<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">% apalike.tex, version 0.99b (8-Dec-10), for btxmac 0.99i, BibTeX 0.99c,
% TeX 3.0 or later.
%
% Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 2010 Oren Patashnik.
% Unlimited copying and redistribution of this file are permitted as long as
% it is unmodified.  Modifications (and redistribution of modified versions)
% are also permitted, but only if the resulting file is renamed.
%
% This file, apalike.tex, contains TeX macros that let you use the
% apalike bibliography style with plain TeX.  In essence, this file
% provides the TeX counterpart to apalike.sty, the LaTeX style file
% required for using the apalike bibliography style.  Please report any
% bugs (outright goofs, misfeatures, or unclear documentation) to
% biblio@tug.org.  These macros will become frozen
% shortly after BibTeX version 1.00 is released.
%
% AMS-TEX WARNING: This style (apalike) doesn't work with AmS-TeX's
% `amsppt' style, because AmS-TeX redefines the tie character `~' of
% plain TeX, and the `amsppt' style redefines plain TeX's `\nobreak'
% macro, so that a multiple-author reference for which `apalike'
% automatically produces an in-text citation like `(Jones et~al., 1992)'
% will throw AmS-TeX's `amsppt' style into an infinite loop, exceeding
% its input stack size.  (I've checked no other AmS-TeX styles for this
% problem.)  The AmS-TeX warning of btxmac.tex gives more information.
% END OF AMS-TEX WARNING.
%
% Editorial note (i.e., flame):
% Many journals require a style like `apalike', but I recommend that you
% not use it if you have a choice---use something like `plain' instead.
% Mary-Claire van Leunen (A Handbook for Scholars, Knopf, 1979) argues
% convincingly that a style like `plain' encourages better writing than
% one like `apalike'.  Furthermore the best argument for using an
% author-date style like `apalike'---that it's "the most practical"
% (The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, thirteenth
% edition, 1982, pages 400--401)---falls flat on its face with the new
% computer-typesetting technology.  For instance page 401 of the Chicago
% Manual anachronistically states "The chief disadvantage of [a style
% like `plain'] is that additions or deletions cannot be made after the
% manuscript is typed without changing numbers in both text references
% and list."  With (La)TeX the disadvantage obviously evaporates.
% Moreover, apalike indulges in what I think is a shortsighted practice:
% automatically abbreviating first names.  Abbreviating may occasionally
% make the work a page shorter, but at the cost of a less useful
% reference list; that's too high a cost for such a marginal benefit.
% The offense isn't egregious for a name like `Donald E. Knuth'---at
% least among those familiar with his field---since there aren't many
% other `D. E. Knuth's floating around.  But referring to `D. E. Smith'
% in a field having more than one can be quite confusing.  Moreover,
% with the proliferation of computers and citation indexes nowadays,
% it's important to indicate in the reference list an author's name
% exactly as it appears in the work cited.  Automatically abbreviating
% first names is simply bad scholarship.  (End of flame.)
%
% To use these macros you need the btxmac.tex macros, which let you use
% BibTeX with plain TeX (rather than with LaTeX); the file btxmac.tex
% explains those macros in detail, and gives examples.  You simply
% \input apalike right after you \input btxmac to invoke these macros.
%
%
%   HISTORY
%
% Oren Patashnik wrote the original version of these macros in December
% 1990, for use with btxmac.tex.
%
%   12-Dec-90  Version 0.99a, first general release.
%   29-Feb-92  0.99b, changed `\biblabelextrahang' to `\biblabelextraspace',
%                     to keep up with btxmac.tex version 0.99i.
%    8-Dec-10  Still version 0.99b, as the code itself was unchanged;
%                     this release clarified the license.
%
% Here, finally (I swear, I thought he was never gonna stop), are the
% macros.  The first bunch makes the label empty and sets 2em of
% hanging indentation (via \biblabelextraspace) for each entry.
%
\def\biblabelprint#1{\noindent}%
\def\biblabelcontents#1{}%
\def\bblhook{\biblabelextraspace = 2em }%
%
%
% And the last bunch formats an in-text citation: parens around the
% entire citation; semicolons separating individual references; and a
% comma between a reference and its note (like `page 41') if it exists.
%
\def\printcitestart{(}%         left paren
\def\printcitefinish{)}%        right parent
\def\printbetweencitations{; }% semicolon, space
\def\printcitenote#1{, #1}%     comma, space, note (if it exists)
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