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  A \paramvalue{<ref string>} is any combination of \paramvalue{c}
  (center), \paramvalue{t} (top), \paramvalue{b} (bottom), \paramvalue{l}
  (left), \paramvalue{r} (right)}
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\begin{document}
 \title{\texttt{pst-optexp}\\ A PSTricks package to draw optical experimental setups}
 \author{Christoph Bersch \textless
   \href{mailto:usenet@bersch.net}{\texttt{usenet@bersch.net}}\textgreater}
 \date{\datePstOptExp\enspace\enspace Version \verPstOptExp}
\maketitle
\pdfbookmark[1]{Table of Contents}{toc}
\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.6pt}
\begin{multicols}{2}
{\parskip 0pt \tableofcontents}
\end{multicols}

\section{Introduction}
The package \texttt{pst-optexp} is a collection of optical components
that facilitate easy sketching of optical experimental
setups. Mechanisms for proper alignment of different components are
provided internally. This way the user does not have to care for proper
orientation of the elements. Macros for convenient definition of new 
user-defined components are also provided.

\section{Concept and General Behavior}\label{sec:general}

This section introduces into the basic concepts of the package design and
explains the parameters and commands which are supported by most optical
objects.

\subsection{Concept}

The objects provided by \texttt{pst-optexp} can be differentiated into
two different categories: free-ray and fiber-optical objects.

The free-ray units are subdivided in two different kinds: dipoles which
require two reference points for alignment and do not alter the
direction of passing light beams (e.g. lenses and retardation plates)
and tripoles which work in reflection and require three reference points
(mirrors, gratings, beamsplitters etc.).

For free-ray setups one usually has a few straight light paths in which
several different objects are to be arranged. In this case it is very
convenient to define only two nodes for each light path. The objects are
placed on this light path using the different positioning parameters
(see Sec.~\ref{sec:positioning}) of the package. After having arranged
everything, the beams themselves are drawn. If objects with multiple
internal reflections (e.g. prisms, see Sections \ref{sec:doveprism},
\ref{sec:prism} -- \ref{sec:ppprism}) or objects without internal beams
(e.g. optical diodes, see Sec.~\ref{sec:optdiode}) are involved. The
different possibilities are explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:connecting}.

The fiber-optical objects can be classified as dipoles, tripoles and
quadrupoles which have a corresponding number of fiber
connections. Their handling differs in some aspects from the free-ray
objects. The fiber optics are directly connected to the reference
nodes. Every input and output fiber can be flexibly customized for each
object (see Sec.~\ref{sec:styles}). Positioning of the fiber dipoles is
handled equivalently to the free-ray dipoles. Tripoles and quadrupoles
can be found only as different coupler types. Their positioning
mechanisms are a bit more involved and explained in
Sec.~\ref{sec:coupler}.

Some hybrid dipoles (optbox, detector etc.) can be used both as
fiber-optical or free-ray elements. The way they are treated regarding
the connections to the reference points can be controlled by the
parameters explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:connecting}.

\subsection{General Options}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{optional}{<boolean>}{false}
\paramitem{showoptdots}{<boolean>}{false}
\styleitem{OptionalStyle}{<psstyle>}
\end{description}

\parameter{optional} can be used with every object and marks it as
optional. The style of an optional element can be configured by changing
the psstyle \styleshape{OptionalStyle}.

\parameter{showoptdots} draws some internal nodes which are used to
place the object and the label. The black points are used for
positioning, the red points mark the label references.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t, vsep=0.8cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](8,2)
  \psset{beam}
  \lens[optional](0,1)(3,1){L}
  \mirror[showoptdots](4,1)(7,1)(7,0){mirror}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Positioning}\label{sec:positioning}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{position}{<num>}{\{\}}
\paramitem{abspos}{<num>}{\{\}}
\end{description}

\noindent\parameter{position} is equivalent to the \parameter{npos}
parameter of \cs{ncput} (can be any number from 0 to 1) and controls the
relative position of object between the two reference points. It is only
not available for the free-ray tripoles.

The parameter \parameter{abspos} allows absolute positioning between the
two reference nodes. Its value is given in psunits.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2) 
  \lens[beam, position=0.8](0,1.2)(3,1.2){L}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2) 
  \lens[beam, abspos=1](0,1.2)(3,1.2){L}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Labels}\label{sec:labels}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{labeloffset}{<num>}{0.8}
\paramitem{labelangle}{<num>}{0}
\paramitem{labelstyle}{<macro>}{\cs{small}}
\paramitem{labelalign}{<ref string>\footnote{\refstringexplanation}}{c}
\paramitem{labelref}{relative|relgrav|global}{relgrav}
\end{description}

\noindent\parameter{labeloffset} specifies the offset from the label 
reference node of the object which is mostly the center. 
\parameter{labelstyle} defines the textstyle that is used to typeset 
the label and \parameter{labelalign} corresponds to the refpoint of 
\cs{rput}. The parameter \parameter{labelref} sets the reference 
coordinate system for the \parameter{labelangle} and the orientation of
the label text. The detailed behaviour is best illustrated looking at
the following three examples.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=5cm]
\begin{pspicture}(-2,-2)(2.5,2)
   \multido{\i=0+72}{5}{%
      \optbox[endbox,
              labelref=relative,
              labeloffset=0,
              optboxwidth=1](0,0)(1;\i){\i}
   }
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=5cm]
\begin{pspicture}(-2,-2)(2.5,2)
   \multido{\i=0+72}{5}{%
      \optbox[endbox,
              labelref=relgrav,
              optboxwidth=1](0,0)(1;\i){\i}
   }
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=5cm]
\begin{pspicture}(-2,-2)(2.5,2)
   \multido{\i=0+72}{5}{%
      \optbox[endbox,
              labelref=global,
              optboxwidth=1](0,0)(1;\i){\i}
   }
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Named Objects}\label{sec:namedobj}

\begin{description}
  \paramitem{compname}{<string>}{\{\}}
\end{description}

\noindent Every \texttt{pst-optexp} object of an experimental setup can
be assigned a name that is unique within one pspicture environment. The
name is defined with the parameter \parameter{compname} which is
defineable only directly within a \texttt{pst-optexp} object: \medskip

\begin{lstlisting}
\optbox[compname=MyBox](A)(B){Box} % valid use of 'compname'
\psset{compname=MyName}            % not valid, gives an error
\end{lstlisting}

\medskip

\noindent With this naming mechanisms one can access some special nodes of the
component at any time after its definition:

\begin{table}[H]
  \centering
  \addtolength{\extrarowheight}{1.5mm}
  \begin{tabularx}{.8\linewidth}{TX}
    \toprule
    \multicolumn{1}{l}{node name} & description\\
    \midrule
    <compname>ExtNode & Node for external connections (\emph{external node})\\
    <compname>Intern1 & Node which should be connected to the first reference node. 
       In the text we refer to this node as \emph{left outer node} \\
    <compname>Intern2 & First internal node. As the nodes with higher numbers it 
       is only available for objects with multiple internal beams (e.g. dove prism, 
       see Sec.~\ref{sec:doveprism}). They are called \emph{internal nodes}.\\
    \multicolumn{1}{c}{\vdots} & \\
    <compname>InternN & Node which should be connected to the second reference node. 
       In the text this node is referred to as \emph{right outer node}\\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabularx}
  \caption{Naming conventions for special nodes which are created by named objects and can be 
    accessed by the user after definition of the object.}
\end{table}

If \parameter{compname} is empty, the external node has the name
\nodename{ExtNode} and will be overwritten by any following object. The
outer nodes are not accessible to the user and will also be overwritten
by following object. The internal nodes are deleted after the object's
definition.

