From 26fdacbc0d1cddffe387bb382f35672e1ee5d446 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Karl Berry Date: Wed, 14 Jul 2010 16:33:09 +0000 Subject: latex2e-help-texinfo jul10 (12jul10) git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@19442 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751 --- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog | 20 + .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile | 16 +- .../texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS | 7 + .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README | 4 +- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | 862 +++- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html | 5181 +++++++++++--------- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf | Bin 879499 -> 976998 bytes .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi | 1474 +++--- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt | 2844 ++++++----- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml | 1058 ++-- Master/texmf/doc/info/latex2e.info | 1685 ++++--- 11 files changed, 7706 insertions(+), 5445 deletions(-) (limited to 'Master') diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog index b77833e1d4e..b1309af1baa 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,23 @@ +2010-07-12 Karl Berry + + * July 2010 release for TL 2010. + + * latex2e.texi (Text symbols): add many from ltoutenc. + +2009-12-25 Karl Berry + + * latex2e.texi (Symbolic footnotes): new section. + +2009-11-01 Karl Berry + + * latex2e.texi (Accents): add \underbar, although it isn't an accent. + (Math miscellany): better distinguish \underline and \underbar. + +2009-10-27 Karl Berry + + * latex2e.texi (Line breaking, Page breaking): move to earlier, + matching top-level @menu. + 2009-09-07 Karl Berry * September 2009 release for TL 2009. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile index 723d79f2d81..3dd2c4baaa0 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -# Copyright 2006 Karl Berry. -# You may freely use, modify and/or distribute this file. +# Public domain. Originally written 2006, Karl Berry. # Makefile for latexrefman. texi2dvi = texi2dvi --batch --tidy --build-dir=$*.t2dvi texi2pdf = texi2pdf --batch --tidy --build-dir=$*.t2pdf # -texi2docbook = makeinfo --docbook -texi2html = makeinfo --no-split --html -texi2info = makeinfo --no-split -texi2txt = makeinfo --no-split --plaintext -o $@ -texi2xml = makeinfo --xml +makeinfo = makeinfo +texi2docbook = $(makeinfo) --docbook +texi2html = $(makeinfo) --html --no-split +texi2info = $(makeinfo) --no-split +texi2txt = $(makeinfo) --plaintext --no-split -o $@ +texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml %.pdf: %.texi $(texi2pdf) $< @@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ texi2xml = makeinfo --xml $(texi2docbook) -o $@ $< %.html: %.texi $(texi2html) $< +# kludge in fix for missing g_t prefix in toc entries in makeinfo 4.13. + perl -pi -e 's/href="#_/href="#g_t_/' $@ || rm $@ %.info: %.texi $(texi2info) $< %.txt: %.texi diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS index d1bb1cae2c3..73e507e8cb5 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS @@ -1,4 +1,11 @@ NEWS for latex2e.texi, aka the latex2e-help-texinfo package. +Public domain. Originally written 1995, Torsten Martinsen. + +---------------------------------------------------------------- +Changes in July 2010 release: + +Usual bug fixes. Added a number of control sequences from ltoutenc that +typeset particular glyphs. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in September 2009 release: diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README index 45ff5245e49..d3d0c243be8 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Copyright 2008, 2009 Karl Berry. -You may freely use, modify and/or distribute this file. +README for latex2e.texi, aka the latex2e-help-texinfo package. +Public domain. Originally written 2008, Karl Berry. This project is an attempt to write a reference manual for core LaTeX. It is unofficial and the LaTeX Project members have not reviewed it. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk index 2efdec9b56a..6b6d3154370 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk @@ -4,19 +4,24 @@ ]> - &latex;2e reference manual (September 2009) + &latex;2e reference manual (July 2010) + + + + + - - + + This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of September 2009. +document preparation system, version of July 2010. This was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The @@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ using Hypertext Help with &latex;, by Sheldon Green, and and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as &tex;niques number 10), as reference material (text was not directly copied). - Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009 Karl Berry. + Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry. Copyright © 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. Copyright © 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of @@ -45,7 +50,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. &latex;2e This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of September 2009. It is +document preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of &latex; for many years. Knuth, Donald E.Lamport, Leslie&latex; Project team&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's @@ -627,18 +632,24 @@ the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named \baselineskip. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default \baselineskip for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the \fontsize. - \baselinestretchsetspace packageThe line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the + \baselinestretchsetspace packagedouble spacingThe line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the setspace package; see http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace. + \linespread - \selectfont + \linespread{factor} - \selectfontThe changes made by calling the four font commands described above do + Equivalent to +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}, and +therefore must be followed by \selectfont to have any effect. +Best specified in the preamble, or use the setspace package, as +described just above. + \selectfontThe changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect until \selectfont is called. @@ -886,6 +897,13 @@ command is something like \appendix \chapter{The First Appendix} + secnumdepth countersection numbers, printingThe secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers. +The setting + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{level} + + suppresses heading numbers at any depth > level, where +chapter is level zero. (See .) @@ -2189,8 +2207,8 @@ intercolumn material. This inserts text in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in -text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression causes -an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all +text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression +causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can be @@ -2532,7 +2550,176 @@ stanzas. - + + Line breaking + line breakingbreaking lines +The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to +translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To +produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines +(and these lines must be broken into pages). + &latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in +some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the +\\ command, and you can always manually force breaks. + + + <literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>] + \\ force line breaknew line, startingline break, forcing +The \\ command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an +optional argument, morespace, that specifies how much extra +vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a +negative amount. + The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command +except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. + + + + <literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal> + \obeycr\restorecrnew line, output as input +The \obeycr command makes a return in the input file +(‘^^M’, internally) the same as \\ (followed by +\relax). So each new line in the input will also be a new line +in the output. + \restorecr restores normal line-breaking behavior. + + + + <literal>\newline</literal> + \newlinenew line, starting (paragraph mode) +The \newline command breaks the line at the present point, with +no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph +mode. + + + + <literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen) + \- (hyphenation)hyphenation, forcing +The \- command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at +that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually +find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +incorrect one. The \- command is used for the exceptional +cases. + When you insert \- commands in a word, the word will only be +hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points +that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. + + + + <literal>\fussy</literal> + \fussy +The declaration \fussy (which is the default) makes &tex; +picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between +words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. + This command cancels the effect of a previous \sloppy command +(see . + + + + <literal>\sloppy</literal> + The declaration \sloppy makes &tex; less fussy about line +breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose +interword spacing. + Lasts until a \fussy command is issued (see ). + + + + <literal>\hyphenation</literal> + \hyphenationhyphenation, defining +Synopsis: + +\hyphenation{word-one word-two} + + The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points +with a - character in the given words. The words are separated +by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no +inflections are tried. Multiple \hyphenation commands +accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns +misses the hyphenations in these words): + +\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} + + + + + <literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal> + \linebreak\nolinebreakline breaks, forcingline breaks, preventing +Synopses: + +\linebreak[priority] +\nolinebreak[priority] + + By default, the \linebreak (\nolinebreak) command forces +(prevents) a line break at the current position. For +\linebreak, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it +extends to the right margin as usual. + With the optional argument priority, you can convert the command +from a demand to a request. The priority must be a number from +0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. + + + + + Page breaking + page breakingbreaking pages +&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has +accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, +but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. + + + <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> + \cleardoublepagestarting on a right-hand page +The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. + + + + <literal>\clearpage</literal> + \clearpageflushing floats and starting a pagestarting a new page and clearing floats +The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. + + + + <literal>\newpage</literal> + \newpagenew page, startingstarting a new page +The \newpage command ends the current page, but does not clear +floats (see \clearpage above). + + + + <literal>\enlargethispage</literal> + \enlargethispageenlarge current page +\enlargethispage{size} + \enlargethispage*{size} + Enlarge the \textheight for the current page by the specified +amount; e.g. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} will allow one +additional line. + The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as +much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit +\pagebreak. + + + + <literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal> + \pagebreak\nopagebreakpage break, forcingpage break, preventing +Synopses: + +\pagebreak[priority] +\nopagebreak[priority] + + By default, the \pagebreak (\nopagebreak) command forces +(prevents) a page break at the current position. For +\linebreak, the vertical space on the page is stretched out +where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. + With the optional argument priority, you can convert the +\pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must +be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. + + + + Footnotes footnotes, creating Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced @@ -2540,7 +2727,7 @@ with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. - + <literal>\footnote</literal> \footnote Synopsis: @@ -2556,7 +2743,7 @@ tables or in a tabular environment. (See following sections. - + <literal>\footnotemark</literal> \footnotemark With no optional argument, the \footnotemark command puts the @@ -2568,10 +2755,10 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] - after the first \footnote command. + after the first \footnote command. - + <literal>\footnotetext</literal> \footnotetext Synopsis: @@ -2585,9 +2772,22 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode. The optional argument number changes the default footnote number. - + + Symbolic footnotes + footnotes, symbolic instead of numberedIf you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing +numbers, redefine \thefootnote like this: + +\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} + + \fnsymbol, and footnotes\@fnsymbolThe \fnsymbol command produces a predefined series of symbols +(see ). If you want to +use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also +redefine \@fnsymbol. + + + Footnote parameters - footnote parameters + footnote parametersparameters, for footnotes \footnoterule @@ -2612,12 +2812,12 @@ footnotes. This is ‘6.65pt’ for ‘ - + Definitions definitions &latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. - + <literal>\newcommand</literal> & <literal>\renewcommand</literal> \newcommandcommands, defining new onesdefining a new commandnew commands, defining \newcommand and \renewcommand define and redefine a @@ -2665,7 +2865,7 @@ text of the nth argument. - + <literal>\newcounter</literal> \newcountercounters, defining new Synopsis: @@ -2679,7 +2879,7 @@ will be reset whenever countername is incremented.

