\section Tables in examples \begininventory \macros* \idx{|\hwit|}\endmc \endinventory Most of the difficulty of formatting example displays which contain tables comes from formatting the table itself. This manual will not teach the reader how to use \Tex\ to format tables. It will be assumed that the reader knows how to use the \Tex\ primitive |\halign| or the \LaTex\ macros based on |\halign|. But this section might contribute something to understanding how to use the table making tools in linguistics examples. Many tabular examples have the form \def\goop{\enspace\dots\enspace} \codedisplay \ex \vtop{\halign{|goop}}\xe |endcodedisplay For example: \framedisplay \ex \vtop{\halign{#\hfil&& \qquad #\hfil\cr baudh& bu-baudh& know, wake\cr smai& si-smai& smile\cr suap& su-suap& sleep\cr miaks& mi-miaks& glitter\cr auc& u-auc& please\cr }} \xe \endframedisplay \codedisplay \ex \vtop{\halign{% #\hfil&& \qquad #\hfil\cr baudh& bu-baudh& know, wake\cr smai& si-smai& smile\cr suap& su-suap& sleep\cr miaks& mi-miaks& glitter\cr auc& u-auc& please\cr }}\xe|endcodedisplay A more elaborate version of (\lastx), with a title and labeled columns, is given below. |\hwit| is described below. \framedisplay \ex The perfect stems of some roots with a high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip \quad\vbox{\halign{% #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}& \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr \noalign{\smallskip} baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr auc& u-auc& `please'\cr }}\xe \endframedisplay \codedisplay~ \ex The perfect stems of some roots with a high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip \quad\vbox{\halign{% #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}& \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr \noalign{\smallskip} baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr auc& u-auc& `please'\cr }}\xe |endcodedisplay % |\hwit| (hidewidth italics) inserts the italicized label into the alignment in such a way that it is centered over the nonwhite portion of the column it heads. It hangs over equally on both sides if necessary. Hiding the width of column labels is often important so that the column labels do not affect the column widths. |\par\nobreak| appears after the title so that page breaking does not detach the title from the table that follows. \subsection Tables with labeled lines \begininventory \macros \idx{|\labels[]|}, \idx{|\tl|}, \idx{|\nl|}\endmc \endinventory If reference must be made to particular lines in (\lastx), the lines need labels of some sort. One approach is to explicitly enter the line labels a--e: \framedisplay \ex The perfect stems of some roots with a high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip \quad\vbox{\halign{% #\hfil& \quad #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr & \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}& \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr \noalign{\smallskip} a.& baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake\cr b.& smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr c.& suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr d.& miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr e.& auc& u-auc& `please'\cr }}\xe \endframedisplay \codedisplay \ex The perfect stems of some roots with a high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip \quad\vbox{\halign{% #\hfil& \quad #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr & \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}& \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr \noalign{\smallskip} a.& baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr b.& smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr c.& suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr d.& miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr e.