From a3f89152f66285a955a51e3dbeeae31e1f8a63e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Karl Berry This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is
+document preparation system, version as of May 2013. It is
intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of
LaTeX for many years.
If invoked as If invoked as If invoked as If invoked as If invoked as If invoked as If invoked as Boldface.
-
@@ -6420,8 +6457,10 @@ The end.
\end{frame}
\end{document}
-
LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2012)
+LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2013)
@@ -404,7 +407,7 @@ Next: About this documen
LaTeX2e
.dvi
latex
, a “Device Independent” (‘.dvi’)
+latex
, a “Device Independent” (.dvi)
file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into
commands for virtually any output device. You can view such
-‘.dvi’ output of LaTeX by using a program such as
+.dvi output of LaTeX by using a program such as
xdvi
(display directly), dvips
(convert to
PostScript), or dvipdfmx
(convert to PDF).
dvipdfmx
(convert to PDF).
pdflatex
, a “Portable Document Format”
-(‘.pdf’) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
+(.pdf) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does
-make the output much larger than the ‘.dvi’ produced from the
+make the output much larger than the .dvi produced from the
same document.
lualatex
, a ‘.pdf’ file is created using
+lualatex
, a .pdf file is created using
the LuaTeX engine (http://luatex.org).
xelatex
, a ‘.pdf’ file is created using
+xelatex
, a .pdf file is created using
the XeTeX engine (http://tug.org/xetex).
\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}
.
\textup (\upshape)
Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. -
\textsl (\slshape)
Slanted. -
\textsf (\sffamily)
Sans serif. -
\textsc (\scshape)
Small caps. -
\texttt (\ttfamily)
Typewriter. -
\textnormal (\normalfont)
Main document font. -
\mathrm
Roman, for use in math mode. -
\mathbf
Boldface, for use in math mode. -
\mathsf
Sans serif, for use in math mode. -
\mathtt
Typewriter, for use in math mode.
@@ -972,19 +985,35 @@ instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}
.
\mathnormal
For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. -
\mathcal
‘Calligraphic’ letters, for use in math mode. -
In addition, the command
-\mathversion{bold}
-can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
+
In addition, the command \mathversion{bold}
can be used for
+switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. \mathversion{normal}
restores the default.
Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals}
will
+typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights
+and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining”
+numerals. LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect
+\textbf
(but not other styles; there are no italic old-style
+numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style
+numerals also; sometimes the textcomp
package must be loaded,
+and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default.
+FAQ entry: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf.
+
LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
the given style, that is, are not cumulative. They are used
differently than the above commands, too: The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
size used (in points) with the ‘10pt’, ‘11pt’, and
-‘12pt’ document size options, respectively (see Document class
-options).
+‘12pt’ document size options, respectively (see Document class options).
{\cmd ...}
@@ -1077,8 +1106,7 @@ Next: Low-level
The enumerate
environment uses the commands \labelenumi
through \labelenumiv
to produce the default label. So, you can
-use \renewcommand
to change the labels (see \newcommand &
-\renewcommand). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
+use \renewcommand
to change the labels (see \newcommand & \renewcommand). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
letters:
5
, 0.3
or
-3.1416
. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
unit length \unitlength
, so if \unitlength
has been set
to 1cm
, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
-centimeters. You should only change the value of \unitlength
,
-using the \setlength
command, outside of a picture
-environment.
+centimeters.
+
+You should only change the value of \unitlength
, using the
+\setlength
command, outside of a picture
environment.
+The default value is 1pt
.
A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5)
, specifying
the point with x-coordinate 2.4
and y-coordinate -5
.
@@ -3812,8 +3841,8 @@ automatically generated using the enumi
counter. The
cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
symbols not containing a comma.
This command writes an entry to the ‘.aux’ file containing the -item’s cite_key and label. When the ‘.aux’ file is read by +
This command writes an entry to the .aux file containing the
+item’s cite_key and label. When the .aux file is read by
the \begin{document}
command, the item’s label
is
associated with cite_key
, causing references to cite_key
with a \cite
command (see next section) to produce the
@@ -3840,7 +3869,7 @@ Next: \nocite, Previous:
The keys argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with keys by entries in the -‘.aux’ file. +.aux file.