See , for more information about counters.
- + <literal>\newlength</literal> \newlengthlengths, defining new Synopsis: @@ -2694,7 +2894,7 @@ occurs if \foo is already defined. for more information about lengths in general. - + <literal>\newsavebox</literal> \newsavebox Synopsis: @@ -2705,7 +2905,7 @@ Synopsis: defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. - + <literal>\newenvironment</literal> & <literal>\renewenvironment</literal> \newenvironment\renewenvironmentenvironments, definingdefining new environmentsredefining environments Synopses: @@ -2758,7 +2958,7 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. - + <literal>\newtheorem</literal> \newtheoremtheorems, definingdefining new theorems @@ -2801,7 +3001,7 @@ The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the not both. - + <literal>\newfont</literal> \newfontfonts, new commands fordefining new fonts Synopsis: @@ -2815,7 +3015,7 @@ looked for on the system is named fontname. More commonly, fonts are defined in families through .fd files. - + <literal>\protect</literal> \protect fragile commandsmoving argumentsFootnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and @@ -2838,7 +3038,7 @@ be preceded by \protect.
- + Counters counters, a list ofvariables, a list of Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with @@ -2854,7 +3054,7 @@ section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection - + <literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for instance, \alph{enumi}. @@ -2904,7 +3104,7 @@ double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger - + <literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal> \usecounterlist items, specifying counternumbered items, specifying counter Synopsis: @@ -2916,7 +3116,7 @@ Synopsis: the list items. - + <literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal> \valuecounters, getting value of Synopsis: @@ -2932,7 +3132,7 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: - + <literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal> \setcountercounters, settingsetting counters Synopsis: @@ -2943,14 +3143,14 @@ Synopsis: value argument. - + <literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal> \addtocounter The \addtocounter command increments counter by the amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative. - + <literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal> \refstepcounter The \refstepcounter command works in the same way as @@ -2958,14 +3158,14 @@ The \refstepcounter command works in the same way as current \ref value to be the result of \thecounter. - + <literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal> \stepcounter The \stepcounter command adds one to counter and resets all subsidiary counters. - + <literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters \day\month\year &latex; defines counters for the day of the month (\day, @@ -2978,13 +3178,13 @@ current day (see ). - + Lengths lengths, defining and using A length is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument. - + <literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal> \setlengthlengths, setting The \setlength sets the value of \len to the value @@ -2993,7 +3193,7 @@ understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mmpt), big points (bp, etc. - + \addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>} \addtolengthlengths, adding to The \addtolength command increments a “length command” @@ -3001,7 +3201,7 @@ The \addtolength command increments a “length command&r may be negative. - + <literal>\settodepth</literal> \settodepth \settodepth{\gnat}{text} @@ -3009,7 +3209,7 @@ may be negative. equal to the depth of the text argument. - + <literal>\settoheight</literal> \settoheight \settoheight{\gnat}{text} @@ -3017,14 +3217,14 @@ equal to the depth of the text argument. equal to the height of the text argument. - + <literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> \settowidth The \settowidth command sets the value of the command \len to the width of the text argument. - + Predefined lengths lengths, predefinedpredefined lengths \width @@ -3044,175 +3244,6 @@ natural size, e.g., say - - Line breaking - line breakingbreaking lines -The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to -translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To -produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines -(and these lines must be broken into pages). - &latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in -some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the -\\ command, and you can always manually force breaks. - - - <literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>] - \\ force line breaknew line, startingline break, forcing -The \\ command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an -optional argument, morespace, that specifies how much extra -vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a -negative amount. - The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command -except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. - - - - <literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal> - \obeycr\restorecrnew line, output as input -The \obeycr command makes a return in the input file -(‘^^M’, internally) the same as \\ (followed by -\relax). So each new line in the input will also be a new line -in the output. - \restorecr restores normal line-breaking behavior. - - - - <literal>\newline</literal> - \newlinenew line, starting (paragraph mode) -The \newline command breaks the line at the present point, with -no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph -mode. - - - - <literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen) - \- (hyphenation)hyphenation, forcing -The \- command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at -that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually -find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an -incorrect one. The \- command is used for the exceptional -cases. - When you insert \- commands in a word, the word will only be -hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points -that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. - - - - <literal>\fussy</literal> - \fussy -The declaration \fussy (which is the default) makes &tex; -picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between -words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. - This command cancels the effect of a previous \sloppy command -(see . - - - - <literal>\sloppy</literal> - The declaration \sloppy makes &tex; less fussy about line -breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose -interword spacing. - Lasts until a \fussy command is issued (see ). - - - - <literal>\hyphenation</literal> - \hyphenationhyphenation, defining -Synopsis: - -\hyphenation{word-one word-two} - - The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points -with a - character in the given words. The words are separated -by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no -inflections are tried. Multiple \hyphenation commands -accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns -misses the hyphenations in these words): - -\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} - - - - - <literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal> - \linebreak\nolinebreakline