% $Id: faq-docs.tex,v 1.15 2011/02/10 23:01:29 rf10 Exp rf10 $

\section{Documentation and Help}

\Question[Q-books]{Books on \TeX{} and its relations}

While Knuth's book is the definitive reference for \TeX{}, there are
other books covering \TeX{}:
\begin{booklist}
\item[The \TeX{}book]by Donald Knuth (Addison-Wesley, 1984,
  \ISBN{0-201-13447-0}, paperback \ISBN{0-201-13448-9})
\item[A Beginner's Book of \TeX{}]by Raymond Seroul and Silvio Levy,
  (Springer Verlag, 1992, \ISBN{0-387-97562-4})
\item[\TeX{} by Example: A Beginner's Guide]by Arvind Borde 
  (Academic Press, 1992, \ISBN{0-12-117650-9}~--- now out of print)
\item[Introduction to \TeX{}]by Norbert Schwarz (Addison-Wesley,
  1989, \ISBN{0-201-51141-X}~--- now out of print)
\item[A \plaintex{} Primer]by Malcolm Clark (Oxford University
  Press, 1993, ISBNs~0-198-53724-7 (hardback) and~0-198-53784-0
  (paperback))
\item[A \TeX{} Primer for Scientists]by Stanley Sawyer and Steven
  Krantz (CRC Press, 1994, \ISBN{0-849-37159-7})
\item[\TeX{} by Topic]by Victor Eijkhout (Addison-Wesley, 1992,
  \ISBN{0-201-56882-9}~--- now out of print, but see
  \Qref[question]{online books}{Q-ol-books}; you can now buy a copy
  printed, on demand, by Lulu~--- see
  \url{http://www.lulu.com/content/2555607})
\item[\TeX{} for the Beginner]by Wynter Snow (Addison-Wesley, 1992,
  \ISBN{0-201-54799-6})
\item[\TeX{} for the Impatient]by Paul W.~Abrahams, Karl Berry and
  Kathryn A.~Hargreaves (Addison-Wesley, 1990,
  \ISBN{0-201-51375-7}~--- now out of print, but see
  \Qref[question]{online books}{Q-ol-books})
\item[\TeX{} in Practice]by Stephan von Bechtolsheim (Springer
  Verlag, 1993, 4 volumes, \ISBN{3-540-97296-X} for the set, or
% nos in brackets are for German distribution (Springer Verlag, Berlin)
  Vol.~1: \ISBN{0-387-97595-0}, % (3-540-97595-0)
  Vol.~2: \ISBN{0-387-97596-9}, % (3-540-97596-9)
  Vol.~3: \ISBN{0-387-97597-7}, and % (3-540-97597-7)
  Vol.~4: \ISBN{0-387-97598-5})% (3-540-97598-5)
\htmlignore
\item[\TeX{}: Starting from \sqfbox{1}\,\footnotemark]%
\footnotetext{That's `Starting from Square One'}%
\endhtmlignore
\begin{htmlversion}
\item[\TeX{}: Starting from Square One]
\end{htmlversion}
  by Michael Doob (Springer
  Verlag, 1993, \ISBN{3-540-56441-1}~--- now out of print)
\item[The Joy of \TeX{}]by Michael D.~Spivak (second edition,
  \acro{AMS}, 1990, \ISBN{0-821-82997-1})
\item[The Advanced \TeX{}book]by David Salomon (Springer Verlag, 1995,
  \ISBN{0-387-94556-3})
\end{booklist}
A collection of Knuth's publications about typography is also available:
\begin{booklist}
\item[Digital Typography]by Donald Knuth (CSLI and Cambridge
  University Press, 1999, \ISBN{1-57586-011-2}, paperback
  \ISBN{1-57586-010-4}).
\end{booklist}
\nothtml{\noindent}and in late 2000, a ``Millennium Boxed Set'' of all
5 volumes of Knuth's ``Computers and Typesetting'' series (about
\TeX{} and \MF{}) was published by Addison Wesley:
\begin{booklist}
\item[Computers \& Typesetting, Volumes A--E Boxed Set]by Donald Knuth
  (Addison-Wesley, 2001, \ISBN{0-201-73416-8}).
\end{booklist}
\checked{rf}{2000/02/12 -- http://cseng.aw.com/book/0,3828,0201734168,00.html}
For \LaTeX{}, see:
\begin{booklist}
\item[\LaTeX{}, a Document Preparation System]by Leslie Lamport
  (second edition, Addison Wesley, 1994, \ISBN{0-201-52983-1})
\item[Guide to \LaTeX{}]Helmut Kopka and Patrick W.~Daly (fourth
  edition, Addison-Wesley, 2004, \ISBN{0-321-17385-6})
\item[The \LaTeX{} Companion]by Frank Mittelbach, Michel Goossens,
  Johannes Braams, David Carlisle and Chris Rowley (second edition,
  Addison-Wesley, 2004, \ISBN*{0-201-36299-6}{978-0-201-36299-2})
\item[The \LaTeX{} Graphics Companion:]%
  \emph{Illustrating documents with \TeX{} and \PS{}} by Michel
  Goossens, Sebastian Rahtz, Frank Mittelbach, Denis Roegel and
  Herbert Vo\ss {} (second edition, Addison-Wesley, 2007,
  \ISBN*{0-321-50892-0}{978-0-321-50892-8})
\item[The \LaTeX{} Web Companion:]%
  \emph{Integrating \TeX{}, \acro{HTML} and \acro{XML}} by Michel
  Goossens and Sebastian Rahtz (Addison-Wesley, 1999, \ISBN{0-201-43311-7})
\item[\TeX{} Unbound:]%
  \emph{\LaTeX{} and \TeX{} strategies for fonts, graphics, and more}
  by Alan Hoenig (Oxford University Press, 1998, \ISBN{0-19-509685-1}
  hardback, \ISBN{0-19-509686-X} paperback)
\item[Math into \LaTeX{}:]\emph{An Introduction to \LaTeX{} and \AMSLaTeX{}}
  by George Gr\"atzer (third edition Birkh\"auser and Springer Verlag,
  2000, \ISBN{0-8176-4431-9}, \ISBN{3-7643-4131-9})
\checked{RF}{2001/01/16}
%% gr\"atzer's home page
%% http://www.maths.umanitoba.ca/homepages/gratzer.html/LaTeXBooks.html
\item[Digital Typography Using \LaTeX{}]Incorporating some
  multilingual aspects, and use of \Qref*{Omega}{Q-omegaleph}, by
  Apostolos Syropoulos, Antonis Tsolomitis and Nick Sofroniou
  (Springer, 2003, \ISBN{0-387-95217-9}).