The text of the optional subcite argument appears after the
citation. For example, \cite[p.~314]{knuth}
might produce
@@ -3860,7 +3889,7 @@ Next: Using BibTeX, Previou
\nocite{key_list}
The \nocite
command produces no text, but writes key_list
,
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the ‘.aux’ file.
+which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the .aux file.
The \bibliographystyle
command does not produce any output of
its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
be produced: bibstyle refers to a file
-bibstyle‘.bst’, which defines how your citations will look.
+bibstyle.bst, which defines how your citations will look.
The standard style names distributed with BibTeX are:
The \bibliography
command is what actually produces the
bibliography. The argument to \bibliography
refers to files
-named ‘bibfile.bib’, which should contain your database in
+named bibfile.bib, which should contain your database in
BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via \cite
and
\nocite
will be listed in the bibliography.
\newcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn} -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn} - \newcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn} -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn} +\newcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn} +\renewcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn}
*
The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain
+multiple paragraphs of text (not \long
, in plain TeX terms).
+
The command name beginning with \
. For \newcommand
, it
must not be already defined and must not begin with \end
; for
@@ -4658,11 +4690,12 @@ that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no
arguments.
If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s
-first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the
-default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified
-in the call) is the string ‘def’.
+first argument is optional. The default value of the optional
+argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is optarg,
+or, if that argument is present in the \newcommand
but has an
+empty value, the string ‘def’.
Synopses:
\newenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef} - \newenvironment{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef} -\renewenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef} +\newenvironment[*]{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef} +\renewenvironment[*]{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
These commands define or redefine an environment env, that is,
\begin{env} … \end{env}
.
*
The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the +contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. +
+The name of the environment. For \newenvironment
, env
must not be an existing environment, and the command \env
@@ -4870,10 +4908,10 @@ Next: \protect, Previous
Defines a control sequence \cmd
, which must not already
be defined, to make fontname be the current font. The file
-looked for on the system is named ‘fontname.tfm’.
+looked for on the system is named fontname.tfm.
This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. -More commonly, fonts are defined in families through ‘.fd’ files. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through .fd files.
\TeX\ is a
nice system.
-In normal circumstances, \
<tab> and \
<newline>
+
In normal circumstances, \
tab and \
newline
are equivalent to \
.
produces
-@@ -8282,7 +8320,7 @@ Next: Accents, Previous: 22.2 Text symbols - +… in C. Pascal, though … +
… in C. Pascal, though …
… in C. Pascal, though …
LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1; you may need to load the textcomp
package.
@@ -9224,7 +9262,7 @@ Next: Glossaries, Up: A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents
command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must
-have generated a ‘.toc’ file.
+have generated a .toc file.
The \tableofcontents
command produces a heading, but it does
not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
@@ -9294,7 +9332,7 @@ following, matching the value of the ext argument:
What is written to the ‘.ext’ file is the +
What is written to the .ext file is the
command \contentsline{unit}{name}
.
The \addtocontents
{ext}{text} command adds text
-(or formatting commands) directly to the ‘.ext’ file that
+(or formatting commands) directly to the .ext file that
generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -‘toc’ (table of contents), ‘lof’ (list of figures), or -‘lot’ (list of tables). +toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or +lot (list of tables).
The command \glossary{text}
writes a glossary entry for
-text to an auxiliary file with the ‘.glo’ extension.
+text to an auxiliary file with the .glo extension.
Specifically, what gets written is the command @@ -9370,7 +9408,7 @@ the preamble.
The command \index{text}
writes an index entry for
-text to an auxiliary file with the ‘.idx’ extension.
+text to an auxiliary file with the .idx extension.
Specifically, what gets written is the command @@ -9391,11 +9429,11 @@ languages. -
The generated ‘.idx’ file is then sorted with an external +
The generated .idx file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either makeindex
(http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex) or (the
multi-lingual) xindy
(http://xindy.sourceforge.net).
-This results in a ‘.ind’ file, which can then be read to typeset
+This results in a .ind file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
letter
document class is designed to make a number of letters at
once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
-Your ‘.tex’ source file has the same minimum commands as the other +
Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum:
@@ -9824,7 +9862,7 @@ Next: Document templates<The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; -TeX uses ‘.tex’ as a default file extension. If you omit the +TeX uses .tex as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. @@ -9833,7 +9871,7 @@ command; e.g.
latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'-
will process ‘foo.tex’ without pausing after every error. +
will process foo.tex without pausing after every error.