breaks, forcingline breaks, preventing -Synopses: - -\linebreak[priority] -\nolinebreak[priority] - - By default, the \linebreak (\nolinebreak) command forces -(prevents) a line break at the current position. For -\linebreak, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it -extends to the right margin as usual. - With the optional argument priority, you can convert the command -from a demand to a request. The priority must be a number from -0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. - - - - - Page breaking - page breakingbreaking pages -&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has -accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, -but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. - - - <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> - \cleardoublepagestarting on a right-hand page -The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all -figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. -In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand -(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. - - - - <literal>\clearpage</literal> - \clearpageflushing floats and starting a pagestarting a new page and clearing floats -The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all -figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. - - - - <literal>\newpage</literal> - \newpagenew page, startingstarting a new page -The \newpage command ends the current page, but does not clear -floats (see \clearpage above). - - - - <literal>\enlargethispage</literal> - \enlargethispageenlarge current page -\enlargethispage{size} - \enlargethispage*{size} - Enlarge the \textheight for the current page by the specified -amount; e.g. \enlargethispage{\baselineskip} will allow one -additional line. - The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as -much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit -\pagebreak. - - - - <literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal> - \pagebreak\nopagebreakpage break, forcingpage break, preventing -Synopses: - -\pagebreak[priority] -\nopagebreak[priority] - - By default, the \pagebreak (\nopagebreak) command forces -(prevents) a page break at the current position. For -\linebreak, the vertical space on the page is stretched out -where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. - With the optional argument priority, you can convert the -\pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must -be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more -insistent the request is. - - - Making paragraphs making paragraphsparagraphs @@ -3357,8 +3388,8 @@ below summations. For example $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ - - Subscripts & Superscripts + + Subscripts & superscripts superscriptsubscriptexponent_^ To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a @@ -4991,9 +5022,9 @@ commands for use in math mode: - - Math Miscellany - math Miscellany + + Math miscellany + math miscellany \* @@ -5068,7 +5099,8 @@ example, the cube root of x+y would be typed as \underline{text} Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be -underlined. +underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of +descenders. @@ -5123,8 +5155,8 @@ these commands or environments will be called a parbox. When in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. - - Page Styles + + Page styles styles, pagepage styles The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. @@ -5698,11 +5730,13 @@ with ", so the previous example could also be written as Text symbols - text symbols&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols -in running text. + text symbolstextcomp package&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols +in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are +not available in OT1; you may need to load the textcomp package. \copyright + \textcopyright copyright symbolThe copyright symbol, ©. @@ -5725,11 +5759,23 @@ in running text. &latex; logologo, &latex;The &latex; logo. + + \guillemotleft («) + \guillemotright (») + \guilsinglleft (<) + \guilsinglright (>) + + double guillemetssingle guillemetsleft angle quotation marksright angle quotation marksdouble angle quotation markssingle angle quotation marksFrench quotation marksquotation marks, FrenchDouble and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: +«, », <, >. + + \ldots + \dots + \textellipsis - ellipsisAn ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `…'. This -command also works in math mode. + ellipsisAn ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `…'. \ldots +and \dots also work in math mode. @@ -5740,14 +5786,24 @@ command also works in math mode. \P + \textparagraph - paragraph signpilcrowParagraph sign (pilcrow). + paragraph symbolpilcrowParagraph sign (pilcrow). \pounds + \textsterling + + pounds symbolsterling symbolEnglish pounds sterling: £. + + + + \quotedblbase („) + \quotesinglbase (‚) - pounds symbolsterling symbolEnglish pounds sterling. + double low-9 quotation marksingle low-9 quotation marklow-9 quotation marks, single and doubleDouble and single quotation marks on the baseline: +„ and ‚. @@ -5768,6 +5824,240 @@ command also works in math mode. &tex; logologo, &tex;The &tex; logo. + + \textasciicircum + + circumflex, ASCII, in textASCII circumflex, in textASCII circumflex: ^. + + + + \textasciitilde + + tilde, ASCII, in textASCII tilde, in textASCII tilde: ~. + + + + \textasteriskcentered + + asterisk, centered, in textcentered asterisk, in textCentered asterisk: *. + + + + \textbackslash + + backslash, in textBackslash: \. + + + + \textbar + + vertical bar, in textbar, vertical, in textVertical bar: |. + + + + \textbardbl + + vertical bar, double, in textbar, double vertical, in textdouble vertical bar, in textDouble vertical bar. + + + + \textbigcircle + + big circle symbols, in textcircle symbol, big, in textBig circle symbol. + + + + \textbraceleft + + left brace, in textbrace, left, in textLeft brace: {. + + + + \textbraceright + + right brace, in textbrace, right, in textRight brace: }. + + + + \textbullet + + bullet, in textBullet: •. + + + + \textcircled{letter} + + circled letter, in textletter in a circle, as in ®. + + + + \textcompwordmark + \textcapitalwordmark + \textascenderwordmark + + composite word mark, in textcap heightascender heightComposite word mark (invisible). The \textcapital... form +has the cap height of the font, while the \textascender... form +has the ascender height. + + + + \textdagger + + dagger, in textDagger: \dag. + + + + \textdaggerdbl + + dagger, double, in textdouble dagger, in textDouble dagger: \ddag. + + + + \textdollar (or $) + + dollar signcurrency, dollarDollar sign: $. + + + + \textemdash (or ---) + + em-dashEm-dash: — (for punctuation). + + + + \textendash (or --) + + e-dashEn-dash: — (for ranges). + + + + \texteuro + + euro symbolcurrency, euroThe Euro symbol: €. + + + + \textexclamdown (or !`) + + exclamation point, upside-downUpside down exclamation point: ¡. + + + + \textgreater + + greater than symbol, in textGreater than: >. + + + + \textless + + less than symbol, in textLess than: <. + + + + \textleftarrow + + arrow, left, in textleft arrow, in textLeft arrow. + + + + \textordfeminine + \textordmasculine + + feminine ordinal symbolmasculine ordinal symbolordinals, feminine and masculineSpanish ordinals, feminine and masculineFeminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. + + + + \textordfeminine + + feminine ordinal symbolFeminine ordinal symbol: ®. + + + + \textperiodcentered + + period, centered, in textcentered period, in textCentered period: \cdot. + + + + \textquestiondown (or ?