These named objects are used to create permanent external nodes (see
Sec.~\ref{sec:extnode}) and to connect objects after their definition
(see Sec.~\ref{sec:connecting}).


\subsection{Nodes For External Usage}\label{sec:extnode}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{extnode}{<ref string>\footnote{\refstringexplanation}}{\{\}}
\end{description}

\noindent Some of the objects can provide a supplementary node for additional
connections. A laser diode may be connected for example to a frequency synthesizer
(use package \texttt{pst-circ}) or a detector to a computer.

\parameter{extnode} controls the position of the additional node and
takes a \paramvalue{<ref string>} as its argument. By default this
parameter is empty (\paramvalue{\{\}}) and no node is created.

The name of the new node depends on the \parameter{compname} parameter
(see Sec.~\ref{sec:namedobj} for naming conventions). If \parameter{compname} is empty
the new node is named \nodename{ExtNode} by default and overwritten by
following objects.

Table.~\ref{tab:nodes} shows all objects which provide an external
node. Some allow any possible \paramvalue{<ref string>} for \parameter{extnode}, others have
only one reasonable possibility (e.g. piezo mirror, see
Sec.~\ref{sec:mirror}) which does not depend on the actual value of \parameter{extnode}.

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t, vsep=8mm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](11,3) 
   \psset{conn=o-o, labelangle=-90, labeloffset=0.3}
   \optbox[extnode=tl](0,2.5)(3,2.5){\texttt{tl}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=l](0,1.5)(3,1.5){\texttt{l}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=bl](0,0.5)(3,0.5){\texttt{bl}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=t](4,2.5)(7,2.5){\texttt{t}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=c](4,1.5)(7,1.5){\texttt{c}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=b](4,0.5)(7,0.5){\texttt{b}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=tr](8,2.5)(11,2.5){\texttt{tr}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=r](8,1.5)(11,1.5){\texttt{r}}\psdot(ExtNode)
   \optbox[extnode=br](8,0.5)(11,0.5){\texttt{br}}\psdot(ExtNode)
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
  \begin{tabular}{llc}
    \toprule
    Object & possible extnode positions &\\
    \midrule
    %
    \cs{optbox} & 
    all (any combination of \paramvalue{t}, \paramvalue{r}, \paramvalue{l} and \paramvalue{b}) &
    \begin{pspicture}[shift=-0.3](0,-0.4)(1,0.4)
       \psframe(0,-0.25)(1,0.25)
       \psdot(0,-0.25)\psdot(0.5,-0.25)\psdot(1,-0.25)
       \psdot(0,0)\psdot(0.5,0)\psdot(1,0)
       \psdot(0,0.25)\psdot(0.5,0.25)\psdot(1,0.25)
    \end{pspicture}\\
    %
    \cs{mirror} & 
    one fixed position (only for \parameter{mirrortype=piezo}) &
    \begin{pspicture}[shift=-0.3](1,0.8)
       \mirror[mirrortype=piezo,extnode=t](0,0.4)(0.5,0.4)(0.5,0){}\psdot(ExtNode)
    \end{pspicture}\\
    %
    \cs{optdetector} & 
    one (for \parameter{dettype=round}) &
    \begin{pspicture}[shift=-0.3](1,0.8)
       \optdetector[detsize=0.6, extnode=r](0,0.4)(0.5,0.4){}
       \psdot(ExtNode)
    \end{pspicture}\\
    %
    & all (for \parameter{dettype=diode})& see \cs{optbox}\\
    \cs{optmzm} & all& see \cs{optbox}\\
    \cs{optfilter} & all & see \cs{optbox}\\
    \cs{optswitch} & all & see \cs{optbox}\\
    \cs{fiberdelayline} & all & see \cs{optbox}\\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{The objects which may provide an external node when parameter
    \parameter{extnode} is not empty. Some allow different positions of the
    node and for some only a fixed node makes sense.}\label{tab:nodes}
\end{table}

\subsection{Connecting Objects}\label{sec:connecting}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{conn}{<conn definition>}{-}
\item[\param{fiber}:] alias for \parameter{conn=f-f}
\item[\param{beam}:] alias for \parameter{conn=o-i}
\end{description}

\noindent Simple experimental setups with a few objects can usually be
realized by defining some nodes, arranging the object in between and
drawing the beams at the end. If, however, objects with changed internal
optical path (all the prisms) or without visible internal beam (optical
diode) are involved, this simple method is not applicable anymore.

For this case several different possibilities of connecting objects are
available: \parameter{conn} specifies the kind of connections in front of and
behind the object. Its syntax is analogous to the PSTricks
\parameter{arrows} parameter. By default it is set to \paramvalue{-} and no
connections are drawn. Tab.~\ref{tab:conn} lists all possible values and
their scope for the \paramvalue{<conn definition>}.

\begin{table}\centering
\addtolength{\extrarowheight}{1.5mm}
\begin{tabularx}{0.8\textwidth}{TXl}
  \toprule
  \multicolumn{1}{l}{conn style} & description & scope\\
  \midrule
  i & Draw beam from the first reference node to its assigned outer node 
      and then through all internal nodes and end at the other 
      outer node. & \multirow{3}{*}{optexp objects}\\
  o & Draw beam from the first reference node to its assigned outer node.  & \\
  f & Draw fiber from the first reference node to its assigned outer node. & \\
  \midrule
  a & Left outer node & \multirow{4}{*}{\cs{drawbeam} macro}\\
  A & Connect left outer node to all internal nodes and then to the right outer node & \\
  b & Right outer node & \\
  B & Connect right outer node to all internal nodes and then to the left outer node & \\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\caption{All possible values for the \paramvalue{<conn definition>}, their detailed description and scope.}\label{tab:conn}
\end{table}

The first letter (before the dash) in the \paramvalue{<conn definition>}
refers to which object node the first reference node should be connected
to, the second letter (after the dash) affects the connection from the
object to the second reference node. Tab.~\ref{tab:conn} lists all
possibilities for \parameter{conn} within an object: \paramvalue{f} draws
a fiber connection and \paramvalue{o} a beam connection to the
appropriate outer node. \paramvalue{i} draws a beam connection to the
appropriate outer node and then through all internal nodes and end at
the other outer node. The boolean parameter \parameter{beam} is an alias
for \parameter{conn=o-i}. The beam style is controlled by the
psstyle \styleshape{Beam} which can be changed
using \cs{newpsstyle} and \cs{addtopsstyle}.

All fiber-optical units define \parameter{conn=f-f} which means that
input and output connections are \paramvalue{f}ibers. The boolean
parameter \parameter{fiber} is an alias for \parameter{conn=f-f}. The
fiber connection style can be changed by adapting the \styleshape{Fiber*}
styles (see Sec.~\ref{sec:styles}).