& auc& u-auc& `please'\cr }}\xe |endcodedisplay \noindent If a line is deleted or added, or if lines are interchanged for some reason, considerable relabeling may be required. \ExPex\ provides some macros which simplify this code and make it easier to manipulate. They are used in the alternate code for (\lastx) below and described below. |\labels| initializes the counter |\pexcnt|, which is then used to generate the labels. It also activates the macros |\tl| (table label) and |\nl| (no label). |\tl| inserts the appropriate label, with following period, and increments the counter. |\nl| abbreviates |\omit\hfil|, so that it can be used to prevent the appearance of a label in a cell. |\labels| takes parameters, so you can say things like |\labels[labeltype=caps,everylabel=\it]|. Of course, these parameters can also be set at the |\ex| level, if desired, or even globally. \codedisplay \ex The perfect stems of some roots with a high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip \quad\vbox{\labels\halign{% \tl #\hfil& #\hfil& \quad #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr \nl & \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}& \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr \noalign{\smallskip} & baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr & smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr & suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr & miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr & auc& u-auc& `please'\cr }}\xe |endcodedisplay The advantages of implicit line label insertion should be obvious. One often decides to insert another entry, or to delete an entry. If the labels are inserted explicitly, this usually requires changing multiple labels. If the table has many lines, this is particularly onerous. References in the text to particular lines also need to changed to match the new labeling. We will see below that lines in tables can be named and reference made by name, using implicit line numbering. \subsection Tagging implicit labels in tables \sidx{|\deftaglabel|, in tables} |\deftaglabel| can be used to associate a tag with a label that is introduced into a table by |\tl|~(``table label''). |\tl| can also read an optional tag using the |<|\dots|>| mechanism. \codedisplay \ex \vtop{\labels\halign{\tl #\hfil&& \quad #\hfil\cr \nl & \hwit{Root}& \hwit{Plural}& \hwit{Gloss}\cr & baloxat& baloxaxat& bows\cr & moya& moyaya& shoulder\cr & nent'us& net'unt'us& old women\cr & mokgo& mogokgo& shoes\cr }} \xe Examples (\getfullref{Washo.A}) and (\getfullref{Washo.B}) are the most complex, and therefore the most revealing. Examples (\getref{Washo}\getref{Washo.A},\getref{Washo.B}) are the most complex, and therefore the most revealing. |endcodedisplay \framedisplay~[fdcorrect=top] \ex \vtop{\labels\halign{\tl #\hfil&& \quad #\hfil\cr \nl & \hwit{Root}& \hwit{Plural}& \hwit{Gloss}\cr & baloxat& baloxaxat& bows\cr & moya& moyaya& shoulder\cr \deftaglabel{A}& nent'us& net'unt'us& old women\cr \deftaglabel{B}& mokgo& mogokgo& shoes\cr }}\xe Examples (\getfullref{Washo.A}) and (\getfullref{Washo.B}) are the most complex, and therefore the most revealing. Examples (\getref{Washo}\getref{Washo.A},\getref{Washo.B}) are the most complex, and therefore the most revealing. \endframedisplay \medskip \noindent \subsection Some useful table making tools \begininventory \macros* % \idx{|\lingdima|}, \idx{|\lingdimb|}, \idx{|\lingdimc|}, \idx{|\tspace|}|[]|, \idx{|\crs|}\endmc \parameters \idx{|dima|\user}& dimension& \textdim{2.4 em}\cr \idx{|dimb|\user}& dimension& (not set)\cr \idx{|dimc|\user}& dimension& (not set)\cr \idx{|crskip|}& skip& \textdim{1.2 ex}\cr \endinventory % Tables often need considerable adjustment in order to balance the needs of readability, space limitations, and matching the typographic structure to the conceptual structure. Sometimes this requires a delicate balancing act. \ExPex\ provides three parameters (scratch dimensions) |dima|, |dimb|, and |dimc|, and corresponding macros which expand to their settings, which can be used for this. Additionally, |\tspace[«key»]| expands to |\hskip\ling«tag»|, so that horizontal skip like |\tspace[dima]| or |\tspace[textoffset]| can be easily used in table