This is dvips.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.3 from dvips.texi. This manual documents Dvips version 5.997 (April 2017), a program to translate a DVI file into PostScript. You may freely use, modify and/or distribute this file. INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * DVI-to-Postscript: (dvips). Translating TeX DVI files to PostScript. * afm2tfm: (dvips)Invoking afm2tfm. Making Type 1 fonts available to TeX. * dvips: (dvips)Invoking Dvips. DVI-to-PostScript translator. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY  File: dvips.info, Node: Top, Next: Why Dvips, Up: (dir) Dvips ***** This manual documents Dvips version 5.997 (April 2017), a program to translate a DVI file into PostScript. You may freely use, modify and/or distribute this file. * Menu: * Why Dvips:: Why use Dvips? * Installation:: How to compile and install Dvips. * Invoking Dvips:: Command-line options, configuration files, etc. * Paper size and landscape:: Changing the paper dimensions. * Interaction with PostScript:: TeX meets Dvips meets PostScript. * PostScript fonts:: Installing and using PostScript fonts. * Color:: Using color with Dvips. * Index:: General index.  File: dvips.info, Node: Why Dvips, Next: Installation, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 Why use Dvips? **************** The Dvips program has a number of features that set it apart from other PostScript drivers for TeX. This rather long section describes the advantages of using Dvips, and may be skipped if you are just interested in learning how to use the program. *Note Installation::, for details of compilation and installation. The Dvips driver generates excellent, standard PostScript, that can be included in other documents as figures or printed through a variety of spoolers. The generated PostScript requires very little printer memory, so very complex documents with a lot of fonts can easily be printed even on PostScript printers without much memory, such as the original Apple LaserWriter. The PostScript output is also compact, requiring less disk space to store and making it feasible as a transfer format. Even those documents that are too complex to print in their entirety on a particular printer can be printed, since Dvips will automatically split such documents into pieces, reclaiming the printer memory between each piece. The Dvips program supports graphics in a natural way, allowing PostScript graphics to be included and automatically scaled and positioned in a variety of ways. Printers with any resolution are supported, even if they have different resolutions in the horizontal and vertical directions. High resolution output is supported for typesetters, including an option that compresses the bitmap fonts so that typesetter virtual memory is not exhausted. This option also significantly reduces the size of the PostScript file and decoding in the printer is very fast. Missing fonts can be automatically generated if Metafont exists on the system, or fonts can be converted from GF to PK format on demand. If a font cannot be generated, a scaled version of the same font at a different size can be used instead, although Dvips will complain loudly about the poor aesthetics of the resulting output. One of the most important features is the support of virtual fonts, which add an entirely new level of flexibility to TeX. Virtual fonts are used to give Dvips its excellent PostScript font support, handling all the font remapping in a natural, portable, elegant, and extensible way. Dvips even comes with its own Afm2tfm program that creates the necessary virtual fonts and TeX font metric files automatically from the Adobe font metric files. Source is provided and freely distributable, so adding a site-specific feature is possible. Adding such features is made easier by the highly modular structure of the program. There is really no reason to use another driver, and the more people use Dvips, the less time will be spent fighting with PostScript and the more time will be available to create beautiful documents. So if you don't use Dvips on your system, get it today. Tom Rokicki wrote and maintains the original Dvips program.  File: dvips.info, Node: Installation, Next: Invoking Dvips, Prev: Why Dvips, Up: Top 2 Installation ************** Installing Dvips is mostly the same as installing any Kpathsea-using program. Therefore, for the basic steps involved, *note (kpathsea)Installation::. For solutions to common installation problems and information on how to report a bug, see the file 'kpathsea/BUGS' (*note (kpathsea)Bugs::). For solutions to Dvips-specific problems, *note Debug options::. Also see the Dvips home page at . Dvips does require some additional installation, detailed in the sections below. Also, to configure color devices, *note Color device configuration::. * Menu: * config.ps installation:: Printer and site Dvips configuration. * PostScript font installation:: Many PostScript fonts are freely available. * Ghostscript installation:: A free PostScript interpreter. * Diagnosing problems:: Some common runtime difficulties.  File: dvips.info, Node: config.ps installation, Next: PostScript font installation, Up: Installation 2.1 'config.ps' installation ============================ Dvips has its own configuration files: a file 'config.ps' for sitewide defaults, and a file 'config.PRINTER' for each printer (output device). Since these are site-specific, 'make install' does not create them; you must create them yourself. (These Dvips configuration files are independent of the Kpathsea configuration file 'texmf.cnf' (*note (kpathsea)Config files::). Dvips configuration files contents and searching are described fully in *note Config files::. The simplest way to create a new configuration file is to copy and modify the file 'dvipsk/contrib/config.proto', seasoning with options to your taste from *note Config files::. Here is 'config.proto' for your reading pleasure: % Prototype Dvips configuration file. (Public domain.) % How to print, maybe with lp instead lpr, etc. o |lpr % Default resolution of this device, in dots per inch. D 600 % Metafont mode. (This is completely different from the -M command-line % option, which controls whether MakeTeXPK is invoked.) Get % for a list of mode names. This mode % and the D number above must agree, or MakeTeXPK will get confused. M ljfour % Memory available. Download the three-line PostScript file: % %! Hey, we're PostScript % /Times-Roman findfont 30 scalefont setfont 144 432 moveto % vmstatus exch sub 40 string cvs show pop showpage % to determine this number. (It will be the only thing printed.) m 3500000 % Correct printer offset. You can use testpage.tex from the LaTeX % distribution to find these numbers. Print testpage.dvi more than once. O 0pt,0pt % Partially download Type 1 fonts by default. Only reason not to do % this is if you encounter bugs. (Please report them to % if you do.) j % Also look for fonts at these resolutions. R 300 600 % With a high resolution and a RISC cpu, better to compress the bitmaps. Z % Uncomment these if you have and want to use PostScript versions of the % fonts. %p +cmfonts.map %p +lafonts.map %p +cyrfonts.map %p +eufonts.map % To include another configuration file here. %c FILENAME % You will also want definitions for alternative paper sizes -- A4, % legal, and such. Examples in contrib/papersize.level2 and % contrib/papersize.simple.  File: dvips.info, Node: PostScript font installation, Next: Ghostscript installation, Prev: config.ps installation, Up: Installation 2.2 PostScript font installation ================================ To use PostScript fonts with TeX and Dvips, you need both metric files ('.tfm' and '.vf') and the outlines ('.pfa' or '.pfb'). *Note Font concepts::. Current TeX systems come with support for 35 base PostScript fonts and many more. If you have additional PostScript fonts, you can make them available to Dvips by (1) giving them appropriate filenames; and (2) running Afm2tfm (*note Making a font available::) to make TFM and VF metrics for TeX and Dvips to use. Also add them to 'psfonts.map' (*note psfonts.map::); this file must contain everything available in the system. The 'updmap' program is usually used to maintain 'psfonts.map'; run 'updmap --help' for lots of information about how it works.  File: dvips.info, Node: Ghostscript installation, Next: Diagnosing problems, Prev: PostScript font installation, Up: Installation 2.3 Ghostscript installation ============================ Ghostscript is a PostScript interpreter freely available to end-users, originally written by Peter Deutsch. It can read the PostScript produced by Dvips and render it on your monitor, or for another device (e.g., an Epson printer) that does not support PostScript, or in PDF format. The latest version is available via . The program Ghostview, originally written by Johannes Plass and Tim Theisen, provides typical previewing capabilities (next page/previous page, magnification, etc.). It requires Ghostscript to run, and files in structured Postscript, specifically with '%%Page' comments (no 'N' in 'config.ps'). The current version is known as GV, and is available from .  File: dvips.info, Node: Diagnosing problems, Prev: Ghostscript installation, Up: Installation 2.4 Diagnosing problems ======================= You've gone through all the trouble of installing Dvips, carefully read all the instructions in this manual, and still can't get something to work. The following sections provide some helpful hints if you find yourself in such a situation. For details on effective bug reporting, common installation problems, and 'mktexpk' problems, *note (kpathsea)Bugs::. A good first debugging operation is to set the environment variable 'DVIPSDEBUG', which will display any configuration and map files read by Dvips. This way you can be sure it's finding the files and settings you expect. * Menu: * Debug options:: Getting diagnostics. * No output:: No output at all. * Small or inverted:: Output too small or inverted. * Printer errors:: The printer sends back errors. * Long documents fail:: Long documents fail to print. * Including graphics fails:: Figures don't work.  File: dvips.info, Node: Debug options, Next: No output, Up: Diagnosing problems 2.4.1 Debug options ------------------- The '-d' flag to Dvips helps in tracking down certain errors. The parameter to this flag is an integer that tells what errors are currently being tracked. To track a certain class of debug messages, specify the appropriate number given below; if you wish to track multiple classes, sum the numbers of the classes you wish to track. To track all classes, you can use '-1'. You can also set the environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' instead of using '-d'. Some of these debugging options are actually provided by Kpathsea (*note (kpathsea)Debugging::). The classes are: 1 specials 2 paths 4 fonts 8 pages 16 headers 32 font compression 64 files 128 (omitted) 256 config files 512 Kpathsea 'stat' calls 1024 Kpathsea hash table lookups 2048 Kpathsea path element expansion 4096 Kpathsea path searches  File: dvips.info, Node: No output, Next: Small or inverted, Prev: Debug options, Up: Diagnosing problems 2.4.2 No output at all ---------------------- If you are not getting any output at all, even from the simplest one-character file (for instance, '\ \bye'), then something is very wrong. Practically any file sent to a PostScript laser printer should generate some output, at the very least a page detailing what error occurred, if any. Talk to your system administrator about downloading a PostScript error handler. (Adobe distributes a good one called 'ehandler.ps'.) It is possible, especially if you are using non-Adobe PostScript, that your PostScript interpreter is broken. Even then it should generate an error message. Dvips tries to work around as many bugs as possible in common non-Adobe PostScript interpreters, but doubtless it misses a few. PowerPage Revision 1, Interpreter Version 20001.001, on a Mitsubishi Shinko CHC-S446i color thermal dye sublimation printer is known to be unable to print with any but builtin fonts. If Dvips gives any strange error messages, or compilation on your machine generated a lot of warnings, perhaps the Dvips program itself is broken. Try using the debug options to determine where the error occurred (*note Debug options::). It is possible your spooler is broken and is misinterpreting the structured comments. Try the '-N' flag to turn off structured comments and see what happens.  File: dvips.info, Node: Small or inverted, Next: Printer errors, Prev: No output, Up: Diagnosing problems 2.4.3 Output too small or inverted ---------------------------------- If some documents come out inverted or too small, probably your spooler is not supplying an end of job indicator at the end of each file. (This commonly happens on small machines that don't have spoolers.) You can force Dvips to do this with the '-F' flag (or 'F' config file option), but this generates files with a terminating binary character (control-D). You can also try using the '-s' flag (or 's' config file option) to enclose the entire job in a save/restore pair. *Note Command-line options::, and *note Config files::.  File: dvips.info, Node: Printer errors, Next: Long documents fail, Prev: Small or inverted, Up: Diagnosing problems 2.4.4 Error messages from printer --------------------------------- If your printer returns error messages, the error message gives very good information on what might be going wrong. One of the most common error messages is 'bop undefined'. This is caused by old versions of Transcript and other spoolers that do not properly parse the setup section of the PostScript. To fix this, turn off structured comments with the '-N' option, but it'd be best to get your spooling software updated. Another error message is 'VM exhausted'. Some printers indicate this error by locking up, others quietly reset. This is caused by Dvips thinking that the printer has more memory than it actually does, and then printing a complicated document. To fix this, try lowering the 'm' parameter in the configuration file; use the debug option to make sure you adjust the correct file. Other errors may indicate you are trying to include graphics that don't nest properly in other PostScript documents, among other things. Try the PostScript file on a QMS PS-810 or other Adobe PostScript printer if you have one, or Ghostscript (*note Ghostscript installation::); it might be a problem with the printer itself.  File: dvips.info, Node: Long documents fail, Next: Including graphics fails, Prev: Printer errors, Up: Diagnosing problems 2.4.5 Long documents fail to print ---------------------------------- This is usually caused by incorrectly specifying the amount of memory the printer has in the configuration file; see the previous section.  File: dvips.info, Node: Including graphics fails, Prev: Long documents fail, Up: Diagnosing problems 2.4.6 Including graphics fails ------------------------------ The most common problem with including graphics is an incorrect bounding box (*note Bounding box::). Complain to whoever wrote the software that generated the file if the bounding box is indeed incorrect. Another possible problem is that the figure you are trying to include does not nest properly; there are certain rules PostScript applications must follow when generating files to be included. The Dvips program includes work-arounds for such errors in Adobe Illustrator and other programs, but there are certainly applications that haven't been tested. One possible thing to try is the '-K' flag which strips the comments from an included figure. This might be necessary if the PostScript spooling software does not read the structured comments correctly. Use of this flag will break graphics from some applications, though, since some applications read the PostScript file from the input stream, looking for a particular comment. Any application which generates graphics output containing raw binary (not ASCII hex) will probably fail with Dvips.  File: dvips.info, Node: Invoking Dvips, Next: Paper size and landscape, Prev: Installation, Up: Top 3 Invoking Dvips **************** Dvips reads a DVI file as output by (for example) TeX, and converts it to PostScript, taking care of builtin or downloaded PostScript fonts, font reencoding, color, etc. These features are described in other chapters in this document. There many ways to control Dvips' behavior: configuration files, environment variables, and command-line options. * Menu: * Basic usage:: * Command-line options:: * Environment variables:: * Config files::  File: dvips.info, Node: Basic usage, Next: Command-line options, Up: Invoking Dvips 3.1 Basic usage of Dvips ======================== To use Dvips at its simplest, simply type dvips foo where 'foo.dvi' is the output of TeX that you want to print. The default output is to a corresponding file 'foo.ps'; Dvips may also have been locally configured to output directly to a printer by default. If you use fonts that have not been used on your system before, they may be automatically generated; this process can take a few minutes, so progress reports appear by default. The next time that document is printed, these fonts will have been saved in the proper directories, so printing will go much faster. (If Dvips tries to endlessly generate the same fonts over and over again, it hasn't been installed properly. *Note (kpathsea)Unable to generate fonts::.) Many options are available (see the next section). For a brief summary of available options, just type dvips --help  File: dvips.info, Node: Command-line options, Next: Environment variables, Prev: Basic usage, Up: Invoking Dvips 3.2 Command-line options ======================== Dvips has a plethora of command line options. Reading through this section will give a good idea of the capabilities of the driver. * Menu: * Option summary:: Quick listing, from Dvips -help. * Option details:: More information about each option.  File: dvips.info, Node: Option summary, Next: Option details, Up: Command-line options 3.2.1 Option summary -------------------- Here is a handy summary of the options; it is printed out when you run Dvips with no arguments or with the standard '--help' option. Usage: dvips [OPTION]... FILENAME[.dvi] Convert DVI input files to PostScript. See http://tug.org/dvips/ for the full manual and other information. Options: -a* Conserve memory, not time -A Print only odd (TeX) pages -b # Page copies, for posters e.g. -B Print only even (TeX) pages -c # Uncollated copies -C # Collated copies -d # Debugging -D # Resolution -e # Maxdrift value -E* Try to create EPSF -f* Run as filter -F* Send control-D at end -G* Shift low chars to higher pos. -h f Add header file -i* Separate file per section -j* Download fonts partially -k* Print crop marks -K* Pull comments from inclusions -l # Last page -L* Last special papersize wins -m* Manual feed -M* Don't make fonts -mode s Metafont device name -n # Maximum number of pages -N* No structured comments -noomega Disable Omega extensions -noptex Disable pTeX extensions -o f Output file -O c Set/change paper offset -p # First page -P s Load config.$s -pp l Print only pages listed -q* Run quietly -r* Reverse order of pages -R* Run securely -s* Enclose output in save/restore -S # Max section size in pages -t s Paper format -T c Specify desired page size -u s PS mapfile -U* Disable string param trick -v Print version number and quit -V* Send downloadable PS fonts as PK -x # Override dvi magnification -X # Horizontal resolution -y # Multiply by dvi magnification -Y # Vertical resolution -z* Hyper PS -Z* Compress bitmap fonts # = number f = file s = string * = suffix, `0' to turn off c = comma-separated dimension pair (e.g., 3.2in,-32.1cm) l = comma-separated list of page ranges (e.g., 1-4,7-9) Email bug reports to tex-k@mail.tug.org.  