This is texdraw.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from
texdraw.texi.

This manual (edition 2.3) documents TeXdraw, a system for producing
PostScript drawings from TeX.

   Copyright (C) 1993-2019 Peter Kabal

   This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)
License, any version.  To view the licenses, visit
<creativecommons.org/licenses/by> or send a letter to Creative Commons,
PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* TeXdraw: (texdraw).           Drawing PostScript diagrams within TeX.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)

TeXdraw
*******

TeXdraw is a collection of macros that allow drawings to be created from
_within_ TeX.

   This is edition 2.3 of the TeXdraw documentation.

* Menu:

* Introduction::
* TeXdraw Commands::
* Drawing Segments and Scaling::
* Using TeXdraw with LaTeX::
* More Details::
* PostScript Commands::
* TeXdraw Toolbox::
* Examples::
* Command Listing::

Indices
* Concept Index::
* Command Index::

 -- The Detailed Node Listing --

Introduction

* Distribution::

TeXdraw Commands

* Accessing TeXdraw::
* Command syntax::
* TeXdraw coordinates::
* Coordinate specification::
* Line vectors::
* TeX text::
* Circles and arcs::
* Bezier curves::
* Fill commands::

Drawing Segments and Scaling

* Drawing segments::
* Drawing paths::
* Saving positions::
* Scaling coordinates::
* Drawing size::
* Initial current position::

Using TeXdraw with LaTeX

* PostScript printer drivers::

More Details

* Errors while using TeXdraw::
* Extending TeXdraw::
* How TeXdraw merges graphics and text::

Extending TeXdraw

* Scaling::
* Resolution::
* Text placement::
* Intermediate PostScript file::

PostScript Commands

TeXdraw Toolbox

* Coordinate parsing::
* Real arithmetic::
* Arrow curve::

Examples

* Block diagram::
* Filter response graph::
* Geometric construction::

Command Listing

Command Index

Concept Index


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: TeXdraw Commands,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 Introduction
**************

TeX is a powerful typesetting program which allows for complex text
layouts but by itself lacks a general graphics capability.  However,
when coupled with an appropriate printer driver program, external
graphics files can be inserted into the printed document.  In this mode,
TeX is instructed to leave space for a drawing.  The drawing is inserted
by the printer driver program.  The TeXdraw macros described here
generate the external graphics file from within TeX and generate the
instructions to the the print driver program to position the graphics at
the appropriate position on the page.

   TeXdraw consists of a set of TeX macros that create line drawings and
other figures.  The drawing primitives include solid lines, patterned
lines, Bezier curves, circles and arrows.  Other commands allow for the
filling of a region with a gray level.  The drawing commands generate
PostScript code.  This limits TeXdraw to systems which use PostScript
printers.  TeXdraw also provides commands to position TeX text,
including mathematics, on the drawing.  The final drawing, with text and
graphics, can be positioned on the page like any other TeX box.

   The basic TeXdraw macros for TeX use the '\special' syntax recognized
by the printer driver program 'dvips'.  However, when invoked as a
LaTeX2e package, the TeXdraw macros can be used with any of the
PostScript printer driver programs supported by the standard 'graphics'
package for LaTeX2e.

   The basic TeXdraw macros provide only simple drawing commands.
However, TeXdraw provides a drawing segment environment which allows
parameter changes and coordinate scaling changes to be kept local to the
drawing segment.  This facility, together with TeX's macro capabilities
allows one to modularize drawing units and extend TeXdraw by building
more complex graphics entities from simpler elements.

* Menu:

* Distribution::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Distribution,  Up: Introduction

1.1 Distribution information
============================

The entire TeXdraw package, both code and documentation, is released
under Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license, any version.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: TeXdraw Commands,  Next: Drawing Segments and Scaling,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top

2 Using the TeXdraw Commands
****************************

The main TeXdraw macros (commands) are defined in the file
'texdraw.tex'.  These macros may be used directly in TeX.  The file
'texdraw.sty' provides an interface for use with LaTeX2e.  The following
sections describe the basic commands for TeXdraw.

* Menu:

* Accessing TeXdraw::
* Command syntax::
* TeXdraw coordinates::
* Coordinate specification::
* Line vectors::
* TeX text::
* Circles and arcs::
* Bezier curves::
* Fill commands::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Accessing TeXdraw,  Next: Command syntax,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.1 Accessing TeXdraw
=====================

The form of the user command to run the TeX program depends on which
version of TeX is being used, and which other macro packages are
preloaded as format files.  Typically, installations have at least two
versions of TeX -- plain TeX which includes basic typesetting macros
(usually invoked as 'tex') and LaTeX2e which includes the LaTeX2e
typesetting macros (usually invoked as 'latex').  An older version of
LaTeX, version 2.09, may also be available.  The TeXdraw macros can be
used with plain TeX and with either version of LaTeX.

   For use with plain TeX, the user must read in the TeXdraw macros from
the file 'texdraw.tex'.
     \input texdraw            % Read in the TeXdraw macros
      ...
     \btexdraw
       ...                     % TeXdraw commands to generate a drawing
     \etexdraw

   For use with LaTeX version 2.09, the user reads in the TeXdraw macros
from the file 'texdraw.tex' and optionally defines the '\begin{texdraw}'
/ '\end{texdraw}' environment.
     \documentstyle[11pt]{article}  % Article style at 11pt size
     ...
     \input texdraw            % Read in the TeXdraw macros
     \newenvironment{texdraw}{\leavevmode\btexdraw}{\etexdraw}
      ...
     \begin{texdraw}
       ...                     % TeXdraw commands to generate a drawing
     \end{texdraw}
     ...
     \end{document}

   For use with LaTeX2e, the user must load the 'texdraw' package (file
'texdraw.sty').  This package file defines the '\begin{texdraw}' /
'\end{texdraw}' environment, brings in the standard 'graphics' package
and reads in the file 'texdraw.tex' containing the definitions of the
TeXdraw macros.
     \documentclass[11pt]{article}  % Article class at 11pt size
     \usepackage{texdraw}           % TeXdraw commands

     \begin{document}
      ...
     \begin{texdraw}
       ...                     % TeXdraw commands to generate a drawing
     \end{texdraw}
      ...
     \end{document}

   As the TeXdraw commands are processed by TeX, an intermediate
PostScript file is generated.  The intermediate PostScript has a name of
the form 'NAME.ps1'.  The name part is derived from the name of the main
TeX file being processed.  If more than one drawing is produced, the
digit in the file name extension is incremented.(1)

   The TeXdraw commands to produce a drawing are inserted between
'\btexdraw' and '\etexdraw' commands, or for LaTeX, between
'\begin{texdraw}' and '\end{texdraw}' commands.  This results in a TeX
box of appropriate size containing the drawing generated by the TeXdraw
commands.  The TeXdraw box can be positioned in a document like any
other TeX box.

   The '\centertexdraw{...}' macro centers the box generated by TeXdraw.
The vertical space taken up is equal to the vertical size of the
drawing.  The '\centertexdraw' macro is normally used in vertical mode
(between paragraphs).  A '\par' command (a blank line will do also)
before a '\centertexdraw' command will terminate horizontal mode and
return to vertical mode.  For LaTeX, a structured equivalent to the
'\centertexdraw{...}' command is shown below.
     \begin{center}
     \begin{texdraw}
       ...
     \end{texdraw}
     \end{center}

   The '\everytexdraw' command can be used to define a set of TeXdraw
commands that will be executed at the beginning of every TeXdraw
drawing.  It is invoked as '\everytexdraw{ ...}', with the desired
TeXdraw commands as arguments.

'\btexdraw'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     '\etexdraw' command.
'\etexdraw'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a '\btexdraw' command.  The
     resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal to
     the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.
'\begin{texdraw}'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     '\end{texdraw}' command.  This command is for use with LaTeX.
'\end{texdraw}'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a '\begin{texdraw}' command.
     The resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal
     to the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.  This command is for use
     with LaTeX.
'\centertexdraw{ ... }'
     Center a TeXdraw box horizontally.  The argument contains TeXdraw
     commands.  The resulting box has the horizontal size '\hsize' and
     height equal to the height of the drawing.
'\everytexdraw{ ... }'
     Specify TeXdraw commands to be executed at the beginning of every
     TeXdraw drawing.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) After the ninth PostScript file, the name of the intermediate
PostScript file takes the form 'NAME.p10', with the number increasing
from 10 with each file.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Command syntax,  Next: TeXdraw coordinates,  Prev: Accessing TeXdraw,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.2 Command syntax
==================

Generally TeXdraw commands that take a single argument need a
terminating blank or newline after the argument.  Arguments that are
self-delimiting, such as coordinates within parentheses and text within
braces, do not need the terminating blank.  However, even when not
needed by the defining syntax of the command, blanks following command
arguments are allowed and ignored within the TeXdraw environment.

   On entering the TeXdraw environment, TeX is in internal vertical mode
(vertical mode inside a '\vbox').  In this mode, spaces can be placed
freely between commands.  However, any other extraneous input that
generates output that is not part of the TeXdraw environment is
disallowed.

   Blank lines are interpreted as paragraph breaks, equivalent to a
'\par' command.  The TeXdraw macro '\centertexdraw' is defined with the
'\long' attribute to allow '\par' commands and blank lines to be
interspersed between TeXdraw commands.  The '\btexdraw' and '\etexdraw'
commands also allow '\par' command and blank lines to be included.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: TeXdraw coordinates,  Next: Coordinate specification,  Prev: Command syntax,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.3 TeXdraw coordinates
=======================

The TeXdraw coordinate system has increasing X to the right and
increasing Y upward.  The coordinates (without the unit) are floating
point numbers.  Integer values can be written without a decimal point.
The size of the drawing is determined by the maximum excursions of the
coordinates specified in TeXdraw commands.

   Consider the following example of TeXdraw commands to draw a simple
figure.
     \centertexdraw{
       \drawdim cm  \linewd 0.02
       \move(2 2) \lvec(3 3) \lvec(2 4) \lvec(1 3) \lvec(2 2)
       \textref h:C v:C \htext(2 3){$\sum \rho_n$}
     }
   This drawing uses units of centimetres, with a line width of 0.02 cm.
The X coordinate ranges between 1 and 3 while the Y coordinate ranges
between 2 and 4.  When included into a document, the size of the drawing
is 2 cm by 2 cm.  The drawing is placed in a TeX box, with the lower
lefthand corner of the box corresponding to TeXdraw coordinate '(1 2)'
and the upper righthand corner at '(3 4)'.  The '\centertexdraw' command
centers the drawing horizontally.  The '\textref' command controls the
centering of the text.  The text in this drawing is centered (both
horizontally and vertically) at the coordinate '(2 3)'.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Coordinate specification,  Next: Line vectors,  Prev: TeXdraw coordinates,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.4 Coordinate specification
============================

Coordinates are specified within parentheses, with blanks (but no comma)
between the values.  Leading blanks and trailing blanks are permitted
within the parentheses.  The coordinates refer to units, which are
specified by the '\drawdim' command.  The default is inches, but any
valid TeX dimension unit can be specified.  Symbolic specification of
saved coordinate values will be discused later (*note Saving
positions::).

'\drawdim DIM'
     Set the units to DIM.  The argument DIM can be any valid TeX
     dimension unit.  The units are used to interpret coordinate values.
     Examples of valid units: 'cm', 'mm', 'in', 'pt', and 'bp'.