construction. The code for (\lastx) could be written: \codedisplay \ex[textoffset=1em,dima=1em,dimb=3em] The perfect stems of some roots with a high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip \tspace[dima]\vbox{\labels\halign{% \tl #\hfil& \tspace[textoffset]#\hfil&& \tspace[dimb]#\hfil\cr \nl & \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}& \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr |endcodedisplay \removelastskip\vskip-1ex $\vdots$ \bigskip \noindent Localizing all the parameters which might need adjustment in the optional argument of |\ex| helps organize the adjustment process. If no optional argument is supplied to |\tspace|, it expands to |\hskip\lingdima|. The macro |\crs| and command key |crskip| are provided to assist in fine tuning the vertical spacing inside an alignment. |\ling@crskip| expands to the setting of |crskip|, and \exfrag |\crs|\quad $\to$\quad |\cr \noalign{\vskip\ling@crskip}| \xe \subsection Tables that can break between pages \begininventory \macros \idx{|\exdisplay[]|}, \idx{|\noexno|}, \idx{|\exnoprint|}, \idx{|\crnb|}\endmc \endinventory Up to this point, only tables that are typeset in a vbox have been considered. The \Tex\ page breaking algorithm does not split a box between pages. Sometimes, an especially tall table is needed and one has the choice of floating the table to the top of the next page (using \Tex's |\topinsert|) or constructing a breakable table. The latter choice is often preferable and can be implemented using \Tex's primitive |\halign|. The example number must be part of the |\halign|, not inserted by |\ex|. |\exdisplay| is designed to accommodate an unboxed |\halign|. Like |\ex|, |\exdisplay| must be closed by |\xe|. |\exdisplay| \dots|\xe| is just like |\ex| \dots|\xe| except that an example number is not printed and the horizontal dimensions |\numoffset| and |\textoffset| are irrelevant. |aboveexskip| and |belowexskip| play the same role, paragraph indentation is cancelled, |\lingeveryex| and |\lingEveryex| are executed, and |\excnt| is advanced. |\noexno| is provided in case the user wants to use |\exdisplay| for something other than a numbered example. It cancels the automatic advancement of |\excnt|. You can say |\exdisplay|\idx{|\noexno|}\ or |\exdisplay[« \dots»]\noexno| to cancel |\excnt| advancement. Now consider the `tall display' (\nextx). It is sufficiently tall that it either must be put in an insertion or typeset so that it can be split by a page break. \exdisplay[labeloffset=2em,dima=2em,dimb=1em,dimc=-.8em] \def\\#1-{{\bf #1}-}% \labels \openup1pt \halign{% #\tspace[labeloffset]\hfil& % example number #\tl\tspace[textoffset]\hfil& % line label #\tspace \hfil& % root #\tspace \hfil& % perfect stem `#'\hfil\cr % gloss (\the\excnt)& \omit\tspace[dimc] High vowel in the nucleus of the root\hidewidth\crnb & \nl & \hwit{root}& \hwit{perfect stem}& \omit\tspace\hwit{gloss}\crnb && baudh& \\bu-baudh& know, wake\cr && stau& \\tu-stau& praise\cr && smai& \\si-smai& smile\cr \noalign{\exbreak} && suap& \\su-suap& sleep\cr && miaks& \\mi-miaks& glitter\cr && auc& \\u-auc& please\cr \noalign{\exbreak\smallskip} & \omit\tspace[dimc] No high vowel in the nucleus of the root\hidewidth\crnb && suaj& \\sa-suaj& embrace\cr && krand& \\ka-krand& cry out\cr \noalign{\exbreak} && skand& \\ka-skand& leap\cr && mard& \\ma-mard& rub, crush\cr && mnaa& \\ma-mnaa& note\cr }\xe The example number in the code below is inserted by |\exnoprint|, which is how |\ex| inserts example numbers. If, by the way, you don't like the way example numbers are inserted (surrounded by parentheses), you can redefine |\exnoprint|. The code uses |\crnb|, which expands to |\cr\noalign{\par\nobreak}|, to prevent a page break between a heading and the remainder of the table which follows. Page breaks are encouraged by |\exbreak| at a few points where it is judged that the logic of the table can tolerate it. |\exbreak| encourages a page break at the cost of allowing a certain amount of white space at the bottom of the broken page.