\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc}

% Xe/LuaTeX in 8-bit compatibility mode:
% hyphenation in Greek text parts fails!
% (would require the 8-bit, LGR-encoded patterns in the XeTeX ini and a
% loader fix for luatex).

% TODO: why does XeTeXinputencoding "bytes" no longer work with inputenc's
% utf8 option?
\ifdefined \XeTeXrevision
  \XeTeXinputencoding "bytes"
\fi

\ifdefined\luatexversion
  \usepackage[utf8]{luainputenc}
\else
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\fi
% \usepackage{textalpha}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{hyperref,bookmark}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{booktabs}

\usepackage{lmodern}
% \usepackage{kerkis}
% \usepackage{gfsdidot}

% Load the Babel package with Greek and English language definitions:
%
% Uncomment the desired language variant

% Default: modern monotonic Greek
\usepackage[greek,english]{babel}
% Obsolete: used instead of `greek', kept for backwards compatibility:
% \usepackage[polutonikogreek,english]{babel}

% For backwards compatibility, you can also use
% \selectlanguage{polutonikogreek} instead of \selectlanguage{greek} etc.
% if the (modern) polytonic Greek language variant is selected.

% uncomment for  modern polytonic Greek
% \languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko}

% uncomment for ancient Greek
\languageattribute{greek}{ancient}

% \message{Latin encoding is \latinencoding}

\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\ensuregreek}{\textgreek}

\begin{document}

\title{Test the Greek support for Babel}
\author{Günter Milde}
\date{2014/09/02}
\maketitle

The babel option ``greek'' activates the support for the Greek language
defined in the file \texttt{greek.ldf} (source \texttt{greek.dtx}).

\section{Language Switch}

The declaration \verb|\selectlanguage| switches between languages.

\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  Τί φήις; Ἱδὼν ἐνθέδε παῖδ’ ἐλευθέραν
  τὰς πλησίον Νύμφας στεφανοῦσαν, Σώστρατε,
  ἐρῶν άπῆλθες εὐθύς;
\end{quote}

The macro \verb|\foreignlanguage| sets its second argument in the specified
language. This is intended for short text parts or single words like
\foreignlanguage{greek}{Βιβλιοθήκη}.

There should be no inserted space before or after the language switch (may
happen if there are unescaped linebreaks in the font or language definitions):

\begin{quote}
  Change script with \verb|ensuregreek|: |\ensuregreek{do\~ulos}|. Change
  language with \verb|\foreignlanguage|: |\foreignlanguage{greek}{do\~ulos}|.
\end{quote}

\section{Font Encoding}

In Greek text parts, the font encoding is automatically set to LGR if an
8-bit TeX engine is used. (See \url{test-unicode-greek.tex} for usage of
babel-greek with XeTeX or LuaTeX.)

LGR has Greek characters in the slots reserved in a TeX \emph{standard text
font encoding}. This means you need an explicit font encoding change for
every Latin letter and some other symbols if the current font encoding is
LGR.

The Babel core defines the declaration \verb|\latintext| and the command
\verb|\textlatin| to switch to the T1 or OT1 font encoding or typeset the
argument using this encoding.

Switching to a font encoding supporting the Greek script is possible without
switching the Babel language using the declarations \verb|\greekscript| (no
switch if the current encoding supports Greek script (e.g. the Unicode font
encodings EU1, EU2)) or \verb|\greektext| (always switch to LGR) and the
corresponding macros \verb|\ensuregreek| or \verb|\textgreek|. These
commands do not start a new paragraph:

\greekscript Φίλων τοῦ \textlatin{TeX} (ΕΦΤ) --
\latintext Friends (\ensuregreek{F\'ilwn}) of TeX.

\texttt{greek.ldf} has some workarounds, so that macros relying on Latin
characters in the ``right'' positions keep working. We test, that these
definitions do not overwrite the selection of pre-composed characters for
``copyright'' and ``registered trade mark'' by ``textcomp'' (try copy and
paste from the PDF output):

Greek (LGR): \ensuregreek{Α \& Ω, \textcopyright{} \textregistered{}
\texttrademark{}, © ® ™ } \\
Latin: A \& O.