   Examples of coordinate and scaling specifications:
'\drawdim {cm} \move(2 2)'
     Set the units to centimetres, move to a position 2 cm to the right
     and 2 cm up from the origin of the drawing coordinate system.
'\drawdim bp'
     Set the units to big points.
'\lvec ( 2.2 +5.5) \lvec(2.3 -2) \lvec(2.2 5.4 )'
     Examples of acceptable coordinate specifications.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Line vectors,  Next: TeX text,  Prev: Coordinate specification,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.5 Line vectors
================

TeXdraw implements moves, line vectors and arrow vectors.  There are
both absolute and relative motion versions of these vector commands.
TeXdraw maintains a current position.  Lines are drawn from the current
position to a new coordinate, with the new coordinate becoming the new
current position.  An explicit move can be used to establish a new
current position.  The position '(0 0)' is used if there is no move to
an initial current position.

   The '\move' and '\rmove' commands establish a new current position
without drawing a line.  The '\lvec' and '\rlvec' commands draw a line
from the current position to a new position, which then becomes the new
current position.  The '\avec' and '\ravec' commands draw a line with an
arrowhead from the current position to a new coordinate, which then
becomes the new current position.  The tip of the arrow is at the new
current position.  The direction of the arrow follows the direction of
the line.  Since this direction is undefined for zero length vectors,
these are not allowed for '\avec' or '\ravec'.  Zero length arrow
vectors will generate a PostScript print error: 'undefinedresult'.  For
any non-zero length vector, the full size arrowhead is drawn, even if
that arrowhead is longer than the line length.

   The absolute motion versions of these commands specify the coordinate
of the final position.

'\move (X Y)'
     Move to coordinate '(X Y)'.  The new current position is '(X Y)'.
'\lvec (X Y)'
     Draw a line from the current position to coordinate '(X Y)'.  The
     new current position is '(X Y)'.
'\avec (X Y)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position to '(X Y)'.
     The new current position is '(X Y)'.  The arrowhead is aligned with
     the line, with the tip at '(X Y)'.

   The relative motion versions of these commands interpret the
coordinates as displacements relative to the current position.  Given
the displacements '(DX DY)' as a parameter, each of the relative motion
commands moves DX units in the X direction and DY units in the Y
direction.

'\rmove (DX DY)'
     Move from the current position, DX units in the X direction and DY
     units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the new
     current position.
'\rlvec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line from the current position, DX units in the X direction
     and DY units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the
     new current position.
'\ravec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position, DX units
     in the X direction and Y units in the Y direction.  The final
     position becomes the new current position.  The arrowhead is
     aligned with the line, with the tip at the new current position.

   Lines can be customized with commands to change the line width, line
pattern and line gray level rendition.  In addition, commands for
changing the type and size of the arrowhead are available.

'\linewd WIDTH'
     Set the line width to WIDTH units.  Initially WIDTH is 0.01 inches
     (corresponding to 3 pixels at 300 pixels to the inch).
'\lpatt (PATTERN)'
     Set lines to have the pattern '(PATTERN)'.  A pattern is a sequence
     of on/off lengths separated by blanks and enclosed in parentheses.
     The lengths alternately specify the length of a dash and the length
     of a gap between dashes.  Each length is interpreted using the
     current scaling and drawing units.  The pattern is used cyclically.
     The empty pattern signifies a solid line.  The initial line pattern
     is a solid line, corresponding to the empty pattern '\lpatt ()'.
'\setgray LEVEL'
     Set the gray level of lines.  Gray levels are real values from 0
     (black) through intermediate values (gray) to 1 (white).  The
     initial gray level is 0 corresponding to black.
'\arrowheadtype t:TYPE'
     Set the arrowhead type to TYPE, where TYPE is one of 'F', 'T', 'W',
     'V', or 'H'.  There are two kinds of arrowheads.  The first kind is
     a triangle.  There are 3 variants: type 'T' is an empty triangle,
     type 'F' is a filled triangle (using the current gray level for
     lines), type 'W' is a triangle filled with white.  The second kind
     of arrowhead is an open ended Vee.  There are 2 variants: type 'V'
     has the stem continue to the tip, type 'H' has the stem stop at the
     base of the arrowhead.  The initial arrowhead type is 'T'.
'\arrowheadsize l:LENGTH w:WIDTH'
     Set the arrowhead size to be LENGTH units long and WIDTH units
     wide.  The width is measured across the "base" of the arrowhead.
     The initial arrowhead size has a LENGTH of 0.16 inches and a WIDTH
     of 0.08 inches.

   Note that the lines which outline the arrowhead will be drawn with
the same line pattern used for the stem.  Normally, arrow vectors are
drawn with the line pattern set for a solid line.  Note that the fill
level used for the 'F' variant of the arrowhead uses the same gray level
as used for lines.  The difference between the 'T' variant and the 'W'
variant only shows up if the arrowhead is placed over non-white areas of
the drawing.  The 'W' variant obliterates the area under the arrowhead.

   Examples of line parameter and arrowhead settings are shown in the
following code.
     \centertexdraw{
       \drawdim in
       \linewd 0.03 \setgray 0.6 \arrowheadtype t:F \avec(0 0.5)
       \linewd 0.01 \setgray 0   \arrowheadtype t:V \avec(0.5 0.5)
       \linewd 0.015 \lpatt(0.067 0.1) \lvec (1 0)
       \linewd 0.02 \lpatt() \arrowheadtype t:T \avec(1.5 0.5)
       \arrowheadtype t:H \avec(2.0 0.5)
       \setgray 0.4 \arrowheadtype t:W \avec(3.0 0)
     }


File: texdraw.info,  Node: TeX text,  Next: Circles and arcs,  Prev: Line vectors,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.6 TeX text
============

Text may be superimposed on the drawing.  The text argument of the
'\htext' command is in horizontal mode.  This text can be ordinary text,
math mode expressions, or even more complicated boxes consisting of
tables and the like.  The resulting TeX text is placed in a box.  The
reference point of the box can be chosen to be one of nine locations:
horizontally left, center or right; vertically top, center or bottom.
The '\htext' command takes one of two forms.

'\htext (X Y){TEXT}'
'\htext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT
     horizontally with the text reference point at the coordinate '(X
     Y)'.  The new current position is '(X Y)'.  The second form of this
     command places the TeX text TEXT horizontally with the text
     reference point at the current position.  The text reference point
     is set with the '\textref' command.

   Text can be placed vertically using the '\vtext' command.  The text
argument is in horizontal mode.  The TeX text is placed in a box and
then rotated counterclockwise.  The reference point is the point in the
box, _before_ rotation of the text.  Not all PostScript printer drivers
support vertical text.

'\vtext (x y){TEXT}'
'\vtext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT vertically
     with the text reference point at the coordinate '(X Y)'.  The new
     current position is '(X Y)'.  The second form of this command
     places the TeX text TEXT vertically with the text reference point
     at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX text is placed in
     a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by 90 degrees about
     the text reference point.  The text reference point is set with the
     '\textref' command.

   Text can be placed at an arbitrary angle using the '\rtext' command.
The text argument is in horizontal mode.  The TeX text is placed in a
box and then rotated counterclockwise.  The reference point is the point
in the box, _before_ rotation of the text.  Not all PostScript printer
drivers support rotated text.

'\rtext td:ANGLE (x y){TEXT}'
'\rtext td:ANGLE {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT at an angle
     with the text reference point at the coordinate '(X Y)'.  The new
     current position is '(X Y)'.  The second form of this command
     places the TeX text TEXT at an angle with the text reference point
     at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX text is placed in
     a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by ANGLE degrees
     about the text reference point.  The text reference point is set
     with the '\textref' command.

   The reference point for subsequent TeX text in a '\htext', '\vtext'
or '\rtext' command is set with the '\textref' command.

'\textref h:H-REF v:V-REF'
     Set the text reference point for subsequent text commands.  The
     horizontal reference point H-REF is one of 'L', 'C' or 'R' (left,
     center or right).  The vertical reference point V-REF is one of
     'T', 'C' or 'B' (top, center or bottom).  For rotated text, the
     reference point is determined before rotation.  The initial text
     reference point corresponds to '\textref h:L v:B'.

   The font used to render the text is determined as for any other TeX
text.  Normally the font used outside of TeXdraw is in effect.  If
desired, other fonts can be specified as part of the text.  Any font
changes within a TeXdraw text command remain local to that command.

   Only the coordinate of the text reference point in a '\htext',
'\vtext' or '\rtext' command is used in calculating the size of the
drawing.  This means that text itself can spill outside of the drawing
area determined by TeXdraw.  The area of the drawing can be increased to
include the text by issuing additional '\move' commands.

     \centertexdraw{
                  \avec(-0.75 -0.25) \textref h:R v:C \htext{H-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(-0.75 +0.25) \textref h:R v:B \htext{H-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(0 +0.5)      \textref h:L v:T \vtext{V-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(+0.75 +0.25) \textref h:L v:B \htext{H-text}
       \move(0 0) \avec(+0.75 -0.25) \textref h:L v:C \htext{H-text}
     }


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Circles and arcs,  Next: Bezier curves,  Prev: TeX text,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.7 Circles, ellipses and arcs
==============================

TeXdraw supplies commands to generate circles, ellipses and arcs.  There
are two forms of the circle command.  The '\lcir' command draws a circle
of given radius.  The '\fcir' command draws a filled circle.  In the
latter case, the circle is filled by a specified gray level.  For the
filled circle, the line defining the circumference of the circle is not
drawn.  Note that the gray level area filled in by the '\fcir' command
is opaque, even if the fill is chosen to be white.  For either form of
the circle command, the drawing size is increased if necessary to
contain the circle.

   The '\lellip' command generates an ellipse specified by the radius of
the ellipse in the X direction and the radius of the ellipse in the Y
direction.  The ellipse is symmetrical about horizontal and vertical
lines drawn through the current point.  The '\fellip' command draws a
filled ellipse.  In the latter case, the ellipse is filled by a
specified gray level.  For the filled ellipse, the line defining the
boundary of the ellipse is not drawn.  For either form of the ellipse
command, the drawing size is increased if necessary to contain the
ellipse.

   The '\larc' command generates a counterclockwise arc specified by a
start angle in degrees and an end angle in degrees.  The center of the
arc is the current position.  Only the arc is drawn, not the line
joining the center to the beginning of the arc.  Note that the '\larc'
command does not affect the size of the drawing.

'\lcir r:RADIUS'
     Draw a circle with center at the current position.  The radius is
     specified by RADIUS.  This command draws a line along the
     circumference of the circle.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the circle.
'\fcir f:LEVEL r:RADIUS'
     Draw a filled circle with center at the current position.  The
     radius is specified by RADIUS.  The circle is painted with the gray
     level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1 corresponds to white,
     with decreasing values getting darker.  The level 0 is full black.
     This command does not draw a line along the circumference.  The
     drawing size is increased if necessary to contain the circle.
'\lellip rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw an ellipse with center at the current position.  The radius in
     the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in the Y
     direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The drawing size is increased
     if necessary to contain the ellipse.
'\fellip f:LEVEL rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw a filled ellipse with center at the current position.  The
     radius in the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in
     the Y direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The ellipse is painted
     with the gray level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1
     corresponds to white, with decreasing values getting darker.  The
     level 0 is full black.  This command does not draw a line along the
     boundary of the ellipse.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the ellipse.
'\larc r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE'
     Draw a counterclockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the
     current position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start
     and end angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and
     END-ANGLE.  This command does not affect the limits (size) of the
     drawing.