The way how to really use this kind of connections should become more
clear after looking at the following examples in this section.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=4.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](4,5)
  \addtopsstyle{Beam}{arrows=->, arrowscale=1.5}
  \psset{labeloffset=0}
  \doveprism[conn=o-](0,4.5)(4,4.5){\texttt{o-}}
  \doveprism[conn=i-](0,3.5)(4,3.5){\texttt{i-}}
  \doveprism[conn=-o](0,2.5)(4,2.5){\texttt{-o}}
  \doveprism[conn=-i](0,1.5)(4,1.5){\texttt{-i}}
  \optbox[conn=-f](0,0.5)(4,0.5){\texttt{-f}}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip 

The following example shows how this \parameter{conn} parameter can be used in some kinds
of experimental setups using objects with changed internal optical path (here a
penta prism). Instead of drawing the beam at the end with a \cs{psline},
the beams are created at definition time of the respective object.

\begin{LTXexampleFloat}
\begin{LTXexample}[width=4.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](4,5)
   \pnode(1,1){A}\pnode(1,4){G}\pnode(3,4){B}
   \optbox[endbox, labelref=relative, labeloffset=0, optboxwidth=1](G)(A){Laser}
   \lens[lens=0.5 0.5 0.5, abspos=0.3](A)(G){}
   \pinhole[abspos=0.5](A)(G){}
   \lens[lens=2, abspos=0.8](A)(G){}
   \lens[abspos=2, labelangle=180](A)(G){L}
   \optplate[abspos=1.5, labeloffset=1](A)(G){SLM}
   \lens[abspos=1](G)(B){L}
   \optbox[endbox, labeloffset=0, optboxwidth=1](G)(B){CCD}
   \pentaprism[beam, labeloffset=1](A)(G)(B){PP}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}
\caption{Code example on how to use the \parameter{conn} parameter in experimental setups.}\label{lst:conn}
\end{LTXexampleFloat}

This method works unless objects without internal beams (e.g. an optical
diode, Sec.~\ref{sec:optdiode}) or with internal reflections (e.g. a
Dove prism, Sec.~\ref{sec:doveprism}) are used in the straight light
paths of the setup. One possibility would be to create additional nodes,
but this may be not very comfortable. Therefore, \texttt{pst-optexp}
provides a macro \cs{drawbeam} which connects a named object
(Sec.~\ref{sec:namedobj}) to another named object or a node.

\medskip

\begin{lstlisting}
\drawbeam[conn=...]{<from>}{<to>}
\end{lstlisting}

\medskip

\noindent If \paramvalue{<from>} or \paramvalue{<to>} is a node, it must be written
including the round braces. The call

\medskip

\begin{lstlisting}
\drawbeam{Obj}{(1;45)}
\end{lstlisting}

\medskip\noindent connects the named object \nodename{Obj} to the node.

The type of beam connection which \cs{drawbeam} draws is again
controlled by the parameter \parameter{conn}. Almost every optical
object does not have distinguished inputs and outputs and can be used in
either directions. Therefore, it does not make sense to speak about
`input` and `output` when referring to the object nodes, but rather
about node A (\nodename{left outer node}) and node B (\nodename{right outer
  node}). Consequently, the two letters of parameter \parameter{conn}
can take the values \paramvalue{a}, \paramvalue{A}, \paramvalue{b}
or \paramvalue{B} when used together with \cs{drawbeam}. The detailed
descriptions of the individual possibilities are listed in
Tab.~\ref{tab:conn}. The letter before the dash in \parameter{conn}
refers to the \paramvalue{<from>} object, the other one to
the \paramvalue{<to>} object. Again, the next examples should clearify
how to apply the \cs{drawbeam} macro together with the
different \parameter{conn} settings.

\begin{LTXexampleFloat}
  \begin{LTXexample}[width=4.5cm]
    \begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](4,6) \psset{labeloffset=0.6}
      \addtopsstyle{Beam}{arrows=->, arrowscale=1.5}
      \doveprism[compname=Dove1](0,0.8)(3,0.8){Dove1}
      \drawbeam[conn=b-]{Dove1}{(3,0.8)}
      \doveprism[compname=Dove2](0,2.3)(3,2.3){Dove2}
      \drawbeam[conn=B-]{Dove2}{(3,2.3)}
      \doveprism[compname=Dove3](0,3.8)(3,3.8){Dove3}
      \drawbeam[conn=-a]{(0,3.8)}{Dove3}
      \doveprism[compname=Dove4](0,5.3)(3,5.3){Dove4}
      \drawbeam[conn=-A]{(0,5.3)}{Dove4}
    \end{pspicture}
  \end{LTXexample}
\end{LTXexampleFloat}

With the help of the \cs{drawbeam} macro we can adapt
Listing~\ref{lst:conn} to use an optical diode before the beam clearing
and connect it to the other components. In order to illustrate the beams
that are drawn by the different mechanisms, they are colorcoded in the
resulting Listing~\ref{lst:conn2}: \emph{green} is the direct connecting
of the optical diode, \emph{red} is the \cs{drawbeam} connection and
\emph{blue} the direct connecting of the penta prism.

\begin{LTXexampleFloat}
\begin{LTXexample}[width=4.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](4,6)
   \pnode(1,1){A}\pnode(1,5){G}\pnode(3,5){B}
   \optbox[endbox, labelref=relative, labeloffset=0, optboxwidth=1](G)(A){Laser}
   \lens[lens=0.5 0.5 0.5, abspos=1.5](A)(G){}
   \pinhole[abspos=1.7](A)(G){}
   \lens[lens=2, abspos=2](A)(G){}
   \lens[abspos=3, labelangle=180](A)(G){L}
   \optplate[abspos=2.5, labeloffset=1](A)(G){SLM}
   \lens[abspos=1](G)(B){L}
   \optbox[endbox, labeloffset=0, optboxwidth=1](G)(B){CCD}
   \optdiode[abspos=0.8, conn=o-, compname=OD](A)(G){OD}
   \addtopsstyle{Beam}{linecolor=blue}
   \pentaprism[conn=-i, labeloffset=1, compname=PP](A)(G)(B){PP}
   \addtopsstyle{Beam}{linecolor=red}
   \drawbeam[conn=b-a]{OD}{PP}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}
\caption{More soffisticated code example which employs both connecting
  methods. The beam connections are colorcoded: \emph{green} is the
  direct connecting of the optical diode, \emph{red} is the
  \cs{drawbeam} connection and \emph{blue} the direct connecting of the
  penta prism.}\label{lst:conn2}
\end{LTXexampleFloat}

\newpage

\section{Free-Ray Objects}

The general appearance of all objects can be customized using the
standard PSTricks parameter like \parameter{linewidth}
or \parameter{fillstyle}. Some components allow changing a special part
(e.g. for a piezo mirror) for which they use certain psstyles. For the
automatic beam connections the \styleshape{Beam} style is used.

\subsection{Lens}\label{sec:lens}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{lensheight}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{lenswidth}{<num>}{0.2}
\paramitem{lensradius}{<num> [<num>]}{\{\}}
\paramitem{lensradiusleft}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{lensradiusright}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{lens}{<num> [<num> [<num> [<num>]]]}{\{\}}
\paramitem{thicklens}{<boolean>}{false}
\end{description}

\medskip 

\begin{LTXexample}[width=5.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](5,6)
  % concave lenses
  \pnode(0,5){A}\pnode(5,5){B}
  \psline[style=Beam](A)(B)
  \lens[position=0.2](A)(B){L}
  \lens[lensradius=-1,position=0.5](A)(B){L}
  \lens[lens=-1.5 1,position=0.7](A)(B){L}
  % convex lenses
  \pnode(0,3){A}\pnode(5,3){B}
  \psline[style=Beam](A)(B)
  \lens[position=0.2,lens=1 -1](A)(B){L}
  \lens[lens=0 -1](A)(B){L}
  \lens[lens=1 0,position=0.7](A)(B){L}
  % thick lenses
  \pnode(0,1){A}\pnode(5,1){B}
  \psline[style=Beam](A)(B)
  \lens[position=0.3, lens=-1.5 1 1 0.5, thicklens](A)(B){thicklens}
  \lens[lens=0 -1, position=0.7, fillstyle=solid, fillcolor=blue!30!white](A)(B){lens}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

The shape of a lens is defined by its two surface radii. A negative
radius gives a concave, a positive radius a convex and a radius of
\texttt{0} a plain surface. The parameters \parameter{lensradiusleft}
and \parameter{lensradiusright} allow to define independent values for both
surfaces. \parameter{lensradius} sets both curvatures to the same
value. Usually only \parameter{lensheight} and the two radii are used to
construct the lens. The thickness (or width) is determined
automatically. Manually controlling the thickness of the lens can be
achived by setting \parameter{thicklens}
to \paramvalue{true}. Then \parameter{lenswidth} is used as width of the lens at
its waist. Finally, the parameter \parameter{lens} allows the definition of
all relevant lens parameters at once. It consists of one up to four
space-separated numbers. The first one gives the left radius. If no
further value is set, the right radius will be set to the same value and
all other parameters are left unchanged. Using two numbers defines two
different radii. The third optional value defines
the \parameter{lensheight} and the fourth one the \parameter{lenswidth}.