File: dvips.info, Node: Option details, Prev: Option summary, Up: Command-line options 3.2.2 Option details -------------------- Many of the parameterless options listed here can be turned off by suffixing the option with a zero ('0'); for instance, to turn off page reversal, use '-r0'. Such options are marked with a trailing '*'. '-' Read additional options from standard input after processing the command line. '--help' Print a usage message and exit. '--version' Print the version number and exit. '-a*' Conserve memory by making three passes over the DVI file instead of two and only loading those characters actually used. Generally only useful on machines with a very limited amount of memory, like some PCs. '-A' Print only the odd pages. This option uses TeX page numbers, not physical page numbers. '-b NUM' Generate NUM copies of each page, but duplicating the page body rather than using the '/#copies' PostScript variable. This can be useful in conjunction with a header file setting 'bop-hook' to do color separations or other neat tricks. '-B' Print only the even pages. This option uses TeX page numbers, not physical page numbers. '-c NUM' Generate NUM consecutive copies of every page, i.e., the output is uncollated. This merely sets the builtin PostScript variable '/#copies'. '-C NUM' Generate NUM copies, but collated (by replicating the data in the PostScript file). Slower than the '-c' option, but easier on the hands, and faster than resubmitting the same PostScript file multiple times. '-d NUM' Set the debug flags, showing what Dvips (thinks it) is doing. This will work unless Dvips has been compiled without the 'DEBUG' option (not recommended). *Note Debug options::, for the possible values of NUM. Use '-d -1' as the first option for maximum output. '-D NUM' Set both the horizontal and vertical resolution to NUM, given in dpi (dots per inch). This affects the choice of bitmap fonts that are loaded and also the positioning of letters in resident PostScript fonts. Must be between 10 and 10000. This affects both the horizontal and vertical resolution. If a high resolution (something greater than 400 dpi, say) is selected, the '-Z' flag should probably also be used. If you are using fonts made with Metafont, such as Computer Modern, 'mktexpk' needs to know about the value for NUM that you use or Metafont will fail. See the file for a list of resolutions and mode names for most devices. '-e NUM' Maximum drift in pixels of each character from its 'true' resolution-independent position on the page. The default value of this parameter is resolution dependent (it is the number of entries in the list [100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400, 2800, 3200, ...] that are less than or equal to the resolution in dots per inch). Allowing individual characters to 'drift' from their correctly rounded positions by a few pixels, while regaining the true position at the beginning of each new word, improves the spacing of letters in words. '-E*' Generate an EPSF file with a tight bounding box. This only looks at marks made by characters and rules, not by any included graphics. In addition, it gets the glyph metrics from the TFM file, so characters that print outside their enclosing TFM box may confuse it. In addition, the bounding box might be a bit too loose if the character glyph has significant left or right side bearings. Nonetheless, this option works well enough for creating small EPSF files for equations or tables or the like. (Of course, Dvips output, especially when using bitmap fonts, is resolution-dependent and thus does not make very good EPSF files, especially if the images are to be scaled; use these EPSF files with care.) For multiple page input files, also specify '-i' to get each page as a separate EPSF file; otherwise, all the pages are overlaid in the single output file. '-f*' Run as a filter. Read the DVI file from standard input and write the PostScript to standard output. The standard input must be seekable, so it cannot be a pipe. If your input must be a pipe, write a shell script that copies the pipe output to a temporary file and then points Dvips at this file. This option also disables the automatic reading of the 'PRINTER' environment variable; use '-P$PRINTER' after the '-f' to read it anyway. It also turns off the automatic sending of control-D if it was turned on with the '-F' option or in the configuration file; use '-F' after the '-f' to send it anyway. '-F*' Write control-D (ASCII code 4) as the very last character of the PostScript file. This is useful when Dvips is driving the printer directly instead of working through a spooler, as is common on personal systems. On systems shared by more than one person, this is not recommended. '-G*' Shift non-printing characters (ASCII 0-32, 127) to higher-numbered positions. This was useful to work around bugs in old versions of Adobe's PDF reader. It's more likely to cause problems nowadays. '-h NAME' Prepend NAME as an additional header file, or, if NAME is '-', suppress all header files. Any definitions in the header file get added to the PostScript 'userdict'. '-i*' Make each section be a separate file; a "section" is a part of the document processed independently, most often created to avoid memory overflow. The filenames are created replacing the suffix of the supplied output file name by a three-digit sequence number. This option is most often used in conjunction with the '-S' option which sets the maximum section length in pages; if '-i' is specified and '-S' is not, each page is output as a separate file. For instance, some phototypesetters cannot print more than ten or so consecutive pages before running out of steam; these options can be used to automatically split a book into ten-page sections, each to its own file. On the other hand, if your document uses very large fonts or very large included figures, Dvips might take it upon itself to split the output into unwanted sections, to try to avoid overflowing printer memory. *Note Headers and memory usage::, for ways to handle this. '-j*' Download only needed characters from Type 1 fonts. This is the default in the current release. Some debugging flags trace this operation (*note Debug options::). You can also control partial downloading on a per-font basis (*note psfonts.map::). '-k*' Print crop marks. This option increases the paper size (which should be specified, either with a paper size special or with the '-T' option) by a half inch in each dimension. It translates each page by a quarter inch and draws cross-style crop marks. It is mostly useful with typesetters that can set the page size automatically. This works by downloading 'crop.pro'. '-K*' Remove comments in included PostScript graphics, font files, and headers; only necessary to get around bugs in spoolers or PostScript post-processing programs. Specifically, the '%%Page' comments, when left in, often cause difficulties. Use of this flag can cause other graphics to fail, however, since the PostScript header macros from some software packages read portion the input stream line by line, searching for a particular comment. '-l [=]NUM' The last page printed will be the first one numbered NUM. Default is the last page in the document. If NUM is prefixed by an equals sign, then it (and the argument to the '-p' option, if specified) is treated as a physical (absolute) page number, rather than a value to compare with the TeX '\count0' values stored in the DVI file. Thus, using '-l =9' will end with the ninth page of the document, no matter what the pages are actually numbered. '-L*' By default or with '-L1', the last 'papersize' special wins; with '-L0', the first special wins. *Note papersize special::. '-m*' Specify manual feed, if supported by the output device. '-mode MODE' Use MODE as the Metafont device name for path searching and font generation. This overrides any value from configuration files. With the default paths, explicitly specifying the mode also makes the program assume the fonts are in a subdirectory named MODE. *Note TeX directory structure: (kpathsea)TeX directory structure. If Metafont does not understand the MODE name, see *note (kpathsea)Unable to generate fonts::. '-M*' Turns off automatic font generation ('mktexpk'). If 'mktexpk', the invocation is appended to a file 'missfont.log' (by default) in the current directory. You can then execute the log file to create the missing files after fixing the problem. If the current directory is not writable and the environment variable or configuration file value 'TEXMFOUTPUT' is set, its value is used. Otherwise, nothing is written. The name 'missfont.log' is overridden by the 'MISSFONT_LOG' environment variable or configuration file value. '-n NUM' Print at most NUM pages. Default is 100000. '-N*' Turns off generation of structured comments such as '%%Page'; this may be necessary on some systems that try to interpret PostScript comments in weird ways, or on some PostScript printers. Old versions of TranScript in particular cannot handle modern Encapsulated PostScript. Beware: This also disables page movement, etc., in PostScript viewers such as Ghostview. '-noomega' Disable the use of Omega extensions when interpreting DVI files. By default, the additional opcodes '129' and '134' are recognized by Dvips as Omega or pTeX extensions and interpreted as requests to set 2-byte characters. '-noptex' Disable the use of pTeX extensions when interpreting DVI files. By default, the additional opcodes '130' and '135' are recognized by Dvips as Omega extensions and interpreted as requests to set 3-byte characters, and '255' as request to change the typesetting direction. The only drawback is that the virtual font array will (at least temporarily) require 65536 or more positions instead of the default 256 positions, i.e., the memory requirements of Dvips will be somewhat larger. If you find this unacceptable or encounter another problem with the Omega or pTeX extensions, you can switch off the pTeX extension by using '-noptex', or both by using '-noomega' (but please do send a bug report if you find such problems, *note (kpathsea)Bugs::). '-o NAME' Send output to the file NAME. If '-o' is specified without NAME (i.e., it is the last thing on the command line), the default is 'FILE.ps' where the input DVI file was 'FILE.dvi'. If '-o' isn't given at all, the configuration file default is used. If NAME is '-', output goes to standard output. If the first character of NAME is '!' or '|', then the remainder will be used as an argument to 'popen'; thus, specifying '|lpr' as the output file will automatically queue the file for printing as usual. (The MS-DOS version will print to the local printer device 'PRN' when NAME is '|lpr' and a program by that name cannot be found.) '-o' disables the automatic reading of the 'PRINTER' environment variable, and turns off the automatic sending of control-D. See the '-f' option for how to override this. '-O X-OFFSET,Y-OFFSET' Move the origin by X-OFFSET,Y-OFFSET, a comma-separated pair of dimensions such as '.1in,-.3cm' (*note papersize special::). The origin of the page is shifted from the default position (of one inch down, one inch to the right from the upper left corner of the paper) by this amount. This is usually best specified in the printer-specific configuration file. This is useful for a printer that consistently offsets output pages by a certain amount. You can use the file 'testpage.tex' to determine the correct value for your printer. Be sure to do several runs with the same 'O' value--some printers vary widely from run to run. If your printer offsets every other page consistently, instead of every page, your best recourse is to use 'bop-hook' (*note PostScript hooks::). '-p [=]NUM' The first page printed will be the first one numbered NUM. Default is the first page in the document. If NUM is prefixed by an equals sign, then it (and the argument to the '-l' option, if specified) is treated as a physical (absolute) page number, rather than a value to compare with the TeX '\count0' values stored in the DVI file. Thus, using '-p =3' will start with the third page of the document, no matter what the pages are actually numbered. '-pp FIRST-LAST' Print pages FIRST through LAST; equivalent to '-p FIRST -l LAST', except that multiple '-pp' options accumulate, unlike '-p' and '-l'. The '-' separator can also be ':'. '-P PRINTER' Read the configuration file 'config.PRINTER' ('PRINTER.cfg' on MS-DOS), which typically sets the output name (most likely 'o |lpr -PPRINTER'), resolution, Metafont mode, and perhaps other printer-specific defaults. It works best to put sitewide defaults in the one master 'config.ps' file and only things that vary from printer to printer in the 'config.PRINTER' files; 'config.ps' is read before 'config.PRINTER'. A configuration file for eventual creation of Adobe PDF files is provided in 'config.pdf' and thus can be loaded with '-Ppdf'. It will try to include Type 1 outline fonts into the PostScript file (*note Hypertext caveats::). If no '-P' or '-o' is given, the environment variable 'PRINTER' is checked. If that variable exists, and a corresponding 'config.PRINTER' ('PRINTER.cfg' on MS-DOS) file exists, it is read. *Note Configuration file searching::. '-q*' Run quietly. Don't chatter about pages converted, etc., and report no warnings (only errors) to standard error. '-r*' Output pages in reverse order. By default, page 1 is output first. '-R' Run securely. '-R2' disables both shell command execution in '\special' (via '`', *note Dynamic creation of graphics::) and config files (via the 'E' option, *note Configuration file commands::) and opening of any absolute or '..'-relative filenames. '-R1', the default, forbids shell escapes but allows absolute filenames. '-R0' allows both. '-s*' Enclose the output in a global save/restore pair. This causes the file to not be truly conformant, and is thus not recommended, but is useful if you are driving a deficient printer directly and thus don't care too much about the portability of the output to other environments. '-S NUM' Set the maximum number of pages in each 'section'. This option is most commonly used with the '-i' option; see its description above for more information. '-t PAPERTYPE' Set the paper type to PAPERTYPE, usually defined in one of the configuration files, along with the appropriate PostScript code to select it (*note Config file paper sizes::). - You can also specify a PAPERTYPE of 'landscape', which rotates a document by 90 degrees. - To rotate a document whose paper type is not the default, you can use the '-t' option twice, once for the paper type, and once for 'landscape'. - In general, you should not use any '-t' option when using a 'papersize' special, which some LaTeX packages (e.g., 'hyperref') insert. - One exception is when using a nonstandard paper size that is not already defined in 'config.ps'; in this case, you need to specify '-t unknown'. - Another exception is when producing multi-page files for further processing; use '-t nopaper' to omit any paper size information in the output. (If you just have a single page document, you can use '-E' to get pure EPSF output.) '-T HSIZE,VSIZE' Set the paper size to (HSIZE,VSIZE), a comma-separated pair of dimensions such as '.1in,-.3cm' (*note papersize special::). It overrides any paper size special in the DVI file. Be careful, as the paper size will stick to a predefined size if there is one close enough. To disable this behavior, use '-tunknown'. '-u PSMAPFILE' Set PSMAPFILE to be the file that dvips uses for looking up PostScript font aliases. If PSMAPFILE begins with a '+' character, then the rest of the name is used as the name of the map file, and the map file is appended to the list of map files (instead of replacing the list). In either case, if the name has no extension, then '.map' is added at the end. '-U*' Disable a PostScript virtual memory-saving optimization that stores the character metric information in the same string that is used to store the bitmap information. This is only necessary when driving the Xerox 4045 PostScript interpreter, which has a bug that puts garbage on the bottom of each character. Not recommended unless you must drive this printer. '-v' Print the dvips version number and exit. '-V*' Download non-resident PostScript fonts as bitmaps. This requires use of 'mtpk' or 'gsftopk' or 'pstopk' or some combination thereof to generate the required bitmap fonts; these programs are supplied with Dvips. The bitmap must be put into 'psfonts.map' as the downloadable file for that font. This is useful only for those fonts for which you do not have real outlines, being downloaded to printers that have no resident fonts, i.e., very rarely. '-x NUM' Set the magnification ratio to NUM/1000. Overrides the magnification specified in the DVI file. Must be between 10 and 100000. It is recommended that you use standard magstep values (1095, 1200, 1440, 1728, 2074, 2488, 2986, and so on) to help reduce the total number of PK files generated. NUM may be a real number, not an integer, for increased precision. '-X NUM' Set the horizontal resolution in dots per inch to NUM. '-y NUM' Set the magnification ratio to NUM/1000 times the magnification specified in the DVI file. See '-x' above. '-Y NUM' Set the vertical resolution in dots per inch to NUM. '-z*' Pass 'html' hyperdvi specials through to the output for eventual distillation into PDF. This is not enabled by default to avoid including the header files unnecessarily, and use of temporary files in creating the output. *Note Hypertext::. '-Z*' Compress bitmap fonts in the output file, thereby reducing the size of what gets downloaded. Especially useful at high resolutions or when very large fonts are used. May slow down printing, especially on early 68000-based PostScript printers. Generally recommend today, and can be enabled in the configuration file (*note Configuration file commands::).  File: dvips.info, Node: Environment variables, Next: Config files, Prev: Command-line options, Up: Invoking Dvips 3.3 Environment variables ========================= Dvips looks for many environment variables, to define search paths and other things. The path variables are read as needed, after all configuration files are read, so they override values in the configuration files. (Except for 'TEXCONFIG', which defines where the configuration files themselves are found.) *Note (kpathsea)Path specifications::, for details of interpretation of path and other environment variables common to all Kpathsea-using programs. Only the environment variables specific to Dvips are mentioned here. 'DVIPSDEBUG' Write the absolute path names of any configuration or map files to standard output, for debugging. This isn't done by default because these files are read even before the banner is printed. For voluminous additional debugging, set the environment variable 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' to '-1' (*note (kpathsea)Debugging::). (If 'KPATHSEA_DEBUG' is set to any value, it automatically turns on 'DVIPSDEBUG'.) 'DVIPSFONTS' Default path to search for all fonts. Overrides all the font path config file options and other environment variables (*note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::). 'DVIPSHEADERS' Default path to search for PostScript header files. Overrides the 'H' config file option (*note Configuration file commands::). 'DVIPSMAKEPK' Overrides 'mktexpk' as the name of the program to invoke to create missing PK fonts. You can change the arguments passed to the 'mktexpk' program with the 'MAKETEXPK' environment variable; *note (kpathsea)MakeTeX script arguments::. 'DVIPSRC' Specifies the name of the startup file (*note Configuration file searching::) which is read after 'config.ps' but before any printer-specific configuration files. 'DVIPSSIZES' Last-resort sizes for scaling of unfound fonts. Overrides the 'R' definition in config files (*note Configuration file commands::). 'PRINTER' Determine the default printer configuration file. (Dvips itself does not use 'PRINTER' to determine the output destination in any way.) 'TEXCONFIG' Path to search for Dvips' 'config.PRINTER' configuration files, including the base 'config.ps'. Using this single environment variable, you can override everything else. (The printer-specific configuration files are called 'PRINTER.cfg' on MS-DOS, but 'config.ps' is called by that name on all platforms.) 'TEXPICTS' Path to search for included graphics files. Overrides the 'S' config file option (*note Configuration file commands::). If not set, 'TEXINPUTS' is looked for. *Note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::.  File: dvips.info, Node: Config files, Prev: Environment variables, Up: Invoking Dvips 3.4 Dvips configuration files ============================= This section describes in detail the Dvips-specific 'config.*' device configuration files (called '*.cfg' on MS-DOS), which override the 'texmf.cnf' configuration files generic to Kpathsea which Dvips also reads (*note (kpathsea)Config files::). For information about installing these files, including a prototype file you can copy, *note config.ps installation::. * Menu: * Configuration file searching:: Where config.* files are searched for. * Configuration file commands:: What can go in a config.* file.  File: dvips.info, Node: Configuration file searching, Next: Configuration file commands, Up: Config files 3.4.1 Configuration file searching ---------------------------------- The Dvips program loads many different configuration files, so that parameters can be set globally across the system, on a per-device basis, or individually by each user. 1. Dvips first reads (if it exists) 'config.ps'; it is searched for along the path for Dvips configuration files, as described in *note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::. 2. A user-specific startup file is loaded, so individual users can override any options set in the global file. The environment variable 'DVIPSRC', if defined, is used as the specification of the startup file. If this variable is undefined, Dvips uses a platform-specific default name. On Unix Dvips looks for the default startup file under the name '$HOME/.dvipsrc', which is in the user's home directory. On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, where users generally don't have their private directories, the startup file is called 'dvips.ini' and it is searched for along the path for Dvips configuration files (as described in *note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::.); users are expected to set this path as they see fit for their taste. 