To prevent Roman numerals being typeset in Greek letters we need to adopt
the internal LaTeX commands. Note that this may cause errors when roman
numerals are used in a situation where the macros need to be expanded:

\makeatletter
Greek: \ensuregreek{
\@roman{1}, \@roman{2}, \@roman{3}, \@roman{4}, \ldots, \@roman{1975}
\@Roman{1}, \@Roman{2}, \@Roman{3}, \@Roman{4}, \ldots, \@Roman{1975}
}

Latin:
\@roman{1}, \@roman{2}, \@roman{3}, \@roman{4}, \ldots, \@roman{1975}
\@Roman{1}, \@Roman{2}, \@Roman{3}, \@Roman{4}, \ldots, \@Roman{1975}
\makeatother

\section{MakeUppercase, MakeLowercase}

Capital Greek letters have diacritics (except the dialytika and sub-iota) to
the left (instead of above) and drop them in uppercase, e.g.
\ensuregreek{μαΐστρος $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{μαΐστρος}}.

Upcased letters with diacritics keep the dialytika. This is implemented for
all input variants of diacritics with dialytika. (\texttt{greek.ldf} has
\emph{composite command} definitions to ensure this also works for accent
characters "upcased" to the charcter No 159.)

\foreignlanguage{greek}{\"i \"'i \"`i \"~i \'"i \`"i \~"i
			\"u \"\'u \"\`u \"\~u
			ϊ ΐ ῒ ῗ ΐ ῒ ῗ ϋ ΰ ῢ ῧ
  $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\"i \"'i \"`i \"~i \'"i \`"i \~"i
    	    		   \"u \"\'u \"\`u \"\~u
			   ϊ ΐ ῒ ῗ ΐ ῒ ῗ ϋ ΰ ῢ ῧ
			   }
}


Tonos and dasia mark a \emph{hiatus} (break-up of a diphtong) if
placed on the first vowel of a diphtong
(\ensuregreek{\'ai, \'au, \'ei, \'>ai, \'>au, \'>ei}).
A dialytika must be placed on the second vowel if they are dropped:
(\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{\'ai, \'au, \'ei,  \'>ai, \'>au, \'>ei}}).

\selectlanguage{greek}
% from teubner: άυλος/ΑΫΛΟΣ
\'aulos $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\'aulos},
\'>aulos $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\'>aulos},
% from http://diacritics.typo.cz/index.php?id=69  μάινα -> ΜΑΪΝΑ
m\'aina $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{m\'aina},
% from  http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugriechische_Orthographie#Das_Trema
% κέικ, ἀυπνία/αϋπνία
k\'eik, $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{k\'eik}
\accpsili{a}upn\'ia $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\accpsili{a}upn\'ia}
\selectlanguage{english}

There are several alternative styles for the capitalized sub-iota.

In order to let the Up/Downcasing work also with the Latin transcription
defined by the LGR font encoding, ``babel-greek'' also defines lc/uccodes
for non-standard assignments:

\selectlanguage{greek}
', ", `, >, <, | $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{', ", `, >, <, |}
\selectlanguage{english}

The uppercase of the zero-width space at the place of ``v'' is kept to point
to the glyph at the position of ``V'', the Dasia-Oxia accent
(\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{v}}):

\begin{quotation}
  greek-1.3i 2000/10/02: uc code of `v' is switched to V
  so that mixed text appears correctly in headers.
\end{quotation}

Use \verb+\textcompwordmark+:
not \foreignlanguage{greek}{avu $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{avu}} but
\foreignlanguage{greek}{a\textcompwordmark u 
$\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{a\textcompwordmark u}}

The following subsections test MakeUppercase and MakeLowercase with all
characters defined in lgrenc.dfu:

\subsection{Greek and Coptic}

\newcommand{\GreekAndCoptic}{\ensuregreek{
ʹ͵ͺ; ΄ ΅Ά·ΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫϘϚϜϠ}}
\newcommand{\greekandcoptic}{\ensuregreek{
άέήίΰαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωϊϋόύώϙϛϝϟϡ}}

Characters of the Greek and Coptic Unicode Block:

\begin{quote}
  \GreekAndCoptic\\
  \greekandcoptic
\end{quote}

MakeUppercase:

\begin{quote}
  \MakeUppercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\
  \MakeUppercase{\greekandcoptic}
\end{quote}

Letters and sub-iota upcased, other diacritics except dialytika dropped.