`) + + questionation point, upside-downUpside down questionation point: ¿. + + + + \textquotedblleft (or ``) + + left quote, doubledouble left quoteDouble left quote: “. + + + + \textquotedblright (or ') + + right quote, doubledouble right quoteDouble right quote: ”. + + + + \textquoteleft (or `) + + left quote, singlesingle left quoteSingle left quote: `. + + + + \textquoteright (or ') + + right quote, singlesingle right quoteSingle right quote: '. + + + + \textquotestraightbase + \textquotestraightdblbase + + quote, straight basestraight quote, basedouble quote, straight basestraight double quote, baseSingle and double straight quotes on the baseline. + + + + \textregistered + + registered symbolRegistered symbol: ®. + + + + \textrightarrow + + arrow, right, in textright arrow, in textRight arrow. + + + + \textthreequartersemdash + + three-quarters em-dashem-dash, three-quarters“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. + + + + \texttrademark + + trademark symbolTrademark symbol: ^\hboxTM. + + + + \texttwelveudash + + Xx 12u-. + + + + \textunderscore + + underscore, in textUnderscore: _. + + + + \textvisiblespace + + visible space symbol, in textVisible space symbol. + + @@ -5776,19 +6066,23 @@ command also works in math mode. accentscharacters, accentedletters, accented &latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, through the babel package and related support. This -section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely the -core &latex; commands for creating accented characters. +section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists +the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters. + The \capital... commands produce alternative forms for use with +capital letters. These are not available with OT1. \" + \capitaldieresis - \" (umlaut accent)umlaut accentProduces an umlaut, as in ö. + \" (umlaut accent)\capitaldieresisumlaut accentdieresis accentProduces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö. \' + \capitalacute - \' (acute accent)acute accentProduces an acute accent, as in ó. In the tabbing + \' (acute accent)\capitalacuteacute accentProduces an acute accent, as in ó. In the tabbing environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (see ). @@ -5801,28 +6095,32 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column \= + \capitalmacron - \= (macron accent)macron accentoverbar accentbar-over accentProduces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯. + \= (macron accent)\capitalmacronmacron accentoverbar accentbar-over accentProduces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯. \^ + \capitalcircumflex - \^ (circumflex accent)circumflex accenthat accentProduces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô. + \^ (circumflex accent)\capitalcircumflexcircumflex accenthat accentProduces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô. \` + \capitalgrave - \` (grave accent)grave accentProduces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the + \` (grave accent)\capitalgravegrave accentProduces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the tabbing environment, move following text to the right margin (see ). \~ + \capitaltilde - \~ (tilde accent)tilde accentProduces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ. + \~ (tilde accent)\capitaltildetilde accentProduces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ. @@ -5833,21 +6131,23 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column \c + \capitalcedilla - \c (cedilla accent)cedilla accentProduces a cedilla accent under the following, as in - + \c (cedilla accent)\capitalcedillacedilla accentProduces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç. \d + \capitaldotaccent - \d (dot-under accent)dot-under accentProduces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. + \d (dot-under accent)\capitaldotaccentdot-under accentProduces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. \H + \capitalhungarumlaut - \H (Hungarian umlaut accent)hungarian umlaut accentProduces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''. + \H (Hungarian umlaut accent)\capitalhungarumlauthungarian umlaut accentProduces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''. @@ -5862,22 +6162,52 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column \j (dotless j)dotless jProduces a dotless j, as in `j'. + + \k + \capitalogonek + + \k (ogonek)\capitalogonekogonekProduces a letter with ogonek, as in `o'. Not available in +the OT1 encoding. + + + + \r + \capitalring + + \r (ring accent)\capitalringring accentProduces a ring accent, as in `o*'. + + \t + \capitaltie + \newtie + \capitalnewtie - \t (tie-after accent)tie-after accentProduces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. + \t (tie-after accent)\capitaltie\newtie\capitalnewtietie-after accentProduces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The +\newtie form is centered in its box. \u + \capitalbreve + + \u (breve accent)\capitalbrevebreve accentProduces a breve accent, as in `o('. + + + + \underbar - \u (breve accent)breve accentProduces a breve accent, as in `o('. + \underbarunderbarNot exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. +The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is +always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through +descenders. See also \underline in . \v + \capitalcaron - \v (breve accent)hacek accentcheck accentProduces a hác<ek (check) accent, as in `o<'. + \v (breve accent)\capitalcaronhacek accentcheck accentcaron accentProduces a hác<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'. @@ -5903,6 +6233,27 @@ used in languages other than English. \ae (æ)\AE (Æ)ae ligatureæ and Æ. + + \dh + \DH + + \dh (æ)\DH (Æ)Icelandic etheth, Icelandic letterIcelandic letter eth: and . + + + + \dj + \DJ + + \dj\DJxxxx + + + + \ij + \IJ + + \ij (ij)\IJ (IJ)ij letter, Dutchij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). + + \l \L @@ -5910,6 +6261,13 @@ used in languages other than English. \l (/l)\L (/L)polish l/l and /L. + + \ng + \NG + + \ng\NGxxxx + + \o \O @@ -5926,8 +6284,16 @@ used in languages other than English. \ss + \SS + + \ss (ß)\SS (SS)es-zet German lettersharp S lettersß and SS. + + + + \th + \TH - \ss (ß)es-zet German lettersharp S lettersß. + \th ()\TH ()Icelandic thornthorn, Icelandic letterIcelandic letter thorn: and . @@ -6341,9 +6707,9 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within - - Terminal Input/Output - input/Outputterminal Input/Output + + Terminal input/output + input/outputterminal input/output <literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal> @@ -6380,9 +6746,9 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A ^^J in - - Command Line - command Line + + Command line + command line The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses .tex as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html index 9e3aab5555a..c0c9000736d 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -LaTeX2e reference manual (September 2009) +LaTeX2e reference manual (July 2010) - + --> -