3. The command line is read and parsed: if the '-PDEVICE' option is encountered, at that point 'config.DEVICE' is loaded. Thus, the printer configuration file can override anything in the site-wide or user configuration file, and it can also override options in the command line up to the point that the '-P' option was encountered. (On MS-DOS, the printer configuration files are called 'DEVICE.cfg', since DOS doesn't allow more than 3 characters after the dot in filenames.) 4. If no '-P' option was specified, and also the '-o' and '-f' command line options were not used, Dvips checks the environment variable 'PRINTER'. If it exists, then 'config.$PRINTER' ('$PRINTER.cfg' on MS-DOS) is loaded (if it exists). Because the '.dvipsrc' file is read before the printer-specific configuration files, individual users cannot override settings in the latter. On the other hand, the 'TEXCONFIG' path can be set to anything, so the users can always define their own printer-specific configuration files to be found before the system's. A few command-line options are treated specially, in that they are not overridden by configuration files: '-D' As well as setting the resolution, this unsets the mode, if the mode was previously set from a configuration file. If 'config.$PRINTER' is read, however, any 'D' or 'M' lines from there will take effect. '-mode' This overrides any mode setting ('M' line) in configuration files. '-mode' does not affect the resolution. '-o' This overrides any output setting ('o' line) in configuration files. The purpose of these special cases is to (1) minimize the chance of having a mismatched mode and resolution (which 'mktexpk' cannot resolve), and (2) let command-line options override config files where possible.  File: dvips.info, Node: Configuration file commands, Prev: Configuration file searching, Up: Config files 3.4.2 Configuration file commands --------------------------------- Most of the configuration file commands are similar to corresponding command line options, but there are a few exceptions. When they are the same, we omit the description here. As with command line options, many may be turned off by suffixing the letter with a zero ('0'). Within a configuration file, empty lines, and lines starting with a space, asterisk, equal sign, percent sign, or pound sign are ignored. There is no provision for continuation lines. '@ NAME HSIZE VSIZE' Define paper sizes. *Note Config file paper sizes::. 'a*' Memory conservation. Same as '-a', *note Option details::. 'b #COPIES' Multiple copies. Same as '-b', *note Option details::. 'c FILENAME' Include FILENAME as an additional configuration file, read immediately. 'D DPI' Output resolution. Same as '-D', *note Option details::. 'e NUM' Max drift. Same as '-e', *note Option details::. 'E COMMAND' Executes the command listed with 'system'(3); can be used to get the current date into a header file for inclusion, for instance. Possibly dangerous; this may be disabled, in which case a warning will be printed if the option is used (and warnings are not suppressed). 'f*' 'F' Run as a filter. Same as '-f', *note Option details::. 'G*' Shift low-numbered characters; obsolete. Same as '-G', *note Option details::. 'h HEADER' Prepend HEADER to output. Same as 'h-', *note Option details::. 'H PATH' Use PATH to search for PostScript header files. The environment variable 'DVIPSHEADERS' overrides this. 'i N' Make multiple output files. Same as '-i -S N', *note Option details::. 'j*' Partially download Type 1 fonts. Same as '-j', *note Option details::. 'K*' Remove comments from included PostScript files. Same as '-K', *note Option details::. 'L*' If zero, the first paper size specified is effective, else the last. Same as '-L', *note Option details::. 'm NUM' Declare NUM as the memory available for fonts and strings in the printer. The compile-time default is 180000, but this is typically overridden by 'config.ps' or other configuration files. This value must be accurate if memory conservation and document splitting is to work correctly. To determine this value, send the following file to the printer: %! Hey, we're PostScript /Times-Roman findfont 30 scalefont setfont 144 432 moveto vmstatus exch sub 40 string cvs show pop showpage The number printed by this file is the total memory free; it is usually best to tell Dvips that the printer has slightly less memory, because many programs download permanent macros that can reduce the memory in the printer. Some systems or printers can dynamically increase the memory available to a PostScript interpreter, in which case this file might return a ridiculously low number; for example, the NeXT computer and Ghostscript. In these cases, a value of, say, 10 million is likely fine. To go all out: If NUM is zero or negative, Dvips sets the available memory to a very large number (the maximum integer value in C), the idea being that output is not to a printer and thus no splitting of the output is desirable. The Dvips config file 'config.maxmem' is provided to do this conveniently, namely with 'dvips -Pmaxmem'. 'M MODE' Metafont mode. Same as '-mode', *note Option details::. 'N*' Disable structured comments. Beware: This also turns off displaying page numbers or changing to specific pagenumbers in PostScript viewers. Same as '-N', *note Option details::. 'o NAME' Send output to NAME. Same as '-o', *note Option details::. In the file 'config.foo', a setting like this is probably appropriate: o |lpr -Pfoo The MS-DOS version will emulate spooling to 'lpr' by printing to the local printer device 'PRN' if it doesn't find an executable program by that name in the current directory or along the 'PATH'. 'O XOFF,YOFF' Origin offset. Same as '-O', *note Option details::. 'p [+]NAME' Examine NAME for PostScript font aliases. Default is 'psfonts.map'. This option allows you to specify different resident fonts that different printers may have. If NAME starts with a '+' character, then the rest of the name (after any leading spaces) is used as an additional map file; thus, it is possible to have local map files pointed to by local configuration files that append to the global map file. This can be used for font families. 'P PATH' Use PATH to search for bitmap PK font files is PATH. The 'PKFONTS', 'TEXPKS', 'GLYPHFONTS', and 'TEXFONTS' environment variables override this. *Note (kpathsea)Supported file formats::. 'q*' 'Q' Run quietly. Same as '-q', *note Option details::. 'r*' Page reversal. Same as '-r', *note Option details::. 'R NUM1 NUM2 ...' Define the list of default resolutions for PK fonts. If a font size actually used in a document is not available and cannot be created, Dvips will scale the font found at the closest of these resolutions to the requested size, using PostScript scaling. The resulting output may be ugly, and thus a warning is issued. To turn this last-resort scaling off, use a line with just the 'R' and no numbers. The given numbers must be sorted in increasing order; any number smaller than the preceding one is ignored. This is because it is better to scale a font up than down; scaling down can obliterate small features in the character shape. The environment and config file values 'DVIPSSIZES' or 'TEXSIZES' override this configuration file setting. If no 'R' settings or environment variables are specified, a list compiled in during installation is used. This default list is defined by the Makefile variable 'default_texsizes', defined in the file 'make/paths.make'. 's*' Output global save/restore. Same as '-s', *note Option details::. 'S PATH' Use PATH to search for special illustrations (Encapsulated PostScript files or psfiles). The 'TEXPICTS' and then 'TEXINPUTS' environment variables override this. 'T PATH' Use PATH to search for TFM files. The 'TFMFONTS' and then 'TEXFONTS' environment variables overrides this. This path is used for resident fonts and fonts that can't otherwise be found. 'U*' Work around bug in Xerox 4045 printer. Same as '-U', *note Option details::. 'V PATH' Use PATH to search for virtual font files. This may be device-dependent if you use virtual fonts to simulate actual fonts on different devices. 'W [STRING]' If STRING is supplied, write it to standard error after reading all the configuration files; with no STRING, cancel any previous 'W' message. This is useful in the default configuration file to remind users to specify a printer, for instance, or to notify users about special characteristics of a particular printer. 'X NUM' Horizontal resolution. Same as '-X' (*note Option details::). 'Y NUM' Vertical resolution. Same as '-Y' (*note Option details::). 'Z*' Compress bitmap fonts. Same as '-Z' (*note Option details::). 'z*' Disables execution of system commands, like '-R' (*note Option details::). If '-R' is specified on the command line, that takes precedence.  File: dvips.info, Node: Paper size and landscape, Next: Interaction with PostScript, Prev: Invoking Dvips, Up: Top 4 Paper size and landscape orientation ************************************** Most TeX documents at a particular site are designed to use the local standard paper size (letter size in the United States, A4 elsewhere). The Dvips program can be customized either sitewide or for a particular printer. On the other hand, plenty of documents are designed for other paper sizes. For instance, you may want to design a document that has the long edge of the paper horizontal. This can be useful when typesetting booklets, brochures, complex tables, or many other documents. This type of paper orientation is called "landscape" orientation (the default orientation is called "portrait"). Alternatively, a document might be designed for ledger or A3 paper. Since the intended paper size in these cases is a document design decision, not a printing decision, such information should be given in the TeX file and not on the Dvips command line. For this reason, Dvips supports a 'papersize' special. It is hoped that this special will become standard over time for TeX previewers and other printer drivers. Some LaTeX packages, e.g., 'hyperref.sty', write a 'papersize' special into the DVI file. In this case, you need not and should not attempt to override it manually. * Menu: * papersize special:: Specifying the paper size in TeX. * Config file paper sizes:: Specifying printer- and site-specific sizes. * Paper trays:: Changing paper trays automatically.  File: dvips.info, Node: papersize special, Next: Config file paper sizes, Up: Paper size and landscape 4.1 'papersize' special ======================= The format of the 'papersize' special is \special{papersize=WIDTH,HEIGHT} WIDTH is the horizontal size of the page, and HEIGHT is the vertical size. The dimensions supported are the same as for TeX; namely, in (inches), cm (centimeters), mm (millimeters), pt (points), sp (scaled points), bp (big points, the same as the default PostScript unit), pc (picas), dd (didot points), and cc (ciceros). For a US letter size landscape document, the 'papersize' would be: \special{papersize=11in,8.5in} An alternate specification of 'landscape': \special{landscape} This is supported for backward compatibility, but it is hoped that reventually the 'papersize' comment will dominate. Of course, such a '\special' only informs Dvips of the desired paper size; you must also adjust '\hsize' and '\vsize' in your TeX document typeset to those dimensions. When using the 'papersize' special, you generally should not also specify '-t' on the command line (*note Option details::). The exception is when using a nonstandard paper size that isn't predefined; in this case, use '-t unknown'. The 'papersize' special must occur somewhere on the first page of the document. Some packages, notably 'hyperref', insert this special. By default, if a DVI file contains multiple 'papersize' specials, the last one wins; this is also the behavior of the 'dvipdfmx' driver. If the '-L0' command line option or 'L0' config file command is specified, the first special wins--this was the behavior of Dvips prior to the 2017 release.  File: dvips.info, Node: Config file paper sizes, Next: Paper trays, Prev: papersize special, Up: Paper size and landscape 4.2 Configuration file paper size command ========================================= The '@' command in a configuration file sets the paper size defaults and options. The first '@' command defines the default paper size. It has three possible parameters: @ [NAME [HSIZE VSIZE]] If '@' is specified on a line by itself, with no parameters, it instructs Dvips to discard all previous paper size information (possibly from another configuration file). If three parameters are given, with the first parameter being a name and the second and third being a dimension (as in '8.5in' or '3.2cc', just like in the 'papersize' special), then the option is interpreted as starting a new paper size description, where NAME is the name and HSIZE and VSIZE define the horizontal and vertical size of the sheet of paper, respectively. For example: @ letterSize 8.5in 11in If both HSIZE and VSIZE are zero (you must still specify units!) then any page size will match. If the '@' character is immediately followed by a '+' sign, then the remainder of the line (after skipping any leading blanks) is treated as PostScript code to send to the printer, presumably to select that particular paper size: @ letter 8.5in 11in @+ %%BeginPaperSize: Letter @+ letter @+ %%EndPaperSize After all that, if the first character of the line is an exclamation point, then the line is put in the initial comments section of the final output file; else, it is put in the setup section of the output file. For example: @ legal 8.5in 14in @+ ! %%DocumentPaperSizes: Legal @+ %%BeginPaperSize: Legal @+ legal @+ %%EndPaperSize When Dvips has a paper format name given on the command line, it looks for a match by the NAME; when it has a 'papersize' special, it looks for a match by dimensions. The best match found (from the paper size information in the configuration file) is used. The dimensions must match within 5bp. If nothing matches, a warning is printed and the first paper size with zero dimensions is used; this should be the 'unknown' paper size definition mentioned below, resulting in the actual dimensions being used. Landscape mode for all paper sizes is automatically supported. If your printer has a command to set a special paper size, then give dimensions of '0in 0in'; the PostScript code that sets the paper size can refer to the dimensions the user requested as 'hsize' and 'vsize'; these will be macros defined in the PostScript that return the requested size in default PostScript units. Also, some printers want 'BeginPaperSize' comments and paper size setting commands; others (such as the NeXT) want 'PaperSize' comments and they will handle setting the paper size. So paper size entries should typically specify both. When using a paper size that is not already defined in 'config.ps', you probably want to say '-t unknown' on the command line; the 'unknown' paper size definition in 'config.ps' has the requisite PostScript incantation to set the PostScript page size, as just described. If you want no paper size information in the output at all, use '-t nopaper'. This is useful with multi-page output that will be processed further. If you just have a single page document, you can use '-E' to get pure EPSF output. The Perl 5 script 'contrib/configs/mkdvipspapers' in the distribution directory may help in determining appropriate paper size definitions. Notwithstanding the above, the default 'letter' and 'a4' paper size definitions in 'config.ps' execute the 'setpagedevice' operator if it exists (it was defined in PostScript Level 2), or the 'letter' or 'a4' operator if they exist (they are nonstandard and thus perhaps cause failures on certain (unknown) printers). Not executing any page size definition at all confuses PostScript conversion programs such as 'ps2pdf', so we want to execute one if we can. The 'letterSize' and 'A4Size' paper size definitions are now synonyms for 'letter' and 'a4'.  File: dvips.info, Node: Paper trays, Prev: Config file paper sizes, Up: Paper size and landscape 4.3 Paper trays =============== Some printers, such as the Hewlett-Packard HP4si, have multiple paper trays. You can set up Dvips to take advantage of this using the 'bop-hook' PostScript variable (*note PostScript hooks::). For example, suppose you have an alternate tray stocked with letterhead paper; the usual tray has the usual paper. You have a document where you want the first page printed on letterhead, and the remaining pages on the usual paper. You can create a header file, say 'firstletterhead.PS', with the following (PostScript) code ('bop-hook' is passed the current physical page number, which starts at zero): /bop-hook { dup 0 eq { ALTERNATETRAY } { NORMALTRAY } ifelse } def where ALTERNATETRAY and NORMALTRAY are the appropriate commands to select the paper trays. On the 4SI, ALTERNATETRAY is 'statusdict begin 1 setpapertray end' and NORMALTRAY is 'statusdict begin 0 setpapertray end'. Then, include the file with either * the '-h' command-line option (*note Option details::); or * the 'h' config file option (*note Configuration file commands::); or * '\special{header=FILE}' in your TeX document (*note Including headers from TeX: Including headers from TeX.).  File: dvips.info, Node: Interaction with PostScript, Next: PostScript fonts, Prev: Paper size and landscape, Up: Top 5 Interaction with PostScript ***************************** Dvips supports inclusion of PostScript figure files (e.g., Encapsulated PostScript), downloading other header files (e.g., fonts), including literal PostScript code, and hypertext. * Menu: * PostScript figures:: Including an Encapsulated PostScript figure. * Header files:: Downloading extra definitions. * Literal PS:: Writing literal PostScript code. * Hypertext:: Producing HyperPostScript to make PDF.  File: dvips.info, Node: PostScript figures, Next: Header files, Up: Interaction with PostScript 5.1 PostScript figures ====================== Scaling and including PostScript graphics is a breeze--if the PostScript file is correctly formed. Even if it is not, however, the file can usually be accommodated with just a little more work. * Menu: * Bounding box:: The %%BoundingBox EPS comment. * \includegraphics:: The LaTeX \includegraphics macro. * EPSF macros:: Including the file in TeX. * psfile special:: The basic special. * Dynamic creation of graphics:: Handling compressed or generated figures. * Fonts in figures:: The %*Font comment.  File: dvips.info, Node: Bounding box, Next: \includegraphics, Up: PostScript figures 5.1.1 The bounding box comment ------------------------------ The most important feature of a good PostScript file from the standpoint of including it in another document is an accurate bounding box comment. Every well-formed PostScript file has a comment describing where on the page the graphic is located, and how big that graphic is. This information is given as the lower left and upper right corners of the box just enclosing the graphic, and is thus referred to as the "bounding box". These coordinates are given in the default PostScript units (there are precisely 72 PostScript units to the inch, like TeX big points) with respect to the lower left corner of the sheet of paper. To see if a PostScript file has a bounding box comment, just look at the first few lines of the file. PostScript files are standard ASCII, so you can use any text editor to do this. If within the first few dozen lines there is a line like %%BoundingBox: 25 50 400 300 (with any reasonable numbers), chances are very good that the file is Encapsulated PostScript and will work easily with Dvips. If the file contains instead a line like %%BoundingBox: (atend) the file is still probably Encapsulated PostScript, but the bounding box is given at the end of the file. Dvips needs it at the beginning. You can move it with that same text editor, or a simple script. (The bounding box is given in this way when the program that generated the PostScript couldn't know the size in advance, or was too lazy to compute it.) If the document lacks a '%%BoundingBox:' altogether, you can determine one in a couple of ways. One is to use the 'bbfig' program distributed with Dvips in the 'contrib' directory. This can usually find the correct bounding box automatically; it works best with Ghostscript. If the comment looks like this: %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 the graphic claims to take up an entire sheet of paper. This is usually a symptom of a bug in the program that generated it. The other is to do it yourself: print the file. Now, take a ruler, and make the following measurements (in PostScript units, so measure in inches and multiply by 72): From the left edge of the paper to the leftmost mark on the paper is LLX, the first number. From the bottom edge of the paper to the bottommost mark on the paper is LLY, the second number. From the left edge of the paper to the rightmost mark on the paper is URX, the third number. The fourth and final number, URY, is the distance from the bottom of the page to the uppermost mark on the paper. Once you have the numbers, add a comment of the following form as the second line of the document. (The first line should already be a line starting with the two characters '%!'; if it is not, the file probably isn't PostScript.) %%BoundingBox: LLX LLY URX URY Or, if you don't want to modify the file, you can simply write these numbers down in a convenient place and give them in your TeX document when you import the graphic, as described in the next section. If the document does not have such a bounding box, or if the bounding box is given at the end of the document, or the bounding box is wrong, please complain to the authors of the software package that generated the file.  