  A list of errata for the first printing is available from:
  \URL{http://www.springer-ny.com/catalog/np/jan99np/0-387-98708-8.html}
\item[First Steps in \LaTeX{}]by George Gr\"atzer (Birkh\"auser, 1999,
  \ISBN{0-8176-4132-7}) 
\item[\LaTeX{}: Line by Line:]%
  \emph{Tips and Techniques for Document Processing}
  by Antoni Diller (second edition, John Wiley \& Sons,
  1999, \ISBN{0-471-97918-X})
\item[\LaTeX{} for Linux:]\emph{A Vade Mecum}
  by Bernice Sacks Lipkin (Springer-Verlag, 1999,
  \ISBN{0-387-98708-8}, second printing)
\end{booklist}
A sample of George Gr\"atzer's ``Math into \LaTeX{}'', in Adobe
Acrobat format, and example files
%for von Bechtolsheim's ``\TeX{} in Practice'', 
for the three \LaTeX{} Companions, and for
Gr\"atzer's ``First Steps in \LaTeX{}'', are all available on
\acro{CTAN}.

There's a nicely-presented list of of ``recommended books'' to be had
on the web: \URL{http://www.macrotex.net/texbooks/}

The list of \MF{} books is rather short:
\begin{booklist}
\item[The \MF{}book]by Donald Knuth (Addison Wesley, 1986,
  \ISBN{0-201-13445-4}, \ISBN{0-201-52983-1} paperback)
\end{booklist}
Alan Hoenig's `\textsl{\TeX{} Unbound}' includes some discussion and
examples of using \MF{}.

A book covering a wide range of topics (including installation and
maintenance) is:
\begin{booklist}
\item[Making \TeX{} Work]by Norman Walsh (O'Reilly and Associates,
  Inc, 1994, \ISBN{1-56592-051-1})
\end{booklist}
The book is decidedly dated, and is now out of print, but a copy is
available via \texttt{sourceforge} and on \acro{CTAN}, 
and we list it under ``\Qref*{online books}{Q-ol-books}''.


This list only covers books in English: notices of new books, or
warnings that books are now out of print are always welcome.  However,
this \acro{FAQ} does \emph{not} carry reviews of current published material.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Examples for \nothtml{\upshape}First Steps in \LaTeX{}]\CTANref{gfs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Examples for \nothtml{\upshape}\LaTeX{} Companion]\CTANref{tlc2}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Examples for \nothtml{\upshape}\LaTeX{} Graphics Companion]\CTANref{lgc}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Examples for \nothtml{\upshape}\LaTeX{} Web Companion]\CTANref{lwc}
%\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Examples for \nothtml{\upshape}\TeX{} in Practice]\CTANref{tip}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Sample of \nothtml{\upshape}Math into \LaTeX{}]\CTANref{mil}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-typebooks]{Books on Type}

    The following is a partial listing of books on typography in general.
Of these, Bringhurst seems to be the one most often recommended.
\begin{booklist}
\item[The Elements of Typographic Style]by Robert Bringhurst
  (Hartley \& Marks, 1992, \ISBN{0-88179-033-8})
\item[Finer Points in the Spacing \& Arrangement of Type]by Geoffrey Dowding
  (Hartley \& Marks, 1996, \ISBN{0-88179-119-9})
\item[The Thames \& Hudson Manual of Typography]by Ruari McLean
  (Thames \& Hudson, 1980, \ISBN{0-500-68022-1})
\item[The Form of the Book]by Jan Tschichold
  (Lund Humphries, 1991, \ISBN{0-85331-623-6})
\item[Type \& Layout]by Colin Wheildon
  (Strathmore Press, 2006, \ISBN{1-875750-22-3})
\item[The Design of Books]by Adrian Wilson
  (Chronicle Books, 1993, \ISBN{0-8118-0304-X})
\item[Optical Letter Spacing]by David Kindersley and Lida Cardozo Kindersley 
  % ! line break
  (\href{http://www.kindersleyworkshop.co.uk/}{The Cardozo Kindersley Workshop}
  2001, \ISBN{1-874426-139})
\end{booklist}

    There are many catalogues of type specimens but the following books provide
a more interesting overall view of types in general and some of their history.
\begin{booklist}
\item[Alphabets Old \& New]by Lewis F.~Day
  (Senate, 1995, \ISBN{1-85958-160-9})
\item[An Introduction to the History of Printing Types]by Geoffrey Dowding
  (British Library, 1998, UK \ISBN{0-7123-4563-9}; USA \ISBN{1-884718-44-2})
\item[The Alphabet Abecedarium]by Richard A.~Firmage
  (David R.~Godine, 1993, \ISBN{0-87923-998-0})
\item[The Alphabet and Elements of Lettering]by Frederick Goudy
  (Dover, 1963, \ISBN{0-486-20792-7})
\item[Anatomy of a Typeface]by Alexander Lawson
  (David R.~Godine, 1990, \ISBN{0-87923-338-8})
\item[A Tally of Types]by Stanley Morison
  (David R.~Godine, 1999, \ISBN{1-56792-004-7})
\item[Counterpunch]by Fred Smeijers
  (Hyphen, 1996, \ISBN{0-907259-06-5})
\item[Treasury of Alphabets and Lettering]by Jan Tschichold
  (W.~W.~Norton, 1992, \ISBN{0-393-70197-2})
\item[A Short History of the Printed Word]by Warren Chappell and
  Robert Bringhurst (Hartley \& Marks, 1999, \ISBN{0-88179-154-7})
\end{booklist}

    The above lists are limited to books published in English. Typographic 
styles are somewhat language-dependent, and similarly the `interesting' fonts
depend on the particular writing system involved.

\Question[Q-whereFAQ]{Where to find \acro{FAQ}s}

Bobby Bodenheimer's article, from which this \acro{FAQ} was developed, used
to be posted (nominally monthly) to newsgroup
\Newsgroup{comp.text.tex}. The (long
obsolete) last posted copy of that article is kept on \acro{CTAN} for
auld lang syne.

\begin{pdfversion}
A version of the \href{http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq}{present \acro{FAQ}}
may be browsed via the World-Wide Web, and its sources
\end{pdfversion}
\begin{dviversion}
A version of the present \acro{FAQ} may be browsed via the World-Wide Web, at
\acro{URL} \URL{http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq}, and its sources
\end{dviversion}
\begin{htmlversion}
The sources of the present \acro{FAQ}
\end{htmlversion}
are available from \acro{CTAN}.

This \acro{FAQ} and others are regularly mentioned, on
\Newsgroup{comp.text.tex} and elsewhere, in a ``pointer \acro{FAQ}''
which is also saved at \URL{http://tug.org/tex-ptr-faq}

A 2006 innovation from Scott Pakin is the ``visual'' \LaTeX{} \acro{FAQ}.
This is a document with (mostly rubbish) text formatted so as to
highlight things we discuss here, and providing Acrobat hyper-links to
the relevant answers in this \acro{FAQ} on the Web.  The visual
\acro{FAQ} is provided in \acro{PDF} format, on \acro{CTAN}; it works
best using Adobe Acrobat Reader 7 (or later); some features are
missing with other readers, or with earlier versions of Acrobat Reader

Another excellent information source, available in English, is the
\href{http://tex.loria.fr}{\AllTeX{} navigator}.