@@ -9927,8 +9965,10 @@ Next: tugboat template, \end{frame} \end{document} - +One web resource for this: +http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/. +
textcomp
package:\oe (œ)
:\OE (Œ)
:\oint
:\oldstylenums
:\Omega
:\omega
:\ominus
:tabbing environment
:table
:tabular environment
:textcomp package
:textcomp package
:thebibliography
:theorem environment
:titlepage environment
:Unofficial LaTeX reference manual. +TeX ++ -LaTeX2e (latex2e) Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.+ \global\hbadness=4444 % don&textrsquo;t complain much -- &latex;: Structured documents for &tex; -unofficial &latex; reference manual -May 2012 -+ http://home.gna.org/latexrefman + &latex;: Structured documents for &tex; +unofficial &latex; reference manual +May 2013 +http://home.gna.org/latexrefman - 0pt plus 1filll - +0pt plus 1filll - - Top About this document (dir) &latex;2e ++ Top About this document (dir) - &latex;2e This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is +document preparation system, version as of May 2013. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of &latex; for many years. -- About this document Overview Top Top About this document ++ About this document Overview Top Top About this document -- Knuth, Donald E. - Lamport, Leslie + &latex; Project team + Knuth, Donald E. + Lamport, Leslie &latex; Project team The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now @@ -146,9 +145,9 @@ maintained by a group of volunteers ( http://latex-project.org - - bug reporting - reporting bugs + latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org email address + bug reporting + reporting bugs latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org email address The present document is completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all @@ -162,31 +161,31 @@ infrastructure. Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about &latex;. Here are a few: --
- +
http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr +
-http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. -- +
http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. -- +
http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there are several others. -- +
http://tug.org/begin.html http://tug.org/begin.html Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;. - Overview Starting & ending About this document Top Overview of &latex; ++ Overview Starting & ending About this document Top Overview of &latex; What is &latex;? -- overview of &latex; - basics of &latex; + &latex; overview + overview of &latex; + basics of &latex; &latex; overview &latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the &latex; &textldquo;macro package&textrdquo; for &tex;. That is, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that @@ -194,14 +193,14 @@ describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as output: -+ The main output file, which is one of: --
- -
.dvi - .dvi file + latex command +
- +
.dvi + .dvi file latex command If invoked as -latex , a &textldquo;Device Independent&textrdquo; (.dvi ) file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for virtually any output device. You can view such @@ -209,23 +208,23 @@ commands for virtually any output device. You can view suchxdvi (display directly),dvips (convert to PostScript), ordvipdfmx (convert to PDF).- -
- file - pdf&tex; + pdflatex command - +
+ file + pdf&tex; pdflatex command If invoked as -pdflatex , a &textldquo;Portable Document Format&textrdquo; (.dvi produced from the same document.- lualatex command + Lua&tex; + lualatex command Lua&tex; If invoked as -lualatex , a). http://luatex.org - xelatex command + Xe&tex; + xelatex command Xe&tex; If invoked as @@ -235,16 +234,16 @@ the Xe&tex; engine (xelatex , a). http://tug.org/xetex ). can produce HTML, XML, and other things. http://tug.org/xetex - - transcript file - log file + .log file + transcript file + log file .log file The &textldquo;transcript&textrdquo; or .log file that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.- @@ -252,30 +251,30 @@ for things such as cross-references.- auxiliary file + .aux file + auxiliary file .aux file An &textldquo;auxiliary&textrdquo; or .aux file. This is used by &latex; itself, for things such as cross-references.An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won&textrsquo;t try to list them all. Xxx components? -- \ character starting commands - [...] for optional arguments + {...} for required arguments + \ character starting commands + [...] for optional arguments {...} for required arguments In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a -\
, followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets,[]
, are optional while arguments contained in braces,{}