File: dvips.info, Node: \includegraphics, Next: EPSF macros, Prev: Bounding box, Up: PostScript figures 5.1.2 The \includegraphics macro for LaTeX ------------------------------------------ Once the figure file has a bounding box comment (see the previous section) you are ready to import the graphic into a LaTeX document. For LaTeX 2e, you can use the epsf, graphics or graphicx packages, but the last is recommended--it has the most flexible syntax, and is briefly described here. Further information can be found in 'grfguide' or 'epslatex', which should be included in your LaTeX distribution in DVI, PDF, or other formats. (If you are still using LaTeX 2.09, use epsf.sty). Just put the following command into your preamble: \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} Depending on your system, a suitable driver setup may already be present, so that LaTeX automatically produces DVI files suitable for Dvips. In this case you can leave out the '[dvips]' parameter. Now, at the point you want to include a file 'foo.eps', enter a line such as: \includegraphics{foo.eps} However, it is usually best to omit the file extension and only use \includegraphics{foo} because then you can process the same LaTeX file with different TeX engines or DVI converters if you also provide suitable graphics files for them, e.g., 'foo.pdf' or 'foo.png'. The \includegraphics command has many options, specified in 'key=value' syntax, to allow you to resize, rotate or trim the included graphic--see 'grfguide' or 'epslatex'. If your file does not have a bounding box comment, you can supply the numbers as determined in the previous section, in the same order they would have been in a normal bounding box comment: \includegraphics[bb=100 100 500 500]{foo.ps} Now, save your changes and run LaTeX and Dvips; the output should have your graphic positioned at precisely the point you indicated, occupying the proper amount of space. PostScript graphics have their origin in the lower left corner. Therefore, in TeX, a graphic will occupy a box that extends far above the line where it is put in, but has depth zero below it. Combining '\includegraphics' with '\parbox' commands or minipages can sometimes be confusing when this is not taken into account.  File: dvips.info, Node: EPSF macros, Next: psfile special, Prev: \includegraphics, Up: PostScript figures 5.1.3 Using the EPSF macros --------------------------- If you are using LaTeX 2e, use the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package. *Note \includegraphics::. If you are using plain TeX or LaTeX 2.09, you need 'epsf.tex' (for plain TeX) and 'epsf.sty' (for LaTeX). For plain TeX, add a line like this near the top of your input file: \input epsf If you are using LaTeX 2.09, add the 'epsf' style option, as in: \documentstyle[12pt,epsf]{article} In any case, the above only needs to be done once, no matter how many figures you plan to include. Now, at the point you want to include a file, enter a line such as: \epsffile{foo.eps} If you are using LaTeX, you may need to add '\leavevmode' immediately before the '\epsffile' command to get certain environments to work correctly. If your file does not have a bounding box comment, you can supply the numbers as determined in the previous section, in the same order they would have been in a normal bounding box comment: \epsffile[100 100 500 500]{foo.ps} Now, save your changes and run TeX and Dvips; the output should have your graphic positioned at precisely the point you indicated, occupying the proper amount of space. The '\epsffile' macro typesets the figure as a TeX '\vbox' at the point of the page that the command is executed. By default, the graphic will have its 'natural' width (namely, the width of its bounding box). The TeX box will have depth zero and its natural height. By default, the graphic will be scaled by any DVI magnification in effect, just as is everything else in your document. See the next section for more information on scaling. If you want TeX to report the size of the figure as a message on your terminal when it processes each figure, give the command: \epsfverbosetrue * Menu: * EPSF scaling:: * EPSF clipping::  File: dvips.info, Node: EPSF scaling, Next: EPSF clipping, Up: EPSF macros 5.1.3.1 EPSF scaling .................... Usually, you will want to scale an EPSF figure to some size appropriate for your document, since its natural size is determined by the creator of the EPS file. The best way to do this is to assign the desired size to the TeX '\epsfxsize' or '\epsfysize' variables, whichever is more convenient for you. That is, put \epsfxsize=DIMEN right before the call to '\epsffile'. Then the width of the TeX box will be DIMEN and its height will be scaled proportionately. Similarly, you can set the vertical size with \epsfysize=DIMEN in which case the height will be set and the width scaled proportionally. If you set both, both will be honored, but the aspect ratio of the included graphic may necessarily be distorted, i.e., its contents stretched in one direction or the other. You can resize graphics in a more general way by redefining the '\epsfsize' macro. '\epsffile' calls this with two parameters: the natural horizontal and vertical sizes of the PostScript graphic. '\epsfsize' must expand to the desired horizontal size, that is, the width of the '\vbox'. Schematically: \def\epsfsize#1#2{BODY} Some useful definitions of BODY: '\epsfxsize' This definition (the default) enables the default features listed above, by setting '\epsfxsize' to the same value it had before the macro was called. '#1' Force the natural size by returning the first parameter (the original width). '0pt' A special case, equivalent to '#1'. '0.5#1' Scale to half the natural size. '\hsize' Scale to the current '\hsize'. (In LaTeX, use '\textwidth' instead of '\hsize'.) '\ifnum#1>\hsize\hsize\else#1\fi' If the natural width is greater than the current '\hsize', scale to '\hsize', otherwise use the natural width. For compatibility with other PostScript drivers, it is possible to turn off the default scaling of included figures by the DVI magnification with the following TeX command: \special{! /magscale false def} Use of this command is not recommended because it will make the '\epsffile' graphics the "wrong" size if global magnification is being used, and it will cause any PostScript graphics to appear improperly scaled and out of position if a DVI to DVI program is used to scale or otherwise modify the document. DVI magnification is not applied to any output from code you write in 'bop-hook' or its ilk (*note PostScript hooks::),  File: dvips.info, Node: EPSF clipping, Prev: EPSF scaling, Up: EPSF macros 5.1.3.2 EPSF clipping ..................... By default, clipping is disabled for included EPSF images. This is because clipping to the bounding box dimensions often cuts off a small portion of the figure, due to slightly inaccurate bounding box arguments. The problem might be subtle; lines around the boundary of the image might be half their intended width, or the tops or bottoms of some text annotations might be sliced off. If you want to turn clipping on, just use the command \epsfclipon and to turn clipping back off, use \epsfclipoff  File: dvips.info, Node: psfile special, Next: Dynamic creation of graphics, Prev: EPSF macros, Up: PostScript figures 5.1.4 'psfile' special ---------------------- The basic special for file inclusion is as follows: \special{psfile=FILENAME.ps [KEY=VALUE] ... } This downloads the PostScript file 'FILENAME.ps' such that the current point will be the origin of the PostScript coordinate system. The optional KEY=VALUE assignments allow you to specify transformations on the PostScript. The possible KEYs are: 'hoffset' The horizontal offset (default 0). 'voffset' The vertical offset (default 0). 'hsize' The horizontal clipping size (default 612). 'vsize' The vertical clipping size (default 792). 'hscale' The horizontal scaling factor, as a percentage (default 100). 'vscale' The vertical scaling factor, as a percentage (default 100). 'angle' The rotation, in degrees (default 0). 'clip' Enable clipping to the bounding box (default disabled). 'llx, lly, urx, ury' Bounding box of the included image, just as in a '%%BoundingBox' comment. Values are in big points, and may be fractional. 'rhi, rwi' Desired width and height of the resulting figure in the output, in tenths of big points (720 to the inch); may be fractional. If both 'rwi' and 'rhi' are nonzero, the picture is scaled, possibly losing aspect ratio. If only one of 'rwi' and 'rhi' is nonzero, the picture is scaled, preserving aspect ratio. The offsets and sizes are given in PostScript units (big points). Thus, for example: \special{psfile=foo.ps hoffset=72 hscale=90 vscale=90} will shift the graphics produced by file 'foo.ps' right by one inch and will draw it at 0.9 times normal size. Offsets are given relative to the point of the special command, and are unaffected by scaling or rotation. Rotation is counterclockwise about the origin. The order of operations is to rotate the figure, scale it, then offset it. For compatibility with older PostScript drivers, it is possible to change the units that 'hscale' and 'vscale' are given in. This can be done by redefining '@scaleunit' in 'SDict' by a TeX command such as \special{! /@scaleunit 1 def} The '@scaleunit' variable, which is by default 100, is what 'hscale' and 'vscale' are divided by to yield an absolute scale factor.  File: dvips.info, Node: Dynamic creation of graphics, Next: Fonts in figures, Prev: psfile special, Up: PostScript figures 5.1.5 Dynamic creation of PostScript graphics files --------------------------------------------------- PostScript is an excellent page description language--but it does tend to be rather verbose. Compressing PostScript graphics files can reduce them by factor of five or more. For this reason, if the name of an included PostScript file ends with '.Z' or '.gz', Dvips automatically runs 'gzip -d'. For example: \epsffile[72 72 540 720]{foo.ps.gz} Since the results of such a command are not accessible to TeX, if you use this facility with the 'epsf' macros, you need to supply the bounding box parameter yourself, as shown. More generally, if the filename parameter to one of the graphics inclusion techniques starts with a left quote ('`'), the parameter is instead interpreted as a command to execute that will send the actual file to standard output. For example: \special{psfile="`gnuplot foo"} to include the file 'foo'. Of course, the command to be executed can be anything, including using a file conversion utility such as 'tek2ps' or whatever is appropriate. This feature can be disabled with the '-R' command-line option or 'R' configuration option.  File: dvips.info, Node: Fonts in figures, Prev: Dynamic creation of graphics, Up: PostScript figures 5.1.6 Fonts in figures ---------------------- You can use any font available to TeX and Dvips within a graphics file by putting a '%*Font:' line in the leading commentary of the file. Schematically, this looks like: %*Font: TFMNAME SCALEDBP DESIGNBP HEX-START:HEX-BITSTRING Here is the meaning of each of these elements: TFMNAME The TeX TFM filename, e.g., 'cmr10'. You can give the same TFMNAME on more than one '%*Font' line; this is useful when the number of characters from the font used needs a longer HEX-BITSTRING (see item below) than conveniently fits on one line. SCALEDBP The size at which you are using the font, in PostScript points (TeX big points). 72bp = 72.27pt = 1in. DESIGNBP The designsize of the font, again in PostScript points. This should match the value in the TFM file TFMNAME. Thus, for 'cmr10', it should be '9.96265'. HEX-START The character code of the first character used from the font, specified as two ASCII hexadecimal characters, e.g., '4b' or '4B' for 'K'. HEX-BITSTRING An arbitrary number of ASCII hexadecimal digits specifying which characters following (and including) HEX-START are used. This is treated as a bitmap. For example, if your figure used the single letter 'K', you would use '4b:8' for HEX-START and HEX-BITSTRING. If it used 'KLMNP', you would use '4b:f4'. MetaPost's output figures contain lines like this for bitmap fonts used in a MetaPost label (*note (web2c)MetaPost::).  File: dvips.info, Node: Header files, Next: Literal PS, Prev: PostScript figures, Up: Interaction with PostScript 5.2 PostScript header files =========================== "Header files" are bits of PostScript included in the output file; generally they provide support for special features, rather than producing any printed output themselves. You can explicitly request downloading header files if necessary for some figure, or to achieve some special effect. Dvips includes some headers on its own initiative, to implement features such as PostScript font reencoding, bitmap font downloading, handling of '\special''s, and so on. These standard headers are the '.pro' files (for "prologue") in the installation directory '$(psheaderdir)'; they are created from the '.lpro' ("long prologue") files in the distribution by stripping comments, squeezing blank lines, etc., for maximum efficiency. If you want to peruse one of the standard header files, read the '.lpro' version. The PostScript dictionary stack will be at the 'userdict' level when header files are included. * Menu: * Including headers from TeX:: * Including headers from the command line:: * Headers and memory usage::  File: dvips.info, Node: Including headers from TeX, Next: Including headers from the command line, Up: Header files 5.2.1 Including headers from TeX -------------------------------- In order to get a particular graphic file to work, a certain font or header file might need to be sent first. The Dvips program provides support for this with the 'header' '\special'. For instance, to ensure that 'foo.ps' gets downloaded: \special{header=foo.ps} As another example, if you have some PostScript code that uses a PostScript font not built into your printer, you must download it to the printer. If the font isn't used elsewhere in the document, Dvips can't know you've used it, so you must include it in the same way, as in: \special{header=putr.pfa} to include the font definition file for Adobe Utopia Roman. The 'header' also special allows for specifying some additional code that should be inserted into the PostScript document before and after the file itself, as follows: \special{header={foo.ps} pre={pre code} post={post code}} This will insert 'pre code' just before 'foo.ps' and 'post code' just after. It is required to use the (balanced) braces in _all_ of the arguments, including the 'header', when using this extended syntax. This allows, for instance, dynamic headers, where some of the content depends on settings from the user in (La)TeX. Another application is the inclusion of graphics inside the PostScript header, so that they can be reused throughout the document, as with logs. That avoids including the same graphic several times. This is implemented in the 'graphics/graphicx-psmin' package. This extended syntax has one additional feature. When Dvips finds the extended syntax, it will also look in the installed 'tex/' tree(s) for the header file ('foo.ps' in our example), and not only in the current directory and dvips tree as the original syntax does. This is because common graphics may well come with packages which are installed in the 'tex/' tree.  File: dvips.info, Node: Including headers from the command line, Next: Headers and memory usage, Prev: Including headers from TeX, Up: Header files 5.2.2 Including headers from the command line --------------------------------------------- You can include headers when you run Dvips, as well as from your document (see the previous section). To do this, run Dvips with the option '-P HEADER'; this will read the file 'config.HEADER', which in turn can specify a header file to be downloaded with the 'h' option. *Note Configuration file commands::. These files are called 'HEADER.cfg' on MS-DOS. You can arrange for the same file to serve as a '-P' config file and the downloadable header file, by starting the lines of PostScript code with a space, leaving only the 'h' line and any comments starting in the first column. As an example, see 'contrib/volker/config.*' ('contrib/volker/*.cfg' on MS-DOS). (These files also perform useful functions: controlling duplex/simplex mode on duplex printers, and setting various screen frequencies; 'contrib/volker/README' explains further.)  File: dvips.info, Node: Headers and memory usage, Prev: Including headers from the command line, Up: Header files 5.2.3 Headers and memory usage ------------------------------ Dvips tries to avoid overflowing the printer's memory by splitting the output files into "sections" (see the '-i' option in *note Option details::). Therefore, for all header files, Dvips debits the printer VM budget by some value. If the header file has, in its leading commentary a line of the form %%VMusage: MIN MAX then MAX is used. If there is no '%%VMusage' line, then the size (in bytes) of the header file is used as an approximation. If you want a file to be ignored in the sectioning calculations, use '%%VMusage: 0 0'. Illustrations (figure files) are also checked for '%%VMusage' line. Therefore, if your document uses very large fonts or very large included figures, Dvips might take it upon itself to split the output into unwanted sections. If this causes problems, the simplest solution is to use 'dvips -Pmaxmem', which reads the Dvips file 'config.maxmem', which sets Dvips's idea of the memory available to a very large number. (See the 'm' item in *note Configuration file commands::.)  File: dvips.info, Node: Literal PS, Next: Hypertext, Prev: Header files, Up: Interaction with PostScript 5.3 Literal PostScript ====================== You can include literal PostScript code in your document in several ways. * Menu: * " special:: To include inline PostScript code. * ps special:: Inline PostScript without save/restore. * Literal headers:: Literal PostScript for the whole document. * PostScript hooks:: Specifying code to run in the PS interpreter. * Literal examples:: Neat example.  File: dvips.info, Node: " special, Next: ps special, Up: Literal PS 5.3.1 '"' special: Literal PostScript ------------------------------------- For simple graphics, or just for experimentation, literal PostScript code can be included. Simply use a '\special' beginning with a double quote character '"'; there is no matching closing '"'. For instance, the following (simple) graphic: [ picture of a grey triangle ] was created by typing: \vbox to 100bp{\vss % a bp is the same as a PostScript unit \special{" newpath 0 0 moveto 100 100 lineto 394 0 lineto closepath gsave 0.8 setgray fill grestore stroke}} You are responsible for leaving space for such literal graphics, as with the '\vbox' above.  File: dvips.info, Node: ps special, Next: Literal headers, Prev: " special, Up: Literal PS 5.3.2 'ps' special ------------------ Generally, Dvips encloses specials in a PostScript save/restore pair, guaranteeing that the special will have no effect on the rest of the document. The 'ps' special, however, allows you to insert literal PostScript instructions without this protective shield; you should understand what you're doing (and you shouldn't change the PostScript graphics state unless you are willing to take the consequences). This command can take many forms because it has had a torturous history; any of the following will work: \special{ps:TEXT} \special{ps::TEXT} \special{ps::[begin]TEXT} \special{ps::[end]TEXT} \special{ps::[nobreak]TEXT} (with longer forms taking precedence over shorter forms, when they are present). 'ps::' and 'ps::[end]' do no positioning, so they can be used to continue PostScript literals started with 'ps:' or 'ps::[begin]'. Literal PostScript instructions after 'ps::[nobreak]' are _not_ broken into lines. This feature may be used to include PostScript comments, for example. In addition, the variant \special{ps: plotfile FILENAME} inserts the contents of FILENAME verbatim into the output (except for omitting lines that begin with %). An example of the proper use of literal specials can be found in the file 'rotate.tex', which makes it easy to typeset text turned in multiples of 90 degrees.  