\textbf{Compatibility:} The whole implementation of the lens was
changed in version 1.2. It allows a much more flexible definition of different lens
types. However, I could not get full compatibility with the older way to
define lens using only \parameter{lensheight} and \parameter{lenswidth}. To use
this old behaviour, you have to set the \parameter{lenstype} explicitly, but
then you have no access to the new features! All users are encouraged to
adapt their code to use the new parameters, as the old code will be
removed in future versions.

\medskip
\subsection{Optical Plate}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{plateheight}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{platelinewidth}{<num>}{2\cs{pslinewidth}}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optplate[beam](0,1.2)(3,1.2){filter}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Retardation Plate}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{plateheight}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{platewidth}{<num>}{0.1}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,1.2){A}
  \pnode(3,1.2){B}
  \optretplate[beam](A)(B){$\nicefrac{\lambda}{2}$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Pinhole}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{outerheight}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{innerheight}{<num>}{0.1}
\paramitem{phlinewidth}{<num>}{2\cs{pslinewidth}}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,1.2){A}
  \pnode(3,1.2){B}
  \pinhole[beam](A)(B){PH}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Crystal}\label{sec:crystal}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{crystalwidth}{<num>}{1.4}
\paramitem{crystalheight}{<num>}{0.6}
\paramitem{caxislength}{<num>}{0.6}
\paramitem{caxisinv}{<boolean>}{false}
\paramitem{voltage}{<boolean>}{false}
\paramitem{lamp}{<boolean>}{false}
\paramitem{lampscale}{<num>}{0.3}
\paramitem{angle}{<degree>}{0}
\paramitem{rotateref}{<ref string>}{c}
\end{description}

\noindent For a discussion of the \parameter{angle} and \parameter{rotateref}
parameters see Sec.~\ref{sec:box} about boxes.  \medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,1.2){A}
  \pnode(3,1.2){B}
  \crystal[fillstyle=solid, fillcolor=yellow!90!black, labelangle=-45, labeloffset=1.2, voltage, lamp, beam](A)(B){SBN:Ce}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Box}\label{sec:box}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{optboxheight}{<num>}{0.8}
\paramitem{optboxwidth}{<num>}{1.4}
\paramitem{endbox}{<boolean>}{false}
\paramitem{angle}{<degree>}{0}
\paramitem{rotateref}{<ref string>\footnote{\refstringexplanation}}{c}
\paramitem{refractiveindex}{<num>}{\{\}}
\end{description}

\medskip 

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optbox[beam](0,0)(3,2){box}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optbox[beam, endbox](0,0)(1.7,1){box}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.7,1){B}
  \optbox[beam, endbox, labelref=relative, labeloffset=0](A)(B){box}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\noindent The parameter \parameter{angle} describes the tilt of the box
relative to the reference line defined by the two reference nodes. The
reference point for the rotation can be defined
with \parameter{rotateref} which can take any combination
of \paramvalue{c}, \paramvalue{t}, \paramvalue{b}, \paramvalue{l}
and \paramvalue{r} (compare with \parameter{extnode} in
Sec.~\ref{sec:extnode}). Note, that all connection-related nodes are
also rotate, while the label is not affected.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optbox[angle=20, beam, rotateref=l, labeloffset=0.5](0,1)(3,1){box}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\noindent Together with the parameter \parameter{refractiveindex} this
can be exploited to sketch the refraction through a tilted homogeneous
medium (e.g. a glass plate). Then, however, the reference nodes for the
beam connection must be corrected which is rather easy using the outer
nodes of the object as coordinate references and the \texttt{|} node
operator.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,1){A}
  \pnode(3,1){B}
  \optbox[labeloffset=0.7, optboxwidth=0.5, optboxheight=1, angle=20, refractiveindex=2.3, compname=Box](A)(B){glass plate}
  \drawbeam[conn=-a]{(A|BoxIntern1)}{Box}
  \drawbeam[conn=B-]{Box}{(B|BoxInternN)}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Detector}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{detsize}{<num>}{0.8}
\paramitem{dettype}{round|diode}{round}
\end{description}

With \texttt{pst-optexp} version 2.0 the name for the detector was
changed to \cs{optdetector} as the package \texttt{pst-circ} also
provides a \cs{detector} macro. For compatibility reasons the old
\cs{detector} macro is available when \texttt{pst-circ} is not loaded
before \texttt{pst-optexp}.


  \medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.7,1){B}
  \optdetector[beam](A)(B){detector}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip 

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.7,1){B}
  \optdetector[beam, dettype=diode](A)(B){detector}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Optical Diode}\label{sec:optdiode}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{optdiodesize}{<num>}{0.8}
\end{description}

\medskip 

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
   \optdiode[conn=o-o](0,1)(3,1){Diode}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Dove Prism}\label{sec:doveprism}
\begin{description}
  \paramitem{doveprismsize}{<num>}{0.6}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \doveprism[beam](0,1)(3,1){Dove}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Polarization}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{poltype}{parallel|perp|misc|lcirc|rcirc}{parallel}
\paramitem{polsize}{<num>}{0.6}
\paramitem{pollinewidth}{<num>}{0.7\cs{pslinewidth}}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.4cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,5)
  \pnode(0,0.5){A1}\pnode(3,0.5){B1}\pnode(0,1.5){A2}
  \pnode(3,1.5){B2}\pnode(0,2.5){A3}\pnode(3,2.5){B3}
  \pnode(0,3.5){A4}\pnode(3,3.5){B4}\pnode(0,4.5){A5}
  \pnode(3,4.5){B5}\psset{style=Beam}
  \multido{\i=1+1}{5}{\psline(A\i)(B\i)}
  \psset{linecolor=black}
  \polarization[poltype=misc,position=0.2](A5)(B5)
  \polarization[poltype=perp,position=0.35](A4)(B4)
  \polarization[poltype=parallel,position=0.5](A3)(B3)
  \polarization[poltype=rcirc,position=0.65](A2)(B2)
  \polarization[poltype=lcirc,position=0.8](A1)(B1)
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Mirror}\label{sec:mirror}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{mirrorwidth}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{mirrorradius}{<num>}{0}
\paramitem{mirrorlinewidth}{<num>}{2\cs{pslinewidth}}
\paramitem{mirrortype}{normal|piezo|extended}{normal}
\paramitem{mirrordepth}{<num>}{0.1}
\paramitem{variable}{<num>}{false}
\styleitem{ExtendedMirror}{<psstyle>}
\styleitem{PiezoMirror}{<psstyle>}
\end{description}