Both the Francophone \TeX{} user group Gutenberg and the Czech/Slovak
user group CS-TUG have published translations of this \acro{FAQ}, with
extensions appropriate to their languages.

Herbert Vo\ss {}'s excellent % beware line break
\href{http://texnik.de/}{\LaTeX{} tips and tricks}
provides excellent advice on most topics one might imagine (though
it's not strictly a \acro{FAQ})~--- highly recommended for most
ordinary mortals' use.

The Open Directory Project (\acro{ODP}) maintains a list of sources of
\AllTeX{} help, including \acro{FAQ}s.  View the \TeX{} area at
\URL{http://dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Typesetting/TeX/}

Other non-English \acro{FAQ}s are available (off-\acro{CTAN}):
\begin{booklist}
\item[German]Posted regularly to \Newsgroup{de.comp.tex}, and archived
  on \acro{CTAN}; the \acro{FAQ} also appears at
  \URL{http://www.dante.de/faq/de-tex-faq/}
\item[French]%
%%   An interactive (full-screen!) FAQ may be found at
%%   \URL{http://www.frenchpro6.com/screen.pdf/FAQscreen.pdf}, and a copy
%%   for printing at \URL{http://frenchle.free.fr/FAQ.pdf};
  A FAQ used to be posted regularly to
  \Newsgroup{fr.comp.text.tex}, and is archived on \acro{CTAN}~---
  sadly, that effort seems to have fallen by the wayside.
%% \item[Spanish]See \URL{http://apolo.us.es/CervanTeX/FAQ/}
\item[Czech]See \URL{http://www.fi.muni.cz/cstug/csfaq/}
\end{booklist}

Resources available on \acro{CTAN} are:
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Dante \acro{FAQ}]\CTANref{dante-faq}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}French \acro{FAQ}]\CTANref{french-faq}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Sources of this \acro{FAQ}]\CTANref{faq}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Obsolete \texttt{comp.text.tex} \acro{FAQ}]%
  \CTANref{TeX-FAQ}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}The visual \acro{FAQ}]\CTANref{visualFAQ}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-gethelp]{How to get help}

So you've looked at all relevant \Qref*{\acro{FAQ}s}{Q-whereFAQ} you
can find, you've looked in any \Qref*{books}{Q-books} you have, and
scanned relevant \Qref*{tutorials}{Q-tutorials*}\dots{} and still you
don't know what to do.

If you are seeking a particular package or program, look on your own
system first: you might already have it~--- the better \TeX{}
distributions contain a wide range of supporting material.  The
\acro{CTAN} Catalogue can also identify packages that might help: you
can \href{http://www.tex.ac.uk/search}{search it}, or you can browse it
\begin{hyperversion}
% !!!! line break
``\href{http://mirrors.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html}{by topic}''.
\end{hyperversion}
\begin{dviversion}
``by topic'' at \url{http://mirrors.ctan.org/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html}
\end{dviversion}
Each catalogue entry has a brief description of the package, and links to
any known documentation on the net.  In fact, a large proportion of
\acro{CTAN} package directories now include documentation, so it's
often worth looking at the catalogue entry for a package you're considering
using (where possible, each package link in the main body of these
\acro{FAQ}s \hyperflat{has a link to}{shows the \acro{URL} of}
the relevant catalogue entry).

Failing all that, look to see if anyone else has had the problem
before; there are two places where people ask: browse or search the
newsgroup \Newsgroup{comp.text.tex} via
\href{http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex}{Google groups},
and the mailing list \texttt{texhax} via its
\href{http://tug.org/pipermail/texhax/}{archive}, or (as a long shot)
the archives of its ancient posts on \acro{CTAN}.

If those ``back question'' searches fail, you'll have to ask the world
at large.  To ask a question on \Newsgroup{comp.text.tex}, you can use
your own news client (if you have one), or use the ``start a new
topic'' button on \URL{http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex}.
To ask a question on \texttt{texhax}, you may simply send mail to
\mailto{texhax@tug.org}, but it's probably better to subscribe to the
list (via \URL{http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/texhax}) % ! no ~ on this line
first~--- not everyone will answer to you as well as to the list.

Other alternative sources are the % ! line break
\href{http://www.latex-community.org/}{``\LaTeX{} community'' site} or
\href{http://tex.stackexchange.com/}{\TeX{}, \LaTeX{} and friends Q\&A site}.
Neither of these is particularly long-established (the ``friends''
site is still in \latexhtml{\ensuremath{\beta}-state}{beta state} at
the time of writing), but they're already popular and helpful.

Do \textbf{not} try mailing the % ! line break
\Qref*{\LaTeX{} project team}{Q-LaTeX3},
the maintainers of the \texlive{} or \miktex{} distributions
or the maintainers of these \acro{FAQ}s
for help; while all these addresses reach experienced \AllTeX{}
users, no small group can possibly have expertise in every area of
usage so that the ``big'' lists are a far better bet.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[texhax \nothtml{\rmfamily}`back copies']\CTANref{texhax}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-maillists*]{Specialist mailing lists}

The previous question, ``\Qref*{getting help}{Q-gethelp}'', talked of
the two major forums in which \AllTeX{}, \MF{} and \MP{} are
discussed; however, these aren't the only ones available.

The \acro{TUG} web site offers many mailing lists other than just
\texttt{texhax} via its % ! line break
\href{http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo}{mail list management page}.

The French national \TeX{} user group, Gutenberg, offers a \MF{} (and,
de facto, \MP{}) mailing list, \mailto{metafont@ens.fr}: subscribe to
it by sending a message
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
subscribe metafont
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
to \mailto{sympa@ens.fr}

(Note that there's also a \MP{}-specific mailing list available via the
\acro{TUG} list server; in fact there's little danger of becoming confused
by subscribing to both.)

Announcements of \TeX{}-related installations on the \acro{CTAN}
archives are sent to the mailing list \texttt{ctan-ann}.  Subscribe
to the list via its \ProgName{MailMan} web-site
\URL{https://lists.dante.de/mailman/listinfo/ctan-ann}; list archives
are available at the same address.  The list archives may also be
browsed via \URL{http://www.mail-archive.com/ctan-ann@dante.de/}, and
an \acro{RSS} feed is also available:
\URL{http://www.mail-archive.com/ctan-ann@dante.de/maillist.xml}

\Question[Q-askquestion]{How to ask a question}

You want help from the community at large; you've decided where you're
going to \Qref*{ask your question}{Q-gethelp}, but how do you
phrase it?

Excellent ``general'' advice (how to ask questions of anyone) is
contained in
%beware line break
\href{http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html}{Eric Raymond's article on the topic}.
Eric's an extremely self-confident person, and this comes through in
his advice; but his guidelines are very good, even for us in the
un-self-confident majority.  It's important to remember that you don't
have a right to advice from the world, but that if you express
yourself well, you will usually find someone who will be pleased to
help.