   As an example, the following commands draw a filled circle, and
superimpose an arc.
     \centertexdraw{
       \linewd 0.02
       \fcir f:0.7 r:1
       \larc r:1 sd:45 ed:135
       \lvec (+0.707 +0.707) \move (0 0) \lvec (-0.707 +0.707)
     }

   Note that for the arc command, the resulting figure can spill outside
of the TeXdraw box as determined by the maximum excursions of the
coordinates.  Extra moves can be used to compensate for the size of the
arc.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Bezier curves,  Next: Fill commands,  Prev: Circles and arcs,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.8 Bezier curves
=================

Bezier curves in TeXdraw use 4 reference coordinates, two as the end
points and two others to control the shape of the curve.  Let the 4
points be '(X0 Y0)', '(X1 Y1)', '(X2 Y2)' and '(X3 Y3)'.  The curve
starts out tangent to the line joining the first two points and ends up
tangent to the line joining the second two points.  The control points
"pull" at the curve to control the curvature.  The amount of pull
increases with the distance of the control point from the endpoint.

   As the parameter u varies from 0 to 1, the coordinates of the Bezier
curve are given by a pair of parametric cubic equations,

x(u) = (1-u)^3 x0 + 3u (1-u)^2 x1 + 3u^2 (1-u) x2 + u^3 x3 y(u) =
(1-u)^3 y0 + 3u (1-u)^2 y1 + 3u^2 (1-u) y2 + u^3 y3 .

'\clvec (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)(X3 Y3)'
     Draw a Bezier curve from the current position to the coordinate
     '(X3 Y3)' which becomes the new current position.  The coordinates
     '(X1 Y1)' and '(X2 Y2)' serve as control points for the curve.
     Only the last coordinate given is used to update the size of the
     drawing.
Note that only 3 coordinate pairs are specified.  The other point is the
current position before the '\clvec' command is executed.  Only the last
coordinate specified in the '\clvec' command is used to determine the
extent of the drawing.  While the Bezier curve passes through the old
current position and the new current position, in general the curve will
not reach the intermediate control points.  The curve is always entirely
enclosed by the convex quadrilateral defined by the two end points and
the two control points.  Note that the curve may pass outside the limits
of the drawing as determined by the end point of the curve.

   A simple Bezier curve is produced by the following example.
     \btexdraw
       \move (0 0)
       \clvec (0 1)(1 0)(1 1)
     \etexdraw


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Fill commands,  Prev: Bezier curves,  Up: TeXdraw Commands

2.9 Fill commands
=================

PostScript deals with paths consisting of line segments.  The paths can
be closed and the interior of the closed region filled.  From TeXdraw,
paths start with a '\move' or '\rmove' command and continue with
'\lvec', '\rlvec' or '\clvec' commands.  The TeXdraw fill commands close
the path and fill the interior of the closed region.  Closing the path
means that effectively another '\lvec' line is drawn from the last point
specified to the initial point.  TeXdraw provides two forms of the fill
command.  The '\ifill' fills the interior of the region with the given
gray level.  The lines defining the path are not drawn.  The '\lfill'
command fills the region defined by the closed path and draws a line
along the enclosing path.  Note for both forms of the fill command, the
gray level used for filling is opaque, even if the gray level is chosen
to be white.

'\lfill f:LEVEL'
     Close the current path, draw the line around the path using the
     current grey level for lines and paint the interior of the region
     with specified gray level LEVEL.  Gray levels are real values from
     0 (black) through intermediate values (grays) to 1 (white).
'\ifill f:LEVEL'
     Close the current path and paint the interior of the region with
     gray level LEVEL.  The line around the path is not drawn.  Gray
     levels are real values from 0 (black) through intermediate values
     (grays) to 1 (white).

   The following example draws a "flag" with the interior filled in.
The path around the boundary is given in a clockwise order to define a
closed path.  We could take advantage of the fact that the fill command
will close an open path to eliminate one of the '\lvec' commands.
     \centertexdraw{
     \move (0.5 0)
     \lvec (0 0.5) \clvec (0.5 0.85)(1 0.65)(1.5 1)
     \lvec (2 0.5) \clvec (1.5 0.15)(1 0.35)(0.5 0)
     \lfill f:0.8
     }

   In TeXdraw, the '\move' command always terminates any previous paths
and starts a new path.  Commands that change line parameters (e.g.
'\setgray' or '\lpatt') also terminate paths and start new paths.  The
circle, ellipse and arc commands do not affect the definition of the
current path.  The '\avec' command is not appropriate for defining a
path to be filled.  It ends a subpath at its tail and begins a new
subpath at its tip.  Filling a region defined by a path with subpaths is
more complicated in that each subpath is closed before filling.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Drawing Segments and Scaling,  Next: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX,  Prev: TeXdraw Commands,  Up: Top

3 Drawing Segments and Scaling
******************************

TeXdraw provides individually scaled segments which can be used to
create relocatable drawing modules.

* Menu:

* Drawing segments::
* Drawing paths::
* Saving positions::
* Scaling coordinates::
* Drawing size::
* Initial current position::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Drawing segments,  Next: Drawing paths,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

3.1 Drawing segments
====================

A TeXdraw drawing segment allows for local modifications of parameters
and relative positioning.  A TeXdraw segment is delimited by a
'\bsegment' command and an '\esegment' command.  Inside the segment, the
initial current position is '(0 0)'.  Any changes to parameters such as
the gray level and the line width, remain local to the segment.
Segments are implemented in TeX using a '\begingroup' and '\endgroup'.
Segments can be nested.

'\bsegment'
     Start a drawing segment.  The coordinate system is shifted such
     that the current position corresponds to the coordinate '(0 0)'.
     Changes to scaling, position and line parameters stay local to the
     drawing segment.
'\esegment'
     End a drawing segment.  The current position in effect before the
     corresponding '\bsegment' command is restored.  The scaling and
     line parameter values revert to those in effect before the
     corresponding '\bsegment' command was invoked.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Drawing paths,  Next: Saving positions,  Prev: Drawing segments,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

3.2 Drawing paths
=================

Certain subtle interactions occur between drawing segments and fill
operations.  In PostScript, lines are drawn by first defining a path,
then later stroking the path to draw the line.  In TeXdraw, this
stroking occurs when the line is terminated, say by a '\move' command.
PostScript paths are interrupted by, but continue after a drawing
segment.  This means that a path started before a segment may not be
stroked (drawn) until after the segment ends.  Consider the following
example.
     \move (0 0)
     \lvec (1 1)
     \bsegment
       \move (-0.25 -0.25)
       \fcir f:0.8 r:0.5
     \esegment
     \move (0 0)
   A PostScript path is started at '(0 0)' and continues with a line to
'(1 1)'.  This path is interrupted by the segment.  The filled circle is
drawn next.  After the segment, the path continues and is not stroked
until the '\move (0 0)' command after the end of the segment.  This
means that the line appears on top of the filled region.

   If the fill operation is to cover the line, the path must be stroked
before the fill operation.  From TeXdraw, the move commands '\move' and
'\rmove', and the end TeXdraw command '\etexdraw' terminate a path and
cause it to be stroked.  Within a segment, the end segment command
'\esegment' also terminates and strokes a path.  In the example above,
the line can be stroked by inserting a move command (such as a '\rmove
(0 0)' which does not affect the position), before the start of the
segment.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Saving positions,  Next: Scaling coordinates,  Prev: Drawing paths,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

3.3 Saving positions
====================

The '\savecurrpos' command saves the current position.  The saved
position is an absolute position, not one relative to a segment.  The
position saving mechanism is global; the position can be saved within a
nested segment and then used outside of the segment.  The X and Y
coordinates of the position are saved separately as named coordinates.
The names are of the form '*NAME', with the leading '*' being
obligatory.  A companion command, '\savepos', saves a given coordinate
(relative to the current segment) as an absolute symbolic position.

'\savecurrpos (*PX *PY)'
     Save the current position as the absolute position referenced by
     '(*PX *PY)'.
'\savepos (X Y)(*PX *PY)'
     Save the coordinate position '(X Y)' as the absolute position
     referenced by '(*PX *PY)'.  The coordinate '(X Y)' is interpreted
     in the normal fashion as a coordinate relative to the current
     segment, using the current scaling factors and drawing unit.

   The symbolic names used to specify a saved position can consist of
any characters that are not special to TeX, but must start with a '*'
character.  The symbolic names can be used as the X and/or Y coordinate
in any command that needs a coordinate.  Symbolic coordinates are not
normally used with relative motion commands such as '\rlvec' or
'\rmove'.  If used with relative motion, the corresponding displacement
is equal to the symbolic coordinate value.

   On exit from a segment, the position and graphics state on entry is
restored.  Any changes to line types, scaling and position are
discarded.  However, it is sometimes useful alter the position on exit
from a segment.  The '\savepos' command allows for the saving of a
position within the segment.  This position can be restored after the
'\esegment' with a '\move' command using the saved symbolic position.
This approach can be used to build modules which operate in a manner
analogous to the basic relative motion line vector commands.

   The following example defines a macro which draws a box 0.75 inches
wide by 0.5 inches high containing centered text.  On leaving the macro
the position will be set at a point on the righthand side of the box.
     \def\tbox #1{\bsegment
                    \lvec (0 +0.25)    \lvec (0.75 +0.25)
                    \lvec (0.75 -0.25) \lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
                    \textref h:C v:C \htext (0.375 0){#1}
                    \savepos (0.75 0)(*ex *ey)
                  \esegment
                  \move (*ex *ey)}
   With this definition, we can treat '\tbox' in the same way as the
basic vector commands, stringing them together to form a block diagram
as in this example.
     \centertexdraw{
       \ravec (1 0) \tbox{$H(z)$} \ravec (1 0)
     }


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Scaling coordinates,  Next: Drawing size,  Prev: Saving positions,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

3.4 Scaling coordinates
=======================

There are two scale factors available, the unit scale factor and the
segment scale factor.  The overall scale factor is the product of these
two.  There are absolute and relative versions of commands to change
these scale factors.

   The unit scale factor is normally used to affect global scale
changes.  Changes to the unit scale factor remains local to a segment,
but propagate to inferior segments.  The default value is unity.

   The segment scale factor is used for local scale changes.  It remains
local to a segment.  The segment scale factor is reset to unity on entry
into each segment.  This means that changes to the segment scale factor
do not propagate to inferior segments.

'\setunitscale SCALE'
     Set the unit scaling to SCALE.  The argument SCALE is a real number
     which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall scaling
     factor is the product of the unit scale factor and the segment
     scale factor.
'\relunitscale VALUE'
     Adjust the unit scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has the
     effect of multiplying the overall scale factor by the same factor.
     The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit scale factor
     and the segment scale factor.
'\setsegscale SCALE'
     Set the segment scale factor.  The argument SCALE is a real number
     which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall scale factor
     is the product of the unit scale factor and the segment scale
     factor.
'\relsegscale VALUE'
     Adjust the segment scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has
     the effect of multiplying the current overall scale factor by the
     same factor.  The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit
     scale factor and the segment scale factor.

   In addition to the unit scale factor and the segment scale factor,
the scaling can be controlled by the choice of drawing units with the
command '\drawdim' (*note Coordinate specification::).

'\drawdim cm \setunitscale 2.54'
     Set the units to centimetres scaled by 2.54.  Together these
     commands are effectively the same as '\drawdim in'.

   The segment scale can be used to allow scale changes in segments so
that values are in more convenient units.  For example suppose
dimensions in a segment are multiples of one third of an inch.  The
segment scale can be set once to make 1 drawing unit equal 0.3333
inches.  From that point on, coordinates can be specified with integer
values.