\noindent The parameter \parameter{mirrorradius} defines the curvature
of the mirror. A value of \paramvalue{0} is for a plain mirror, a
negative radius is for a concave mirror and a positive radius gives you
a convex mirror. The style of the extended mirror is defined as a
psstyle \styleshape{ExtendedMirror} and can be changed using
\cs{newpsstyle} or \cs{addtopsstyle}. The appearence of the piezo mirror
likewise can be changed by adapting the psstyle
\styleshape{PiezoMirror}. Note, when using \parameter{extnode} with a
piezo mirror, the default piece of wire is omitted.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,3){B}
  \mirror[beam](A)(G)(B){mirror}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,3){B}
  \mirror[beam, variable](A)(G)(B){M$_\mathrm{var}$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,3){B}
  \mirror[beam, mirrortype=piezo,labelangle=-90](A)(G)(B){piezo}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,3){B}
  \mirror[beam, mirrortype=extended](A)(G)(B){M$_\mathrm{ext}$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,0){A}\pnode(1,2){G1}
  \pnode(1.8,1){G2}\pnode(2.5,3){B}
  \psset{labeloffset=0.5}
  \psline[style=Beam](A)(G1)(G2)(B)
  \mirror[mirrortype=extended, mirrorradius=1](A)(G1)(G2){M$_{\mathrm{concave}}$}
  \mirror[mirrorradius=-1](G1)(G2)(B){M$_{\mathrm{convex}}$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Beamsplitter}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{bssize}{<num>}{0.8}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,2){A}
  \pnode(2,2){G}
  \pnode(3,0){B}
  \beamsplitter[beam](A)(G)(B){BS}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip


\subsection{Optical Grid}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{optgridcount}{<integer>}{10}
\paramitem{optgridwidth}{<num>}{1}
\paramitem{optgridheight}{<num>}{0.1}
\paramitem{optgriddepth}{<num>}{0.05}
\paramitem{optgridtype}{blazed|binary}{blazed}
\paramitem{optgridlinewidth}{<num>}{0.7\cs{pslinewidth}}
\paramitem{reverse}{<boolean>}{false}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,3){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,0){B}
  \optgrid[beam](A)(G)(B){grid}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip


\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,3){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,0){B}
  \optgrid[beam, reverse](A)(G)(B){grid}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,3){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,0){B}
  \optgrid[beam,%
           optgridcount=6,%
           optgriddepth=0.2,%
           optgridheight=0.3](A)(G)(B){grid}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,3){A}
  \pnode(1.8,2.2){G}
  \pnode(0,0){B}
  \optgrid[beam, optgridtype=binary](A)(G)(B){grid}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Prism}\label{sec:prism}
\begin{description}
  \paramitem{prismsize}{<num>}{1}
  \paramitem{prismangle}{<num>}{60}
\end{description}

The prism has always a symmetric refraction independent of the beams and
the \parameter{prismangle}.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,2.5){A}
  \pnode(2,2){G}
  \pnode(3,0){B}
  \optprism[beam](A)(G)(B){Prism}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Right-Angle Prism}\label{sec:raprism}
\begin{description}
  \paramitem{raprismsize}{<num>}{1.5}
\end{description}

The right-angle prisms is constructed such that the two incoming beams
are parallel and the middle reference node is vertically centered in the
prism.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \pnode(0,1.5){A}
  \pnode(1.8,0.8){G}
  \pnode(0,0.5){B}
  \rightangleprism[beam, showoptdots](A)(G)(B){RA}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Penta Prism}\label{sec:ppprism}
\begin{description}
  \paramitem{pentaprismsize}{<num>}{0.7}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,2){A}
  \pnode(2,2){G}
  \pnode(2,0){B}
  \pentaprism[beam](A)(G)(B){PP}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Custom Components}\label{sec:custom}
The macros \cs{optdipole} and \cs{opttripole} allow using everything as
optical component. If you want to use a certain component several times,
you should define it as a new component. For details on how to define
your own components see Sec.~\ref{sec:newobj}.

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,2){A}
  \pnode(3,1){B}
  \optdipole[labeloffset=1](A)(B){%
    \rput(0,0){%
      \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{parque-nacional}
    }
  }{label}
  \psline[linecolor=red](A)(B)
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
  \pnode(0,0){A}
  \pnode(1.5,2){G}
  \pnode(3,1.5){B}
  \opttripole(B)(G)(A){\rput[b](0,0){text}}{label}
  \psline[linecolor=red](A)(G)(B)
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\section{Fiber-Optical Objects}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{usefiberstyle}{<boolean>}{false}
\end{description}

Fiber-optical objects are automatically connected to the reference
nodes. The style of all fiber connections can be configured
independently (see Sec.~\ref{sec:styles}).

For some components it might me nice to highlight some
internals. If \parameter{usefiberstyle} is enabled, for examples the
passing parts of the optical filter are drawn with the \styleshape{Fiber}
style. In the documentation this parameter is enabled to show the parts
which would be highlighted.

\subsection{Fiber}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{fiberloops}{<integer>}{3}
\paramitem{fiberloopradius}{<num>}{0.4}
\paramitem{fiberloopsep}{<num>}{0.3}
\end{description}
\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optfiber[labeloffset=0.4](0,1)(3,1){SSMF}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Amplifier}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{optampsize}{<num>}{0.8}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optamp(0,1)(3,1){EDFA}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Mach-Zehnder Modulator}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{optmzmsize}{<num>}{0.8}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optmzm(0,1)(3,1){MZM}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Filter}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{filtersize}{<num>}{0.8}
\paramitem{filtertype}{bandpass|bandstop}{bandpass}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optfilter(0,1)(3,1){bandpass}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optfilter[filtertype=bandstop](0,1)(3,1){bandstop}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Polarization Controller}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{polcontrolsize}{<num>}{0.15}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \polcontrol(0,1)(3,1){PC}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Isolator}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{isolatorsize}{<num>}{0.6}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optisolator(0,1)(3,1){}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Optical Switch}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{switchsize}{<num>}{0.8}
\paramitem{switchstyle}{opened|closed}{opened}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optswitch(0,1)(3,1){Opened switch}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optswitch[switchstyle=closed](0,1)(3,1){Closed switch}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Fiber Delay Line}

\begin{description}
  \paramitem{fdlsize}{<num>}{0.6}
\end{description}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \fiberdelayline(0,1)(3,1){Delay line}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Fiber Collimator}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{fibercolsize}{<num>}{0.3}
\end{description}

The connection type for the fiber collimator is fixed to \parameter{conn=o-f}.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
   \fibercollimator(0.5,1)(2.5,1){FC}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Coupler}\label{sec:coupler}
\begin{description}
\paramitem{couplersize}{<num>}{0.2}
\paramitem{couplersep}{<num>}{0.1}
\paramitem{couplertype}{none|elliptic}{elliptic}
\paramitem{align}{top|bottom|center}{center}
\end{description}

\subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{$2\times 2$}{2x2} Coupler}

\medskip 

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optcoupler(0.5,2)(0,0.5)(3,1.5)(2.5,0){Coupler}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optcoupler[align=top](0.5,2)(0,0.5)(3,1.5)(2.5,0){Coupler}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\bigskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \optcoupler[align=bottom, couplertype=none](0.5,2)(0,0.5)(3,1.5)(2.5,0){Coupler}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsubsection{WDM Coupler}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \wdmcoupler[labeloffset=0.5](0,1.5)(0,0.5)(3,1){WDM}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsubsection{WDM Splitter}
\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
  \newpsstyle{FiberOut2}{style=Fiber, arrows=->}
  \wdmsplitter[align=top, labeloffset=0.5](0,1.5)(3,1.5)(3,0.5){}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\subsection{Fiber Styles}\label{sec:styles}

\begin{description}
\paramitem{Fiber}{<psstyle>}{linecolor=red}
\paramitem{FiberIn}{<psstyle>}{style=Fiber}
\paramitem{FiberIn1}{<psstyle>}{style=FiberIn}
\paramitem{FiberIn2}{<psstyle>}{style=FiberIn}
\paramitem{FiberOut}{<psstyle>}{style=Fiber}
\paramitem{FiberOut1}{<psstyle>}{style=FiberOut}
\paramitem{FiberOut2}{<psstyle>}{style=FiberOut}
\end{description}

All these psstyles control the appearence of the fiber parts before and
after each object. The styles can be redefined with \cs{newpsstyle} or
changed with \cs{addtopsstyle}.  For optical systems it is not possible
to define a unique input and a unique output as most components can be
used bidirectionally. Therefore, I refer to the input as the connections
on the left of the object and to the output the ones on the right side.