File: dvips.info, Node: Literal headers, Next: PostScript hooks, Prev: ps special, Up: Literal PS 5.3.3 Literal headers: '!' '\special' ------------------------------------- You can download literal PostScript header code in your TeX document, for use with (for example) literal graphics code that you include later. The text of a '\special' beginning with an '!' is copied into the output file. A dictionary 'SDict' will be current when this code is executed; Dvips arranges for 'SDict' to be first on the dictionary stack when any PostScript graphic is included, whether literally (the '"' special) or through macros (e.g., 'epsf.tex'). For example: \special{! /reset { 0 0 moveto} def}  File: dvips.info, Node: PostScript hooks, Next: Literal examples, Prev: Literal headers, Up: Literal PS 5.3.4 PostScript hooks ---------------------- Besides including literal PostScript at a particular place in your document (as described in the previous section), you can also arrange to execute arbitrary PostScript code at particular times while the PostScript is printing. If any of the PostScript names 'bop-hook', 'eop-hook', 'start-hook', or 'end-hook' are defined in 'userdict', they will be executed at the beginning of a page, end of a page, start of the document, and end of a document, respectively. When these macros are executed, the default PostScript coordinate system and origin is in effect. Such macros can be defined in headers added by the '-h' option or the 'header=' special, and might be useful for writing, for instance, 'DRAFT' across the entire page, or, with the aid of a shell script, dating the document. These macros are executed outside of the save/restore context of the individual pages, so it is possible for them to accumulate information, but if a document must be divided into sections because of memory constraints, such added information will be lost across section breaks. The single argument to 'bop-hook' is the physical page number; the first page gets zero, the second one, etc. 'bop-hook' must leave this number on the stack. None of the other hooks are passed arguments. As an example of what can be done, the following special will write a light grey 'DRAFT' across each page in the document: \special{!userdict begin /bop-hook{gsave 200 30 translate 65 rotate /Times-Roman findfont 216 scalefont setfont 0 0 moveto 0.7 setgray (DRAFT) show grestore}def end} Using 'bop-hook' or 'eop-hook' to preserve information across pages breaks compliance with the Adobe document structuring conventions, so if you use any such tricks, you may also want to use the '-N' option to turn off structured comments (such as '%%Page'). Otherwise, programs that read your file will assume its pages are independent.  File: dvips.info, Node: Literal examples, Prev: PostScript hooks, Up: Literal PS 5.3.5 Literal examples ---------------------- To finish off this section, the following examples of literal PostScript are presented without explanation: \def\rotninety{\special{ps:currentpoint currentpoint translate 90 rotate neg exch neg exch translate}}\font\huge=cmbx10 at 14.4truept \setbox0=\hbox to0pt{\huge A\hss}\vskip16truept\centerline{\copy0 \special{ps:gsave}\rotninety\copy0\rotninety\copy0\rotninety \box0\special{ps:grestore}}\vskip16truept [ There are 4 'A' characters, each rotated 90 degrees about a common center point ] \vbox to 2truein{\special{ps:gsave 0.3 setgray}\hrule height 2in width\hsize\vskip-2in\special{ps:grestore}\font\big=cminch\big \vss\special{ps:gsave 1 setgray}\vbox to 0pt{\vskip2pt \line{\hss\hskip4pt NEAT\hss}\vss}\special{ps:0 setgray}% \hbox{\raise2pt\line{\hss NEAT\hss}\special{ps:grestore}}\vss} [ There is a big gray box with the word 'NEAT' inside in big letters ] Some caveats are in order, however. Make sure that each 'gsave' is matched with a 'grestore' on the same page. Do not use 'save' and 'restore'; they can interact with the PostScript generated by Dvips if care is not taken. Try to understand what the above macros are doing before writing your own. The '\rotninety' macro especially has a useful trick that appears again and again.  File: dvips.info, Node: Hypertext, Prev: Literal PS, Up: Interaction with PostScript 5.4 HyperTeXt ============= Dvips has support for producing hypertext PostScript documents. If you specify the '-z' option, the 'html:' specials described below will be converted into 'pdfmark' PostScript operators to specify links. Without '-z', 'html:' specials are ignored. The resulting PostScript can then be processed by a distiller program to make a PDF file. (It can still be handled by ordinary PostScript interpreters as well.) Various versions of both PC and Unix distillers are supported; Ghostscript includes limited distiller support (*note Ghostscript installation::). Macros you can use in your TeX document to insert the specials in the first place are available from 'CTAN:/support/hypertex'. For CTAN info, *note (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::. This hypertext support (and original form of the documentation) was written by Mark Doyle and Tanmoy Bhattacharya as the 'dvihps' program. You can retrieve their software and additional documentation via the CTAN reference above. * Menu: * Hypertext caveats:: Font quality, missing character psi. * Hypertext specials:: The details on the specials.  File: dvips.info, Node: Hypertext caveats, Next: Hypertext specials, Up: Hypertext 5.4.1 Hypertext caveats ----------------------- If you intend to go all the way to PDF, you may want to use the standard 35 PostScript fonts exclusively, since other fonts are embedded as bitmaps by default. The Adobe PDF readers are extremely slow when dealing with bitmap fonts and the results look terrible on the screen. Printouts will probably look fine, but may not take full advantage of a high-resolution printer. Alternatively, you can have your fonts embedded as Type 1 scalable outlines. The resulting PostScript files may be larger, but can be effectively rasterized at any resolution. They can also be converted to PDF files that can be used effectively at any screen or printer resolution. To get the TeX fonts embedded in the PostScript file as Type 1 fonts, add '-Ppdf' to the dvips command line switches. The printout for a run should look something like this: dvips report -Ppdf -o report.ps This is dvips(k) 5.86 Copyright 1999 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com) ' TeX output 2001.06.15:0837' -> report.ps . [1] [2] [3] [4] An entry like "" indicates success: dvips found the Computer Modern Roman 10 point font in a PostScript Font Binary file, translated it to an ASCII encoding, and embedded it. You can confirm this by examining the PostScript output file, looking for the section starting '%%BeginFont: CMR10' followed by an entry '/FontType 1 def'. The '-Ppdf' option requires that the relevant outline ('.pfa' or '.pfb') files be installed (*note Font concepts::). For example, the 'cmr10' file might be in '/usr/share/texmf/fonts/type1/bluesky/cm/cmr10.pfb'. Your TeX distribution may make those fonts available in a separate optional package (e.g., 'tetex-extra' in Debian). Failing that, commercial versions of the Computer Modern fonts are available from Blue Sky; public domain versions - in particular, the lm fonts, and the cm-super fonts, are available from CTAN sites (for CTAN info, *note (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::). You can convert a PostScript file to PDF using 'distill', which comes with Adobe Acrobat, or 'ps2pdf', which comes with Ghostscript. The 'ps2pdf' that comes with 'Ghostscript' version 6.0 or earlier will not embed Type 1 fonts. Current recommendations are GNU Ghostscript 6.51 or Aladdin Ghostscript 7.0. You can check the fonts in a PDF file with Acrobat Reader by selecting the menu entries 'File|Document Info|Fonts'. Also, the Adobe distillers prior to 2.1 drop trailing space characters (character code 32) from strings. Unfortunately, the PostScript fonts use this character code for characters other than space (notably the Greek letter psi in the 'Symbol' font), and so these characters are dropped. This bug is fixed in version 2.1. If you can't upgrade, one workaround is to change all the trailing blanks in strings to a character code that isn't in the font. This works because the default behavior is to substitute a blank for a missing character, i.e., the distiller is fooled into substituting the right character. For instance, with the Blue Sky fonts, you can globally replace ' )' with '\200)' (with 'sed', for example) and get the desired result. With the public domain fonts, you will probably have to use a character code in the range 128 to 191 since these fonts duplicate the first 32 characters starting at 192 to avoid MS-DOS problems. For more information on the use of TeX to produce PDF files, see the article "Creating quality Adobe PDF files from TeX with DVIPS" by Kendall Whitehouse of Adobe. Adobe seems not to offer the article any more, but copies are available elsewhere: You may also want to check "Notes on converting (La)TeX documents to robust PDF using Rokicki's dvips and Acrobat Distiller" by Timothy P. Van Zandt: .  File: dvips.info, Node: Hypertext specials, Prev: Hypertext caveats, Up: Hypertext 5.4.2 Hypertext specials ------------------------ Current support for the World Wide Web in the TeX system does not involve modifying TeX itself. We need only define some specials; Arthur Smith (), Tanmoy Bhattacharya, and Paul Ginsparg originally proposed and implemented the following: html: html: html: html: html: Like all TeX '\special''s, these produce no visible output, and are uninterpreted by TeX itself. They are instructions to DVI processors only. Here, XURL is a standard WWW uniform resource locator (URL), possibly extended with a '#TYPE.STRING' construct, where TYPE is 'page', 'section', 'equation', 'reference' (for bibliographic references), 'figure', 'table', etc. For example, \special{html:} is a link to equation (1.1) in an example document by Tim Murphy. See the URL for a precise description of base URL's. Descriptions of the '\special''s: 'href' Creates links in your TeX document. For example: \special{html:}\TeX\ Users Group\special{html:} The user will be able to click on the text 'TeX Users Group' while running Xdvi and get to the TUG home page. (By the way, this is for illustration. In practice, you most likely want to use macros to insert the '\special' commands; reference above.) 'name' Defines URL targets in your TeX documents, so links can be resolved. For example: \special{html:}Paradise\special{html:} is exactly where you are right now. This will resolve an 'href="#paradise"'. You'll also have to change the catcode of '#', etc. It's usually easiest to use existing macro packages which take care of all the details, such as 'hyperref' for LaTeX. The HyperTeX FAQ (http://arxiv.org/hypertex/) has more information. 'img' Links to an arbitrary external file. Interactively, a viewer is spawned to read the file according to the file extension and your 'mailcap' file (see the Xdvi documentation). 'base' Defines a base URL that is prepended to all the 'name' targets. Typically unnecessary, as the name of the DVI file being read is used by default. The 'img' and 'base' tags are not yet implemented in Dvips or the NeXTSTEP DVI viewer.  File: dvips.info, Node: PostScript fonts, Next: Color, Prev: Interaction with PostScript, Up: Top 6 PostScript fonts ****************** Dvips supports the use of PostScript fonts in TeX documents. To use a PostScript font conveniently, you need to prepare a corresponding virtual font; the program Afm2tfm, supplied with Dvips, helps with that. All the necessary support for the standard 35 PostScript fonts ('AvantGarde-Book' through 'ZapfDingbats'), plus other freely or commonly available PostScript fonts is available along with Dvips. To use these fonts, you need do nothing beyond what is mentioned in the installation procedure (*note Installation::). This chapter is therefore relevant only if you are installing new PostScript fonts not supplied with Dvips. (Or if you're curious.) * Menu: * Font concepts:: Metrics, glyphs, virtual fonts, and encodings. * Making a font available:: Installing and using a PostScript font. * Invoking afm2tfm:: Creating TFM and AFM files for a virtual font. * psfonts.map:: Defining available PostScript fonts.  File: dvips.info, Node: Font concepts, Next: Making a font available, Up: PostScript fonts 6.1 Font concepts ================= The information needed to typeset using a particular font is contained in two files: a "metric file" that contains shape-independent information and a "glyph file" that contains the actual shapes of the font's characters. A "virtual font" is an optional additional file that can specify special ways to construct the characters. TeX itself (or LaTeX) look only at the metric file, but DVI drivers such as Dvips look at all three of these files. An "encoding file" defines the correspondence between the code numbers of the characters in a font and their descriptive names. Two encoding files used together can describe a reencoding that rearranges, i.e., renumbers, the characters of a font. * Menu: * Metric files:: Shape-independent font information. * Glyph files:: Character shapes. * Virtual fonts:: Constructing one font from others. * Encodings:: Character codes and character names. * PostScript typesetting:: How PostScript typesets a character.  File: dvips.info, Node: Metric files, Next: Glyph files, Up: Font concepts 6.1.1 Metric files ------------------ A "metric file" describes properties of the font that are independent of what the characters actually look like. Aside from general information about the font itself, a metric file has two kinds of information: information about individual characters, organized by character code, and information about sequences of characters. The per-character information specifies the width, height, depth, and italic correction of each character in the font. Any might be zero. In addition to information on individual characters, the metric file specifies "kerning", i.e., adding or removing space between particular character pairs. It further specifies "ligature" information: when a sequence of input characters should be typeset as a single (presumably different) "ligature" character. For example, it's traditional for the input 'fi' to be typeset as 'fi', not as 'fi' (with the dot of the 'i' colliding with 'f'). (In English, the only common ligatures are fi, fl, ff, ffi, and ffl.) Different typesetting systems use different metric file formats: * Each Postscript font has an "Adobe font metrics" ('.afm') file. These files are plain text, so you can inspect them easily. You can get AFM files for Adobe's fonts from . * TeX uses "TeX font metrics" ('.tfm') files. When you say '\font = FONT' in your TeX document, TeX reads a file named 'FONT.tfm'. (Well, except for the 'texfonts.map' feature; *note (kpathsea)Fontmap::). TeX can then calculate the space occupied by characters from the font when typesetting. In addition, the DVI drivers you use to print or view the DVI file produced by TeX may need to look at the TFM file. TFM files are binary (and hence are typically much smaller than AFM files). You can use the 'tftopl' program (*note (web2c)tftopl invocation::) that comes with TeX to transform a TFM file into a human-readable "property list" ('.pl') file. You can also edit a PL file and transform it back to a TeX-readable TFM with the companion program 'pltotf' (*note (web2c)pltotf invocation::). Editing metrics by hand is not something you're likely to want to do often, but the capability is there. * ATM and other typesetting systems use "printer font metric" ('.pfm') files. These are binary files. They are irrelevant in the TeX world, and not freely available, so we will not discuss them further. The Afm2tfm program distributed with Dvips converts an AFM file to a TFM file and performs other useful transformations as well. *Note Invoking afm2tfm::.  File: dvips.info, Node: Glyph files, Next: Virtual fonts, Prev: Metric files, Up: Font concepts 6.1.2 Glyph files ----------------- Although a metric file (see the previous section) contains information about the spatial and other properties of the character at position 75, say, it contains nothing about what the character at position 75 actually looks like. The glyphs--the actual shapes of the letterforms in a font--are defined by other files, which we call glyph files. TeX itself only reads the TFM file for a font; it does not need to know character shapes. A "glyph file" is a file that defines the shapes of the characters in a font. The shapes can be defined either by outlines or by bitmaps. PostScript fonts are defined as "outline fonts": Each character in the font is defined by giving the mathematical curves (lines, arcs, and splines) that define its contours. Different sizes of a character are generated by linearly scaling a single shape. For example, a 10-point 'A' is simply half the size of a 20-point 'A'. Nowadays, outline fonts usually also contain "hints"--additional information to improve the appearance of the font at small sizes or low resolutions. Although various kinds of PostScript outline fonts exist, by far the most common, and the only one we will consider, is called "Type 1". The glyph files for Postscript Type 1 fonts typically have names ending in '.pfa' ("printer font ASCII") or '.pfb' ("printer font binary"). In contrast, glyph files for Computer Modern and the other standard TeX fonts are "bitmap fonts", generated from Metafont ('.mf') descriptions. The Metafont program distributed with TeX generates bitmaps from these descriptions. The glyph files for TeX bitmap fonts are usually stored in "packed font" (PK) files. The names of these files end in '.NNNpk', where NNN is the resolution of the font in dots per inch. For example, 'cmr10.600pk' contains the bitmaps for the 'cmr10' font at a resolution of 600dpi. (On DOS filesystems, it's more likely 'dpi600\cmr10.pk'.) Metafont actually outputs "generic font" (GF) files, e.g., 'cmr10.600gf', but the GF files are usually converted immediately to PK format (using the 'gftopk' utility that comes with TeX) since PK files are smaller and contain the same information. (The GF format is a historical artifact.)  File: dvips.info, Node: Virtual fonts, Next: Encodings, Prev: Glyph files, Up: Font concepts 6.1.3 Virtual fonts ------------------- A "virtual font" is constructed by extracting characters from one or more existing fonts and rearranging them, or synthesizing new characters in various ways. The explanation in this manual is intended to suffice for understanding enough about virtual fonts to use them with Dvips. It isn't a reference manual on virtual fonts. For more information: The primary document on virtual fonts is Donald E. Knuth, 'TUGboat' 11(1), Apr. 1990, pp. 13-23, "Virtual Fonts: More Fun for Grand Wizards" ('CTAN:/info/virtual-fonts.knuth'; for CTAN info, *note (kpathsea)unixtex.ftp::). (Don't be intimidated by the subtitle.) A virtual font ('.vf') file specifies, for each character in the virtual font, a recipe for typesetting that character. A VF file, like a TFM file, is in a compressed binary format. The 'vftovp' and 'vptovf' programs convert a VF file to a human-readable VPL (virtual property list) format and back again. *Note (web2c)vftovp invocation::, and *note (web2c)vptovf invocation::. In the case of a PostScript font F being used in a straightforward way, the recipe says: character I in the VF font is character J in font F. The font F is called a "base font". For example, the VF file could remap the characters of the PostScript font to the positions where TeX expects to find them. *Note Encodings::. Since TeX reads only TFM files, not VF's, each VF must have a corresponding TFM for use with TeX. This corresponding TFM is created when you run 'vptovf'. You can "expand" virtual fonts into their base fonts with DVIcopy (*note (web2c)dvicopy invocation::). This is useful if you are using a DVI translator that doesn't understand vf's itself.  File: dvips.info, Node: Encodings, Next: PostScript typesetting, Prev: Virtual fonts, Up: Font concepts 6.1.4 Encodings --------------- Every font, whatever its type, has an "encoding", that specifies the correspondence between "logical" characters and character codes. For example, the ASCII encoding specifies that the character numbered 65 (decimal) is an uppercase 'A'. The encoding does not specify what the character at that position looks like; there are lots of ways to draw an 'A', and a glyph file (*note Glyph files::) tells how. Nor does it specify how much space that character occupies; that information is in a metric file (*note Metric files::). TeX implicitly assumes a particular encoding for the fonts you use with it. For example, the plain TeX macro '\'', which typesets an acute accent over the following letter, assumes the acute accent is at position 19 (decimal). This happens to be true of standard TeX fonts such as Computer Modern, as you might expect, but it is not true of normal PostScript fonts. It's possible but painful to change all the macros that assume particular character positions. A better solution is to create a new font with the information for the acute accent at position 19, where TeX expects it to be. *Note Making a font available::. PostScript represents encodings as a sequence of 256 character names called an "encoding vector". An "encoding file" ('.enc') gives such a vector, together with ligature and kerning information (with which we are not concerned at the moment). These encoding files are used by the Afm2tfm program. Encoding files are also downloaded to the PostScript interpreter in your printer if you use one of them in place of the default encoding vector for a particular PostScript font. Examples of encodings: the 'dvips.enc' encoding file that comes with the Fontname distribution () is a good (but not perfect) approximation to the TeX encoding for TeX's Computer Modern text fonts. This is the encoding of the fonts that originated with Dvips, such as 'ptmr.tfm'. The distribution includes many other encoding files; for example, '8r.enc', which is the base font for the current PostScript font distribution, and three corresponding to the TeX mathematics fonts: 'texmext.enc' for math extensions, 'texmital.enc' for math italics, and 'texmsym.enc' for math symbols.  