   The following example defines a macro to draw a rectangular box which
is twice as wide as it is high.  The width is specified as an argument.
     \def\mybox #1{\bsegment
                     \setsegscale #1
                     \lvec (0 +0.25) \lvec (1 +0.25) \lvec (1 -0.25)
                     \lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
                   \esegment}


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Drawing size,  Next: Initial current position,  Prev: Scaling coordinates,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

3.5 Drawing size
================

The effective size of the drawing is determined by the maximum
excursions of the coordinates supplied to TeXdraw commands.  The minimum
and maximum scaled X and Y coordinates are tallied.  Note that '\move'
commands contribute to the determination of the calculated size of the
drawing, even though they do not generate visible lines.  The circle and
ellipse commands add a compensation for the radii of circles and
ellipses.  The final TeXdraw drawing is placed in a TeX box with lower
lefthand corner corresponding to '('X-min Y-min')' and upper righthand
corner at '('X-max Y-max')'.

   Text generated by '\htext', '\vtext' or '\rtext' can spill outside
the box as determined above.  Only the text reference point is
guaranteed to be in the drawing box.  Arcs can also spill outside the
drawing box.  Note also that the widths of lines, and the sizes of
arrowheads do not affect the size of the drawing.  The calculated size
of the drawing will never be larger than the actual size of the drawing.
In extreme cases in which text or lines extend far outside the drawing,
extra '\move' commands should be used to establish the size of the
drawing so that the TeXdraw box includes all of the drawing.

   TeXdraw provides the '\drawbb' command to draw a box which indicates
the effective size of the drawing.  Whenever '\drawbb' is invoked, a
ruled box is drawn around the drawing as it has been sized up to that
point.  Normally '\drawbb' is invoked just before the end of a drawing
to indicate the effective size of the final drawing.

'\drawbb'
     Draw a ruled box around the effective size of a drawing produced by
     TeXdraw commands.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Initial current position,  Prev: Drawing size,  Up: Drawing Segments and Scaling

3.6 Initial current position
============================

The first operation in a drawing should be a move to establish the
current position.  The current position can be established explicitly
through a '\move' command or a text positioning command such as '\htext'
with a coordinate.  However, if an attempt is made to use a drawing
command which needs a current position and none has been established,
TeXdraw implicitly sets the initial current position to '(0 0)'.  The
size of the TeXdraw figure is normally determined from the sequence of
coordinates specified, but will include the implicit initial position in
case another initial position has not been explicitly specified.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX,  Next: More Details,  Prev: Drawing Segments and Scaling,  Up: Top

4 Using TeXdraw with LaTeX
**************************

The LaTeX typesetting system uses a structured approach to declaring
typesetting environments.  For LaTeX2e, the 'texdraw' package defines
the 'texdraw' environment.  The TeXdraw environment is started with a
'\begin{texdraw}' command and terminated with an '\end{texdraw}'
command.  All of the basic TeXdraw commands can be used within the
'texdraw' environment.

   As an example, a LaTeX2e variant of an earlier example can be
constructed as follows.
     \documentclass{article}
     \usepackage{texdraw}
      ...
     \begin{document}
      ...
     \newcommand{\tbox}[1]{%
        \bsegment
          \lvec (0 +0.25)    \lvec (0.75 +0.25)
          \lvec (0.75 -0.25) \lvec (0 -0.25) \lvec (0 0)
          \textref h:C v:C \htext (0.375 0){#1}
          \savepos (0.75 0)(*ex *ey)
        \esegment
        \move (*ex *ey)}
     \begin{center}
     \begin{texdraw}
       \ravec (1 0) \tbox{$H(z)$} \ravec (1 0)
     \end{texdraw}
     \end{center}
      ...
     \end{document}

   This example illustrates the use of the LaTeX command '\newcommand'
as an alternative to the plain TeX command '\def'.  Instead of the basic
TeXdraw command '\centertexdraw', a nested combination of the LaTeX
centering environment and the TeXdraw environment is used.

* Menu:

* PostScript printer drivers::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: PostScript printer drivers,  Up: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX

4.1 PostScript printer drivers
==============================

The 'texdraw' package uses the printer driver interface provided by the
standard LaTeX2e 'graphics' package.  Any options to the 'texdraw'
package are passed to the 'graphics' package.  Specifically, the name of
the PostScript driver to be used can be specified as an option to the
'texdraw' package.  With no explicit printer driver option, the default
printer driver associated with the 'graphics' package is used.

   The 'texdraw' package can be used with any of the printer drivers
supported by the 'graphics' package that allow for the importation of
PostScript graphics files, viz., 'dvips', 'xdvi', 'dvi2ps', 'dvialw',
'dvilaser', 'dvipsone', 'dviwindo', 'dvitops', 'oztex', 'psprint',
'textures', 'pctexps', and 'pctexwin'.  Not all of these drivers support
the text rotation needed for the TeXdraw commands '\vtext' and '\rtext'.
Of the drivers listed above, only the following support support text
rotation: 'dvips', 'xdvi', 'dvi2ps', 'dvitops', 'textures', and
'pctexps'.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: More Details,  Next: PostScript Commands,  Prev: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX,  Up: Top

5 More Details
**************

The first part of this chapter offers some suggestions for strategies to
isolate errors in TeX and TeXdraw input.  The second part of this
chapter discusses implementational issues.  An awareness of these issues
is useful if TeXdraw is to be extended.

* Menu:

* Errors while using TeXdraw::
* Extending TeXdraw::
* How TeXdraw merges graphics and text::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Errors while using TeXdraw,  Next: Extending TeXdraw,  Up: More Details

5.1 Errors while using TeXdraw
==============================

TeX input is notoriously difficult to debug.  If TeX reports errors, so
much the better.  If the cause is not immediately obvious, consider
using a binary search strategy, removing sections of code with the
premature insertion of the '\bye' (or '\end{document}' for LaTeX)
command (with the appropriate closing of any open groups and the like).
Other strategies include the insertion of '\message{I am here}' at
appropriate places.  Try using '\tracingmacros=1'.  Many problems turn
out to be due to an incorrect number of macro arguments or incorrectly
delimited macro arguments.  The '\tracingmacros=1' option writes the
macro arguments and macro expansions to the TeX log file.

   Certain errors may not manifest themselves until well after the
offending command.  For instance, if a closing parenthesis is missing
from a TeXdraw coordinate, TeX continues searching for the parenthesis.
If one is found, perhaps many lines later, the TeXdraw error message
'invalid coordinate' will be printed at this later point.

   All input in the TeXdraw environment should be intended for
interpretation by TeXdraw commands.  TeXdraw places text inside a zero
size box (the text itself extends outside the box).  Extraneous input
manifests itself as a non-zero size TeXdraw text box.  This causes the
TeXdraw text and the PostScript graphics to be displaced from one
another.  An error message is issued if a non-zero width TeXdraw text
box is detected.  If this error message appears, look for unintended
character sequences amongst the commands to TeXdraw.

   Several TeXdraw commands pass their arguments "raw" to the PostScript
file.  That means that invalid arguments can generate PostScript errors
when the document is printed.  For instance the argument of the
'\setgray' command is passed straight through to the PostScript file.
If this argument is non-numeric, a PostScript error results.  Not all
PostScript printers report errors back to the user.  The print may just
stop prematurely.  One approach to debugging is to use a PostScript
previewer on a workstation.  That way, one can determine at which point
in the drawing the PostScript error occurs.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Extending TeXdraw,  Next: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text,  Prev: Errors while using TeXdraw,  Up: More Details

5.2 Extending TeXdraw
=====================

TeXdraw is implemented using a combination of TeX commands and
PostScript code.  This section discusses some of the implementational
issues as they relate to extending TeXdraw.

   TeXdraw as implemented, offers a basic set of drawing features.
These are adequate for certain tasks such as producing block diagrams.
There are different approaches to extending TeXdraw to include other
functions.  In some cases, the desired functionality can be achieved by
writing a TeX macro which builds on top of the existing TeXdraw
commands.  As these extensions become more complex, the limitations of
TeX for computations become increasingly evident.  In other cases,
access to different features of PostScript is desired.  The appropriate
approach would be to write new PostScript procedures which can be
accessed by TeX macros.

   Included with TeXdraw is a set of macros for directly accessing
PostScript functions.  These are described in an appendix (*note
PostScript Commands::).

   TeXdraw also comes with a toolbox of routines for handling much of
the user interface, converting between different coordinate
representations and the like.  The macros for coordinate decoding and
for computations involving coordinates are described in an appendix
(*note TeXdraw Toolbox: TeXdraw Toolbox.).

* Menu:

* Scaling::
* Resolution::
* Text placement::
* Intermediate PostScript file::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Scaling,  Next: Resolution,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

5.2.1 Scaling
-------------

The scaling commands provided in TeXdraw are designed to affect only the
coordinate values specified in commands.  For instance, changing the
'\setunitscale' value changes the interpretation of the coordinate in an
'\avec (X Y)' command, but does not change the line width or arrowhead
sizes in effect.  None of the TeXdraw scaling commands affect the size
of TeX text produced by, for instance, the '\htext' command.  Scale
changes will however affect the positioning of text for subsequent
commands.

   The line parameters are changed only if the corresponding commands to
change them are issued.  If the '\linewd' command is given, the current
coordinate scaling is used to determine the line width.  To achieve a
behaviour more like a global scaling, whenever the scale factor is
changed, the line parameters should be set again.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Resolution,  Next: Text placement,  Prev: Scaling,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

5.2.2 Resolution
----------------

TeXdraw scales coordinates before passing them to PostScript.  Keeping
track of the coordinate scaling is necessary, in any event, to allow
TeXdraw to compute the maximum excursions of the coordinates.  TeXdraw
uses pixel units in its PostScript code.  One pixel unit is equal to
1/300 of an inch.  TeXdraw issues PostScript commands with integer
valued pixel coordinates.  This sets the positioning resolution for
TeXdraw.  The passing of integer valued coordinates which correspond to
the device resolution keeps lines aligned with the device grid; parallel
lines of the same width will be rendered with the same width.

   The position saving mechanism in TeXdraw (*note Saving positions::)
associates the pixel coordinates of a position with the specified name.

   TeXdraw uses the limited real number representation provided by TeX.
These operations are based on the representation of dimensions as
real-valued numbers of points.  Internally in TeX, dimensions are stored
32-bit values, normalized so that 1 pt corresponds to the scaled point
(sp) value of 65536.  Dimensions with magnitudes between 0.000015 pt and
32767 pt can be represented.  This is also the dynamic range of the
TeXdraw pixel coordinates passed to PostScript.  TeXdraw must convert
from user supplied coordinates using the scaling factor (which itself
consists of two components, the unit scale and the segment scale) and a
pixel conversion factor.  The use of limited precision real numbers in
these computations can cause accumulation of error when relative scaling
is used repeatedly.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Text placement,  Next: Intermediate PostScript file,  Prev: Resolution,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

5.2.3 Text placement
--------------------

While in the TeXdraw environment, TeX text is placed in a TeX box while
PostScript code is written to the intermediate file.  At the end of the
TeXdraw environment, the size of the drawing is determined.  A TeX box
of this size is created.  The TeX '\special' mechanism is used to
instruct the PostScript driver program to position the PostScript
drawing from the intermediate file in this area.  Next, the text
generated by TeXdraw is positioned and placed in the box.  Note that
when the document is printed, the PostScript drawing is placed on the
page before the TeX text; TeX text will appear on top of graphics.

   The rotation of text is carried out with in-line PostScript code
which does not appear in the intermediate PostScript file.  This code is
sent to the PostScript driver with a '\special' command.  This
PostScript code is embedded in the dvi (device independent) file that
TeX produces.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Intermediate PostScript file,  Prev: Text placement,  Up: Extending TeXdraw

5.2.4 The intermediate PostScript file
--------------------------------------

The intermediate PostScript file consists of a header, a body and a
trailer following Encapsulated PostScript File (EPSF) standards.  The
header sets up PostScript definitions and default parameter values.  The
trailer includes the 'BoundingBox' information which gives the
coordinates in default PostScript units (72 per inch) for the lower
lefthand corner and the upper righthand corner of the drawing.  The body
of the intermediate PostScript file contains the PostScript commands
generated by TeXdraw.