The basic style is \styleshape{Fiber} which is the parent of all other
styles. \styleshape{FiberIn} inherits from \styleshape{Fiber} and defines
the style of the input fiber. Analogously \styleshape{FiberOut} controls
the style of the output fiber. If you want to change the input and
output fiber styles you should use \cs{addtopsstyle} as then the
inheritance from the parent style \styleshape{Fiber} remains.

The other psstyles are used only by the various fiber couplers
(\cs{optcoupler}, \cs{wdmcoupler} and
\cs{wdmsplitter}). \styleshape{FiberIn1} affects the upper input fiber,
\styleshape{FiberIn2} the lower input fiber, \styleshape{FiberOut1} the
upper output fiber and \styleshape{FiberOut2} the lower output fiber. If
the object has only one input (e.g. \cs{wdmsplitter}),
\styleshape{FiberIn} is used. All fiber connections are drawn as
\cs{pccurve} which means that also the curvature and the input and
output angles of each connection can be changed as you will see in a
following code example.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,3)
   \addtopsstyle{FiberIn}{ArrowInside=->, arrowscale=1.2}
   \addtopsstyle{FiberOut2}{linecolor=blue}
   \optcoupler(0,2.5)(0,0.5)(3,2.5)(3,0.5){50~\%}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

In addition to the psstyles there exist
corresponding \parameter{new\ldots} and \parameter{addto\ldots}
parameter keys for each of them.

\medskip

\begin{lstlisting}
\psset{addtoFiberIn={arrows=->, arrowscale=1.3}}
\end{lstlisting}

\medskip

\noindent is equivalent to 

\medskip

\begin{lstlisting}
\addtopsstyle{FiberIn}{arrows=->, arrowscale=1.3}
\end{lstlisting}

\medskip

\noindent Accordingly \parameter{newFiberIn} corresponds to \cs{newpsstyle\{FiberIn\}\{\ldots\}}.

At first glance these keys make no sense. The reason why I
introduced them was to be able to define special couplers with
\cs{newpsobject}. This is only possible if all modifications can be
expressed as parameter keys. Consider for example a WDM splitter which
only couples out a certain spectral range of the input and you want to
mark the output with an arrow:

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
   \newpsobject{mywdmsplitter}{wdmsplitter}{addtoFiberOut1={arrows=->, arrowscale=1.3, linecolor=blue}, labelangle=180, align=bottom}
   \mywdmsplitter(0,0.5)(3,1.5)(3,0.5){blue band}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

Or if you need a coupler with a particular input angle you can do it be extending the appropriate fiber style:

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2)
   \newpsobject{mycoupler}{optcoupler}{addtoFiberIn2={angleA=90}, align=top}
   \mycoupler(0.5,1.5)(0.5,0.5)(2.5,1.5)(2.5,0.5){}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\section{Defining New Objects}

\subsection{Customized Versions of Existing Macros}

The easiest way to define your own components is to use the
\cs{newpsobject} macro. With this you can define a new component using
predefined objects with a set of options. These options serve only as
default values and can be overridden when calling the macro. The
following examples defines a new object \cs{sbn} for the special crystal
used in Sec.~\ref{sec:crystal}.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\newpsobject{sbn}{crystal}{voltage, lamp, labelangle=45, labeloffset=1.2, fillstyle=solid, fillcolor=yellow!90!black}
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2) 
   \sbn(0,1)(3,1){SBN:Ce}
   \psline[style=Beam](0,1)(3,1)
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=3.5cm]
\newpsobject{pumpcoupler}{wdmcoupler}{align=top, labelangle=180, labeloffset=0.5,addtoFiberIn2={ArrowInside=->, arrowscale=2}}
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](3,2) 
   \pumpcoupler(0,1)(0,0)(3,1){Pumpcoupler}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\medskip

Or if you need more than one type of lenses several times in your setup
it is very cumbersome to specify all parameters every time.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=5.5cm]
\newpsobject{MOLensIn}{lens}{lens=0.5 0.5 0.5}
\newpsobject{MOLensOut}{lens}{lens=1.5 1.5 1.5}
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](5,2) 
   \pnode(0,1){A}\pnode(5,1){B}
   \MOLensIn[abspos=0.5](A)(B){}
   \MOLensOut[abspos=1](A)(B){}
   \MOLensOut[abspos=4](A)(B){}
   \MOLensIn[abspos=4.5](A)(B){}
   \psline[style=Beam](A)(B)
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}
\medskip

\subsection{Defining New Objects}\label{sec:newobj}

Since version 1.2 \texttt{pst-optexp} provides some high-level macros to
allow very convenient definition of completely new components. The macro
\cs{newOptexpDipole} generates all organizing code for a new free-ray
component. All you have to do is to define a new `drawing' macro
\cs{mycomponent@iii} which contains all drawing code. Analogously
\cs{newOptexpDipoleNolabel} defines a new free-ray object without label
(like \cs{polarization}) and \cs{newOptexpTripole} defines a new
reflective component. 

New fiber-optical components can be defined using
\cs{newOptexpFiberDipole}. This macro differs from its free-ray
analogous only in that it presets \parameter{fiber} and hence directly
connects the component with its reference nodes. The first node in the
parameter list gets connected with a node \nodename{tempNode@A@}, the
second node with a node \nodename{tempNode@B@}. These two internal
nodes are preset to \paramvalue{(0,0)} and can be overwritten within the
drawing macro.

The syntax of the macros is
\begin{lstlisting}
\newOptexpDipole[fixed options]{name}{default options}
\newOptexpDipoleNolabel[fixed options]{name}{default options}
\newOptexpTripole[fixed options]{name}{default options}
\newOptexpFiberDipole[fixed options]{name}{default options}
\end{lstlisting}
The \texttt{default options} are simply a list of PSTricks parameters
which are taken as defaults for the new component. The optional argument
allows setting of parameters which cannot be overridden later.

This is illustrate a bit more in the next code snippet, which also shows
how the coordinate system is handled within the \cs{mycomponent@iii}
macro.

\medskip

\begin{LTXexample}[width=4.5cm]
\newOptexpTripole{mygrid}{subgriddiv=5, griddots=0, subgridwidth=\pslinewidth, gridwidth=2\pslinewidth}
\makeatletter
\def\mygrid@iii{% put here all PSTricks drawing code
  \psgrid(-1,0)(1,1)
}%
\makeatother
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=true](4,4) 
   \pnode(0,1){A}\pnode(2,2){G}\pnode(3,0){B}
   \mygrid[gridcolor=red,labeloffset=1.5](A)(G)(B){myGrid}
   \psline[style=Beam](A)(G)(B)
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}
\medskip

The default position of the label reference point is (0,0). If you want
to change this, you have to define a new pnode named
\nodename{tempNode@Label} in the \cs{mycomponent@iii} macro.

If you create a new component, please send it to me then I can
incorporate this in a new released version.