LaTeX2e reference manual (September 2009)

+

LaTeX2e reference manual (July 2010)

Short Contents

  • 5 Layout
  • 6 Sectioning
  • 7 Cross references
  • 8 Environments -
  • 9 Footnotes +
  • 9 Line breaking -
  • 10 Definitions +
  • 10 Page breaking -
  • 11 Counters +
  • 11 Footnotes -
  • 12 Lengths +
  • 12 Definitions -
  • 13 Line breaking +
  • 13 Counters -
  • 14 Page breaking +
  • 14 Lengths
  • 15 Making paragraphs
  • 16 Math formulas
  • 17 Modes -
  • 18 Page Styles +
  • 18 Page styles
  • 19 Spaces
  • 20 Boxes
  • 21 Special insertions
  • 22 Splitting the input
  • 23 Front/back matter
  • 24 Letters -
  • 25 Terminal Input/Output +
  • 25 Terminal input/output -
  • 26 Command Line +
  • 26 Command line
  • Appendix A Document templates
    @@ -815,20 +816,27 @@ named \baselineskip. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default \baselineskip for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the \fontsize. -

    The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the +

    The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the setspace package; see http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace. -

    \selectfont
    The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do +


    \linespread{factor}
    Equivalent to +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}, and +therefore must be followed by \selectfont to have any effect. +Best specified in the preamble, or use the setspace package, as +described just above. + +

    The changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect until \selectfont is called. -

    \usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}
    The same as invoking \fontencoding, \fontfamily, +
    \usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}
    The same as invoking \fontencoding, \fontfamily, \fontseries and \fontshape with the given parameters, -followed by \selectfont. - +followed by \selectfont. + +
    @@ -841,7 +849,7 @@ Up: Top

    5 Layout

    -

    +

    Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.

    -

    The command \reversemarginpar places subsequent marginal notes +

    The command \reversemarginpar places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. \normalmarginpar places them in the default position. @@ -4209,13 +4248,13 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with \hspace{0pt}.

    These parameters affect the formatting of the note:

    -
    \marginparpush
    Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘7pt’ for +
    \marginparpush
    Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘7pt’ for ‘12pt’ documents, ‘5pt’ else. -
    \marginparsep
    Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default +
    \marginparsep
    Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default ‘11pt’ for ‘10pt’ documents, ‘10pt’ else. -
    \marginparwidth
    Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘10pt’ document +
    \marginparwidth
    Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘10pt’ document is ‘90pt’, ‘83pt’ for ‘11pt’, and ‘68pt’ for ‘12pt’; ‘17pt’ more in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the default is ‘48pt’. @@ -4233,8 +4272,8 @@ Up: Top

    16 Math formulas

    -

    -There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: +

    +There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:

    math
    For formulas that appear right in the text. @@ -4243,7 +4282,7 @@ Up: Top number in the right margin.
    -

    The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, +

    The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The math and displaymath environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: @@ -4251,44 +4290,44 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:

         \(...\)   instead of   \begin{math}...\end{math}
          \[...\]   instead of   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
     
    -

    In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even +

    In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form:

         $ ... $   instead of   \(...\)
     
    -

    The \boldmath command changes math letters and symbols to be in +

    The \boldmath command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used outside of math mode. Conversely, the \unboldmath command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used outside of math mode. -

    The \displaystyle declaration forces the size and style of the +

    The \displaystyle declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of displaymath, e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example

         $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
     
    - - + +


    Next: , Up: Math formulas
    -

    16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts

    +

    16.1 Subscripts & superscripts

    -

    +

    To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX handles @@ -4300,439 +4339,439 @@ superscript.


    Next: , -Previous: Subscripts & Superscripts, +Previous: Subscripts & superscripts, Up: Math formulas

    16.2 Math symbols

    -

    +

    LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.