, are required.+ case sensitivity of &latex; case sensitivity of &latex; &latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. -- Starting & ending Document classes Overview Top Starting & ending ++ Starting & ending Document classes Overview Top - Starting & ending -- starting & ending + ending & starting + starting & ending ending & starting A minimal input file looks like the following: -+ \documentclass{class} \begin{document} your text @@ -284,26 +283,26 @@ explicitly directed to do otherwise.where the class is a valid document class for &latex;. - -, for details of the various document classes + Document classes , for details of the various document classes available locally. Document classes + preamble, defined preamble, defined You may include other &latex; commands between the \documentclass
and the\begin{document}
commands (this area is called the preamble).- Document classes Typefaces Starting & ending Top Document classes ++ Document classes Typefaces Starting & ending Top Document classes -- document classes - classes of documents + \documentclass + document classes + classes of documents \documentclass The class of a given document is defined with the command: -+ @@ -311,112 +310,112 @@ and the \documentclass[options]{class}\begin{document}
commands (this area is calleThe -\documentclass
command must be the first command in a &latex; source file.- article class - report class - book class - letter class + slides class + article class + report class + book class + letter class slides class Built-in &latex; document class names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; -): +classes are available as add-ons; Overview ): Overview + - + article report book letter slidesStandard options are described below. -- Document class options Global options. ++ -Document class options Global options.- Document class options Document classes Document class options ++ Document class options Document classes Document class options -- document class options - options, document class - class options + global options + document class options + options, document class + class options global options You can specify so-called global options or class options to the -\documentclass
command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. To specify more than one option, separate them with a comma:+ \documentclass[option1,option2,...]{class}Here is the list of the standard class options. -- 10pt option - 11pt option + 12pt option + 10pt option + 11pt option 12pt option All of the standard classes except -slides
accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is10pt
):+ - 10pt 11pt 12pt- a4paper option - a5paper option - b5paper option - executivepaper option - legalpaper option + letterpaper option + a4paper option + a5paper option + b5paper option + executivepaper option + legalpaper option letterpaper option All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is -letterpaper
):+ - a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper- draft option - final option - fleqn option - landscape option - leqno option - openbib option - titlepage option + notitlepage option + draft option + final option + fleqn option + landscape option + leqno option + openbib option + titlepage option notitlepage option Miscellaneous other options: --
- -
draft, final + black boxes, omitting +
- +
draft, final black boxes, omitting mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is final
. -- +
fleqn fleqn Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. - - +
landscape landscape Selects landscape format; default is portrait. - - +
leqno leqno Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. - - +
openbib openbib Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format. - - +
titlepage, notitlepage titlepage, notitlepage Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. These options are not available with the slides class: -- onecolumn option - twocolumn option - oneside option - twoside option - openright option - openany option -
- -
onecolumn + twocolumn + onecolumn option + twocolumn option + oneside option + twoside option + openright option + openany option +
@@ -438,20 +437,20 @@ right-hand page; default is- +
onecolumn twocolumn Typeset in one or two columns; default is -onecolumn
.- -
oneside - twoside - \evensidemargin + \oddsidemargin - +
oneside + twoside + \evensidemargin \oddsidemargin Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is @@ -428,8 +427,8 @@ printing the text is centered, for two-sided,oneside
, except for thebook
class.\oddsidemargin
is 40% of the difference between\paperwidth
and\textwidth
, with\evensidemargin
the remainder. -- -
openright + openany - +
openright openany Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is openright
for book.openright
for book. the time at the bottom of each note. -- packages, loading - loading additional packages + \usepackage + packages, loading + loading additional packages \usepackage Additional packages are loaded like this: -+ \usepackage[options]{pkg}To specify more than one pkg, you can separate them with a comma, or use multiple -\usepackage
commands.- global options + options, global + global options options, global Any options given in the \documentclass
command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with\usepackage