\newpage

\section{Examples}
\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t,vsep=8mm]
\begin{pspicture}(0,0.2)(13,1.8)
\addtopsstyle{Beam}{linewidth=2\pslinewidth}
\pnode(1.4,1){Start}\pnode(11,1){CCD}
\optbox[endbox, labeloffset=0](CCD)(Start){Laser}
\optbox[endbox, labeloffset=0, beam](Start)(CCD){CCD}
\polarization[poltype=perp, position=0.1](Start)(CCD)
\optretplate[position=0.15](Start)(CCD){$\nicefrac{\lambda}{2}$}
\lens[lens=0.5 0.5 0.5, position=0.25](Start)(CCD){$L_1$}
\lens[position=0.5](Start)(CCD){$L_2$}
\optplate[position=0.57, platelinewidth=3\pslinewidth](Start)(CCD){SLM}
\optplate[position=0.63, labelangle=180](Start)(CCD){PF}
\polarization[position=0.66](Start)(CCD)
\lens[position=0.7](Start)(CCD){$L_3$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\vspace{\fill}

\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t,vsep=8mm]
\begin{pspicture}(-4,-1)(3,3)
  \addtopsstyle{Beam}{linewidth=2\pslinewidth, linecolor=red!90!black}
  \psset{labeloffset=0.5}
  \pnode(-2,0){LaserOut}
  \pnode(0,0){Grat}
  \pnode(4;45){Out}
  \pnode(2.5;67.5){Mvar}
  \optbox[endbox, optboxwidth=2, labeloffset=0](Grat)(LaserOut){diode laser}
  \mirror[variable, conn=o-](Grid)(Mvar)(Grid){M$_\mathrm{var}$}
  \optgrid[beam](LaserOut)(Grat)(Out){grating}
  \optretplate[position=0.3, labeloffset=0.8](LaserOut)(Grat){$\nicefrac{\lambda}{4}$}
  \rput[l](-3,2){Littman setup}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t,vsep=8mm]
\begin{pspicture}(0,-0.4)(9,6)
  \addtopsstyle{Beam}{linewidth=2\pslinewidth}
  \pnode(1.5,5){Laser}\pnode(4,5){PBS}\pnode(6.5,5){PBS2}
  \pnode(6.5,5.7){piezo}\pnode(4,2){BSFwd}\pnode(6.5,2){BSBwd}
  \pnode(2,2){BS4f}\pnode(2,0.5){M4f3}\pnode(8,2){M4f1}
  \pnode(8,0.5){M4f2}\pnode(1,2){CCD}
  \psline[style=Beam](Laser)(PBS2)(piezo)(BSBwd)(M4f1)(M4f2)(M4f3)(BS4f)(CCD)
  \psline[style=Beam](PBS)(BSFwd)(BS4f)
  \psset{mirrorwidth=0.6, plateheight=0.7, outerheight=0.7, labeloffset=0.7, labelstyle=\scriptsize, lens=1.2 1.2 0.8, bssize=0.5} 
  \optbox[endbox,optboxwidth=1.5, optboxheight=0.7,labeloffset=0]%
     (PBS)(Laser){\parbox{1.5cm}{\centering Nd:YAG\\ 532\,nm}}
  \lens[lensheight=0.5, position=0.2](Laser)(PBS){MO}
  \pinhole[position=0.3,labelangle=180](Laser)(PBS){PH}
  \lens[position=0.5](Laser)(PBS){L}
  \optretplate[position=0.8](Laser)(PBS){$\nicefrac{\lambda}{2}$}
  \beamsplitter(Laser)(PBS)(BSFwd){PBS}
  \optretplate[position=0.4](PBS)(BSFwd){$\nicefrac{\lambda}{2}$}
  \polarization(PBS)(BSFwd)\polarization(PBS2)(BSBwd)
  \lens[position=0.8](PBS)(BSFwd){L}
  \optretplate(PBS)(PBS2){$\nicefrac{\lambda}{2}$}
  \beamsplitter(PBS)(PBS2)(piezo){PBS}
  \optretplate[abspos=0.5](PBS2)(piezo){$\nicefrac{\lambda}{4}$}
  \mirror[mirrortype=piezo,labelangle=90](PBS2)(piezo)(PBS2){PZ}
  \lens[position=0.8,labelangle=180](PBS2)(BSBwd){L}
  \crystal[crystalwidth=1, crystalheight=0.5, voltage, lamp, fillstyle=solid, fillcolor=yellow!90!black, labeloffset=0.8, beam](BSFwd)(BSBwd){SBN:Ce}
  \beamsplitter(PBS)(BSFwd)(BSBwd){BS}
  \beamsplitter[labelangle=-90](PBS2)(BSBwd)(BSFwd){BS}
  \mirror(BSBwd)(M4f1)(M4f2){M}\mirror(M4f1)(M4f2)(M4f3){M}
  \lens[labelangle=180](M4f2)(M4f3){L}\mirror(M4f2)(M4f3)(BS4f){M}
  \beamsplitter(M4f3)(BS4f)(CCD){BS}\optbox[endbox,labeloffset=0, optboxwidth=1](BS4f)(CCD){CCD}
  \lens[abspos=0.7](BS4f)(BSFwd){L}\lens[abspos=0.7](BSBwd)(M4f1){L}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\newpage

The following schematic configuration of a recirculating loop was
adapted from the publication N. Kikuchi, S. Sasaki and K. Sekine, `10
Gbit/s dispersion-compensated transmission over 2245~km conventional
fibres in a recirculating loop', Electron. Lett. 31 (\textbf{5}), 375
(1995).

\psset{unit=0.8cm,labelstyle=\footnotesize}
\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t]
\begin{pspicture}(0.5,4)(13.2,10.5)
  \addtopsstyle{Fiber}{linecolor=red!90!black}\psset{usefiberstyle, optboxwidth=1}
  \pnode(2,10){LD}\pnode([Xnodesep=5.5]LD){CPLin1}
  \pnode([offset=-2]CPLin1){CPLin2}\pnode([Xnodesep=1.5]CPLin1){CPLout1}
  \pnode([Xnodesep=1.5]CPLin2){CPLout2}
  \optbox[endbox, labeloffset=0, fiber]([Xnodesep=0.1]LD)(LD){LD}
  \optmzm([Xnodesep=0.1]LD)([Xnodesep=1.5]LD){MZM}
  \optamp([Xnodesep=1.5]LD)([Xnodesep=2.5]LD){EDFA}
  \optfilter([Xnodesep=2.5]LD)([Xnodesep=3.5]LD){BPF}
  \optswitch([Xnodesep=3.5]LD)([Xnodesep=4.5]LD){SW}
  \polcontrol([Xnodesep=4.5]LD)(CPLin1){}
  \optcoupler[couplertype=none](CPLin1)(CPLin2)(CPLout1)(CPLout2){}
  \optamp(CPLout1)([Xnodesep=1.5]CPLout1){EDFA}
  \optfilter([Xnodesep=1.5]CPLout1)([Xnodesep=3]CPLout1){BPF}
  \optbox[endbox, labeloffset=0, conn=f-f]([Xnodesep=3]CPLout1)([Xnodesep=3.1]CPLout1){RX}
  \pnode([Xnodesep=2]CPLout2){LoopRU}\pnode([offset=-3.5]LoopRU){LoopRL}
  \pnode([Xnodesep=-5]CPLin2){LoopLU}\pnode([offset=-3.5]LoopLU){LoopLL}
  \optamp(CPLout2)(LoopRU){EDFA}
  \psline[linearc=1,style=Fiber](LoopRU)([Xnodesep=1]LoopRU)([Xnodesep=1,offset=-2]LoopRU)
  \psline[linearc=1,style=Fiber]([Xnodesep=1,offset=1.5]LoopRL)%
                                ([Xnodesep=1]LoopRL)(LoopRL)
  \optfiber[labelalign=b, labeloffset=-1, position=0.8]([Xnodesep=-2]LoopRL)(LoopRL){\begin{tabular}{c}conventional\\fibre 89.8~km\end{tabular}}
  \optamp([Xnodesep=-2]LoopRL)([Xnodesep=-3]LoopRL){EDFA}
  \optfilter([Xnodesep=-3]LoopRL)([Xnodesep=-4.5]LoopRL){BPF}
  \optfiber[fiberloops=1, labeloffset=-1, labelalign=b]([Xnodesep=-7]LoopRL)([Xnodesep=-4.5]LoopRL){DCF 16.2~km}
  \optamp([Xnodesep=1.5]LoopLL)(LoopLL){EDFA}
  \psline[style=Fiber,linearc=1](LoopLL)([Xnodesep=-1]LoopLL)%
                                ([Xnodesep=-1,offset=3.5]LoopLL)(LoopLU)
  \optfilter(LoopLU)([Xnodesep=1.5]LoopLU){BPF}
  \optswitch([Xnodesep=1.5]LoopLU)([Xnodesep=3.5]LoopLU){SW}
  \polcontrol([Xnodesep=3.5]LoopLU)(CPLin2){}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\psset{unit=1cm}
\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t, vsep=8mm]
\begin{pspicture}(8.5,1.6)
    \addtopsstyle{Beam}{linecolor=green!90!black}
    \pnode(1.6,1){Laser}
    \pnode(7.6,1){Diode}
    \optbox[endbox,labeloffset=0](Diode)(Laser){Laser}%
    \optbox[abspos=4, optboxwidth=1, optboxheight=0.6, labeloffset=1, compname=PC, conn=o-, angle=-10, rotateref=l, refractiveindex=2.3](Laser)(Diode){Photonic Crystal}
    \optdetector[dettype=diode, conn=o-](PCInternN)(Diode|PCInternN){PD}
    \defShiftedNode(PCIntern1)(2;170){Angle1}
    \psline[linestyle=dashed](PCIntern1)(Angle1)
    \psarc{<->}(PCIntern1){1.3}{330}{30}
    \psarc[arcsep=1pt]{<->}(PCIntern1){2}{170}{180}
    \uput{2.1}[175](PCIntern1){\small $\varphi$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{LTXexample}