    -
    \|
    \| +
    \|
    \| -
    \aleph
    \aleph +
    \aleph
    \aleph -
    \alpha
    \alpha +
    \alpha
    \alpha -
    \amalg
    \amalg (binary operation) +
    \amalg
    \amalg (binary operation) -
    \angle
    \angle +
    \angle
    \angle -
    \approx
    \approx (relation) +
    \approx
    \approx (relation) -
    \ast
    \ast (binary operation) +
    \ast
    \ast (binary operation) -
    \asymp
    \asymp (relation) +
    \asymp
    \asymp (relation) -
    \backslash
    \ (delimiter) +
    \backslash
    \ (delimiter) -
    \beta
    \beta +
    \beta
    \beta -
    \bigcap
    \bigcap +
    \bigcap
    \bigcap -
    \bigcirc
    \bigcirc (binary operation) +
    \bigcirc
    \bigcirc (binary operation) -
    \bigcup
    \bigcup +
    \bigcup
    \bigcup -
    \bigodot
    \bigodot +
    \bigodot
    \bigodot -
    \bigoplus
    \bigoplus +
    \bigoplus
    \bigoplus -
    \bigotimes
    \bigotimes +
    \bigotimes
    \bigotimes -
    \bigtriangledown
    \bigtriangledown (binary operation) +
    \bigtriangledown
    \bigtriangledown (binary operation) -
    \bigtriangleup
    \bigtriangleup (binary operation) +
    \bigtriangleup
    \bigtriangleup (binary operation) -
    \bigsqcup
    \bigsqcup +
    \bigsqcup
    \bigsqcup -
    \biguplus
    \biguplus +
    \biguplus
    \biguplus -
    \bigcap
    \bigvee +
    \bigcap
    \bigvee -
    \bigwedge
    \bigwedge +
    \bigwedge
    \bigwedge -
    \bot
    \bot +
    \bot
    \bot -
    \bowtie
    \bowtie (relation) +
    \bowtie
    \bowtie (relation) -
    \Box
    (square open box symbol) +
    \Box
    (square open box symbol) -
    \bullet
    \bullet (binary operation) +
    \bullet
    \bullet (binary operation) -
    \cap
    \cap (binary operation) +
    \cap
    \cap (binary operation) -
    \cdot
    \cdot (binary operation) +
    \cdot
    \cdot (binary operation) -
    \chi
    \chi +
    \chi
    \chi -
    \circ
    \circ (binary operation) +
    \circ
    \circ (binary operation) -
    \clubsuit
    \clubsuit +
    \clubsuit
    \clubsuit -
    \cong
    \cong (relation) +
    \cong
    \cong (relation) -
    \coprod
    \coprod +
    \coprod
    \coprod -
    \cup
    \cup (binary operation) +
    \cup
    \cup (binary operation) -
    \dagger
    \dagger (binary operation) +
    \dagger
    \dagger (binary operation) -
    \dashv
    \dashv (relation) +
    \dashv
    \dashv (relation) -
    \ddagger
    \dagger (binary operation) +
    \ddagger
    \dagger (binary operation) -
    \Delta
    \Delta +
    \Delta
    \Delta -
    \delta
    \delta +
    \delta
    \delta -
    \Diamond
    bigger \diamond +
    \Diamond
    bigger \diamond -
    \diamond
    \diamond (binary operation) +
    \diamond
    \diamond (binary operation) -
    \diamondsuit
    \diamondsuit +
    \diamondsuit
    \diamondsuit -
    \div
    \div (binary operation) +
    \div
    \div (binary operation) -
    \doteq
    \doteq (relation) +
    \doteq
    \doteq (relation) -
    \downarrow
    \downarrow (delimiter) +
    \downarrow
    \downarrow (delimiter) -
    \Downarrow
    \Downarrow (delimiter) +
    \Downarrow
    \Downarrow (delimiter) -
    \ell
    \ell +
    \ell
    \ell -
    \emptyset
    \emptyset +
    \emptyset
    \emptyset -
    \epsilon
    \epsilon +
    \epsilon
    \epsilon -
    \equiv
    \equiv (relation) +
    \equiv
    \equiv (relation) -
    \eta
    \eta +
    \eta
    \eta -
    \exists
    \exists +
    \exists
    \exists -
    \flat
    \flat +
    \flat
    \flat -
    \forall
    \forall +
    \forall
    \forall -
    \frown
    \frown (relation) +
    \frown
    \frown (relation) -
    \Gamma
    \Gamma +
    \Gamma
    \Gamma -
    \gamma
    \gamma +
    \gamma
    \gamma -
    \ge
    \ge +
    \ge
    \ge -
    \geq
    \geq (relation) +
    \geq
    \geq (relation) -
    \gets
    \gets +
    \gets
    \gets -
    \gg
    \gg (relation) +
    \gg
    \gg (relation) -
    \hbar
    \hbar +
    \hbar
    \hbar -
    \heartsuit
    \heartsuit +
    \heartsuit
    \heartsuit -
    \hookleftarrow
    \hookleftarrow +
    \hookleftarrow
    \hookleftarrow -
    \hookrightarrow
    \hookrightarrow +
    \hookrightarrow
    \hookrightarrow -
    \iff
    \iff +
    \iff
    \iff -
    \Im
    \Im +
    \Im
    \Im -
    \in
    \in (relation) +
    \in
    \in (relation) -
    \infty
    \infty +
    \infty
    \infty -
    \int
    \int +
    \int
    \int -
    \iota
    \iota +
    \iota
    \iota -
    \Join
    condensed bowtie symbol (relation) +
    \Join
    condensed bowtie symbol (relation) -
    \kappa
    \kappa +
    \kappa
    \kappa -
    \Lambda
    \Lambda +
    \Lambda
    \Lambda -
    \lambda
    \lambda +
    \lambda
    \lambda -
    \land
    \land +
    \land
    \land -
    \langle
    \langle (delimiter) +
    \langle
    \langle (delimiter) -
    \lbrace
    \lbrace (delimiter) +
    \lbrace
    \lbrace (delimiter) -
    \lbrack
    \lbrack (delimiter) +
    \lbrack
    \lbrack (delimiter) -
    \lceil
    \lceil (delimiter) +
    \lceil
    \lceil (delimiter) -
    \le
    \le +
    \le
    \le -
    \leadsto
    +
    \leadsto
    -
    \Leftarrow
    \Leftarrow +
    \Leftarrow
    \Leftarrow -
    \leftarrow
    \leftarrow +
    \leftarrow
    \leftarrow -
    \leftharpoondown
    \leftharpoondown +
    \leftharpoondown
    \leftharpoondown -
    \leftharpoonup
    \leftharpoonup +
    \leftharpoonup
    \leftharpoonup -
    \Leftrightarrow
    \Leftrightarrow +
    \Leftrightarrow
    \Leftrightarrow -
    \leftrightarrow
    \leftrightarrow +
    \leftrightarrow
    \leftrightarrow -
    \leq
    \leq (relation) +
    \leq
    \leq (relation) -
    \lfloor
    \lfloor (delimiter) +
    \lfloor
    \lfloor (delimiter) -
    \lhd
    (left-pointing arrow head) +
    \lhd
    (left-pointing arrow head) -
    \ll
    \ll (relation) +
    \ll
    \ll (relation) -
    \lnot
    \lnot +
    \lnot
    \lnot -
    \longleftarrow
    \longleftarrow +
    \longleftarrow
    \longleftarrow -
    \longleftrightarrow
    \longleftrightarrow +
    \longleftrightarrow
    \longleftrightarrow -
    \longmapsto
    \longmapsto +
    \longmapsto
    \longmapsto -
    \longrightarrow
    \longrightarrow +
    \longrightarrow
    \longrightarrow -
    \lor
    \lor +
    \lor
    \lor -
    \mapsto
    \mapsto +
    \mapsto
    \mapsto -
    \mho
    +
    \mho
    -
    \mid
    \mid (relation) +
    \mid
    \mid (relation) -
    \models
    \models (relation) +
    \models
    \models (relation) -
    \mp
    \mp (binary operation) +
    \mp
    \mp (binary operation) -
    \mu
    \mu +
    \mu
    \mu -
    \nabla
    \nabla +
    \nabla
    \nabla -
    \natural
    \natural +
    \natural
    \natural -
    \ne
    \ne +
    \ne
    \ne -
    \nearrow
    \nearrow +
    \nearrow
    \nearrow -
    \neg