   Many moves in TeXdraw serve only to position text or to reset saved
positions.  TeXdraw buffers move commands in order to be able to
collapse runs of moves.  Only the last move of a run of moves is
actually written to the PostScript file.  However the intermediate moves
still affect the size of the drawing.  The expunging of moves means that
the PostScript file 'BoundingBox' information may indicate a drawing
size larger than the PostScript commands themselves would warrant.

   Drawing segments in TeXdraw show up in the PostScript file as saves
and restores of the PostScript graphics state.  Segment starts are
buffered and only written out if necessary.  This way "empty" segments
do not generate output to the PostScript file.  These empty segments
arise if a segment contains only moves and text commands.  The moves
inside the segment are not needed since they are local to the segment,
and the text commands do not generate output to the PostScript file.

   If TeXdraw is used only for moves and text, no intermediate
PostScript file will be created.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text,  Prev: Extending TeXdraw,  Up: More Details

5.3 How TeXdraw merges graphics and text
========================================

TeXdraw creates a box which is the same size as the graphic.  The
printer driver will place the PostScript graphic into this space.  Any
TeX text generated by the TeXdraw commands will be superimposed on this
graphic.

   The LaTeX2e front-end for TeXdraw is enabled by including the
'texdraw' package.  The 'texdraw' package automatically invokes the
standard 'graphics' package distributed with LaTeX2e.  The 'graphics'
package has support for a number of different printer drivers, including
a number for PostScript printers.  Any options to the 'texdraw' package
are passed on to the 'graphics' package.  Such an option can be used to
select a driver other than the default one.

   Within the 'graphics' package, the driver option is used to select
definitions for the low-level macros which generate the '\special'
commands needed to request insertion of a graphics file and to rotate
text.(1)  TeXdraw uses the user-level macros defined by the 'graphics'
package (*note PostScript printer drivers::).  When not used with the
LaTeX2e front-end, TeXdraw defines versions of these macros that are
suitable for use with the 'dvips' printer driver.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) Not all PostScript drivers support text rotation.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: PostScript Commands,  Next: TeXdraw Toolbox,  Prev: More Details,  Up: Top

Appendix A PostScript Commands
******************************

This appendix describes a set of macros for accessing some of the
PostScript builtin functions.  Each of these macros issues a single
PostScript command.  The extra services provided by TeXdraw are the
interpretation of coordinates in user units relative to the current
drawing segment and the writing of a pending TeXdraw move to the
PostScript file.  This last operation establishes the current point in
PostScript.  The user of these commands should be familiar with the
concepts of path construction and filling in PostScript.  Further
details on the PostScript functions used can found in the 'PostScript
Language Reference Manual, Second Edition', Adobe Systems,
Addison-Wesley, 1990.

   These macros are distributed in file 'txdps.tex'.

   The '\PSsetlinecap' and '\PSsetlinejoin' commands control the way
line ends and line joins are rendered.  The default values set by
TeXdraw (round caps and round join) are appropriate for most drawings.
Changes to these parameters apply to the current and subsequent paths.

'\PSsetlinecap TYPE'
     Set the line cap parameter.  The value '0' gives a butt cap; '1'
     gives a round cap; and '2' gives a projecting square cap.  The
     initial value is corresponds to a round cap.
'\PSsetlinejoin TYPE'
     Set the line join parameter.  The value '0' gives a miter join; '1'
     gives a round join; and '2' gives a bevel join.  The initial value
     corresponds to a round join.

   PostScript paths and fill operations can be controlled by a number of
functions.  By design, TeXdraw always maintains a defined PostScript
current point.  Some of the following macros cause the PostScript
current point to become undefined.  The PostScript current point must be
set again (say with a '\PSmoveto' command) before invoking basic TeXdraw
commands.
'\PSstroke'
     Stroke a PostScript path.  The current path is stroked with the
     current gray level (set with '\setgray') and the current line
     pattern (set with '\lpatt').  The PostScript current point becomes
     undefined.
'\PSnewpath'
     Establish a new path.  The PostScript current point becomes
     undefined.
'\PSclosepath'
     Close a subpath.  A new subpath is started.
'\PSfill'
     Fill a region defined by a path.  Each subpath is closed and the
     enclosed regions painted with the current gray level.  The
     PostScript current point becomes undefined.  The gray level can be
     set with the TeXdraw command '\setgray'.

   The following line commands interpret coordinates relative to the
current TeXdraw scaling and drawing segment.  The specified coordinate
affects the drawing size as determined by TeXdraw.
'\PSlineto (X Y)'
     Add a line segment to the current path.  This command is identical
     to the TeXdraw command '\lvec'.  The PostScript current point must
     be defined before this command is issued.
'\PSmoveto (X Y)'
     Move to the coordinate specified by '(X Y)'.  The PostScript
     current point becomes defined.

   The following macros provide access to the general arc commands in
PostScript.  The coordinates are interpreted relative to the current
TeXdraw scaling and drawing segment.  The specified coordinate affects
the drawing size as determined by TeXdraw.
'\PSarc r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE (X Y)'
     Draw a counterclockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the given
     position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start and end
     angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and END-ANGLE.  If
     the PostScript current point is defined, this command also draws
     the line from the current point to the beginning of the arc.  The
     line and arc become part of the current path.  The current point
     becomes defined.
'\PSarcn r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE (X Y)'
     Draw a clockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the given
     position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start and end
     angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and END-ANGLE.  If
     the PostScript current point is defined, this command also draws
     the line from the current point to the beginning of the arc.  The
     line and arc become part of the current path.  The current point
     becomes defined.

   The macro '\writeps' provides the general facility to write arbitrary
PostScript commands to the PostScript file.  This macro is used by the
preceding commands and by the TeXdraw commands themselves.  This
facility has to be used with care since changes in position or scaling
resulting from the PostScript commands are not known to TeXdraw.
'\writeps {<PS-COMMANDS>}'
     Write PostScript commands to the intermediate PostScript file.
     Before the commands are inserted, any pending TeXdraw move is
     written to the PostScript file.  The PostScript scaling gives 300
     units/inch.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: TeXdraw Toolbox,  Next: Examples,  Prev: PostScript Commands,  Up: Top

Appendix B TeXdraw Toolbox
**************************

This appendix describes some of the macros supplied with TeXdraw which
can be used to define additional commands for creating drawings.  The
macros described here work in the user specified coordinate system.
Some of these toolbox macros are used by the TeXdraw commands
themselves, others are supplied in an auxiliary file 'txdtools.tex'.

* Menu:

* Coordinate parsing::
* Real arithmetic::
* Arrow curve::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Coordinate parsing,  Next: Real arithmetic,  Up: TeXdraw Toolbox

B.1 Coordinate parsing
======================

The coordinate parsing macro '\getpos' is useful for creating new
commands.  This macro takes care of stripping leading and trailing
blanks from coordinates specified between parentheses.  In addition,
symbolic coordinates are translated to the corresponding relative
coordinate using the segment offset and scaling in effect.

   The macro '\currentpos' returns the relative coordinates of the
current position.  The returned values are relative to the current
segment and the current scaling.  The macro '\cossin' returns the
real-valued cosine and sine of the direction of the line joining two
points.  The macro '\vectlen' returns the length of a vector.  The
results appear as the value of user supplied macro names.

'\getpos (X Y)\MX\MY'
     Decode coordinate values.  The coordinates specified by '(X Y)' are
     decoded.  Symbolic coordinates are translated to the corresponding
     relative coordinate using the current segment offset and scaling.
     The resulting character strings representing the real-valued
     coordinates are assigned to the macros specified by '\MX' and
     '\MY'.
'\currentpos \MX\MY'
     Return the coordinates of the current position.  The coordinates
     are relative to the current segment offset and scaling.  The
     resulting character strings representing the real-valued
     coordinates are assigned to the macros specified by '\MX' and
     '\MY'.
'\cossin (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)\COSA\SINA'
     Return the cosine and sine of the direction of a vector joining two
     points.  The cosine and sine of the angle of the vector which goes
     from '(X1 Y1)' to '(X2 Y2)'.  The character strings representing
     these real-valued quantities are assigned to the macros specified
     by '\COSA' and '\SINA'.
'\vectlen (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)\LEN'
     Return the length of a vector joining two points.  The length of
     the vector is relative to the current scaling.  The character
     string representing the real-valued length is assigned to the macro
     specified by '\LEN'.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Real arithmetic,  Next: Arrow curve,  Prev: Coordinate parsing,  Up: TeXdraw Toolbox

B.2 Real arithmetic
===================

The TeXdraw toolbox supplies macros to perform real arithmetic on
coordinate values.  The result appears as the value of a user supplied
macro name.
'\realadd {VALUE1} {VALUE2} \SUM'
     Add two real quantities, assigning the resultant character string
     representing the sum to the macro '\SUM'.
'\realmult {VALUE1} {VALUE2} \PROD'
     Multiply two real quantities, assigning the resultant character
     string representing the product to the macro '\PROD'.
'\realdiv {VALUE1} {VALUE2} \RESULT'
     Divide two real quantities, assigning the resultant character
     string representing the result of VALUE1/VALUE2 to the macro
     '\RESULT'.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Arrow curve,  Prev: Real arithmetic,  Up: TeXdraw Toolbox

B.3 Arrow curve
===============

This example illustrates the use of the TeXdraw toolbox routines to do
computations with the coordinates.  The problem will be tackled in two
parts.  First, we will produce a macro to place an arrowhead on a Bezier
curve.  Then given this macro, we will produce a macro which can draw a
"wiggly" line from the current position to a given coordinate.

   The first macro, '\cavec', uses the '\cossin' command to determine
the the cosine and sine of the angle of the line joining the second
control point to the end point of the Bezier curve.  Recall that the
Bezier curve is tangent to this line at the end point.  After drawing
the Bezier curve, the scaling is set locally to absolute units of 0.05
inches.  We go back down the line from the end point by 0.05 inches and
draw an arrow vector to the end point from there.  This arrow vector is
mostly arrowhead, with little or no tail.

     \def\cavec (#1 #2)(#3 #4)(#5 #6){
       \clvec (#1 #2)(#3 #4)(#5 #6)
       \cossin (#3 #4)(#5 #6)\cosa\sina
       \rmove (0 0)
       \bsegment
         \drawdim in \setsegscale 0.05
         \move ({-\cosa} -\sina)  \avec (0 0)
       \esegment}

   Note the use of macros as arguments to a '\move' command.  Minus
signs are put in front of the macros.  However, the value of the macro
'\cosa' or '\sina' could be negative.  Fortunately, TeX accepts two
minus signs in a row and interprets the result as positive.  Note that
the '\rmove (0 0)' command before the beginning of the segment ensures
that the Bezier curve is stroked before the arrowhead is drawn.

   The second macro '\caw' builds on '\cavec'.  The goal is to produce a
wiggly vector that can be used as a pointer in a drawing.  Consider the
following symmetrical normalized Bezier curve.
     \centertexdraw{ \move (0 0) \cavec (1.4 0.1)(-0.4 -0.1)(1 0) }

   This curve has the appropriate wiggle.  Now we want to be able to
draw this curve, appropriately scaled and rotated.  The macro '\caw'
needs to do computations on the coordinates.  First, '\caw' uses the
macros '\getpos' and '\currentpos' to get the positions of the end and
start of the curve.  Next, the length of the vector is calculated using
the macro '\vectlen'.  A local macro '\rotatecoord' is used to rotate a
coordinate pair about the origin, using the cosine and sine of the
rotation angle.  The vector length is used to scale the normalized
curve.  The remaining code draws the rotated, normalized curve.