File: dvips.info, Node: PostScript typesetting, Prev: Encodings, Up: Font concepts 6.1.5 How PostScript typesets a character ----------------------------------------- The output of Dvips is a program in the PostScript language that instructs your (presumably PostScript-capable) printer how to typeset your document by transforming it into toner on paper. Your printer, in turn, contains a PostScript interpreter that carries out the instructions in this typesetting program. The program must include the definition of any PostScript fonts that you use in your document. Fonts built into your printer (probably the standard 35: 'Times-Roman', 'ZapfDingbats', ...) are defined within the interpreter itself. Other fonts must be downloaded as pfa or pfb files (*note Glyph files::) from your host (the computer on which you're running Dvips). You may be wondering exactly how a PostScript interpreter figures out what character to typeset, with this mass of metrics, glyphs, encodings, and other information. (If you're not wondering, skip this section ...) The basic PostScript operator for imaging characters is 'show'. Suppose you've asked TeX to typeset an 'S'. This will eventually wind up in the Dvips output as the equivalent of this PostScript operation: (S) show Here is how PostScript typesets the 'S': 1. PostScript interpreters use ASCII; therefore 'S' is represented as the integer 83. (Any of the 256 possible characters representable in a standard 8-bit byte can be typeset.) 2. A PostScript "dictionary" is a mapping of names to arbitrary values. A font, to the interpreter, is a dictionary which contains entries for certain names. (If these entries are missing, the interpreter refuses to do anything with that font.) PostScript has a notion of "the current font"--whatever font is currently being typeset in. 3. One of the mandatory entries in a font dictionary is 'Encoding', which defines the encoding vector (*note Encodings::) for that font. This vector of 256 names maps each possible input character to a name. 4. The interpreter retrieves the entry at position 83 of the encoding vector. This value is a PostScript name: '/S'. 5. For Type 1 fonts (we're not going to discuss anything else), the interpreter now looks up '/S' as a key in a dictionary named 'CharStrings', another mandatory entry in a font dictionary. 6. The value of 'S' in 'CharStrings' is the equivalent of a series of standard PostScript commands like 'curveto', 'lineto', 'fill', and so on. These commands are executed to draw the character. There can also be "hint information" that helps adapt the character to low-resolution rasters. (*Note Glyph files::.) The commands are actually represented in a more compact way than standard PostScript source; see the Type 1 book for details. This method for typesetting characters is used in both Level 1 and Level 2 PostScript. See the PostScript reference manuals for more information.  File: dvips.info, Node: Making a font available, Next: Invoking afm2tfm, Prev: Font concepts, Up: PostScript fonts 6.2 Making a PostScript font available ====================================== To make a PostScript font available in a TeX document, you need to install the font on your system and then define it within the document. Once you have installed the font, of course, it is available for any document thereafter and you don't need to reinstall it. You must have an AFM file for any font you install. Unless the font is built into your printer, you must also have a PFA or PFB file. In the following examples, we use the font 'Times-Roman' to illustrate the process. But you should use the prebuilt fonts for Times and the other standard fonts, rather than rebuilding them. The prebuilt fonts are made using a more complicated process than that described here, to make them work as well as possible with TeX. So following the steps in this manual will not generate files identical to the distributed ones. *Note PostScript font installation::, for pointers to the prebuilt fonts. Installation of a PostScript font proceeds in three steps. *Note Font concepts::, for descriptions of the various files involved. 1. Run 'afm2tfm' to create a TFM file for the original font, and the VPL form of the virtual font: afm2tfm Times-Roman -v ptmr rptmr 2. Run 'vptovf' to generate a VF and TFM file for the virtual font from the VPL file: vptovf ptmr.vpl ptmr.vf ptmr.tfm 3. Insert an entry for the font in 'psfonts.map' (*note psfonts.map::): rptmr Times-Roman , 'lcdf-typetools', particularly 'otftotfm' (), and 'afm2p' (), among others. * Menu: * Changing font encodings:: Reencoding with -t, -p, -T. * Special font effects:: Oblique fonts, small caps, and such. * Afm2tfm options:: afm2tfm command-line options.  File: dvips.info, Node: Changing font encodings, Next: Special font effects, Up: Invoking afm2tfm 6.3.1 Changing font encodings ----------------------------- Afm2tfm allows you to specify a different encoding for a PostScript font (for a general introduction to encodings, *note Encodings::). The '-t' option changes the TeX encoding, '-p' changes the PostScript encoding, and '-T' changes both simultaneously, as detailed in the sections below. * Menu: * Changing TeX encodings:: Where TeX finds a character. * Changing PostScript encodings:: Where PostScript finds a character. * Changing both encodings:: One and the same, simultaneously. * Reencoding with Afm2tfm:: Problems with the default encoding. * Encoding file format:: Syntax of an encoding file.  File: dvips.info, Node: Changing TeX encodings, Next: Changing PostScript encodings, Up: Changing font encodings 6.3.1.1 '-t': Changing TeX encodings .................................... To build a virtual font with Afm2tfm, you specify the '-v' or '-V' option. You can then specify an encoding for that virtual font with '-t TEX-ENC'. ('-t' is ignored if neither '-v' nor '-V' is present.) Any ligature and kerning information you specify in TEX-ENC will be used in the VPL, in addition to the ligature and kerning information from the AFM file. If the AFM file has no entry for a character specified in TEX-ENC, that character will be omitted from the output VPL. The '-t' option is likely to be needed when you have a PostScript font corresponding to a TeX font other than a normal text font such as Computer Modern. For instance, if you have a PostScript font that contains math symbols, you'd probably want to use the encoding in the 'texmsym.enc' file supplied with Dvips. (For a start; to actually get usable math fonts, you have to define much more than just an encoding.)  File: dvips.info, Node: Changing PostScript encodings, Next: Changing both encodings, Prev: Changing TeX encodings, Up: Changing font encodings 6.3.1.2 '-p': Changing PostScript encodings ........................................... By default, Afm2tfm uses the encoding it finds in the AFM file. You can specify a different PostScript encoding with '-p PS-ENC'. This makes the raw TFM file (the one output by Afm2tfm) have the encoding specified in the encoding file PS-ENC. Any ligature or kern information specified in PS-ENC is ignored by Afm2tfm, since ligkern info is always omitted from the raw TFM. If you use this option, you must also arrange to download PS-ENC as part of any document that uses this font. You do this by adding a line like the following one to 'psfonts.map' (*note psfonts.map::): zpopr Optima "MyEncoding ReEncodeFont" ' signs, you can make the ligature scanning operation skip that many resulting characters before proceeding. This works just like in Metafont. For example, the 'fi' ligature is specified with 'f i =: fi ;'. A more convoluted ligature is 'one one |=:|>> exclam ;' which separates a pair of adjacent '1''s with an exclamation point, and then skips over two of the resulting characters before continuing searching for ligatures and kerns. You cannot give more >'s than |'s in an ligature operation, so there are a total of eight possibilities: =: |=: |=:> =:| =:|> |=:| |=:|> |=:|>> The default set of ligatures and kerns built in to Afm2tfm is: % LIGKERN question quoteleft =: questiondown ; % LIGKERN exclam quoteleft =: exclamdown ; % LIGKERN hyphen hyphen =: endash ; endash hyphen =: emdash ; % LIGKERN quoteleft quoteleft =: quotedblleft ; % LIGKERN quoteright quoteright =: quotedblright ; % LIGKERN space {} * ; * {} space ; 0 {} * ; * {} 0 ; % LIGKERN 1 {} * ; * {} 1 ; 2 {} * ; * {} 2 ; 3 {} * ; * {} 3 ; % LIGKERN 4 {} * ; * {} 4 ; 5 {} * ; * {} 5 ; 6 {} * ; * {} 6 ; % LIGKERN 7 {} * ; * {} 7 ; 8 {} * ; * {} 8 ; 9 {} * ; * {} 9 ;  File: dvips.info, Node: Special font effects, Next: Afm2tfm options, Prev: Changing font encodings, Up: Invoking afm2tfm 6.3.2 Special font effects -------------------------- Besides the reencodings described in the previous section, Afm2tfm can do other manipulations. (Again, it's best to use the prebuilt fonts rather than attempting to remake them.) '-s SLANT' makes an obliqued variant, as in: afm2tfm Times-Roman -s .167 -v ptmro rptmro This creates 'ptmro.vpl' and 'rptmro.tfm'. To use this font, put the line rptmro Times-Roman ".167 SlantFont" into 'psfonts.map'. Then 'rptmro' (our name for the obliqued Times) will act as if it were a resident font, although it is actually constructed from Times-Roman via the PostScript routine 'SlantFont' (which will slant everything 1/6 to the right, in this case). Similarly, you can get an expanded font with afm2tfm Times-Roman -e 1.2 -v ptmrre rptmrre and by recording the pseudo-resident font rptmrre Times-Roman "1.2 ExtendFont" in 'psfonts.map'. You can also create a small caps font with a command such as afm2tfm Times-Roman -V ptmrc rptmrc This will generate a set of pseudo-small caps mapped into the usual lowercase positions and scaled down to 0.8 of the normal cap dimensions. You can also specify the scaling as something other than the default 0.8: afm2tfm Times-Roman -c 0.7 -V ptmrc rptmrc It is unfortunately not possible to increase the width of the small caps independently of the rest of the font. If you want a really professional looking set of small caps, you need to acquire a small caps font. To change the 'PaintType' in a font from filled (0) to outlined (2), you can add '"/PaintType 2 store"' to 'psfonts.map', as in the following: rphvrl Helvetica "/PaintType 2 store" Afm2tfm writes to standard output the line you need to add to 'psfonts.map' to use that font, assuming the font is resident in the printer; if the font is not resident, you must add the ', the color support has gone through many changes by Tomas Rokicki. Besides the source code support itself, there are additional TeX macro files: 'colordvi.tex' and 'blackdvi.tex', and corresponding '.sty' versions for use with LaTeX. In this section we describe the use of color from the document preparer's point of view and then add some instructions on installation for the TeX administrator. * Menu: * Color macro files:: TeX macro definitions. * User-definable colors:: Adding your own colors. * Color subtleties:: Subtleties in using color. * Ted Turner:: Printing in black/white after colorizing. * Color device configuration:: Configuring Dvips for color devices. * Color support details:: Color support details  File: dvips.info, Node: Color macro files, Next: User-definable colors, Up: Color 7.1 Color macro files ===================== All the color macro commands are defined in 'colordvi.tex' (or 'colordvi.sty'). To access these macros simply add to the top of your plain TeX file the command: \input colordvi For (the obsolete) LaTeX 2.09, add the 'colordvi' style option as in: \documentstyle[12pt,colordvi]{article} For LaTeX 2e, these examples are not applicable. Instead, please see the documentation for the graphics package, available from 'CTAN:doc/latex/graphics/'. See also 'CTAN:doc/epslatex.ps'. These macros provide two basic kinds of color macros: ones for local color changes (a few words, a single symbol) and one for global color changes (the whole document). All the color names use a mixed case scheme to avoid conflicts with other macros. There are 68 predefined colors, with names taken primarily from the Crayola crayon box of 64 colors, and one pair of macros for the user to set his own color pattern (*note User-definable colors::). You can browse the file 'colordvi.tex' for a list of the predefined colors. The comments in this file also show a rough correspondence between the crayon names and Pantones. A local color command has the form \COLORNAME{this is the color COLORNAME} where COLORNAME is the name of a predefined color, e.g., 'Blue'. As shown, these macros take one argument, the text to print in the specified color. This can be used for nested color changes since it restores the original color state when it completes. For example: This text is normal but here we are \Red{switching to red, \Blue{nesting blue}, recovering the red} and back to original. The color nesting level has no hard limit, but it is not advisable to nest too deeply lest you and the reader lose track of the color history. The global color command has the form \textCOLORNAME These macros take no arguments and changes the default color from that point on to COLORNAME. This of course can be overridden globally by another such command or locally by local color commands. For example, expanding on the example above, we might have \textGreen This text is green but here we are \Red{switching to red, \Blue{nesting blue}, recovering the red} and back to original green. \textCyan The text from here on will be cyan until \Yellow{locally changed to yellow}. Now we are back to cyan. The color commands will even work in math mode and across math mode boundaries. This means that if you have a color before going into math mode, the mathematics will be set in that color as well. In alignment environments like '\halign', 'tabular' or 'eqnarray', local color commands cannot extend beyond the alignment characters. Because local color commands respect only some environment and delimiter changes besides their own, care must be taken in setting their scope. It is best not to have them stretch too far. At the present time there are no macros for color environments in LaTeX which might have a larger range. This is primarily to keep the TeX and LaTeX use compatible.  File: dvips.info, Node: User-definable colors, Next: Color subtleties, Prev: Color macro files, Up: Color 7.2 User-definable colors ========================= There are two ways for the user to specify colors not already defined. For local changes, there is the command '\Color' which takes two arguments. The first argument is four numbers between zero and one and specifies the intensity of cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK) in that order. The second argument is the text that should appear in the given color. For example, suppose you want the words "this color is pretty" to appear in a color which is 50% cyan, 85% magenta, 40% yellow and 20% black. You would use the command \Color{.5 .85 .4 .2}{this color is pretty} For global color changes, there is a command '\textColor' which takes one argument, the CMYK quadruple of relative color intensities. For example, if you want the default color to be as above, then the command \textColor{.5 .85 .4 .2} The text from now on will be this pretty color will do the trick. Making a global color change in the midst of nested local colors is highly discouraged. Consequently, Dvips will give you warning message and do its best to recover by discarding the current color history.  File: dvips.info, Node: Color subtleties, Next: Ted Turner, Prev: User-definable colors, Up: Color 7.3 Color subtleties ==================== Color macros are defined via '\special' keywords. As such, they are put in the '.dvi' file only as explicit message strings to the driver. The (unpleasant) result is that certain unprotected regions of the text can have unwanted color side effects. For example, if a color region is split by TeX across a page boundary, then the footers of the current page (e.g., the page number) and the headers of the next page can inherit that color. To avoid this effect globally, users should make sure that these special regions of the text are defined with their own local color commands. For example, to protect the header and footer in plain TeX, use \headline{\Black{My Header}} \footline{\Black{\hss\tenrm\folio\hss}} This warning also applies to figures and other insertions, so be careful! Of course, in LaTeX, this is much more difficult to do because of the complexity of the macros that control these regions. This is unfortunate but inevitable, because TeX and LaTeX were not written with color in mind. Even when writing your own macros, much care must be taken. The macros that 'colorize' a portion of the text work prefix the text work by outputting one '\special' command to turn the color on before the text, and outputting another '\special' command afterwards to restore the original color. It is often useful to ensure that TeX is in horizontal mode before the first special command is issued; this can be done by prefixing the color command with '\leavevmode'.  File: dvips.info, Node: Ted Turner, Next: Color device configuration, Prev: Color subtleties, Up: Color 7.4 Printing in black/white after colorizing ============================================ If you have a TeX or LaTeX document written with color macros and you want to print it in black and white there are two options. On all (good) PostScript devices, printing a color file will print in corresponding gray levels. This is useful to get a rough idea of the colors without using expensive color printing devices. The second option is to replace the call to input 'colordvi.tex' with 'blackdvi.tex' (and similarly for the '.sty' files). So in the above example, replacing the word 'colordvi' with 'blackdvi' suffices. 'blackdvi.tex' defines the color macros as no-ops, and so will produce normal black/white printing. By this simple mechanism, the user can switch to all black/white printing without having to ferret out the color commands. Also, some device drivers, particularly non-PostScript ones like screen previewers, will simply ignore the color commands and so print in black/white. Hopefully, in the future screen previewers for color displays will be compatible with some form of color support.  File: dvips.info, Node: Color device configuration, Next: Color support details, Prev: Ted Turner, Up: Color 7.5 Color device configuration ============================== To configure Dvips for a particular color device you need to fine tune the color parameters to match your device's color rendition. To do this, you will need a Pantone chart for your device. The header file 'color.lpro' shows a (rough) correspondence between the Crayola crayon names and the Pantone numbers and also defines default CMYK values for each of the colors. Note that these colors must be defined in CMYK terms and not RGB, as Dvips outputs PostScript color commands in CMYK. This header file also defines (if they are not known to the interpreter) the PostScript commands 'setcmykcolor' and 'currentcmykcolor' in terms of a RGB equivalent so if your device only understands RGB, there should be no problem. The parameters set in this file were determined by comparing the Pantone chart of a Tektronix Phaser printer with the actual Crayola Crayons. Because these were defined for a particular device, the actual color rendition on your device may be very different. There are two ways to adjust this. One is to use the PAntone chart for your device to rewrite 'color.lpro' prior to compilation and installation. A better alternative, which supports multiple devices, is to add a header file option in the configuration file (*note Configuration file commands::) for each device that defines, in 'userdict', the color parameters for those colors that need redefining. For example, if you need to change the parameters defining 'Goldenrod' (approximately Pantone 109 on the Phaser) for your device 'mycolordev', do the following. In the Pantone chart for your device, find the CMYK values for Pantone 109. Let's say they are '{\ 0 0.10 0.75 0.03 }'. Then create a header file named 'mycolordev.pro' with the commands userdict begin /Goldenrod { 0 0.10 0.75 0.03 setcmykcolor} bind def Finally, in 'config.mycolordev' add the line h mycolordev.pro This will then define 'Goldenrod' in your device's CMYK values in 'userdict' which is checked before defining it in 'TeXdict' by 'color.pro'. (On MS-DOS, you will have to call this file 'mycolordev.cfg'.) This mechanism, together with additions to 'colordvi.tex' and 'blackdvi.tex' (and the '.sty' files), can also be used to predefine other colors for your users.  