So how do you express yourself in the \AllTeX{} world?  There aren't
any comprehensive rules, but a few guidelines may help in the
application of your own common sense.
\begin{itemize}
\item Make sure you're asking the right people.  Don't ask in a \TeX{}
  forum about printer device drivers for the \ProgName{Foobar}
  operating system.  Yes, \TeX{} users need printers, but no, \TeX{}
  users will typically \emph{not} be \ProgName{Foobar} systems
  managers.

  Similarly, avoid posing a question in a language that the majority
  of the group don't use: post in Ruritanian to
  \Newsgroup{de.comp.text.tex} and you may have a long wait before a
  German- and Ruritanian-speaking \TeX{} expert notices your
  question.
\item If your question is (or may be) \TeX{}-system-specific, report
  what system you're using, or intend to use: ``I can't install
  \TeX{}'' is as good as useless, whereas ``I'm trying to install the
  \ProgName{mumbleTeX} distribution on the \ProgName{Grobble}
  operating system'' gives all the context a potential respondent
  might need.  Another common situation where this information is
  important is when you're having trouble installing something new in
  your system: ``I want to add the \Package{glugtheory} package to my
  \ProgName{mumbleTeX v12.0} distribution on the \ProgName{Grobble 2024}
  operating system''.
\item If you need to know how to do something, make clear what your
  environment is: ``I want to do \emph{x} in \plaintex{}'', or ``I
  want to do \emph{y} in \LaTeX{} running the \Class{boggle}
  class''.  If you thought you knew how, but your attempts are
  failing, tell us what you've tried: ``I've already tried installing
  the \Package{elephant} in the \Package{minicar} directory, and it
  didn't work, even after refreshing the filename database''.
\item If something's going wrong within \AllTeX{}, pretend you're
  \Qref*{submitting a \LaTeX{} bug report}{Q-latexbug},
  and try to generate a \Qref*{minimum failing example}{Q-minxampl}.
  If your example 
  needs your local \Class{xyzthesis} class, or some other resource
  not generally available, be sure to include a pointer to how the
  resource can be obtained.
\item Figures are special, of course.  Sometimes the figure itself is
  \emph{really} needed, but most problems may be demonstrated with a
  ``figure substitute'' in the form of a
  \cmdinvoke*{rule}{width}{height} command, for some value of
  \meta{width} and \meta{height}.  If the (real) figure is needed,
  don't try posting it: far better to put it on the web somewhere.
\item Be as succinct as possible.  Your helpers don't usually need to
  know \emph{why} you're doing something, just \emph{what} you're
  doing and where the problem is.
\end{itemize}

\Question[Q-minxampl]{How to make a ``minimum example''}

\Qref[Question]{Our advice on asking questions}{Q-askquestion}
suggests that you prepare a ``minimum example'' (also commonly known
as a ``\emph{minimal} example'') of failing behaviour,
as a sample to post with your question.  If you have a problem in a
two hundred page document, it may be unclear how to proceed from this
problem to a succinct demonstration of your problem.

There are two valid approaches to this task: building up, and hacking
down.

% ! line break
\latexhtml{The ``building up'' process}{\textbf{\emph{Building up}}} starts
with a basic document structure
(for \LaTeX{}, this would have \csx{documentclass},
\cmdinvoke{begin}{document}, \cmdinvoke{end}{document}) and adds
things.  First to add is a paragraph or so around the actual point
where the problem occurs.  (It may prove difficult to find the actual
line that's provoking the problem.  If the original problem is an
error, reviewing % ! line break
\Qref[the answer to question]{``the structure of \TeX{} errors''}{Q-errstruct}
may help.)

Note that there are things that can go wrong in one part of the
document as a result of something in another part: the commonest is
problems in the table of contents (from something in a section title,
or whatever), or the list of \meta{something} (from something in a
\csx{caption}).  In such a case, include the section title or caption
(the caption probably needs the \environment{figure} or
\environment{table} environment around it, but it \emph{doesn't} need
the figure or table itself).

If this file you've built up shows the problem already, then you're done.
Otherwise, try adding packages; the optimum is a file with only one
package in it, but you may find that the guilty package won't even load
properly unless another package has been loaded.  (Another common case
is that package \Package{A} only fails when package \Package{B} has been
loaded.)

% ! line break
\latexhtml{The ``hacking down'' route}{\textbf{\emph{Hacking down}}} starts
with your entire document, and
removes bits until the file no longer fails (and then of course
restores the last thing removed).  Don't forget to hack out any
unnecessary packages, but mostly, the difficulty is choosing what to
hack out of the body of the document; this is the mirror of the
problem above, in the ``building up'' route.

If you've added a package (or more than one), add \csx{listfiles} to
the preamble too: that way, \LaTeX{} will produce a list of the
packages you've used and their version numbers.  This information may
be useful evidence for people trying to help you.

What if your document simply doesn't fail in any of these cut-down
scenarios?  Whatever you do, don't post the whole of the document: if
you can, it may be useful to make a copy available on the web
somewhere: people will probably understand if it's impossible~\dots{}\ 
or inadvisable, in the case of something confidential.

If the whole document is necessary, it could be that it's an overflow
of some sort; the best you can do is to post the code ``around'' the
error, and (of course) the full text of the error.

It may seem that all this work is rather excessive for preparing a
simple post.  There are two responses to that, both based on the
relative inefficiency of asking a question on the internet.

First, preparing a minimum document very often leads \emph{you} to the
answer, without all the fuss of posting and looking for responses.

Second, your prime aim is to get an answer as quickly as possible; a
well-prepared example stands a good chance of attracting an answer
``in a single pass'': if the person replying to your post finds she
needs more information, you have to find that request, post again, and
wait for your benefactor to produce a second response.

All things considered, a good example file can save you a day, for
perhaps half an hour's effort invested.

The above advice, differently phrased, may also be read on the web at
\URL{http://www.minimalbeispiel.de/mini-en.html}; source of that
article may be found at \URL{http://www.minimalbeispiel.de/}, in
both German and English.

\Question[Q-tutorials*]{\AllTeX{} Tutorials, etc.}

From a situation where every \AllTeX{} user \emph{had} to buy a book
if she was not to find herself groping blindly along, we now have what
almost amounts to an embarrassment of riches of online documentation.
The following answers attempt to create lists of sources ``by topic''.

First we have introductory manuals, for
\Qref*{\plaintex{}}{Q-man-tex} and \Qref*{\LaTeX{}}{Q-man-latex}.

Next comes a selection of
\Qref*{``specialised'' \AllTeX{} tutorials}{Q-tutbitslatex},
each of which concentrates on a single \LaTeX{} topic.

A couple of reference documents (it would be good to have more) are
listed in an \Qref*{answer of their own}{Q-ref-doc}.

Next comes the (rather new) field of % ! line break
\Qref*{\TeX{}-related WIKIs}{Q-doc-wiki}.

A rather short list gives us a % ! line break
\Qref*{Typography style tutorial}{Q-typo-style}.