\section{Complete List of Parameters}
\begin{longtable}{BTT}
\toprule \multicolumn{1}{l}{parameter} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{allowed values} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{default}\\\midrule\endhead
\bottomrule\endfoot
abspos & <num> & \{\}\\
addtoFiber\ldots & <parameter list> & \\
newFiber\ldots & <parameter list> & \\
align & top|bottom|center & center\\
angle & <degree> & 0\\
beam & \multicolumn{2}{l}{alias for \parameter{conn=o-i}}\\
bssize & <num> & 0.8\\
caxisinv & <boolean> & false\\
caxislength & <num> & 0.6\\
compname & <string> & \{\}\\
conn & <conn definition> & -\\
couplersep & <num> & 0.1\\
couplersize & <num> & 0.2\\
couplertype & none|elliptic & elliptic\\
crystalheight & <num> & 0.6\\
crystalwidth & <num> & 1.4\\
detsize & <num> & 0.8\\
dettype & round|diode & round\\
doveprismsize & <num> & 0.6\\
endbox & <boolean> & false\\
extnode & <ref string>& \{\}\\
fdlsize & <num> & 0.6\\
fiber & \multicolumn{2}{l}{alias for \parameter{conn=f-f}}\\
fibercolsize & <num> & 0.3\\
fiberloopradius & <num> & 0.4\\
fiberloops & <integer> & 3\\
fiberloopsep & <num> & 0.3\\
filtersize & <num> & 0.8\\
filtertype & bandpass|bandstop & bandpass\\
innerheight & <num> & 0.1\\
isolatorsize & <num> & 0.6\\
labelalign & <ref string> & c\\
labelangle & <num> & 0\\
labeloffset & <num> & 0.8\\
labelref & relative|relgrav|global & relgrav\\
labelstyle & <macro> & \cs{small}\\
lamp & <boolean> & false\\
lampscale & <num> & 0.3\\
lens & <num> [<num> [<num> [<num>]]] & \{\}\\
lensheight & <num> & 1\\
lensradius & <num> [<num>] & \{\}\\
lensradiusleft & <num> & 1\\
lensradiusright & <num> & 1\\
lenswidth & <num> & 0.2\\
mirrordepth & <num> & 0.1\\
mirrorlinewidth & <num> & 2\cs{pslinewidth}\\
mirrorradius & <num> & 0\\
mirrortype & normal|piezo|extended & normal\\
mirrorwidth & <num> & 1\\
optampsize & <num> & 0.8\\
optboxheight & <num> & 0.8\\
optboxwidth & <num> & 1.4\\
optdiodesize & <num> & 0.8\\
optgridcount & <integer> & 10\\
optgriddepth & <num> & 0.05\\
optgridheight & <num> & 0.1\\
optgridlinewidth & <num> & 0.7\cs{pslinewidth}\\
optgridtype & blazed|binary & blazed\\
optgridwidth & <num> & 1\\
optional & <boolean> & false\\
optmzmsize & <num> & 0.8\\
outerheight & <num> & 1\\
pentaprismsize & <num> & 0.7\\
phlinewidth & <num> & 2\cs{pslinewidth}\\
plateheight & <num> & 1\\
platelinewidth & <num> & 2\cs{pslinewidth}\\
platewidth & <num> & 0.1\\
polcontrolsize & <num> & 0.15\\
pollinewidth & <num> & 0.7\cs{pslinewidth}\\
polsize & <num> & 0.6\\
poltype & parallel|perp|misc|lcirc|rcirc & parallel\\
position & <num> & \{\}\\
prismangle & <num> & 60\\
prismsize & <num> & 1\\
raprismsize & <num> & 1.5\\
refractiveindex & <num> & \{\}\\
reverse & <boolean> & false\\
rotateref & <ref string> & c\\
showoptdots & <boolean> & false\\
switchsize & <num> & 0.8\\
switchstyle & opened|closed & opened\\
thicklens & <boolean> & false\\
usefiberstyle & <boolean> & false\\
variable & <num> & false\\
voltage & <boolean> & false\\
\end{longtable}

\section{Complete List of Styles}

\begin{table}[H]
\addtolength{\extrarowheight}{1.5mm}
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{BX}
\toprule
\multicolumn{1}{l}{style} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{description}\\
\midrule
Beam           & All automatic free-ray connections are drawn using this style\\
ExtendedMirror & Affects the additional part for \parameter{mirrortype=extended}\\
Fiber          & Parent style for all fiber connections. For a detailed discussion see Sec.~\ref{sec:styles}\\
FiberIn        & Left fiber style if only one connection to be drawn (inherits from \styleshape{Fiber})\\
FiberIn1       & Upper left connection (used for couplers only, inherits from \styleshape{FiberIn})\\
FiberIn2       & Lower left connection (used for couplers only, inherits from \styleshape{FiberIn})\\
FiberOut       & Right fiber style if only one connection to be drawn (inherits from \styleshape{Fiber})\\
FiberOut1      & Upper right connection (used for couplers only, inherits from \styleshape{FiberOut})\\
FiberOut2      & Lower right connection (used for couplers only, inherits from \styleshape{FiberOut})\\
OptionalStyle  & Used for objects with parameter \parameter{optional} set to \paramvalue{true}\\
PiezoMirror    & Affects the additional part for \parameter{mirrortype=piezo}\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}

\section{Requirements}

\texttt{pst-optexp} version 2.0 requires at least version 2.87 of
\texttt{pstricks-add} and \LaTeX. It does not work with plain \TeX.

\section{Todo}

\begin{itemize}
\item Automatic sizing of optboxes (like a \cs{psframebox}
\item Even more soffisticated beam drawing (draw beam before object contours)
\item Drawing of extended beams with focusing and so on could be integrated to
some extent in future versions. But as the topic is rather difficult if
you want to do it properly (components should be placed above the beam,
but the new nodes are available only when the component is drawn) it
could take very long until this feature will be implemented.
\end{itemize}
\section{Acknowledgements}

I thank all the people of the PSTricks mailinglist for the continuous help, especially Herbert Voß.

\end{document}