     \def\caw (#1 #2){
       \currentpos \xa\ya
       \cossin ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\cosa\sina

     % The nominal wiggly curve is (0 0) (1+dx dy) (-dx -dy) (1 0)
     % Find the rotated offset (dx dy) -> (du dv)
       \rotatecoord (0.4 0.1)\cosa\sina \du\dv

     % calculate the length of the vector
       \vectlen ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\len

     % draw the curve in normalized units
       \bsegment
         \setsegscale {\len}
         \realadd \cosa \du \tmpa  \realadd \sina \dv \tmpb
         \cavec ({\tmpa} \tmpb)({-\du} -\dv)({\cosa} \sina)
       \esegment
       \move (#1 #2)}

     % rotate a coordinate (x y)
     % arguments: (x y) cosa sina x' y'
     %  x' = cosa * x - sina * y;  y' = sina * x + cosa * y
     \def\rotatecoord (#1 #2)#3#4#5#6{
       \getpos (#1 #2)\xarg\yarg
       \realmult \xarg {#3} \tmpa  \realmult \yarg {#4} \tmpb
       \realadd \tmpa {-\tmpb} #5
       \realmult \xarg {#4} \tmpa  \realmult \yarg {#3} \tmpb
       \realadd \tmpa \tmpb #6}

   Finally, the new macro can be used as follows.
     \centertexdraw{
       \arrowheadtype t:W
       \move (0 0)
       \cavec (1.4 0.1)(-0.4 -0.1)(1 0)
       \move (1 0) \caw (1 1) \htext{tip at \tt (1 1)}
       \move (1 0) \caw (2 1) \htext{tip at \tt (2 1)}
       \move (1 0) \caw (2 0) \htext{tip at \tt (2 0)}

     }

   Note that the Bezier curve in the macro '\cavec' lies below the
arrowhead.  The example then draws an arrowhead of type 'W' to erase the
part of the line below the arrowhead.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Examples,  Next: Command Listing,  Prev: TeXdraw Toolbox,  Up: Top

Appendix C Examples
*******************

This appendix shows examples of the use of TeXdraw.

* Menu:

* Block diagram::
* Filter response graph::
* Geometric construction::


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Block diagram,  Next: Filter response graph,  Up: Examples

C.1 Block diagram of a lattice filter
=====================================

The block diagram of a lattice filter uses a library of extended
commands built from the basic TeXdraw commands.

   The block diagram uses a "delay" block.  This is defined as a segment
which leaves the current position at the end of this block.  A second
macro, '\bdot', draws a "big" dot which is used to mark junctions of
lines.  The '\Ttext' command centers text above a given point.  The
offset to position the text is local to a segment, resulting in no
change to the current point.  Similar macros to position text below a
point ('\Btext'), to the left of a point ('\Ltext') and to the right of
a point ('\Rtext') are used in the final drawing.
     \def\delay {\bsegment
                   \setsegscale 0.3
                   \lvec (0 +0.5) \lvec (1 +0.5) \lvec (1 -0.5)
                   \lvec (0 -0.5) \lvec (0 0)
                   \textref h:C v:C  \htext (0.5 0){$z^{-1}$}
                   \savepos (1 0)(*ex *ey)
                 \esegment
                 \move (*ex *ey)}
     \def\bdot {\fcir f:0 r:0.02 }
     \def\Ttext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:C v:B  \htext (0 +0.06){#1}
                   \esegment}

   Several of the block diagram elements scale with the size of the
summing nodes.  The radius of the circles for the summing nodes is
defined as the macro '\cradius'.  The summing nodes will have enclosed
plus signs, appropriately scaled.  The plus sign is drawn by the macro
'\pluss'.  The macro '\pcir' draws both the circle and the plus sign.
The incoming lines to a summing node will be labelled with plus or minus
signs (characters this time), placed at the appropriate position with
respect to the center of the summing node.  These positions are given in
terms of compass directions.  The macro '\putwnw' places text west by
north-west relative to the center of the summing node.
     \def\cradius {0.08}
     \def\pluss {\bsegment
                    \setsegscale {\cradius}
                    \move (-0.5 0) \lvec (+0.5 0)
                    \move (0 -0.5) \lvec (0 +0.5)
                  \esegment}
     \def\pcir {\lcir r:{\cradius} \pluss}
     \def\puttext (#1 #2)#3{\bsegment
                              \setsegscale {\cradius}
                              \textref h:C v:C \htext (#1 #2){#3}
                            \esegment}
     \def\putwnw #1{\puttext (-1.7 +1.2){#1}}

   The block diagram has vectors arriving and departing from the summing
nodes (circles).  One could calculate the points of intersection of the
lines with the circles, and then enter the values into the TeXdraw code.
However, in this example, we implement an automated procedure.  Two
macros are needed, an arrow vector to a circle ('\avectoc') and an arrow
vector leaving from a circle ('\avecfrc').  The macros will calculate
the point of intersection with the circle and start or end the vector at
the intersection point.

   The arrow macros use scaling and relative positioning inside of a
drawing segment.  In the case of the macro '\avectoc', a move is made to
the final point (center of the circle), then within a drawing segment, a
scaled move is made back towards the initial point to determine the
intersection point with the circle.

     \def\avectoc (#1 #2){\currentpos \xa\ya
                          \cossin ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\cosa\sina
                          \savepos (#1 #2)(*tx *ty)
                          \bsegment
                            \move (*tx *ty)
                            \setsegscale {\cradius}
                            \rmove ({-\cosa} -\sina)
                            \savecurrpos (*ex *ey)
                          \esegment
                          \avec (*ex *ey)
                          \move (#1 #2)}
     \def\avecfrc (#1 #2){\currentpos \xa\ya
                          \cossin ({\xa} \ya)(#1 #2)\cosa\sina
                          \bsegment
                            \setsegscale {\cradius}
                            \move ({\cosa} \sina)
                            \savecurrpos (*ex *ey)
                          \esegment
                          \move (*ex *ey)
                          \avec (#1 #2)}

   Having defined these macros, we are ready to draw the block diagram.
The first and last sections of the lattice filter are very similar,
differing mainly in the text labels.  With more effort, code could be
shared between the commands used to draw these blocks.
     \centertexdraw{
     \drawdim in
     \arrowheadtype t:F  \arrowheadsize l:0.08 w:0.04
     \def\pl {$\scriptscriptstyle +$} \def\mn {$\scriptscriptstyle -$}

     \move (0 +0.63) \move (0 -0.60) % compensate for the text size
     \move (0 0)

     % Input to the first stage
     \bsegment
       \Ltext{$x(n)$}
       \lvec (0.3 0) \bdot \lvec (0.3 +0.4) \move (0.3 0) \lvec (0.3 -0.4)
       \savepos (0.3 0)(*ex *ey)
     \esegment
     \move (*ex *ey)

     % first lattice stage
     \bsegment
       \move (0 +0.4)  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \pcir \putwnw{\pl} \puts{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.1 +0.4)
       \move (0 -0.4)  \avec (0.4 -0.4) \delay \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \pcir \putwsw{\pl} \putn{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.1 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 +0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 -0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \move (0.1 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_0(n)$}
       \move (2.0 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_1(n)$}
       \move (0.1 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_0(n)$}
       \move (2.0 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_1(n)$}
       \textref h:L v:B  \htext (1.15 +0.2){$K_1$}
       \textref h:L v:T  \htext (1.15 -0.2){$K_1$}
       \savepos (2.1 0)(*ex *ey)
     \esegment
     \move (*ex *ey)

     % center section
     \bsegment
       \textref h:C v:C \htext (0.3 +0.4){$\cdots$}
       \htext (0.3 -0.4){$\cdots$}
       \savepos (0.6 0)(*ex *ey)
     \esegment
     \move (*ex *ey)

     % last lattice stage
     \bsegment
       \move (0 +0.4)  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \pcir \putwnw{\pl} \puts{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.3 +0.4) \Rtext{$e(n)$}
       \move (0 -0.4)  \avec (0.4 -0.4) \delay \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \pcir \putwsw{\pl} \putn{\mn}
       \avecfrc (2.1 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 +0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 -0.4)
       \move (0.9 -0.4)  \bdot  \avectoc (1.7 +0.4)
       \move (0.1 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_{P-1}(n)$}
       \move (2.0 +0.42) \Ttext {$f_P(n)$}
       \move (0.1 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_{P-1}(n)$}
       \move (2.0 -0.4)  \Btext {$b_P(n)$}
       \textref h:L v:B  \htext (1.15 +0.2){$K_P$}
       \textref h:L v:T  \htext (1.15 -0.2){$K_P$}
     \esegment
     }

   The macros used in this example are similar to the block diagram
macros defined in the file 'blockdiagram.tex'.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Filter response graph,  Next: Geometric construction,  Prev: Block diagram,  Up: Examples

C.2 Filter response graph
=========================

This example shows the response of a canonical filter.  TeXdraw is not
well suited for general purpose graphing -- it has no coordinate
translation facility nor does it have separate X and Y scaling.
Nonetheless, for certain simple graphs, TeXdraw is adequate.

   In this example, macro '\ticklab' places a labelled axis tick at a
given position.  The data is specified in a straightforward manner,
having been scaled beforehand to give the desired aspect ratio for the
graph.

     \centertexdraw{
     \arrowheadtype t:F  \arrowheadsize l:0.08 w:0.04
     \def\ds {\displaystyle}
     \def\ticklab (#1 #2)#3{\move(#1 #2)
                            \bsegment
                              \lvec (0 0.05)
                              \textref h:C v:T \htext (0 -0.05){#3}
                            \esegment}
     \def\Rtext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:L v:C \htext (+0.08 0){#1}
                   \esegment}

     \move (2.4 -0.3)    % move to set the size

     \move (0 0)
     % Axes
     \avec (0 +1.4)
     \move (0 0) \avec (2.2 0) \Rtext{$\omega$}
     \ticklab (0 0)   {0}
     \ticklab (0.8 0) {$\ds {\pi \over 2N} $}
     \ticklab (1.2 0) {$\omega_s$}
     \ticklab (1.6 0) {$\ds {\pi \over N} $}

     \linewd 0.025
     \move (0 1)
     \lvec (0.4 1)
     \lvec (0.44 0.998)
     \lvec (0.48 0.988)
     \lvec (0.52 0.973)
     \lvec (0.56 0.951)
      ...
     \lvec (1.08 0.233)
     \lvec (1.12 0.156)
     \lvec (1.16 0.078)
     \lvec (1.20 0)
     \lvec (1.9 0)
     }


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Geometric construction,  Prev: Filter response graph,  Up: Examples

C.3 Geometric construction
==========================

This example shows a geometric construction which places an ellipse
tangent to an enclosing circle.  The size of the ellipse is determined
from geometric considerations.  Macros are used to modularize the code.
The example alters the unit scale factor.  This allows the drawing to be
carried out in units normalized to the radius of the circle.