File: dvips.info, Node: Color support details, Prev: Color device configuration, Up: Color 7.6 Color support details ========================= To support color, Dvips recognizes a certain set of specials. These specials start with the keyword 'color' or the keyword 'background', followed by a color specification. * Menu: * Color specifications:: * Color specials::  File: dvips.info, Node: Color specifications, Next: Color specials, Up: Color support details 7.6.1 Color specifications -------------------------- What is a color specification? One of three things. First, it might be a PostScript procedure as defined in a PostScript header file. The 'color.pro' file defines 64 of these, including 'Maroon'. This PostScript procedure must set the current color to be some value; in this case, 'Maroon' is defined as '0 0.87 0.68 0.32 setcmykcolor'. The second possibility is the name of a color model (initially, one of 'rgb', 'hsb', 'cmyk', or 'gray') followed by the appropriate number of parameters. When Dvips encounters such a macro, it sends out the parameters first, followed by the string created by prefixing 'TeXcolor' to the color model. Thus, the color specification 'rgb 0.3 0.4 0.5' would generate the PostScript code '0.3 0.4 0.5 TeXrgbcolor'. Note that the case of zero arguments is disallowed, as that is handled by the single keyword case ('Maroon') above, where no changes to the name are made before it is sent to the PostScript file. The third and final type of color specification is a double quote followed by any sequence of PostScript. The double quote is stripped from the output. For instance, the color specification '"AggiePattern setpattern' will set the 'color' to the Aggie logo pattern (assuming such exists.)  File: dvips.info, Node: Color specials, Prev: Color specifications, Up: Color support details 7.6.2 Color specials -------------------- We will describe 'background' first, since it is the simplest. The 'background' keyword must be followed by a color specification. That color specification is used as a fill color for the background. The last 'background' special on a page is the one that gets issued, and it gets issued at the very beginning of the page, before any text or specials are sent. (This is possible because the prescan phase of Dvips notices all of the color specials so that the appropriate information can be written out during the second phase.) The 'color' special itself has three forms. The first is just 'color' followed by a color specification. In this case, the current global color is set to that color; the color stack must be empty when such a command is executed. The second form is 'color push' followed by a color specification. This saves the current color on the color stack and sets the color to be that given by the color specification. This is the most common way to set a color. The final version of the 'color' special is just 'color pop', with no color specification; this says to pop the color last pushed on the color stack from the color stack and set the current color to be that color. Dvips correctly handles these color specials across pages, even when the pages are repeated or reversed. These color specials can be used for things such as patterns or screens as well as simple colors. However, note that in the PostScript, only one color specification can be active at a time. For instance, at the beginning of a page, only the bottommost entry on the color stack is sent; also, when a color is popped, all that is done is that the color specification from the previous stack entry is sent. No 'gsave' or 'grestore' is used. This means that you cannot easily mix usage of the 'color' specials for screens and colors, just one or the other. This may be addressed in the future by adding support for different categories of color-like state.  File: dvips.info, Node: Index, Prev: Color, Up: Top Index ***** [index] * Menu: * ! special (literal PS header): Literal headers. (line 6) * ! starting output filename: Option details. (line 242) * " special (literal PostScript): " special. (line 6) * %%BoundingBox: Bounding box. (line 17) * %%Page, and multi-page information: PostScript hooks. (line 37) * %%Page, not generating: Option details. (line 207) * %%Page, removing: Option details. (line 160) * %%Page, required by Ghostview: Ghostscript installation. (line 12) * %%VMusage: Headers and memory usage. (line 12) * %*Font: Fonts in figures. (line 6) * (atend), bounding box specification: Bounding box. (line 28) * +PSMAPFILE: Configuration file commands. (line 121) * -: Option details. (line 11) * - as output filename: Option details. (line 242) * --help: Option summary. (line 7) * --help <1>: Option details. (line 15) * --version: Option details. (line 18) * -a: Option details. (line 21) * -A: Option details. (line 27) * -a <1>: Afm2tfm options. (line 33) * -B: Option details. (line 37) * -b NUM: Option details. (line 31) * -c NUM: Option details. (line 41) * -C NUM: Option details. (line 46) * -c RATIO: Afm2tfm options. (line 43) * -d NUM: Option details. (line 52) * -D NUM: Option details. (line 58) * -E: Option details. (line 82) * -e NUM: Option details. (line 71) * -e RATIO: Afm2tfm options. (line 47) * -f: Option details. (line 98) * -F: Option details. (line 110) * -G: Option details. (line 117) * -h NAME: Option details. (line 122) * -i: Option details. (line 127) * -j for partial font downloading: Option details. (line 146) * -K: Option details. (line 160) * -k for cropmarks: Option details. (line 152) * -L: Option details. (line 178) * -l [=]NUM: Option details. (line 169) * -m: Option details. (line 182) * -M: Option details. (line 194) * -mode: Option details. (line 185) * -mode MODE: Option details. (line 185) * -N: Option details. (line 207) * -n NUM: Option details. (line 204) * -noomega: Option details. (line 215) * -noptex: Option details. (line 221) * -O: Afm2tfm options. (line 51) * -o NAME: Option details. (line 237) * -O X-OFFSET,Y-OFFSET: Option details. (line 254) * -P PRINTER: Option details. (line 286) * -p PS-ENC: Changing PostScript encodings. (line 6) * -p PS-ENC <1>: Afm2tfm options. (line 56) * -p [=]NUM: Option details. (line 272) * -pp FIRST-LAST: Option details. (line 281) * -pp RANGE: Option details. (line 281) * -PPRINTER, and config file searching: Configuration file searching. (line 27) * -q: Option details. (line 305) * -r: Option details. (line 309) * -R: Option details. (line 312) * -s: Option details. (line 320) * -S NUM: Option details. (line 327) * -s SLANT: Afm2tfm options. (line 61) * -T ENC-FILE: Changing both encodings. (line 6) * -T HSIZE,VSIZE: Option details. (line 352) * -t PAPERTYPE: Option details. (line 332) * -T PS-TEX-ENC: Afm2tfm options. (line 71) * -t TEX-ENC: Changing TeX encodings. (line 6) * -t TEX-ENC <1>: Afm2tfm options. (line 66) * -U: Option details. (line 367) * -u: Afm2tfm options. (line 75) * -u PSMAPFILE: Option details. (line 359) * -v: Option details. (line 375) * -V: Option details. (line 378) * -v VPL-FILE: Afm2tfm options. (line 81) * -V VPL-FILE: Afm2tfm options. (line 84) * -x NUM: Option details. (line 387) * -X NUM: Option details. (line 395) * -Y NUM: Option details. (line 402) * -z: Hypertext. (line 6) * -Z for compressing bitmap fonts: Option details. (line 411) * -z for recognizing hyperdvi: Option details. (line 405) * ..-relative filenames: Option details. (line 312) * .afm Adobe metric files: Metric files. (line 26) * .dvipsrc, searched for: Configuration file searching. (line 14) * .enc extension for encoding vectors: psfonts.map. (line 42) * .lpro long prologue files: Header files. (line 12) * .mf Metafont source files: Glyph files. (line 30) * .NNNpk packed font bitmaps: Glyph files. (line 35) * .pfa extension required for partial downloading: psfonts.map. (line 46) * .pfa printer font ascii files: Glyph files. (line 25) * .pfb extension required for partial downloading: psfonts.map. (line 46) * .pfb printer font binary files: Glyph files. (line 25) * .pfm printer font metric files: Metric files. (line 48) * .pl property list files: Metric files. (line 39) * .pro prologue files: Header files. (line 12) * .tfm TeX font metric files: Metric files. (line 31) * /#copies: Option details. (line 31) * /#copies <1>: Option details. (line 41) * /magscale: EPSF scaling. (line 66) * 612 792 bounding box size: Bounding box. (line 43) * 8r encoding, and extra characters: Changing PostScript encodings. (line 24) * 8r font encoding: psfonts.map. (line 31) * 8r.enc: Encodings. (line 35) * < font downloading: psfonts.map. (line 11) * << whole font downloading: psfonts.map. (line 60) * <[ encoding vector downloading: psfonts.map. (line 36) * =: ligature operation: Encoding file format. (line 59) * @ config command (define paper sizes): Configuration file commands. (line 18) * \.: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 43) * \AA: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 43) * \COLORNAME: Color macro files. (line 30) * \dot: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 43) * \epsffile macro: EPSF macros. (line 38) * \epsfsize: EPSF scaling. (line 29) * \epsfverbosetrue: EPSF macros. (line 46) * \epsfxsize: EPSF scaling. (line 14) * \epsfysize: EPSF scaling. (line 20) * \H: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 43) * \includegraphics LaTeX macro: \includegraphics. (line 6) * \leavevmode: EPSF macros. (line 26) * \magnification: EPSF scaling. (line 62) * \rotninety: Literal examples. (line 27) * \textCOLORNAME: Color macro files. (line 45) * | starting output filename: Option details. (line 242) * a config command (conserve memory): Configuration file commands. (line 21) * A ring, Scandinavian letter: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 32) * a3 papertype: Option details. (line 332) * a4 paper size: Config file paper sizes. (line 82) * a4 papertype: Option details. (line 332) * A4size paper size: Config file paper sizes. (line 90) * absolute filenames, disabling: Option details. (line 312) * absolute page number, and -l: Option details. (line 169) * absolute page number, and -p: Option details. (line 272) * accent height adjustment, omitting: Afm2tfm options. (line 33) * accents, in wrong position: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 32) * accents, wrong: Afm2tfm options. (line 17) * accuracy in positioning: Option details. (line 71) * afm files: Metric files. (line 26) * afm2tfm: Making a font available. (line 46) * afm2tfm <1>: Invoking afm2tfm. (line 6) * afm2tfm options: Afm2tfm options. (line 6) * after header, inserting code: Including headers from TeX. (line 28) * Aladdin Ghostscript: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * Anderson, Laurie: Hypertext specials. (line 42) * angle (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 36) * arcs: Glyph files. (line 17) * ASCII character codes, used by PostScript: PostScript typesetting. (line 31) * atend, bounding box specification: Bounding box. (line 28) * b config command (#copies): Configuration file commands. (line 24) * base: Hypertext specials. (line 57) * base encoding, recommended: psfonts.map. (line 31) * base fonts: Virtual fonts. (line 23) * bbfig: Bounding box. (line 37) * before header, inserting code: Including headers from TeX. (line 28) * Bhattacharya, Tanmoy: Hypertext. (line 21) * big points: Bounding box. (line 11) * binary files, not supported: Including graphics fails. (line 23) * bitmap fonts: Glyph files. (line 30) * bop undefined error: Printer errors. (line 6) * bop-hook: Paper trays. (line 6) * bop-hook <1>: EPSF scaling. (line 74) * bop-hook <2>: PostScript hooks. (line 11) * bop-hook, and offset pages: Option details. (line 267) * boundary character: Encoding file format. (line 41) * bounding box, comment for: Bounding box. (line 6) * bounding box, defined: Bounding box. (line 11) * bounding box, determining: Bounding box. (line 37) * bounding box, finding tight: Option details. (line 82) * bounding box, inaccurate: EPSF clipping. (line 6) * bounding box, supplying to TeX: \includegraphics. (line 36) * bounding box, supplying to TeX <1>: EPSF macros. (line 26) * c config command (include another config file): Configuration file commands. (line 27) * changing PostScript encodings: Changing PostScript encodings. (line 6) * changing TeX encodings: Changing TeX encodings. (line 6) * character definitions in PostScript: PostScript typesetting. (line 55) * character lookup procedure in PostScript: PostScript typesetting. (line 6) * CharStrings Type 1 dictionary: PostScript typesetting. (line 51) * clip (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 39) * clipping of EPSF: EPSF clipping. (line 6) * CODINGSCHEME: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 51) * collated copies: Option details. (line 46) * color: Color. (line 6) * color configuration: Color device configuration. (line 6) * color macros: Color macro files. (line 6) * color names, mixed case: Color macro files. (line 16) * color nesting level: Color macro files. (line 38) * color separations: Option details. (line 31) * color specifications: Color specifications. (line 6) * color subtleties: Color subtleties. (line 6) * colors, user-definable: User-definable colors. (line 6) * command line, including headers from: Including headers from the command line. (line 6) * command-line options: Invoking Dvips. (line 6) * comments, in configuration files: Configuration file commands. (line 13) * comments, in encoding files: Encoding file format. (line 20) * comments, removing included: Option details. (line 160) * compilation: Installation. (line 6) * compressed PostScript: Dynamic creation of graphics. (line 6) * compressing bitmap fonts: Option details. (line 411) * Computer Modern in PostScript: Hypertext caveats. (line 6) * Computer Modern, encoding of: Encodings. (line 15) * condensed fonts: Afm2tfm options. (line 47) * config.proto: config.ps installation. (line 14) * config.ps: Option details. (line 286) * config.ps installation: config.ps installation. (line 6) * config.ps paper sizes: Config file paper sizes. (line 82) * config.ps, searched for: Configuration file searching. (line 10) * configuration file options: Configuration file commands. (line 6) * configuration file paper size command: Config file paper sizes. (line 6) * configuration file path: Environment variables. (line 56) * configuration file searching: Configuration file searching. (line 6) * configuration files: Config files. (line 6) * configuration files, creating: config.ps installation. (line 6) * configuration files, prototype: config.ps installation. (line 14) * configuration, of color devices: Color device configuration. (line 6) * configuration, of Dvips: Installation. (line 6) * continuation lines, not supported: Configuration file commands. (line 13) * control-D: Option details. (line 110) * copies, collated: Option details. (line 46) * copies, duplicated page bodies: Option details. (line 31) * copies, uncollated: Option details. (line 41) * Crayola crayon box: Color macro files. (line 16) * crop.pro: Option details. (line 152) * cropmarks: Option details. (line 152) * current font, in PostScript: PostScript typesetting. (line 35) * D config command (dpi): Configuration file commands. (line 31) * dated output: PostScript hooks. (line 16) * datestamp, in output: Configuration file commands. (line 37) * debugging: Diagnosing problems. (line 6) * debugging <1>: Option details. (line 52) * debugging options: Debug options. (line 6) * default resolutions: Configuration file commands. (line 142) * default_texsizes Make variable: Configuration file commands. (line 158) * Deutsch, Peter: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * device dependency, and virtual fonts: Configuration file commands. (line 181) * dictionary, CharStrings: PostScript typesetting. (line 51) * dictionary, PostScript language: PostScript typesetting. (line 35) * dictionary, SDict: Literal headers. (line 6) * dictionary, userdict: Header files. (line 21) * distillation, and -z: Option details. (line 405) * distiller, for PDF files: Hypertext. (line 11) * dot accent: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 32) * double-sided printing: Option details. (line 37) * downloading fonts partially: psfonts.map. (line 55) * downloading PostScript fonts: psfonts.map. (line 6) * Doyle, Mark: Hypertext. (line 21) * draft copies: PostScript hooks. (line 16) * dual paper trays: Paper trays. (line 6) * duplex printers: Including headers from the command line. (line 13) * DVI magnification: EPSF scaling. (line 62) * dvihps, hyperdvi to PostScript: Hypertext. (line 21) * Dvips configuration file options: Configuration file commands. (line 6) * dvips.enc: Encodings. (line 35) * DVIPSDEBUG: Environment variables. (line 17) * DVIPSFONTS: Environment variables. (line 26) * DVIPSHEADERS: Environment variables. (line 31) * DVIPSHEADERS, overrides H: Configuration file commands. (line 55) * DVIPSMAKEPK: Environment variables. (line 35) * DVIPSRC: Environment variables. (line 41) * DVIPSSIZES: Environment variables. (line 46) * DVIPSSIZES, overrides R: Configuration file commands. (line 155) * dynamic creation of graphics: Dynamic creation of graphics. (line 6) * e config command (maxdrift): Configuration file commands. (line 34) * E config command (shell escape): Configuration file commands. (line 37) * efficiency, and fonts: Making a font available. (line 104) * ehandler.ps: No output. (line 12) * embedding Type 1 fonts: Hypertext caveats. (line 6) * encoding changes: Changing font encodings. (line 6) * encoding file format: Encoding file format. (line 6) * encoding files: Encodings. (line 27) * Encoding Type 1 dictionary: PostScript typesetting. (line 43) * encoding vectors, defined: Encodings. (line 27) * encoding vectors, in Type 1 fonts: PostScript typesetting. (line 43) * encodings: Encodings. (line 6) * end-hook: PostScript hooks. (line 11) * environment variables: Environment variables. (line 6) * EOF: Option details. (line 110) * eop-hook: PostScript hooks. (line 11) * EPS, and Ghostview: Ghostscript installation. (line 12) * EPSF macros: EPSF macros. (line 6) * EPSF, generating: Option details. (line 82) * epsf.sty: EPSF macros. (line 15) * epsf.tex: EPSF macros. (line 13) * Epson printers: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * error messages from printer: Printer errors. (line 6) * even pages only: Option details. (line 37) * examples of literal PostScript: Literal examples. (line 6) * expanded fonts: Special font effects. (line 24) * expanded fonts <1>: Afm2tfm options. (line 47) * expanded fonts <2>: psfonts.map. (line 19) * expansion, of virtual fonts: Virtual fonts. (line 33) * extended URL: Hypertext specials. (line 20) * ExtendFont: Special font effects. (line 28) * extra characters, accessing: Changing PostScript encodings. (line 18) * f config command (filter): Configuration file commands. (line 45) * F config command (filter): Configuration file commands. (line 45) * failure, and printer errors: Printer errors. (line 6) * failure, of long documents: Long documents fail. (line 6) * failure, to include graphics: Including graphics fails. (line 6) * failure, to print at all: No output. (line 6) * fallback resolutions: Configuration file commands. (line 142) * figures and fonts: Fonts in figures. (line 6) * figures, natural size: EPSF macros. (line 38) * figures, scaling: EPSF scaling. (line 6) * filter, running as a: Option details. (line 98) * first page printed: Option details. (line 272) * font concepts: Font concepts. (line 6) * font generation, avoiding: Option details. (line 194) * fontinst: Invoking afm2tfm. (line 13) * fonts, as header files: Including headers from TeX. (line 13) * fonts, changing encoding of: Changing font encodings. (line 6) * fonts, downloading: psfonts.map. (line 6) * fonts, expanded: Special font effects. (line 24) * fonts, in PostScript figures: Fonts in figures. (line 6) * fonts, installation of PostScript: PostScript font installation. (line 6) * fonts, installing: Making a font available. (line 6) * fonts, outlined: Special font effects. (line 50) * fonts, slanted: Special font effects. (line 6) * fonts, small caps: Special font effects. (line 34) * fonts, system PostScript: PostScript font installation. (line 11) * G config command (character shifting): Configuration file commands. (line 48) * gf files: Glyph files. (line 41) * gftopk: Glyph files. (line 41) * Ghostscript installation: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * ghostview: Ghostscript installation. (line 12) * Ghostview, and no N: Ghostscript installation. (line 12) * glyph files: Glyph files. (line 6) * GLYPHFONTS, overrides P: Configuration file commands. (line 130) * gnuplot: Dynamic creation of graphics. (line 25) * graphics inclusion fails: Including graphics fails. (line 6) * gs installation: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * gsave/grestore, and literal PS: Literal examples. (line 27) * gsftopk: Option details. (line 379) * h config command (download additional header): Configuration file commands. (line 52) * H config command (PostScript header path): Configuration file commands. (line 