Finally, we have a set of links to
\Qref*{Directories of \AllTeX{} information}{Q-doc-dirs}, and details
of some ``\Qref*{books}{Q-ol-books}'' that were once published
conventionally, but are now available on-line.

\Question[Q-man-tex]{Online introductions: \plaintex{}}

Michael Doob's splendid `Gentle Introduction' to \plaintex{}
(available on \acro{CTAN}) has been stable for a very long time.

Another recommendable document is D. R.~Wilkins `Getting started with \TeX{}',
available on the web at \URL{http://www.ntg.nl/doc/wilkins/pllong.pdf}
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Gentle Introduction]\CTANref{gentle}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-man-latex]{Online introductions: \LaTeX{}}

A pleasing little document, ``Getting something out of \LaTeX{}'' is
designed to give a feel of \LaTeX{} to someone who's never used it at
all.  It's not a tutorial, merely helps the user to decide whether to
go on to a tutorial, and to `real' use of \LaTeX{}.

Tobias Oetiker's `(Not so) Short Introduction to \LaTeXe{}', is
regularly updated, as people suggest better ways of explaining things,
etc.  The introduction is available on \acro{CTAN}, together with
translations into a rather large set of languages.

Peter Flynn's ``Beginner's \LaTeX{}'' (which started life as course
material) is a pleasing read.  A complete copy may be found on
\acro{CTAN}, but it may also be browsed over the web
(\URL{http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/beginlatex/html/}).

Harvey Greenberg's `Simplified Introduction to \LaTeX{}' was written
for a lecture course, and is also available on \acro{CTAN} (in \PS{}
only, unfortunately).

The fourth edition of George Gr\"atzer's book ``Math into \LaTeX{}''
contains a ``short course'' in \LaTeX{} itself, and that course has
been made publicly available on \acro{CTAN}.

Philip Hirschhorn's ``Getting up and running with \AMSLaTeX{}'' has a
brief introduction to \LaTeX{} itself, followed by a substantial
introduction to the use of the \acro{AMS} classes and the
\Package{amsmath} package and other things that are potentially of
interest to those writing documents containing mathematics.

Edith Hodgen's % beware line break
\href{http://www.mcs.vuw.ac.nz/~david/latex/notes.pdf}{\LaTeX{}, a Braindump}
starts you from the ground up~--- giving a basic tutorial in the use
of \ProgName{Linux} to get you going (rather a large file\dots{}).
Its parent site, David Friggens' % ! line break
\href{http://www.mcs.vuw.ac.nz/~david/latex/}{documentation page} is a
useful collection of links in itself.

% ! line break
\href{http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/}{Andy Roberts' introductory material}
is a pleasing short introduction to the use of \AllTeX{}; some of the
slides for \emph{actual} tutorials are to be found on the page, as
well.

Chris Harrison's % ! line break
\href{http://www.chrisharrison.co.uk/xophbook/mybooks/tex/index.html}{TeX book}
presents basic \LaTeX{} with useful hints for extensions

Nicola Talbot's % ! line break
\href{http://theoval.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~nlct/latex/novices/}{\LaTeX{} for complete novices}
does what it claims: the author teaches \LaTeX{} at the University of
East Anglia.  That is one of several of Nicola's % ! line break
\href{http://theoval.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~nlct/latex/}{introductory tutorials},
which include exercises (with solutions).  Other tutorials include
those for writing theses/dissertations with \LaTeX{}, and for using
\LaTeX{} in administrative work.  (The page seems to be an adjunct to
her \LaTeX{} courses~--- fortunate people, the people of \acro{UEA}!).

An interesting (and practical) tutorial about what \emph{not} to do is
\Package{l2tabu}, or ``A list of sins of \LaTeXe{} users'' by Mark
Trettin, translated into English by J\"urgen Fenn.  The
tutorial is available from \acro{CTAN} as a \acro{PDF} file (though
the source is also available).
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Beginner's \LaTeX{}]\CTANref{beginlatex-pdf}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}First \LaTeX{} document]\CTANref{first-latex-doc}
% ! line break
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Getting up and running with \AMSLaTeX{}]\CTANref{amslatex-primer}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Not so Short Introduction]\CTANref{lshort}
  (in English, you may browse for sources and other language versions at
  \CTANref{lshort-parent})
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Simplified \LaTeX{}]\CTANref{simpl-latex}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Short Course in \LaTeX{}]\CTANref{mil-short}
% ! line break
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}The sins of \LaTeX{} users]\CTANref{l2tabuen};
  source also available: \CTANref{l2tabuen.src}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-tutbitslatex]{Specialised \AllTeX{} tutorials}

The \acro{AMS} publishes a ``Short Math Guide for \LaTeX{}'', which is
available (in several formats) via
\URL{http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html} (the ``Additional
Documentation'' about half-way down the page.

Herbert Vo\ss {} has written an extensive guide to mathematics in
\LaTeX{} (a German version of which is published as a book).  The
guide is part of his ``\Qref*{tips and tricks}{Q-doc-dirs}'' and
a copy is maintained on \acro{CTAN}.
%\URL{http://www.perce.de/LaTeX/math/Mathmode-TeX.pdf}

Two documents written more than ten years apart about font usage in
\TeX{} are worth reading: % ! line breaks, next 3 lines
\href{href='http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb14-2/tb39rahtz-nfss.pdf}{Essential NFSS}
by Sebastian Rahtz, and
\href{http://tug.org/pracjourn/2006-1/schmidt/schmidt.pdf}{Font selection in LaTeX},
cast in the form of an \acro{FAQ}, by Walter Schmidt.  A general
compendium of font information (including the two above) may be found
on the \href{http://www.tug.org/fonts/}{TUG web site}.

Peter Smith's
\begin{narrowversion}
  ``\LaTeX{} for Logicians''
  (\URL{http://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/teaching_staff/Smith/LaTeX/})
\end{narrowversion}
\begin{wideversion}
  % ! line break
  ``\href{http://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/teaching_staff/Smith/LaTeX/}{\LaTeX{} for Logicians}''
\end{wideversion}
covers a rather smaller subject area, but is similarly comprehensive
(mostly by links to documents on relevant topics, rather than as a
monolithic document).

Keith Reckdahl's ``Using Imported Graphics in \LaTeXe{}'' is an
excellent introduction to graphics use.  It's available on
\acro{CTAN}, but the sources aren't available (promised ``some time
soon'').

Kjell Magne Fauske offers a set of examples of the use of the drawing
packages % ! line break
\Qref*{\acro{PGF} and \acro{T}ik\acro{Z}}{Q-drawing}; the % ! line break
\href{http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/}{examples catalogue}
includes examples (with output) from the package documentation as well
as code written by the author himself.