     \centertexdraw{
     \arrowheadtype t:V \arrowheadsize l:0.08 w:0.04
     \linewd 0.01
     \setunitscale 1.5            % circle will have radius 1.5 inches

     \def\Btext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:C v:T \htext (0 -0.04){#1}
                   \esegment}
     \def\Ttext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:C v:B \htext (0 +0.04){#1}
                   \esegment}
     \def\Ltext #1{\bsegment
                     \textref h:R v:C \htext (-0.04 0){#1}
                   \esegment}
     \def\bdot {\fcir f:0 r:0.0133 }
     \def\vtick {\bsegment
                   \move (0 -0.05) \lvec (0 +0.05)
                 \esegment}
     \def\htick {\bsegment
                   \move (-0.05 0) \lvec (+0.05 0)
                 \esegment}
     \def\Hlen #1#2{\bsegment
                      \vtick \avec ({#1} 0) \vtick \avec (0 0)
                      \relsegscale 0.5
                      \move ({#1} 0) \Ttext {#2}
                    \esegment}
     \def\Vlen #1#2{\bsegment
                      \htick \avec (0 {#1}) \htick \avec (0 0)
                      \relsegscale 0.5
                      \move (0 {#1}) \Ltext {#2}
                    \esegment}

     \lcir r:1                         % circle
     \move (-1.05 0) \lvec ( 1.05 0)   % axes
     \move (0 -1.05) \lvec (0  1.05)

     \move (0 0) \lvec (0.707 0.707) \bdot
     \rmove (0.02 0.02) \textref h:L v:B \htext {X}
     \move (0.707 -0.707) \bdot
     \textref h:R v:T \htext(-0.02 -0.02){O}

     \move (0.5 0)                     % center of ellipse
     \bsegment
       \lellip rx:0.435 ry:0.804
       \bdot \Btext {$\beta_2$}
       \move (0 0.15) \Hlen {0.435}{$|\beta_1{+}\beta_3|$}
       \move (-0.7 0) \Vlen {0.804}{$|\beta_1{-}\beta_3|$}
     \esegment
     }


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Command Listing,  Next: Command Index,  Prev: Examples,  Up: Top

Appendix D Alphabetic listing of commands
*****************************************

'\arrowheadsize l:LENGTH w:WIDTH'
     Set the arrowhead size to be LENGTH units long and WIDTH units
     wide.  The width is measured across the "base" of the arrowhead.
     The initial arrowhead size has a LENGTH of 0.16 inches and a WIDTH
     of 0.08 inches.

'\arrowheadtype t:TYPE'
     Set the arrowhead type to TYPE, where TYPE is one of 'F', 'T', 'W',
     'V', or 'H'.  There are two kinds of arrowheads.  The first kind is
     a triangle.  There are 3 variants: type 'T' is an empty triangle,
     type 'F' is a filled triangle (using the current gray level for
     lines), type 'W' is a triangle filled with white.  The second kind
     of arrowhead is an open ended Vee.  There are 2 variants: type 'V'
     has the stem continue to the tip, type 'H' has the stem stop at the
     base of the arrowhead.  The initial arrowhead type is 'T'.

'\avec (X Y)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position to '(X Y)'.
     The new current position is '(X Y)'.  The arrowhead is aligned with
     the line, with the tip at '(X Y)'.

'\begin{texdraw}'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     '\end{texdraw}' command.  This command is for use with LaTeX.

'\bsegment'
     Start a drawing segment.  The coordinate system is shifted such
     that the current position corresponds to the coordinate '(0 0)'.
     Changes to scaling, position and line parameters stay local to the
     drawing segment.

'\btexdraw'
     Start a TeXdraw drawing.  The drawing is terminated with an
     '\etexdraw' command.

'\centertexdraw { ... }'
     Center a TeXdraw box.  The argument contains TeXdraw commands.  The
     resulting box has the horizontal size '\hsize' and height equal to
     the height of the drawing.

'\clvec (X1 Y1)(X2 Y2)(X3 Y3)'
     Draw a Bezier curve from the current position to the coordinate
     '(X3 Y3)' which becomes the new current position.  The coordinates
     '(X1 Y1)' and '(X2 Y2)' serve as control points for the curve.
     Only the last coordinate given is used to update the size of the
     drawing.

'\drawbb'
     Draw a ruled box around the effective size of a drawing produced by
     TeXdraw commands.

'\drawdim DIM'
     Set the units to DIM.  The argument DIM can be any valid TeX
     dimension unit.  The units are used to interpret coordinate values.
     Examples of valid units: 'cm', 'mm', 'in', 'pt', and 'bp'.

'\end{texdraw}'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a '\begin{texdraw}' command.
     The resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal
     to the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.  This command is for use
     with LaTeX.

'\esegment'
     End a drawing segment.  The current position in effect before the
     corresponding '\bsegment' command is restored.  The scaling and
     line parameter values revert to those in effect before the
     corresponding '\bsegment' was invoked.

'\etexdraw'
     End a TeXdraw drawing started with a '\btexdraw' command.  The
     resulting TeXdraw drawing is placed in a box with height equal to
     the height of the drawing and width equal to the width of the
     drawing.  The depth of the box is zero.

'\everytexdraw { ... }'
     Specify TeXdraw commands to be executed at the beginning of every
     TeXdraw drawing.

'\fcir f:LEVEL r:RADIUS'
     Draw a filled circle with center at the current position.  The
     radius is specified by RADIUS.  The circle is painted with the gray
     level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1 corresponds to white,
     with decreasing values getting darker.  The level 0 is full black.
     This command does not draw a line along the circumference.  The
     drawing size is increased if necessary to contain the circle.

'\fellip f:LEVEL rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw a filled ellipse with center at the current position.  The
     radius in the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in
     the Y direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The ellipse is painted
     with the gray level specified by LEVEL.  A gray level of 1
     corresponds to white, with decreasing values getting darker.  The
     level 0 is full black.  This command does not draw a line along the
     boundary of the ellipse.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the ellipse.

'\htext (X Y){TEXT}'
'\htext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT
     horizontally with the text reference point at the coordinate '(X
     Y)'.  The new current position is '(X Y)'.  The second form of this
     command places the TeX text TEXT horizontally with the text
     reference point at the current position.  The text reference point
     is set with the '\textref' command.

'\ifill f:LEVEL'
     Close the current path and paint the interior of the region with
     gray level LEVEL.  The line around the path is not drawn.  Gray
     levels are real values from 0 (black) through intermediate values
     (grays) to 1 (white).

'\larc r:RADIUS sd:START-ANGLE ed:END-ANGLE'
     Draw a counterclockwise arc.  The center of the arc is at the
     current position.  The radius is specified by RADIUS.  The start
     and end angles (in degrees) are specified by START-ANGLE and
     END-ANGLE.  This command does not affect the limits (size) of the
     drawing.

'\lcir r:RADIUS'
     Draw a circle with center at the current position.  The radius is
     specified by RADIUS.  This command draws a line along the
     circumference of the circle.  The drawing size is increased if
     necessary to contain the circle.

'\lellip rx:X-RADIUS ry:Y-RADIUS'
     Draw an ellipse with center at the current position.  The radius in
     the X direction is specified by X-RADIUS.  The radius in the Y
     direction is specified by Y-RADIUS.  The drawing size is increased
     if necessary to contain the ellipse.

'\lfill f:LEVEL'

     Close the current path, draw the line around the path using the
     current grey level for lines and paint the interior of the region
     with specified gray level LEVEL.  Gray levels are real values from
     0 (black) through intermediate values (grays) to 1 (white).

'\linewd WIDTH'
     Set the line width to WIDTH units.  Initially WIDTH is 0.01 inches
     (corresponding to 3 pixels at 300 pixels to the inch).

'\lpatt (PATTERN)'
     Set lines to have the pattern '(PATTERN)'.  A pattern is a sequence
     of on/off lengths separated by blanks and enclosed in parentheses.
     The lengths alternately specify the length of a dash and the length
     of a gap between dashes.  Each length is interpreted using the
     current scaling and drawing units.  The pattern is used cyclically.
     The empty pattern signifies a solid line.  The initial line pattern
     is a solid line, corresponding to the empty pattern '\lpatt ()'.

'\lvec (X Y)'
     Draw a line from the current position to coordinate '(X Y)'.  The
     new current position is '(X Y)'.

'\move (X Y)'
     Move to coordinate '(X Y)'.  The new current position is '(X Y)'.

'\ravec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line with an arrowhead from the current position, DX units
     in the X direction and Y units in the Y direction.  The final
     position becomes the new current position.  The arrowhead is
     aligned with the line, with the tip at the new current position.

'\relsegscale VALUE'
     Adjust the segment scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has
     the effect of multiplying the current overall scale factor by the
     same factor.  The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit
     scale factor and the segment scale factor.

'\relunitscale VALUE'
     Adjust the unit scale factor by multiplying by VALUE.  This has the
     effect of multiplying the overall scale factor by the same factor.
     The overall scaling factor is the product of the unit scale factor
     and the segment scale factor.

'\rlvec (DX DY)'
     Draw a line from the current position, DX units in the X direction
     and DY units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the
     new current position.

'\rmove (DX DY)'
     Move from the current position, DX units in the X direction and DY
     units in the Y direction.  The final position becomes the new
     current position.

'\rtext td:ANGLE (x y){TEXT}'
'\rtext td:ANGLE {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT at an angle
     with the text reference point at the coordinate '(X Y)'.  The new
     current position is '(X Y)'.  The second form of this command
     places the TeX text TEXT at an angle with the text reference point
     at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX text is placed in
     a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by ANGLE degrees
     about the text reference point.  The text reference point is set
     with the '\textref' command.

'\savecurrpos (*PX *PY)'
     Save the current position as the absolute position referenced by
     '(*PX *PY)'.

'\savepos (X Y)(*PX *PY)'
     Save the coordinate position '(X Y)' as the absolute position
     referenced by '(*PX *PY)'.  The coordinate '(X Y)' is interpreted
     in the normal fashion as a coordinate relative to the current
     segment, using the current scaling factors and drawing unit.

'\setgray LEVEL'
     Set the gray level of lines.  Gray levels are real values from 0
     (black) through intermediate values (gray) to 1 (white).  The
     initial gray level is 0 corresponding to black.

'\setsegscale SCALE'
     Set the segment scale factor.  The argument SCALE is a real number
     which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall scale factor
     is the product of the unit scale factor and the segment scale
     factor.

'\setunitscale SCALE'
     Set the unit scaling to SCALE.  The argument SCALE is a real number
     which is used to scale coordinate values.  The overall scaling
     factor is the product of the unit scale factor and the segment
     scale factor.

'\textref h:H-REF v:V-REF'
     Set the text reference point for subsequent text commands.  The
     horizontal reference point H-REF is one of 'L', 'C' or 'R' (left,
     center or right).  The vertical reference point V-REF is one of
     'T', 'C' or 'B' (top, center or bottom).  For rotated text, the
     reference point is determined before rotation.  The initial text
     reference point corresponds to '\textref h:L v:B'.

'\vtext (x y){TEXT}'
'\vtext {TEXT}'
     The first form of this command places the TeX text TEXT vertically
     with the text reference point at the coordinate '(X Y)'.  The new
     current position is '(X Y)'.  The second form of this command
     places the TeX text TEXT vertically with the text reference point
     at the current position.  In both cases, the TeX text is placed in
     a box and the box is rotated counterclockwise by 90 degrees about
     the text reference point.  The text reference point is set with the
     '\textref' command.