\footnote{See page \getref{exbreakpage} for a more complete discussion of |\exbreak|. The amount of encouragement and the amount of whitespace are parametrized.} A negative horizontal skip |\tspace[dimc]| is used to highlight the subheadings (and to show the reader that it is a possibility, if you need it). \vbox{\codedisplay \exdisplay[labeloffset=2em,dima=2em,dimb=1em,dimc=-.8em] \def\\#1-{{\bf #1}-}% \labels \openup1pt \halign{% #\tspace[labeloffset]\hfil& % example number #\tl\tspace[textoffset]\hfil& % line label #\tspace \hfil& % root #\tspace \hfil& % perfect stem `#'\hfil\cr % gloss (\the\excnt)& \omit\tspace[dimc] High vowel in the nucleus of the root\hidewidth\crnb & \nl & \hwit{root}& \hwit{perfect stem}& \omit\tspace\hwit{gloss}\crnb && baudh& \\bu-baudh& know, wake\cr && stau& \\tu-stau& praise\cr && smai& \\si-smai& smile\cr \noalign{\exbreak} && suap& \\su-suap& sleep\cr && miaks& \\mi-miaks& glitter\cr && auc& \\u-auc& please\cr \noalign{\exbreak\smallskip} & \omit\tspace[dimc] No high vowel in the nucleus of the root\hidewidth\crnb && suaj& \\sa-suaj& embrace\cr && krand& \\ka-krand& cry out\cr|par|nobreak \noalign{\exbreak}|par|nobreak && skand& \\ka-skand& leap\cr|par|nobreak && mard& \\ma-mard& rub, crush\cr|par|nobreak && mnaa& \\ma-mnaa& note\cr|par|nobreak }\xe |endcodedisplay \vskip-2ex} \subsection Squeezing tables into tight places Foregoing |\ex| and directly using |\halign| inside |\exdisplay| \dots|\xe| has other uses besides constructing tables in numbered examples which can be broken between pages. The technique is also sometimes useful in fitting a table in a numbered example into a narrow page width. The table below was constructed to fit on a page of width $4.3\,\rm in$, with no room to spare. It gives the present indicative conjunction of the Sanskrit verb root {\sl dve\.s\kern.6pt/dvi\.s\/} `hate'. \framedisplay \hsize=4.3in \exdisplay[dima=.5em,dimb=.4em,textoffset=.5em] \def\\#1{$\acute{\hbox{\=#1}}$}% \tabskip=0pt \openup.4ex \halign to \hsize{\tspace[dima]#\tspace[textoffset]\hfil& #\hfil\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil& #\hfil& #\hfil& \tspace[dimb]#\hfil& #\hfil & #\hfil\tabskip=0pt\cr \omit\exnoprint\hidewidth& \multispan6 \hwit{Present Indicative}\crnb &\multispan3 \hwit{active}& \multispan3 \hwit{middle}\cr & \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}& \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}\cr \it 1& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-mi& dvi\.s-v\'as& dvi\.s-m\'as& dvi\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-v\'ahe& dvi\.s-m\'ahe\cr \it 2& {\bf dv\'ek}-\.si& dvi\.s-\.th\'as& dvi\.s-\.th\'a& dvik\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-\\athe& dvi\.d-\.dhv\'e\cr \it 3& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-\.ti& dvi\.s-\.t\'as& dvi\.s-\'anti& dvi\.s-\.t\'e& dvi\.s-\\ate& dvi\.s-\'ate\cr } \xe \endframedisplay Assuming that the page width has been set to $4.3\,\rm in$ (|\hsize=4.3in|), the following code produces (\lastx), which is precisely $4.3\,\rm in$ wide. \codedisplay \exdisplay[dima=.5em,dimb=.4em,textoffset=.5em] \def\\#1{$\acute{\hbox{\=#1}}$}% \tabskip=0pt \openup.4ex \halign to \hsize{\tspace[dima]#\tspace[textoffset]\hfil& #\hfil\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil& #\hfil& #\hfil& \tspace[dimb]#\hfil& #\hfil & #\hfil\tabskip=0pt\cr \omit\exnoprint\hidewidth& \multispan6 \hwit{Present Indicative}\crnb &\multispan3 \hwit{active}& \multispan3 \hwit{middle}\cr & \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}& \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}\cr \it 1& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-mi& dvi\.s-v\'as& dvi\.s-m\'as& dvi\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-v\'ahe& dvi\.s-m\'ahe\cr \it 2& {\bf dv\'ek}-\.si& dvi\.s-\.th\'as& dvi\.s-\.th\'a& dvik\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-\\athe& dvi\.d-\.dhv\'e\cr \it 3& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-\.ti& dvi\.s-\.t\'as& dvi\.s-\'anti& dvi\.s-\.t\'e& dvi\.s-\\ate& dvi\.s-\'ate\cr } \xe |endcodedisplay