Vincent Zoonekynd provides a set of excellent (and graphic) tutorials
on the programming of % !line breaks, ...
\href{http://zoonek.free.fr/LaTeX/LaTeX_samples_title/0.html}{title page styles},
\href{http://zoonek.free.fr/LaTeX/LaTeX_samples_chapter/0.html}{chapter heading styles}
and
\href{http://zoonek.free.fr/LaTeX/LaTeX_samples_section/0.html}{section heading styles}.
In each file, there is a selection of graphics representing an output
style, and for each style, the code that produces it is shown.

An invaluable step-by-step setup guide for establishing a ``work
flow'' through your \AllTeX{} system, so that output appears at the
correct size and position on standard-sized paper, and that the print
quality is satisfactory, is Mike Shell's \Package{testflow}.  The
tutorial consists of a large plain text document, and there is a
supporting \LaTeX{} file together with correct output, both in \PS{} and
\acro{PDF}, for each of \acro{A}4 and ``letter'' paper sizes.  The
complete kit is available on \acro{CTAN} (distributed with the
author's macros for papers submitted for \acro{IEEE} publications).
The issues are also covered in a later % ! line break
\Qref{\acro{FAQ} answer}{Q-dvips-pdf}.

Documentation of Japanese \TeX{} use appears at least twice on the web:
Haruhiko Okumura's page on
% ! line break
\href{http://oku.edu.mie-u.ac.jp/~okumura/texfaq/japanese/}{typesetting Japanese with Omega}
(the parent page is in Japanese, so out of the scope of this
\acro{FAQ}).

One ``Tim'' documents p\TeX{} (a \TeX{} system widely used in Japan)
in his
\begin{narrowversion}
  ``English notes on p\TeX{}'' (see
  \url{http://www.users.waitrose.com/~nihilist/English_Notes_on_pTex.pdf}).
\end{narrowversion}
\begin{wideversion}
  % ! line break
  ``\href{http://www.users.waitrose.com/~nihilist/English_Notes_on_pTex.pdf}{English notes on p\TeX{}}''.
\end{wideversion}

Some university departments make their local documentation available
on the web.  Most straightforwardly, there's the simple translation of
existing documentation into \acro{HTML}, for example the \acro{INFO}
documentation of the \AllTeX{} installation, of which a sample is the
\LaTeX{} documentation available at
\URL{http://www.tac.dk/cgi-bin/info2www?(latex)}

More ambitiously, some university departments have enthusiastic
documenters who 
make public record of their \AllTeX{} support.  For example, Tim Love
(of Cambridge University Engineering Department) maintains his
deparment's pages at
\URL{http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/}
%%  and Mimi
%% Burbank (of the School of Computer Science \& Information Technology
%% at the University of Florida) manages her department's at
%% \URL{http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~mimi/tex/}\nobreakspace--- both sets are fine
%% examples of good practice.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Graphics in \LaTeXe{}]\CTANref{epslatex}
\item[testflow]\CTANref{testflow}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Herbert Vo\ss {}'s Maths tutorial]\CTANref{voss-mathmode}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-ref-doc]{Reference documents}

For \TeX{} primitive commands a rather nice % ! line break
\href{http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/texcrib.pdf}{quick reference booklet},
by John W.~Shipman, is available; it's arranged in the same way as the
\TeX{}book.  By contrast, you can view David Bausum's % ! line break
\href{http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html}{list of \TeX{} primitives}
alphabetically or arranged by ``family''.  Either way, the list has a
link for each control sequence, that leads you to a detailed
description, which includes page references to the \TeX{}book.

There doesn't seem to be a reference that takes in \plaintex{} as
well as the primitive commands.

An interesting \LaTeX{} ``cheat sheet'' is available from \acro{CTAN}:
it's a list of (more or less) everything you `ought to' remember, for
basic \LaTeX{} use.  (It's laid out very compactly for printing on N.\
American `letter'; printed on \acro{ISO} \acro{A}4, using Adobe
Acrobat's ``shrink to fit'', it strains aged eyes\dots{})

For command organised references to \LaTeX{},  Karl Berry (et
al)'s % !line break
\href{http://home.gna.org/latexrefman}{LaTeX reference manual} is (to
an extent) work in progress, but is generally reliable.

The reference provided by the Emerson Center of Emory
University), % ! line break
\href{http://www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex2e/latex2e_toc.html}{LaTeXe help}
also looks good.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Cheat sheet]\CTANref{latexcheat}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}LaTeX reference manual]\CTANref{latex2e-help-texinfo}
\end{ctanrefs}
\LastEdit{2010-12-08}

\Question[Q-doc-wiki]{\acro{WIKI} books for \TeX{} and friends}

The \emph{\acro{WIKI}} concept can be a boon to everyone, if used sensibly.
The ``general'' \acro{WIKI} allows \emph{anyone} to add stuff, or to edit
stuff that someone else has added: while there is obvious potential
for chaos, there is evidence that a strong user community can keep a
\acro{WIKI} under control.

Following the encouraging performance of the % ! line break
\href{http://contextgarden.net/}{\CONTeXT{} \acro{WIKI}}, valiant efforts
have been made generating ``\acro{WIKI} books'' for \AllTeX{} users.  Thus we
have \href{http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX}{(Plain) \TeX{} \acro{WIKI}} and 
\href{http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX}{\LaTeX{} \acro{WIKI}} are well
established.  Neither would seem yet to be of publication quality, but
they both seem useful reference sources.

\Question[Q-typo-style]{Typography tutorials}

Peter Wilson's article \Package{memdesign} has a lengthy introductory
section on typographic considerations, which is a fine tutorial,
written by someone who is aware of the issues as they apply to
\AllTeX{} users.  (\Package{Memdesign} now distributed separately from
the manual for his \Class{memoir} class, but was originally part of
that manual)

There's also (at least one) typographic style tutorial available on
the Web, the excellent % ! line break
``\href*{http://www.nbcs.rutgers.edu/~hedrick/typography/typography.janson-syntax.107514.pdf}{Guidelines for Typography in NBCS}''.
In fact, its % !!
\href*{http://www.nbcs.rutgers.edu/~hedrick/typography/index.html}{parent page}
is also worth a read: among other things, it provides copies of the
``guidelines'' document in a wide variety of primary fonts, for
comparison purposes.  The author is careful to explain that he has no
ambition to supplant such excellent books as
\Qref*{Bringhurst's}{Q-typebooks}, but the document (though it does
contain its Rutgers-local matter) is a fine introduction to the issues
of producing readable documents.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[memdesign]\CTANref{memdesign}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-doc-dirs]{Directories of \AllTeX{} information}

T\acro{UG} India is developing a series of online \LaTeX{} tutorials
which can be strongly recommended: select single chapters at a time
from \URL{http://www.tug.org.in/tutorials.html}\nobreakspace--- the
set comprises two parts, ``Text'' and ``Graphics'', so far.

Once, there were other links like that, but all the others have faded
away, leaving the \acro{TUG} India set in splendid isolation.

\Question[Q-ol-books]{Freely available \AllTeX{} books}

People have long argued for \AllTeX{} books to be made available on
the web, and until relatively recently this demand went un-answered.