    \neg +
    \neg
    \neg -
    \neq
    \neq (relation) +
    \neq
    \neq (relation) -
    \ni
    \ni (relation) +
    \ni
    \ni (relation) -
    \not
    Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. +
    \not
    Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. -
    \notin
    \ni +
    \notin
    \ni -
    \nu
    \nu +
    \nu
    \nu -
    \nwarrow
    \nwarrow +
    \nwarrow
    \nwarrow -
    \odot
    \odot (binary operation) +
    \odot
    \odot (binary operation) -
    \oint
    \oint +
    \oint
    \oint -
    \Omega
    \Omega +
    \Omega
    \Omega -
    \omega
    \omega +
    \omega
    \omega -
    \ominus
    \ominus (binary operation) +
    \ominus
    \ominus (binary operation) -
    \oplus
    \oplus (binary operation) +
    \oplus
    \oplus (binary operation) -
    \oslash
    \oslash (binary operation) +
    \oslash
    \oslash (binary operation) -
    \otimes
    \otimes (binary operation) +
    \otimes
    \otimes (binary operation) -
    \owns
    \owns +
    \owns
    \owns -
    \parallel
    \parallel (relation) +
    \parallel
    \parallel (relation) -
    \partial
    \partial +
    \partial
    \partial -
    \perp
    \perp (relation) +
    \perp
    \perp (relation) -
    \phi
    \phi +
    \phi
    \phi -
    \Pi
    \Pi +
    \Pi
    \Pi -
    \pi
    \pi +
    \pi
    \pi -
    \pm
    \pm (binary operation) +
    \pm
    \pm (binary operation) -
    \prec
    \prec (relation) +
    \prec
    \prec (relation) -
    \preceq
    \preceq (relation) +
    \preceq
    \preceq (relation) -
    \prime
    \prime +
    \prime
    \prime -
    \prod
    \prod +
    \prod
    \prod -
    \propto
    \propto (relation) +
    \propto
    \propto (relation) -
    \Psi
    \Psi +
    \Psi
    \Psi -
    \psi
    \psi +
    \psi
    \psi -
    \rangle
    \rangle (delimiter) +
    \rangle
    \rangle (delimiter) -
    \rbrace
    \rbrace (delimiter) +
    \rbrace
    \rbrace (delimiter) -
    \rbrack
    \rbrack (delimiter) +
    \rbrack
    \rbrack (delimiter) -
    \rceil
    \rceil (delimiter) +
    \rceil
    \rceil (delimiter) -
    \Re
    \Re +
    \Re
    \Re -
    \rfloor
    \rfloor +
    \rfloor
    \rfloor -
    \rhd
    (binary operation) +
    \rhd
    (binary operation) -
    \rho
    \rho +
    \rho
    \rho -
    \Rightarrow
    \Rightarrow +
    \Rightarrow
    \Rightarrow -
    \rightarrow
    \rightarrow +
    \rightarrow
    \rightarrow -
    \rightharpoondown
    \rightharpoondown +
    \rightharpoondown
    \rightharpoondown -
    \rightharpoonup
    \rightharpoonup +
    \rightharpoonup
    \rightharpoonup -
    \rightleftharpoons
    \rightleftharpoons +
    \rightleftharpoons
    \rightleftharpoons -
    \searrow
    \searrow +
    \searrow
    \searrow -
    \setminus
    \setminus (binary operation) +
    \setminus
    \setminus (binary operation) -
    \sharp
    \sharp +
    \sharp
    \sharp -
    \Sigma
    \Sigma +
    \Sigma
    \Sigma -
    \sigma
    \sigma +
    \sigma
    \sigma -
    \sim
    \sim (relation) +
    \sim
    \sim (relation) -
    \simeq
    \simeq (relation) +
    \simeq
    \simeq (relation) -
    \smallint
    \smallint +
    \smallint
    \smallint -
    \smile
    \smile (relation) +
    \smile
    \smile (relation) -
    \spadesuit
    \spadesuit +
    \spadesuit
    \spadesuit -
    \sqcap
    \sqcap (binary operation) +
    \sqcap
    \sqcap (binary operation) -
    \sqcup
    \sqcup (binary operation) +
    \sqcup
    \sqcup (binary operation) -
    \sqsubset
    (relation) +
    \sqsubset
    (relation) -
    \sqsubseteq
    \sqsubseteq (relation) +
    \sqsubseteq
    \sqsubseteq (relation) -
    \sqsupset
    (relation) +
    \sqsupset
    (relation) -
    \sqsupseteq
    \sqsupseteq (relation) +
    \sqsupseteq
    \sqsupseteq (relation) -
    \star
    \star (binary operation) +
    \star
    \star (binary operation) -
    \subset
    \subset (relation) +
    \subset
    \subset (relation) -
    \subseteq
    \subseteq (relation) +
    \subseteq
    \subseteq (relation) -
    \succ
    \succ (relation) +
    \succ
    \succ (relation) -
    \succeq
    \succeq (relation) +
    \succeq
    \succeq (relation) -
    \sum
    \sum +
    \sum
    \sum -
    \supset
    \supset (relation) +
    \supset
    \supset (relation) -
    \supseteq
    \supseteq (relation) +
    \supseteq
    \supseteq (relation) -
    \surd
    \surd +
    \surd
    \surd -
    \swarrow
    \swarrow +
    \swarrow
    \swarrow -
    \tau
    \tau +
    \tau
    \tau -
    \theta
    \theta +
    \theta
    \theta -
    \times
    \times (binary operation) +
    \times
    \times (binary operation) -
    \to
    \to +
    \to
    \to -
    \top
    \top +
    \top
    \top -
    \triangle
    \triangle +
    \triangle
    \triangle -
    \triangleleft
    \triangleleft (binary operation) +
    \triangleleft
    \triangleleft (binary operation) -
    \triangleright
    \triangleright (binary operation) +
    \triangleright
    \triangleright (binary operation) -
    \unlhd
    left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) +
    \unlhd
    left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -
    \unrhd
    right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) +
    \unrhd
    right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -
    \Uparrow
    \Uparrow (delimiter) +
    \Uparrow
    \Uparrow (delimiter) -
    \uparrow
    \uparrow (delimiter) +
    \uparrow
    \uparrow (delimiter) -
    \Updownarrow
    \Updownarrow (delimiter) +
    \Updownarrow
    \Updownarrow (delimiter) -
    \updownarrow
    \updownarrow (delimiter) +
    \updownarrow
    \updownarrow (delimiter) -
    \uplus
    \uplus (binary operation) +
    \uplus
    \uplus (binary operation) -
    \Upsilon
    \Upsilon +
    \Upsilon
    \Upsilon -
    \upsilon
    \upsilon +
    \upsilon
    \upsilon -
    \varepsilon
    \varepsilon +
    \varepsilon
    \varepsilon -
    \varphi
    \varphi +
    \varphi
    \varphi -
    \varpi
    \varpi +
    \varpi
    \varpi -
    \varrho
    \varrho +
    \varrho
    \varrho -
    \varsigma
    \varsigma +
    \varsigma
    \varsigma -
    \vartheta
    \vartheta +
    \vartheta
    \vartheta -
    \vdash
    \vdash (relation) +
    \vdash
    \vdash (relation) -
    \vee
    \vee (binary operation) +
    \vee
    \vee (binary operation) -
    \Vert
    \Vert (delimiter) +
    \Vert
    \Vert (delimiter) -
    \vert
    \vert (delimiter) +
    \vert
    \vert (delimiter) -
    \wedge
    \wedge (binary operation) +
    \wedge
    \wedge (binary operation) -
    \wp
    \wp +
    \wp
    \wp -
    \wr
    \wr (binary operation) +
    \wr
    \wr (binary operation) -
    \Xi
    \Xi +
    \Xi
    \Xi -
    \xi
    \xi +
    \xi
    \xi -
    \zeta
    \zeta +
    \zeta
    \zeta
    @@ -4747,78 +4786,78 @@ Up: Math formulas