There is no capital Koppa in LGR, therefore \ensuregreek{ϟ} is left
unchanged with MakeUppercase.


MakeLowercase:

\begin{quote}
  \MakeLowercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\
  \MakeLowercase{\greekandcoptic}
\end{quote}

The lowercase of \ensuregreek{Σ} is the «auto-sigma» (\verb+\textautosigma+):
\ensuregreek{ΣΣ $\mapsto$ \MakeLowercase{ΣΣ}}. Add a ZWNJ or use the
\verb+\noboundary+ macro to prevent conversion to final sigma:
\ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{ΣΣ‌}}. The lowercase of GREEK LETTER STIGMA
\ensuregreek{Ϛ} is \ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{Ϛ}} not \verb|\textvarstigma|
(\ensuregreek\textvarstigma).

% \newpage

\subsection{Greek extended}

Characters of the Greek extended Unicode block:

\selectlanguage{greek}
ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ \\
ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     \\
ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ \\
ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ \\
ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     \\
ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ \\
ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ \\
ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     \\
ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ \\
ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ \\
ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ \\
ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ \\
῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ \\
ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ \\
ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` \\
    ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾
\selectlanguage{english}

MakeUppercase:

\selectlanguage{greek}

\MakeUppercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\
\MakeUppercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\
\MakeUppercase{     ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾   }
\selectlanguage{english}

MakeLowercase:

\selectlanguage{greek}
\MakeLowercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ     Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ     }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ     Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ     }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ   Ὑ   Ὓ   Ὕ   Ὗ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ     }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ   ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ   ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ     ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί   ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\
\MakeLowercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\
\MakeLowercase{     ῲ ῳ ῴ   ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾   }
\selectlanguage{english}

\section{Babel Strings}

Babel defines macros for several autogenerated strings so that they may
appear in the choosen language. babel-greek uses LICRs in order to let the
string macros work independent of the font encoding, in both 8-bit and
Unicode-aware TeX.

\subsection{Captions}

\selectlanguage{greek}
\prefacename,
\refname,
\abstractname,
\bibname,
\chaptername,
\appendixname,
\contentsname,
\listfigurename ,
\listtablename,
\indexname,
\figurename,
\tablename,
\partname,
\enclname,
\ccname,
\headtoname,
\pagename,
\seename,
\alsoname,
\proofname,
\glossaryname,
\selectlanguage{english}


\subsection{Months}

\selectlanguage{greek}
\newcounter{foo}
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\
\selectlanguage{english}

\section{Greek Numerals}

See greek.pdf for the formation rules of Greek numerals.
Some examples:

\selectlanguage{greek}

\greeknumeral{1},
\greeknumeral{2},
\greeknumeral{3},
\greeknumeral{4},
\greeknumeral{5},
\greeknumeral{6},
\greeknumeral{7},
\greeknumeral{8},
\greeknumeral{9},
\greeknumeral{10},
\greeknumeral{11},
\greeknumeral{12},
\greeknumeral{20},
\greeknumeral{345},
\greeknumeral{500},
\greeknumeral{1997},
\greeknumeral{2013},

\Greeknumeral{1},
\Greeknumeral{2},
\Greeknumeral{3},
\Greeknumeral{4},
\Greeknumeral{5},
\Greeknumeral{6},
\Greeknumeral{7},
\Greeknumeral{8},
\Greeknumeral{9},
\Greeknumeral{10},
\Greeknumeral{11},
\Greeknumeral{12},
\Greeknumeral{20},
\Greeknumeral{345},
\Greeknumeral{500},
\Greeknumeral{1997},
\Greeknumeral{2013},

\selectlanguage{english}

Enumerated lists use Greek numerals in the second and fourth level:

\selectlanguage{greek}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item \textlatin{Item} 1
  \begin{enumerate}
    \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1
    \begin{enumerate}
      \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.1
       \begin{enumerate}
         \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.1.1
         \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.1.2
       \end{enumerate}
      \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.2
    \end{enumerate}
  \end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\selectlanguage{english}


\end{document}