The first to appear was Victor Eijkhout's excellent ``\TeX{} by
Topic'' in 2001 (it had been published by Addison-Wesley, but was long
out of print).  The book is now available on \acro{CTAN}; it's not a
beginner's tutorial but it's a fine reference.  It's also available,
as a printed copy, via the on-line publishers
\href{http://www.lulu.com/content/2555607/}{Lulu} (not quite free, of
course, but not a \emph{bad} deal\dots{}).

Addison-Wesley have also released the copyright of ``\TeX{} for the
Impatient'' by Paul W.~Abrahams, Karl Berry and Kathryn A.~Hargreaves,
another book whose unavailability many have lamented.  The authors
have re-released the book under the \acro{GNU} Free Documentation
Licence, and it is available from \acro{CTAN}.

Norm Walsh's ``Making \TeX{} Work'' (originally published by O'Reilly)
is also available (free) on the Web, at
\URL{http://makingtexwork.sourceforge.net/mtw/}; the sources of the
Web page are on \acro{CTAN}.  The book was an excellent resource in
its day, but while it is now somewhat dated, it still has its uses,
and is a welcome addition to the list of on-line resources.  A project
to update it is believed to be under way.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Making \TeX{} Work]\CTANref{mtw}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\TeX{} by Topic]\CTANref{texbytopic}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\TeX{} for the Impatient]\CTANref{TftI}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-pkgdoc]{Documentation of packages}

These \acro{FAQ}s regularly suggest packages that will ``solve''
particular problems.  In some cases, the answer provides a recipe for
the job.  In other cases, or when the solution needs elaborating, how
is the poor user to find out what to do?

If you're lucky, the package you need is already in your installation.
If you're particularly lucky, you're using a distribution that gives
access to package documentation and the documentation is available in
a form that can easily be shown.  For example, on many current
distributions, the \ProgName{texdoc} command often helps, as in: 
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
texdoc footmisc
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
which opens a window showing documentation of the
\Package{footmisc} package.  According to the type of file
\ProgName{texdoc} finds, it will launch a \acro{DVI} viewer
or a \acro{PDF} reader.

If \ProgName{texdoc} can't find any documentation, it may launch a Web
browser to look at its copy of the \acro{CTAN} catalogue.  The
catalogue has an entry for package documentation, and since the
\acro{CTAN} team asks authors documentation of their packages (and
members of the team even occasionally generate documentation that
seems useful), you will more often than not find documentation that
way.

If your luck (as defined above) doesn't hold out, you've got to find
documentation by other means.  This is where you need to exercise your
intelligence: you have to find the documentation for yourself.  What
follows offers a range of possible techniques.

The commonest form of documentation of \LaTeX{} add-ons is within the
\extension{dtx} file in which the code is distributed (see
\Qref[answer]{documented \LaTeX{} sources}{Q-dtx}).  Such files
are supposedly processable by \LaTeX{} itself, but there are
occasional hiccups on the way to readable documentation.  Common
problems are that the package itself is needed to process its own
documentation (so must be unpacked before processing), and that the
\extension{dtx} file will \emph{not} in fact process with \LaTeX{}.  In the
latter case, the \extension{ins} file will usually produce a
\extension{drv} (or similarly-named) file, which you process with
\LaTeX{} instead.  (Sometimes the package author even thinks to
mention this wrinkle in a package \texttt{README} file.)

Another common form is the separate documentation file; particularly
if a package is ``conceptually large'' (and therefore needs a lot of
documentation), the documentation would prove a cumbersome extension
to the \extension{dtx} file.  Examples of such cases are the \Class{memoir}
class (whose documentation, \File{memman}, is widely praised as an
introduction to typesetting concepts), the \Class{KOMA-script} bundle
(whose developers take the trouble to produce detailed documentation
in both German and English), and the \Package{fancyhdr} package (whose
documentation derives from a definitive tutorial in a mathematical
journal).  Even if the documentation is not separately identified in a
\texttt{README} file, it should not be too difficult to recognise its
existence.

Documentation within the package itself is the third common form.
Such documentation ordinarily appears in comments at the head of the
file, though at least one eminent author regularly places it after the
\csx{endinput} command in the package.  (This is desirable, since
\csx{endinput} is a `logical' end-of-file, and \AllTeX{} doesn't read
beyond it: thus such documentation does not `cost' any package loading time.)

The above suggestions cover most possible ways of finding
documentation.  If, despite your best efforts, you can't find
it in any of the above places, there's the awful possibility that the
author didn't bother to document his package (on the ``if it was hard
to write, it should be hard to use'' philosophy).  Most ordinary
mortals will seek support from some more experienced user at this
stage, though it \emph{is} possible to proceed in the way that the original
author apparently expected\dots{}by reading his code.

\Question[Q-writecls]{Learning to write \LaTeX{} classes and packages}

There's nothing particularly magic about the commands you use when
writing a package, so you can simply bundle up a set of \LaTeX{}
\csx{(re)newcommand} and \csx{(re)newenvironment} commands, put them in
a file \File{package.sty} and you have a package.

However, any but the most trivial package will require rather more
sophistication.  Some details of \LaTeX{} commands for the job are to
be found in `\LaTeXe{} for class and package writers'
(\File{clsguide}, part of the \LaTeX{} documentation distribution).
Beyond this, a good knowledge of \TeX{} itself is valuable: thus books
such as the \Qref*{\TeX{}book}{Q-books} or % ! line break
\Qref*{\TeX{} by topic}{Q-ol-books} are relevant.  With good \TeX{}
knowledge it is possible to use the documented source of \LaTeX{} as
reference material (dedicated authors will acquaint themselves with the
source as a matter of course).  A complete set of the documented
source of \LaTeX{} may be prepared by processing the file
\File{source2e.tex} in the \LaTeX{} distribution.  Such processing is
noticeably tedious, but Heiko Oberdiek has prepared a well-linked
\acro{PDF} version, which is in the file \File{base.tds.zip} of his
\ProgName{latex-tds} distribution.  Individual files in the \LaTeX{}
distribution may be processed separately with \LaTeX{}, like any
well-constructed \Qref*{\extension{dtx} file}{Q-dtx}.