    16.3 Math functions

    -

    +

    These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing.

    -
    \arccos
    \arccos +
    \arccos
    \arccos -
    \arcsin
    \arcsin +
    \arcsin
    \arcsin -
    \arctan
    \arctan +
    \arctan
    \arctan -
    \arg
    \arg +
    \arg
    \arg -
    \bmod
    Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) +
    \bmod
    Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) -
    \cos
    \cos +
    \cos
    \cos -
    \cosh
    \cosh +
    \cosh
    \cosh -
    \cot
    \cos +
    \cot
    \cos -
    \coth
    \cosh +
    \coth
    \cosh -
    \csc
    \csc +
    \csc
    \csc -
    \deg
    \deg +
    \deg
    \deg -
    \det
    \deg +
    \det
    \deg -
    \dim
    \dim +
    \dim
    \dim -
    \exp
    \exp +
    \exp
    \exp -
    \gcd
    \gcd +
    \gcd
    \gcd -
    \hom
    \hom +
    \hom
    \hom -
    \inf
    \inf +
    \inf
    \inf -
    \ker
    \ker +
    \ker
    \ker -
    \lg
    \lg +
    \lg
    \lg -
    \lim
    \lim +
    \lim
    \lim -
    \liminf
    \liminf +
    \liminf
    \liminf -
    \limsup
    \limsup +
    \limsup
    \limsup -
    \ln
    \ln +
    \ln
    \ln -
    \log
    \log +
    \log
    \log -
    \max
    \max +
    \max
    \max -
    \min
    \min +
    \min
    \min -
    \pmod
    parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) +
    \pmod
    parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) -
    \Pr
    \Pr +
    \Pr
    \Pr -
    \sec
    \sec +
    \sec
    \sec -
    \sin
    \sin +
    \sin
    \sin -
    \sinh
    \sinh +
    \sinh
    \sinh -
    \sup
    \sup +
    \sup
    \sup -
    \tan
    \tan +
    \tan
    \tan -
    \tanh
    \tanh +
    \tanh
    \tanh
    @@ -4833,46 +4872,46 @@ Up: Math formulas

    16.4 Math accents

    -

    +

    LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (see Accents).

    -
    \acute
    Math acute accent: \acutex. +
    \acute
    Math acute accent: \acutex. -
    \bar
    Math bar-over accent: \barx. +
    \bar
    Math bar-over accent: \barx. -
    \breve
    Math breve accent: \brevex. +
    \breve
    Math breve accent: \brevex. -
    \check
    Math hác<ek (check) accent: \checkx. +
    \check
    Math hác<ek (check) accent: \checkx. -
    \ddot
    Math dieresis accent: \ddotx. +
    \ddot
    Math dieresis accent: \ddotx. -
    \dot
    Math dot accent: \dotx. +
    \dot
    Math dot accent: \dotx. -
    \grave
    Math grave accent: \gravex. +
    \grave
    Math grave accent: \gravex. -
    \hat
    Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx. +
    \hat
    Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx. -
    \imath
    Math dotless i. +
    \imath
    Math dotless i. -
    \jmath
    Math dotless j. +
    \jmath
    Math dotless j. -
    \tilde
    Math tilde accent: \tildex. +
    \tilde
    Math tilde accent: \tildex. -
    \vec
    Math vector symbol: \vecx. +
    \vec
    Math vector symbol: \vecx. -
    \widehat
    Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y. +
    \widehat
    Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y. -
    \widehat
    Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y. +
    \widehat
    Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y.


    -Next: , +Next: , Previous: Math accents, Up: Math formulas @@ -4880,71 +4919,72 @@ Up: Math formulas

    16.5 Spacing in math mode

    -

    +

    In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode:

    -
    \;
    A thick space (5\over18\,quad). -
    \:
    \>
    Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). -
    \,
    A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. +
    \;
    A thick space (5\over18\,quad). +
    \:
    \>
    Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). +
    \,
    A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
    \!
    A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad).
    - +


    Previous: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas
    -

    16.6 Math Miscellany

    +

    16.6 Math miscellany

    -

    +

    -
    \*
    A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is +
    \*
    A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. -
    \cdots
    A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. +
    \cdots
    A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. -
    \ddots
    A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. +
    \ddots
    A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. -
    \frac{num}{den}
    Produces the fraction num divided by den. +
    \frac{num}{den}
    Produces the fraction num divided by den. -
    \left delim1 ... \right delim2
    The two delimiters need not match; ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter, +
    \left delim1 ... \right delim2
    The two delimiters need not match; ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: \left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]. -
    \overbrace{text}
    Generates a brace over text. +
    \overbrace{text}
    Generates a brace over text. For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times. -
    \overline{text}
    Generates a horizontal line over tex. +
    \overline{text}
    Generates a horizontal line over tex. For exampe, \overlinex+y. -
    \sqrt[root]{arg}
    Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The +
    \sqrt[root]{arg}
    Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The optional argument root determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. -
    \stackrel{text}{relation}
    Puts text above relation. For example, +
    \stackrel{text}{relation}
    Puts text above relation. For example, \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}. -
    \underbrace{math}
    Generates math with a brace underneath. +
    \underbrace{math}
    Generates math with a brace underneath. -
    \underline{text}
    Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be -underlined. +
    \underline{text}
    Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be +underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of +descenders. -
    \vdots
    Produces a vertical ellipsis. +
    \vdots
    Produces a vertical ellipsis.


    -Next: , +Next: , Previous: Math formulas, Up: Top @@ -4952,7 +4992,7 @@ Up: Top

    17 Modes

    -

    +

    When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -4991,7 +5031,7 @@ LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in in, is called “outer paragraph mode”.

    - +


    Next: , Previous: Modes, @@ -4999,9 +5039,9 @@ Up: Top
    -

    18 Page Styles

    +

    18 Page styles

    -

    +

    The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. @@ -5017,32 +5057,32 @@ the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.


    Next: , -Up: Page Styles +Up: Page styles

    18.1 \maketitle

    -

    +

    The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page—except in the article class, where the title is placed at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations:

    -
    \author{name \and name2}
    The \author command declares the document author(s), where the +
    \author{name \and name2}
    The \author command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author's entry—for example, to give the author's institution or address. -
    \date{text}
    The \date command declares text to be the document's +
    \date{text}
    The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date command, the current date (see \today) is used. -
    \thanks{text}
    The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the title, +
    \thanks{text}
    The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. -
    \title{text}
    The \title command declares text to be the title of the +
    \title{text}
    The \title command declares text to be the title of the document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual.
    @@ -5053,13 +5093,13 @@ document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual.


    Next: , Previous: \maketitle, -Up: Page Styles +Up: Page styles

    18.2 \pagenumbering

    -

    +

    Synopsis:

         \pagenumbering{style}
    @@ -5080,13 +5120,13 @@ Synopsis:
     


    Next: , Previous: \pagenumbering, -Up: Page Styles +Up: Page styles

    18.3 \pagestyle

    -

    +

    Synopsis:

         \pagestyle{style}
    @@ -5110,14 +5150,14 @@ goes in the headers.
        

    Here are the descriptions of \markboth and \markright:

    -
    \markboth{left}{right}
    Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” +
    \markboth{left}{right}
    Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” (left) is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (right is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. -
    \markright{right}
    Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. +
    \markright{right}
    Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
    @@ -5126,13 +5166,13 @@ the page.


    Previous: \pagestyle, -Up: Page Styles +Up: Page styles
  • 18.4 \thispagestyle{style}

    -

    +

    The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command (see previous section) except that it changes to style for the current page only. @@ -5141,14 +5181,14 @@ changes to style for the current page only.


    Next: , -Previous: Page Styles, +Previous: Page styles, Up: Top

    19 Spaces

    -

    +

    LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.

    Another space-producing command is \, to produce a “thin” @@ -5159,11 +5199,11 @@ more often useful in math mode (see Spacing in

    Horizontal space