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Command Index,  Next: Concept Index,  Prev: Command Listing,  Up: Top

Command Index
*************

[index]
* Menu:

* \arc:                                  Circles and arcs.    (line  57)
* \arrowheadsize:                        Line vectors.        (line  87)
* \arrowheadtype:                        Line vectors.        (line  78)
* \avec:                                 Line vectors.        (line  34)
* \begin{texdraw}:                       Accessing TeXdraw.   (line  91)
* \bsegment:                             Drawing segments.    (line  14)
* \btexdraw:                             Accessing TeXdraw.   (line  84)
* \centertexdraw:                        Accessing TeXdraw.   (line 100)
* \clvec:                                Bezier curves.       (line  20)
* \cossin:                               Coordinate parsing.  (line  31)
* \currentpos:                           Coordinate parsing.  (line  25)
* \drawbb:                               Drawing size.        (line  32)
* \drawdim:                              Coordinate specification.
                                                              (line  14)
* \end{texdraw}:                         Accessing TeXdraw.   (line  94)
* \esegment:                             Drawing segments.    (line  18)
* \etexdraw:                             Accessing TeXdraw.   (line  86)
* \everytexdraw:                         Accessing TeXdraw.   (line 104)
* \fcir:                                 Circles and arcs.    (line  36)
* \fellip:                               Circles and arcs.    (line  48)
* \getpos:                               Coordinate parsing.  (line  19)
* \htext:                                TeX text.            (line  14)
* \ifill:                                Fill commands.       (line  24)
* \lcir:                                 Circles and arcs.    (line  32)
* \lellip:                               Circles and arcs.    (line  43)
* \lfill:                                Fill commands.       (line  20)
* \linewd:                               Line vectors.        (line  64)
* \lvec:                                 Line vectors.        (line  31)
* \move:                                 Line vectors.        (line  30)
* \PSarc:                                PostScript Commands. (line  71)
* \PSarcn:                               PostScript Commands. (line  78)
* \PSclosepath:                          PostScript Commands. (line  47)
* \PSfill:                               PostScript Commands. (line  49)
* \PSlineto:                             PostScript Commands. (line  59)
* \PSmoveto:                             PostScript Commands. (line  62)
* \PSnewpath:                            PostScript Commands. (line  44)
* \PSsetlinecap:                         PostScript Commands. (line  25)
* \PSsetlinejoin:                        PostScript Commands. (line  28)
* \PSstroke:                             PostScript Commands. (line  40)
* \ravec:                                Line vectors.        (line  53)
* \realadd:                              Real arithmetic.     (line   9)
* \realdiv:                              Real arithmetic.     (line  14)
* \realmult:                             Real arithmetic.     (line  11)
* \relsegscale:                          Scaling coordinates. (line  34)
* \relunitscale:                         Scaling coordinates. (line  24)
* \rlvec:                                Line vectors.        (line  49)
* \rmove:                                Line vectors.        (line  46)
* \rtext:                                TeX text.            (line  46)
* \savecurrpos:                          Saving positions.    (line  15)
* \savepos:                              Saving positions.    (line  17)
* \setgray:                              Line vectors.        (line  74)
* \setsegscale:                          Scaling coordinates. (line  29)
* \setunitscale:                         Scaling coordinates. (line  20)
* \textref:                              TeX text.            (line  60)
* \vectlen:                              Coordinate parsing.  (line  37)
* \vtext:                                TeX text.            (line  29)
* \writeps:                              PostScript Commands. (line  93)
* arc:                                   PostScript Commands. (line  71)
* arcn:                                  PostScript Commands. (line  78)
* closepath:                             PostScript Commands. (line  47)
* fill:                                  PostScript Commands. (line  49)
* lineto:                                PostScript Commands. (line  59)
* moveto:                                PostScript Commands. (line  62)
* newpath:                               PostScript Commands. (line  44)
* setlinecap:                            PostScript Commands. (line  25)
* setlinejoin:                           PostScript Commands. (line  28)
* stroke:                                PostScript Commands. (line  40)


File: texdraw.info,  Node: Concept Index,  Prev: Command Index,  Up: Top

Concept Index
*************

[index]
* Menu:

* accessing TeXdraw:                     Accessing TeXdraw.    (line  6)
* accessing TeXdraw <1>:                 Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
                                                               (line  6)
* angle of a vector:                     Coordinate parsing.   (line 19)
* arcs:                                  Circles and arcs.     (line  6)
* arcs <1>:                              PostScript Commands.  (line 70)
* arrowhead parameters:                  Line vectors.         (line 64)
* arrows:                                Line vectors.         (line  6)
* Bezier curves:                         Bezier curves.        (line  6)
* circles:                               Circles and arcs.     (line  6)
* command syntax:                        Command syntax.       (line  6)
* coordinate parsing:                    Coordinate parsing.   (line 19)
* coordinate specification:              Coordinate specification.
                                                               (line  6)
* coordinate, symbolic:                  Saving positions.     (line  6)
* coordinates:                           TeXdraw coordinates.  (line  6)
* cosine of a vector direction:          Coordinate parsing.   (line 19)
* current position:                      Line vectors.         (line  6)
* current position <1>:                  Initial current position.
                                                               (line  6)
* current position <2>:                  Coordinate parsing.   (line 19)
* current position in PostScript:        PostScript Commands.  (line 34)
* curves:                                Bezier curves.        (line  6)
* dashed lines:                          Line vectors.         (line 64)
* direction of a line:                   Coordinate parsing.   (line 19)
* distribution:                          Distribution.         (line  6)
* dotted lines:                          Line vectors.         (line 64)
* drawing segments:                      Drawing segments.     (line  6)
* dvi2ps printer driver:                 PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* dvialw printer driver:                 PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* dvilaser printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* dvips printer driver:                  Introduction.         (line 25)
* dvips printer driver <1>:              PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* dvips printer driver <2>:              How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line 19)
* dvipsone printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* dvitops printer driver:                PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* dviwindo printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* ellipses:                              Circles and arcs.     (line  6)
* Encapsulated PostScript File:          Intermediate PostScript file.
                                                               (line  6)
* errors while using TeXdraw:            Errors while using TeXdraw.
                                                               (line  6)
* example, arrow curve:                  Arrow curve.          (line  6)
* example, block diagram:                Examples.             (line  6)
* example, circle and ellipse:           Geometric construction.
                                                               (line  6)
* example, graph:                        Filter response graph.
                                                               (line  6)
* fill operations, interaction with drawing segments: Drawing paths.
                                                               (line  6)
* filled circles:                        Circles and arcs.     (line  6)
* filling regions:                       Fill commands.        (line  6)
* filling regions <1>:                   PostScript Commands.  (line 34)
* graphics package:                      Introduction.         (line 25)
* graphics package <1>:                  Accessing TeXdraw.    (line 37)
* graphics package <2>:                  PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line  6)
* graphics package <3>:                  How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line 11)
* graphics placement:                    How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line  6)
* gray levels for lines:                 Line vectors.         (line 64)
* implementation:                        Extending TeXdraw.    (line  6)
* initial current position:              Initial current position.
                                                               (line  6)
* invoking TeXdraw:                      Accessing TeXdraw.    (line  6)
* invoking TeXdraw <1>:                  Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
                                                               (line  6)
* LaTeX:                                 Introduction.         (line 25)
* LaTeX <1>:                             Accessing TeXdraw.    (line  6)
* LaTeX <2>:                             Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
                                                               (line  6)
* length of a vector:                    Coordinate parsing.   (line 19)
* line cap:                              PostScript Commands.  (line 25)
* line join:                             PostScript Commands.  (line 25)
* line width:                            Line vectors.         (line 64)
* lines:                                 Line vectors.         (line  6)
* lines <1>:                             PostScript Commands.  (line 58)
* listing of commands:                   Command Listing.      (line  6)
* moves:                                 Line vectors.         (line  6)
* moves <1>:                             PostScript Commands.  (line 58)
* oztex printer driver:                  PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* painting regions:                      Fill commands.        (line  6)
* paths:                                 Fill commands.        (line  6)
* paths <1>:                             Drawing paths.        (line  6)
* paths <2>:                             PostScript Commands.  (line 34)
* pctexps printer driver:                PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* pctexwin printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* placement of graphics and text:        How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line  6)
* plain TeX:                             Accessing TeXdraw.    (line  6)
* position specification:                Coordinate specification.
                                                               (line  6)
* positions, saving:                     Saving positions.     (line  6)
* PostScript commands:                   PostScript Commands.  (line  6)
* PostScript printer drivers:            PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line  6)
* PostScript printer drivers <1>:        How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line 19)
* printer drivers:                       PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line  6)
* printer drivers <1>:                   How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line 19)
* problems while using TeXdraw:          Errors while using TeXdraw.
                                                               (line  6)
* psprint driver:                        PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* relative positioning:                  Line vectors.         (line 40)
* relative scaling:                      Scaling coordinates.  (line  6)
* resolution:                            Resolution.           (line  6)
* rotated text:                          TeX text.             (line 23)
* rotated text <1>:                      TeX text.             (line 40)
* rotated text <2>:                      PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* rotated text <3>:                      Text placement.       (line 16)
* rotated text <4>:                      How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line 19)
* saving positions:                      Saving positions.     (line  6)
* scaling:                               Scaling.              (line  6)
* scaling coordinates:                   Scaling coordinates.  (line  6)
* segment scale:                         Scaling coordinates.  (line  6)
* segments:                              Drawing segments.     (line  6)
* sine of a vector direction:            Coordinate parsing.   (line 19)
* size of the drawing:                   Drawing size.         (line  6)
* stroking lines:                        Drawing paths.        (line  6)
* stroking lines <1>:                    PostScript Commands.  (line 34)
* symbolic coordinate:                   Saving positions.     (line  6)
* syntax of commands:                    Command syntax.       (line  6)
* texdraw package:                       Accessing TeXdraw.    (line 37)
* texdraw package <1>:                   Using TeXdraw with LaTeX.
                                                               (line  6)
* texdraw package <2>:                   How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line 11)
* text commands:                         TeX text.             (line  6)
* text placement:                        How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line  6)
* text rotation:                         TeX text.             (line 23)
* text rotation <1>:                     TeX text.             (line 40)
* text rotation <2>:                     PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* text rotation <3>:                     Text placement.       (line 16)
* text rotation <4>:                     How TeXdraw merges graphics and text.
                                                               (line 19)
* textures printer driver:               PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)
* unit scale:                            Scaling coordinates.  (line  6)
* vectors:                               Line vectors.         (line  6)
* vertical text:                         TeX text.             (line 23)
* width of lines:                        Line vectors.         (line 64)
* xdvi driver:                           PostScript printer drivers.
                                                               (line 13)



Tag Table:
Node: Top586
Node: Introduction1995
Node: Distribution3999
Node: TeXdraw Commands4255
Node: Accessing TeXdraw4871
Ref: Accessing TeXdraw-Footnote-19601
Node: Command syntax9765
Node: TeXdraw coordinates10966
Node: Coordinate specification12341
Node: Line vectors13545
Node: TeX text19316
Node: Circles and arcs23649
Node: Bezier curves27658
Node: Fill commands29647
Node: Drawing Segments and Scaling32188
Node: Drawing segments32622
Node: Drawing paths33722
Node: Saving positions35352
Node: Scaling coordinates38260
Node: Drawing size41249
Node: Initial current position43069
Node: Using TeXdraw with LaTeX43867
Node: PostScript printer drivers45345
Node: More Details46481
Node: Errors while using TeXdraw46983
Node: Extending TeXdraw49307
Node: Scaling50879
Node: Resolution51825
Node: Text placement53531
Node: Intermediate PostScript file54607
Node: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text56368
Ref: How TeXdraw merges graphics and text-Footnote-157751
Node: PostScript Commands57809
Node: TeXdraw Toolbox62800
Node: Coordinate parsing63366
Node: Real arithmetic65529
Node: Arrow curve66337
Node: Examples70390
Node: Block diagram70662
Node: Filter response graph77424
Node: Geometric construction79109
Node: Command Listing81385
Node: Command Index92597
Node: Concept Index97633

End Tag Table


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