Writing good classes is not easy; it's a good idea to read some
established ones (\File{classes.dtx}, for example, is the documented
source of the standard classes other than \Class{Letter}, and may
itself be formatted with \LaTeX{}).  Classes that are not part of the
distribution are commonly based on ones that are, and start by loading
the standard class with \csx{LoadClass}~--- an example of this
technique may be seen in \Package{ltxguide.cls}

An % !! line break
\href{http://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb28-1/tb88flynn.pdf}{annotated version of \Class{article}},
as it appears in \File{classes.dtx}, was published in
\TUGboat{} 28(1).  The article, by Peter Flynn, which is some help in
understanding \File{classes.dtx}
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[classes.dtx]\CTANref{latex-classes}
\item[clsguide.pdf]\CTANref{clsguide}
\item[latex-tds \nothtml{rmfamily}collection]\CTANref{latex-tds}
\item[ltxguide.cls]\CTANref{ltxguide}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\LaTeX{} documentation]\CTANref{latexdoc}
\item[source2e.tex]\CTANref{latex-source}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-mfptutorials]{\MF{} and \MP{} Tutorials}

Apart from Knuth's book, there seems to be only one publicly-available
\href{http://metafont.tutorial.free.fr/}{tutorial for \MF{}}, by
Christophe Grandsire (a copy in \acro{PDF} form may be downloaded).
Geoffrey Tobin's \textit{\MF{} for Beginners} % !! line break
(see \Qref[question]{using \MF{}}{Q-useMF}) describes how the \MF{}
system works and how to avoid some of the potential pitfalls.

There is also an article on how to run both \MF{} and \MP{} (the
programs).  Peter Wilson's % !! line break
\textit{Some Experiences in Running \MF{} and \MP{}}
offers the benefit of Peter's experience (he has designed a number of
`historical' fonts using \MF{}).  For \MF{} the article is geared
towards testing and installing new \MF{} fonts, while its \MP{}
section describes how to use \MP{} illustrations in \LaTeX{} and
\PDFLaTeX{} documents, with an emphasis on how to use appropriate
fonts for any text or mathematics.

% Hans Hagen (of \CONTeXT{} fame) offers a \MP{} tutorial called
% MetaFun (which admittedly concentrates on the use of \MP{} within
% \CONTeXT{}).  It may be found on his company's % ! line break
% \href{http://www.pragma-ade.com/metapost.htm}{\MP{} page}.

Other \MP{} tutorials that have appeared are two in English by % ! line breaks
\href{http://remote.science.uva.nl/~heck/Courses/mptut.pdf}{Andr\'e Heck}
and \href{http://www.tlhiv.org/MetaPost/tutorial/}{Urs Oswald},
and one in French (listed here because it's clearly enough written
that even this author understands it), by
\href{http://pauillac.inria.fr/~cheno/metapost/metapost.pdf}{Laurent Ch\'eno};
both have been recommended for inclusion in the \acro{FAQ}

Urs Oswald's tutorial is accompanied by a super tool (by Troy
Henderson) for testing little bits of \MP{}, which is an invaluable
aid to the learner: \URL{http://www.tlhiv.org/mppreview}

Vincent Zoonekynd's massive set of example \MP{} files is available on
\acro{CTAN}; the set includes a \ProgName{Perl} script to convert the
set to html, and the set may be % beware line break
\href{http://zoonek.free.fr/LaTeX/Metapost/metapost.html}{viewed on the web}.
While these examples don't exactly constitute a ``tutorial'', they're
most certainly valuable learning material.  Urs Oswald presents a
\href{http://www.ursoswald.ch/metapost/tutorial.pdf}{similar document},
written more as a document, and presented in \acro{PDF}.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Beginners' guide]\CTANref{mf-beginners}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Peter Wilson's ``experiences'']\CTANref{metafp-pdf}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Vincent Zoonekynd's examples]\CTANref{zoon-mp-eg}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-BibTeXing]{\bibtex{} Documentation}

\bibtex{}, a program originally designed to produce bibliographies in
conjunction with \LaTeX{}, is explained in Section~4.3 and Appendix~B
of Leslie Lamport's \LaTeX{} manual.
The document ``\bibtex{}ing'', in the \bibtex{} distribution (look for
\File{btxdoc}),
expands on the chapter in Lamport's book.  \emph{The \LaTeX{} Companion}
also has information on \bibtex{} and writing \bibtex{} style files.
(See \Qref[question]{TeX-related books}{Q-books} for details of both
books.)

The document ``Designing \bibtex{} Styles'', also in the \bibtex{}
distribution (look for
\File{btxhak}, explains the postfix stack-based language used to
write \bibtex{} styles (\File{.bst} files). The file\File{btxbst.doc},
also in the \bibtex{} distribution,
is the template for the four standard styles (\Package{plain},
\Package{abbrv}, \Package{alpha}, and \Package{unsrt}); it also
contains their documentation.

A useful tutorial of the whole process of using \BibTeX{} is Nicolas
Markey's ``\emph{Tame the BeaST (The B to X of \BibTeX{})}'', which
may also be found on \acro{CTAN}.  A summary and \acro{FAQ} by Michael
Shell and David Hoadley, is also to be recommended.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\BibTeX{} distribution]\CTANref{bibtex}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Shell and Hoadley's FAQ]\CTANref{bibtex-faq}
\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Tame the BeaST]\CTANref{ttb-pdf}
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-symbols]{Where can I find the symbol for\,\dots{}}
\keywords{assignment circular integral degrees diagonal dots Fourier transform}
\keywords{Laplace greater less complex integer natural real}
\keywords{cent euro}

There is a wide range of symbols available for use with \TeX{}, most
of which are not shown (or even mentioned) in \AllTeX{} books.
\emph{The Comprehensive \LaTeX{} Symbol List} (by Scott Pakin
% beware line wrap
\emph{et al.}\@) illustrates over 2000 symbols, and details the
commands and the \LaTeX{} packages needed to produce them.

Other questions in this \acro{FAQ} offer specific help on kinds of
symbols:
\begin{itemize}
\item \Qref*{Script fonts for mathematics}{Q-scriptfonts}
\item \Qref*{Fonts for the number sets}{Q-numbersets}
\item \Qref*{Typesetting the principal value integral}{Q-prinvalint}
\end{itemize}

A useful new % ! line break
\href{http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html}{symbol search} web
site is available.  It provides you a scratch area on which you draw
the symbol you're thinking of, with your mouse; when you've finished
drawing, the classifier tries to match your sketch with symbols it
knows about.  The matching process is pretty good, even for the
sketches of a \emph{really} poor draughtsman, and it's often worth
trying more than once.  Given the huge size of the symbol list, this
tool can be very helpful.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[Symbol List]Browse \CTANref{symbols}; there are processed
  versions in both \PS{} and \acro{PDF} forms for both A4 and
  letter paper.
\end{ctanrefs}

\Question[Q-docpictex]{The \PiCTeX{} manual}

\PiCTeX{} is a set of macros by Michael Wichura for drawing diagrams
and pictures. The
macros are freely available; however, the
\PiCTeX{} manual itself is not free.
Unfortunately, \acro{TUG} is no longer able to supply copies of the
manual (as it once did), and it is now available only through Personal
\TeX{} Inc, the vendors of PC\TeX{} (\URL{http://www.pctex.com/}).  The
manual is \emph{not} available electronically.

However, there \emph{is} a summary of \PiCTeX{} commands available on
\acro{CTAN}, which is a great aide-memoire for those who basically
know the package to start with.
\begin{ctanrefs}
\item[pictex]\CTANref{pictex}
\item[PiCTeX summary]\CTANref{pictex-summary}
\end{ctanrefs}