{custpunct} no longer needed, the toggles activated by placing \enquote{\texttt{plain}} in the \textbf{type} or \textbf{userb} fields are also deprecated. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item At least \textbf{biblatex 0.8b} is now required --- 0.8c works fine, as well. \item I now \emph{strongly recommend} that you use \textbf{babel} with \enquote{\texttt{american}} as the main text language. See section~\ref{sec:otherpacks} above for further details. \item The \textbf{customc} entry type has been revised, allowing you to cite any sort of supplementary material using the \textbf{type} field instead of relying on toggles in the \textsf{introduction}, \textsf{afterword}, and \textsf{foreword} fields, though these latter still work. The two new entry types \textbf{suppbook} and \textbf{suppcollection} are both aliased to \textsf{customc}, and therefore work in exactly the same way. \item The new entry type \textbf{suppperiodical} is aliased to \textbf{review}. \item The new entry type \textbf{letter} is aliased to \textbf{customa}. \item In \textbf{inreference} entries the \textsf{postnote} field of all \cmd{cite} commands is now treated like data in \textsf{lista}, that is, it will be placed within quotation marks and prefaced with the appropriate string. The only difference is that you can only put one such article name in \textsf{postnote}, as it isn't a list field. \item I've set the new \textsf{biblatex} option \texttt{usetranslator} to \texttt{true} by default, which means entries will automatically be alphabetized by their \textsf{translator} in the absence of an \textsf{author} or an \textsf{editor}. \item A host of small formatting errors were eliminated, nearly all of them through adopting Lehman's punctuation tracker. \item In the main body of this documentation, I've added some \mycolor{\textbf{color coding}} to help you more quickly to identify entry types and fields that are either new or that have undergone significant revision. \end{itemize} To Do: \begin{itemize} \item Separate out \enquote{options} from the basic citation \enquote{style,} using a \LaTeX\ style file. This is an architectural change recommended by Lehman. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.2.2: Released November 24, 2008} \begin{itemize} \item Fixed spurious commas appearing in some bibliography entries, spotted by Nick Andrewes. While investigating this I noticed a more general problem with punctuation after italicized titles ending with question marks or exclamation points. This will be addressed in forthcoming revisions both of \textsf{biblatex} and of this package. \item Nick also reported some problems with spurious punctuation in the bibliography when using XeLaTeX. I haven't yet been able to pin down the exact cause of these, but if you are using XeLaTeX and are having (or have solved) similar problems I'd be interested to hear from you. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.2: Released November 3, 2008} \begin{itemize} \item Fixed several formatting glitches between citations in multicite commands (spotted by Joseph Reagle) and also after some prenotes. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.8.1: Released October 22, 2008} \mylittlespace Obsolete and Deprecated Features: \begin{itemize} \item The \textbf{origlocation} field is now obsolete, and has been replaced by \textbf{lista}. Please update your .bib files accordingly. \item The single-letter \textbf{\textbackslash bibstring} commands I provided in version 0.7 are now deprecated. In most cases, you'll be able to take advantage of the automatic contextual capitalization facilities introduced in this release, but if you still need the single-letter \cmd{bibstring} functionality then you should switch to \cmd{autocap}, as I shall be removing the single-letter \texttt{bibstrings} in a future release. See above under \textbf{\textbackslash autocap} for all the details. \item The \textbf{userd} field is now deprecated, as \textsf{biblatex} 0.8 allows all forms of data to be included in the \textsf{edition} field. I shall be removing \textsf{userd} in a future release, so please update your .bib files as soon as is convenient. \end{itemize} Other New Features: \begin{itemize} \item Updated the .bbx and .cbx files to work with \textsf{biblatex} 0.8. This most recent version of \textsf{biblatex} is now required for \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df} to work. \item Added the \textbf{usera} field, which holds supplemental information about a \textsf{journaltitle} in \textsf{article} and \textsf{review} entries. See the documentation of the field for details. \item Added the \textbf{\textbackslash citetitles} multicite command to fix a problem with spurious punctuation when multiple titles were listed. \item Added the \textbf{\textbackslash Citetitle} command to help with automatic capitalization of titles when they occur at the beginning of a note. \item Minor punctuation fixes in \textsf{biblatex-chicago-notes-df.bbx}. \end{itemize} To Do: \begin{itemize} \item Integrate \textsf{biblatex's} American punctuation facilities. \item Separate out \enquote{options} from the basic citation \enquote{style,} using a \LaTeX\ style file. This is an architectural change recommended by Lehman. \item Investigate and possibly integrate the new entry types provided in \textsf{biblatex} 0.8. \end{itemize} \textbf{0.7: First public release, September 18, 2008} \end{document}