55) * Hafner, Jim: Color. (line 6) * header file, downloading: Option details. (line 122) * header files, defined: Header files. (line 6) * header path, defining: Configuration file commands. (line 55) * header=FILE \special: Including headers from TeX. (line 6) * headers and memory usage: Headers and memory usage. (line 6) * headers, including from the command line: Including headers from the command line. (line 6) * headers, including in TeX: Including headers from TeX. (line 6) * hints: PostScript typesetting. (line 55) * hoffset (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 18) * HP4Si printer and paper trays: Paper trays. (line 6) * href: Hypertext specials. (line 32) * hscale (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 30) * hsize (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 24) * html specials: Hypertext. (line 6) * html specials, and -z: Option details. (line 405) * http://www.win.tue.nl/~dickie/idvi: Hypertext. (line 21) * http://xxx.lanl.gov/hypertex: Hypertext. (line 21) * Hungarian umlaut: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 32) * hyperdvi extensions, enabling: Option details. (line 405) * hypertext and bitmap fonts: Hypertext caveats. (line 6) * hypertext caveats: Hypertext caveats. (line 6) * hypertext caveats <1>: Hypertext caveats. (line 6) * hypertext specials: Hypertext specials. (line 6) * hypertext support: Hypertext. (line 6) * i config command (pages/section): Configuration file commands. (line 59) * idvi Java DVI reader: Hypertext. (line 21) * Illustrator, workaround for: Including graphics fails. (line 10) * img: Hypertext specials. (line 52) * including graphics fails: Including graphics fails. (line 6) * including headers from the command line: Including headers from the command line. (line 6) * including headers in TeX: Including headers from TeX. (line 6) * installation of config.ps: config.ps installation. (line 6) * installation of PostScript fonts: PostScript font installation. (line 6) * installation, of Dvips: Installation. (line 6) * installing fonts: Making a font available. (line 6) * interaction with PostScript: Interaction with PostScript. (line 6) * inverted output: Small or inverted. (line 6) * invoking Dvips: Invoking Dvips. (line 6) * j config command (partial font downloading): Configuration file commands. (line 63) * Java DVI reader: Hypertext. (line 21) * Jeffrey, Alan: Invoking afm2tfm. (line 13) * K config command (comment removal): Configuration file commands. (line 67) * kerning, defined: Metric files. (line 15) * KPATHSEA_DEBUG: Environment variables. (line 18) * L config command (last paper size wins): Configuration file commands. (line 71) * landscape orientation, defined: Paper size and landscape. (line 11) * landscape papertype: Option details. (line 332) * landscape, as \special: papersize special. (line 16) * last page printed: Option details. (line 169) * last-resort font scaling, with DVIPSSIZES: Environment variables. (line 47) * last-resort scaling, with R: Configuration file commands. (line 142) * ledger papertype: Option details. (line 332) * legal papertype: Option details. (line 332) * letter paper size: Config file paper sizes. (line 82) * letter papertype: Option details. (line 332) * letterhead tray: Paper trays. (line 10) * letterSize paper size: Config file paper sizes. (line 90) * ligature operations: Encoding file format. (line 54) * ligature, defined: Metric files. (line 15) * LIGKERN encoding file command: Encoding file format. (line 37) * lines in figures, wrong width: EPSF clipping. (line 6) * links, hypertext: Hypertext specials. (line 33) * literal headers: Literal headers. (line 6) * literal PostScript, examples: Literal examples. (line 6) * literal PostScript, using: Literal PS. (line 6) * llx (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 42) * lly (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 42) * long documents not printing: Long documents fail. (line 6) * low characters, shifting: Option details. (line 117) * lpr spooler, MS-DOS emulation: Option details. (line 242) * m config command (available memory): Configuration file commands. (line 75) * M config command (mf mode): Configuration file commands. (line 102) * macros for color: Color macro files. (line 6) * macros for epsf inclusion: \includegraphics. (line 6) * macros for epsf inclusion <1>: EPSF macros. (line 6) * magnification, DVI: EPSF scaling. (line 62) * magnification, overriding DVI: Option details. (line 387) * magnification, vertical: Option details. (line 398) * mailcap and hypertext: Hypertext specials. (line 53) * manual feed: Option details. (line 182) * maxdrift: Option details. (line 71) * maximum pages printed: Option details. (line 204) * media: Option details. (line 332) * memory available: Configuration file commands. (line 75) * memory of printer exhausted: Printer errors. (line 14) * memory usage, and headers: Headers and memory usage. (line 6) * memory, conserving: Option details. (line 21) * memory, used by PostScript fonts: Making a font available. (line 104) * Metafont ligature operations: Encoding file format. (line 54) * Metafont mode, specifying: Option details. (line 185) * Metafont source files: Glyph files. (line 30) * metric files: Metric files. (line 6) * Minion typeface family: psfonts.map. (line 60) * missfont.log: Option details. (line 194) * MISSFONT_LOG: Option details. (line 197) * Mitsubishi Shinko CHC-S446i printer: No output. (line 14) * mkdvipspapers: Config file paper sizes. (line 79) * mktexpk, avoiding: Option details. (line 194) * mktexpk, changing name: Environment variables. (line 36) * mode name, specifying: Option details. (line 185) * mtpk: Option details. (line 379) * multiple master fonts: psfonts.map. (line 60) * multiple output files: Option details. (line 127) * multiple paper trays: Paper trays. (line 6) * Murphy, Tim: Hypertext specials. (line 20) * N config command (disable EPS): Configuration file commands. (line 105) * name: Hypertext specials. (line 41) * narrow fonts: psfonts.map. (line 19) * no output at all: No output. (line 6) * non-printing characters, shifting: Option details. (line 117) * non-resident fonts: psfonts.map. (line 6) * nopaper, paper format for -t: Config file paper sizes. (line 74) * o config command (output destination): Configuration file commands. (line 110) * O config command (page offsets): Configuration file commands. (line 118) * oblique fonts: Special font effects. (line 6) * octal character codes: Afm2tfm options. (line 51) * odd pages only: Option details. (line 27) * offset pages: Option details. (line 254) * Omega extensions: Option details. (line 215) * option, details of: Option details. (line 6) * options, debugging: Debug options. (line 6) * options, Dvips: Invoking Dvips. (line 6) * options, reading from standard input: Option details. (line 11) * options, summary: Option summary. (line 6) * options, to Afm2tfm: Afm2tfm options. (line 6) * outline fonts: Glyph files. (line 17) * outline fonts <1>: Special font effects. (line 50) * output file, sectioning of: Headers and memory usage. (line 6) * output file, setting: Configuration file commands. (line 110) * output files, multiple: Option details. (line 127) * output, inverted: Small or inverted. (line 6) * output, none: No output. (line 6) * output, redirecting: Option details. (line 237) * output, too small: Small or inverted. (line 6) * p config command (font aliases): Configuration file commands. (line 121) * P config command (PK path): Configuration file commands. (line 130) * page range: Option details. (line 281) * page, first printed: Option details. (line 272) * page, last printed: Option details. (line 169) * pages, maximum printed: Option details. (line 204) * PaintType: Special font effects. (line 50) * Pantone colors: Color macro files. (line 16) * paper size configuration file command: Config file paper sizes. (line 6) * paper size, default: config.ps installation. (line 6) * paper size, general: Paper size and landscape. (line 6) * paper trays: Paper trays. (line 6) * paper type: Option details. (line 332) * papersize special: papersize special. (line 6) * papersize special, and no -t: Option details. (line 332) * papersize special, first vs. last: Option details. (line 178) * partial font downloading: psfonts.map. (line 55) * PDF files, font quality: Hypertext caveats. (line 6) * PDF files, making: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * PDF files, making <1>: Hypertext. (line 11) * PDF files, option for: Option details. (line 405) * pdfmark: Hypertext. (line 6) * pfa files: Glyph files. (line 25) * pfb files: Glyph files. (line 25) * pfb files, automatically unpacked: psfonts.map. (line 49) * pfm files: Metric files. (line 48) * Phaser printer, used for color calibration: Color device configuration. (line 18) * physical page number, and -l: Option details. (line 169) * physical page number, and -p: Option details. (line 272) * physical page number, and bop-hook: PostScript hooks. (line 26) * pipes, not readable: Option details. (line 98) * pk files: Glyph files. (line 35) * PKFONTS, overrides P: Configuration file commands. (line 130) * plotfile, ps subspecial: ps special. (line 29) * pltotf: Metric files. (line 39) * popen for output: Option details. (line 242) * portrait orientation, defined: Paper size and landscape. (line 11) * positioning accuracy: Option details. (line 71) * post code after headers: Including headers from TeX. (line 28) * PostScript code, literal: Literal PS. (line 6) * PostScript encoding: Encodings. (line 27) * PostScript encoding, changing: Changing PostScript encodings. (line 6) * PostScript font alias file: Option details. (line 359) * PostScript font alias file <1>: Configuration file commands. (line 121) * PostScript fonts: PostScript fonts. (line 6) * PostScript fonts, installing: PostScript font installation. (line 6) * PostScript fonts, on your system: PostScript font installation. (line 11) * PostScript header files: Header files. (line 6) * PostScript hooks: PostScript hooks. (line 6) * PostScript interaction: Interaction with PostScript. (line 6) * PostScript previewers: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * PostScript units: Bounding box. (line 11) * PowerPage PostScript implementation: No output. (line 14) * pre code before headers: Including headers from TeX. (line 28) * previewing Dvips output: Ghostscript installation. (line 6) * PRINTER: Environment variables. (line 50) * printer configuration: config.ps installation. (line 6) * printer configuration file, prototype: config.ps installation. (line 14) * printer errors: Printer errors. (line 6) * printer memory: Configuration file commands. (line 75) * printer memory exhausted: Printer errors. (line 14) * printer offset: Option details. (line 254) * PRINTER, and config file searching: Configuration file searching. (line 36) * PRINTER, avoided with -f: Option details. (line 98) * printer, driving directly: Option details. (line 110) * problems: Diagnosing problems. (line 6) * property list files: Metric files. (line 39) * prototype printer configuration file: config.ps installation. (line 14) * ps special: ps special. (line 6) * psfile special: psfile special. (line 6) * psfonts.map: PostScript font installation. (line 11) * psfonts.map <1>: Special font effects. (line 19) * psfonts.map <2>: psfonts.map. (line 6) * psheaderdir: Header files. (line 12) * psi character missing: Hypertext caveats. (line 54) * pstopk: Option details. (line 379) * pTeX extensions: Option details. (line 215) * pTeX extensions <1>: Option details. (line 221) * q config command (quiet): Configuration file commands. (line 136) * Q config command (quiet): Configuration file commands. (line 136) * quiet operation: Option details. (line 305) * R config command (fallback resolution): Configuration file commands. (line 142) * r config command (page reversal): Configuration file commands. (line 139) * raw tfm files: Afm2tfm options. (line 17) * reencode/*.enc: Encodings. (line 35) * reencoding: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 6) * reencoding PostScript fonts: psfonts.map. (line 24) * registered character, accessing: Changing PostScript encodings. (line 18) * remapping: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 6) * resident fonts, different in different printers: Option details. (line 359) * resident fonts, different in different printers <1>: Configuration file commands. (line 121) * resolution: Option details. (line 395) * resolution <1>: Option details. (line 402) * resolution, setting: Option details. (line 58) * reverse pagination: Option details. (line 309) * rhi (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 46) * Rokicki, Tomas: Why Dvips. (line 60) * rotate.tex: ps special. (line 33) * rwi (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 46) * s config command (global save/restore): Configuration file commands. (line 164) * S config command (pict path): Configuration file commands. (line 167) * save/restore, and inverted output: Small or inverted. (line 6) * save/restore, and literal PS: Literal examples. (line 27) * save/restore, and specials: ps special. (line 6) * save/restore, generating global: Option details. (line 320) * scaleunit: psfile special. (line 66) * scaling of figures: EPSF scaling. (line 6) * scaling small caps: Afm2tfm options. (line 43) * Scandinavian A ring: Reencoding with Afm2tfm. (line 32) * screen frequencies, setting: Including headers from the command line. (line 13) * SDict: psfile special. (line 66) * SDict dictionary: Literal headers. (line 6) * searching config files, order of: Configuration file searching. (line 6) * sections of output file, and memory: Headers and memory usage. (line 6) * sections output, in separate files: Option details. (line 127) * security: Option details. (line 312) * shell command execution, disabling: Option details. (line 312) * shell escape, in config file: Configuration file commands. (line 37) * Shinko CHC-S446i printer: No output. (line 14) * show PostScript operator: PostScript typesetting. (line 23) * silent operation: Option details. (line 305) * simplex mode on duplex printers: Including headers from the command line. (line 13) * slanted fonts: Special font effects. (line 6) * slanted fonts, making: Afm2tfm options. (line 61) * SlantFont: Special font effects. (line 17) * small caps fonts: Special font effects. (line 34) * Smith, Arthur: Hypertext specials. (line 6) * spaces, dropped trailing: Hypertext caveats. (line 54) * specials, hypertext: Hypertext specials. (line 6) * splines: Glyph files. (line 17) * spooler, lacking: Option details. (line 110) * spooling to lpr on MS-DOS: Option details. (line 242) * standard I/O: Option details. (line 98) * standard input, reading options from: Option details. (line 11) * standard output, output to: Option details. (line 237) * standard PostScript, required by Ghostview: Ghostscript installation. (line 12) * start-hook: PostScript hooks. (line 11) * structured comments: Option details. (line 207) * system in config file: Configuration file commands. (line 37) * T config command (TFM path): Configuration file commands. (line 172) * Tektronix Phaser printer, used for color calibration: Color device configuration. (line 18) * testpage.tex: Option details. (line 261) * TeX encoding, changing: Changing TeX encodings. (line 6) * TeX, including headers in: Including headers from TeX. (line 6) * TEXCONFIG: Environment variables. (line 55) * TEXFONTS, overrides P: Configuration file commands. (line 130) * TEXFONTS, overrides T: Configuration file commands. (line 172) * TEXINPUTS, overrides S: Configuration file commands. (line 167) * texmext.enc: Encodings. (line 35) * TEXMFOUTPUT: Option details. (line 197) * texmital.enc: Encodings. (line 35) * texmsym.enc: Encodings. (line 35) * texmsym.enc <1>: Changing TeX encodings. (line 16) * TEXPICTS: Environment variables. (line 62) * TEXPICTS, overrides S: Configuration file commands. (line 167) * TEXPKS, overrides P: Configuration file commands. (line 130) * TEXSIZES, overrides R: Configuration file commands. (line 155) * text in figures, chopped off: EPSF clipping. (line 6) * tfm files: Metric files. (line 31) * TFMFONTS, overrides T: Configuration file commands. (line 172) * tftopl: Metric files. (line 39) * Theisen, Tim: Ghostscript installation. (line 12) * tight bounding box, finding: Option details. (line 82) * too-small output: Small or inverted. (line 6) * trademark character, accessing: Changing PostScript encodings. (line 18) * trailing spaces, dropped: Hypertext caveats. (line 54) * TranScript: Option details. (line 207) * transforming downloaded fonts: psfonts.map. (line 19) * trouble: Diagnosing problems. (line 6) * Type 1 fonts: Glyph files. (line 25) * typesetting in PostScript: PostScript typesetting. (line 6) * U config command (Xerox 4045): Configuration file commands. (line 177) * uncollated copies: Option details. (line 41) * uncompressing PostScript: Dynamic creation of graphics. (line 6) * uniform resource locator: Hypertext specials. (line 20) * unknown, paper format for -t: papersize special. (line 29) * unknown, paper format for -t <1>: Config file paper sizes. (line 69) * URL, definition: Hypertext specials. (line 27) * URL, extended for TeX: Hypertext specials. (line 20) * urx (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 42) * ury (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 42) * usage, basic: Basic usage. (line 6) * user-definable colors: User-definable colors. (line 6) * userdict, and dictionary files: Header files. (line 21) * userdict, used for header files: Option details. (line 122) * V config command (vf path): Configuration file commands. (line 181) * verbose EPSF processing: EPSF macros. (line 46) * vf files: Virtual fonts. (line 16) * virtual font expansion: Virtual fonts. (line 33) * virtual font path: Configuration file commands. (line 181) * virtual fonts: Virtual fonts. (line 6) * virtual fonts, creating: Invoking afm2tfm. (line 13) * VM exhausted: Printer errors. (line 14) * VMusage: Headers and memory usage. (line 12) * voffset (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 21) * vpl files: Virtual fonts. (line 16) * vptovf: Making a font available. (line 52) * vscale (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 33) * vsize (psfile special option): psfile special. (line 27) * W config command (emit warning): Configuration file commands. (line 186) * warning messages, defining: Configuration file commands. (line 186) * warnings, suppressing: Option details. (line 305) * whole font downloading: psfonts.map. (line 60) * wide fonts: psfonts.map. (line 19) * X config command (horizontal resolution): Configuration file commands. (line 193) * Xerox 4045: Option details. (line 367) * Y config command (vertical resolution): Configuration file commands. (line 196) * Z config command (compress fonts): Configuration file commands. (line 199) * z config command (secure mode): Configuration file commands. (line 202)  Tag Table: Node: Top517 Node: Why Dvips1263 Node: Installation4280 Node: config.ps installation5283 Node: PostScript font installation7890 Node: Ghostscript installation8810 Node: Diagnosing problems9747 Node: Debug options10838 Node: No output11842 Node: Small or inverted13308 Node: Printer errors14026 Node: Long documents fail15358 Node: Including graphics fails15699 Node: Invoking Dvips16938 Node: Basic usage17560 Node: Command-line options18564 Node: Option summary19012 Node: Option details21261 Node: Environment variables41034 Node: Config files43895 Node: Configuration file searching44565 Node: Configuration file commands47762 Node: Paper size and landscape55543 Node: papersize special57168 Node: Config file paper sizes58876 Node: Paper trays63032 Node: Interaction with PostScript64366 Node: PostScript figures65019 Node: Bounding box65745 Node: \includegraphics69117 Node: EPSF macros71410 Node: EPSF scaling73410 Node: EPSF clipping75980 Node: psfile special76622 Node: Dynamic creation of graphics79014 Node: Fonts in figures80332 Node: Header files81982 Node: Including headers from TeX83192 Node: Including headers from the command line85230 Node: Headers and memory usage86329 Node: Literal PS87540 Node: " special88122 Node: ps special88863 Node: Literal headers90361 Node: PostScript hooks91070 Node: Literal examples93166 Node: Hypertext94620 Node: Hypertext caveats95849 Node: Hypertext specials100237 Node: PostScript fonts102871 Node: Font concepts103988 Node: Metric files105155 Node: Glyph files107935 Node: Virtual fonts110294 Node: Encodings112120 Node: PostScript typesetting114523 Node: Making a font available117608 Node: Invoking afm2tfm122642 Node: Changing font encodings123659 Node: Changing TeX encodings124450 Node: Changing PostScript encodings125552 Node: Changing both encodings126896 Node: Reencoding with Afm2tfm127570 Node: Encoding file format130673 Node: Special font effects134877 Node: Afm2tfm options137137 Node: psfonts.map140662 Node: Color145392 Node: Color macro files146436 Node: User-definable colors149629 Node: Color subtleties150905 Node: Ted Turner152557 Node: Color device configuration153782 Node: Color support details156226 Node: Color specifications156604 Node: Color specials158008 Node: Index160137  End Tag Table