. @@ -459,28 +458,28 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with -- Typefaces Layout Document classes Top Typefaces ++ Typefaces Layout Document classes Top Typefaces -- typefaces + fonts + typefaces fonts Two important aspects of selecting a font are specifying a size and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. -- Font styles Select roman, italics etc. -Font sizes Select point size. -Low-level font commands Select encoding, family, series, shape. ++ -Font styles Select roman, italics etc. +Font sizes Select point size. +Low-level font commands Select encoding, family, series, shape.- Font styles Font sizes Typefaces Font styles ++ Font styles Font sizes Typefaces Font styles -- font styles - typeface styles + styles of text + font styles + typeface styles styles of text The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. @@ -498,182 +497,208 @@ sans serif. instance,\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}
.These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the - -
-- -
\textrm (\rmfamily) - \textrm + \rmfamily +
+ +- +
\textrm (\rmfamily) + \textrm \rmfamily Roman. -- -
\textit (\itshape) - \textit + \itshape - +
\textit (\itshape) + \textit \itshape Italics. -- -
\emph - \emph + emphasis - +
\emph + \emph emphasis Emphasis (switches between -\textit
and\textrm
).- -
\textmd (\mdseries) - \textmd + \mdseries - +
\textmd (\mdseries) + \textmd \mdseries Medium weight (default). -- -
\textbf (\bfseries) - \textbf + \bfseries - +
\textbf (\bfseries) + \textbf \bfseries Boldface. - - -
\textup (\upshape) - \textup + + \upshape - +
\textup (\upshape) + \textup \upshape Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. - - -
\textsl (\slshape) - \textsl + + \slshape - +
\textsl (\slshape) + \textsl \slshape Slanted. - - -
\textsf (\sffamily) - \textsf + + \sffamily - +
\textsf (\sffamily) + \textsf \sffamily Sans serif. - - -
\textsc (\scshape) - \textsc + + \scshape - +
\textsc (\scshape) + \textsc \scshape Small caps. - - -
\texttt (\ttfamily) - \texttt + + \ttfamily - +
\texttt (\ttfamily) + \texttt \ttfamily Typewriter. - - -
\textnormal (\normalfont) - \textnormal + + \normalfont - +
\textnormal (\normalfont) + \textnormal \normalfont Main document font. - - -
\mathrm + + \mathrm - +
\mathrm \mathrm Roman, for use in math mode. - - -
\mathbf + + \mathbf - +
\mathbf \mathbf Boldface, for use in math mode. - - -
\mathsf + + \mathsf - +
\mathsf \mathsf Sans serif, for use in math mode. - - -
\mathtt + + \mathtt - +
\mathtt \mathtt Typewriter, for use in math mode. -- -
\mathit + (\mit) - +
\mathit (\mit) Italics, for use in math mode. -- -
\mathnormal + \mathnormal - +
\mathnormal \mathnormal For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. - - -
\mathcal + + \mathcal - +
\mathcal \mathcal &textlsquo;Calligraphic&textrsquo; letters, for use in math mode. - In addition, the command - \mathversion{bold}
--can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in + \mathversion + \mathversion In addition, the command +\mathversion{bold}
can be used for +switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.\mathversion{normal}
restores the default.+ \oldstylenums + numerals, old-style + old-style numerals + lining numerals + textcomp
packageFinally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals}
will +typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights +and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; +numerals. &latex;&textrsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect +\textbf
(but not other styles; there are no italic old-style +numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style +numerals also; sometimes thetextcomp
package must be loaded, +and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. +FAQ entry:. + http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf &latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are -not cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too:{\cmd ...}
instead of\cmd{...}
. These are two very different things.- - -
\bf \bf+ bold font + -- +
\bf \bfbold font Switch to bold face. -- -
\cal \cal- script letters for math + calligraphic letters for math - +
\cal \cal+ script letters for math calligraphic letters for math Switch to calligraphic letters for math. -- -
\em \em+ emphasis - +
\em \ememphasis Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). -- -
\it \it+ italic font - +
\it \ititalic font Italics. -- -
\rm \rm+ roman font - +
\rm \rmroman font Roman. -- -
\sc \sc+ small caps font - +
\sc \scsmall caps font Small caps. -- -
\sf \sf+ sans serif font - +
\sf \sfsans serif font Sans serif. -- -
\sl \sl- slanted font + oblique font - +
\sl \sl+ slanted font oblique font Slanted (oblique). -- -
\tt \tt- typewriter font - monospace font + fixed-width font - +
\tt \tt+ typewriter font + monospace font fixed-width font Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). - Font sizes Low-level font commands Font styles Typefaces Font sizes -- font sizes - typeface sizes + sizes of text + Font sizes Low-level font commands Font styles Typefaces Font sizes ++ font sizes + typeface sizes sizes of text The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used (in points) with the 10pt, 11pt, and -12pt document size options, respectively ( -Document class +12pt document size options, respectively ( ). Document class options - \tiny - \scriptsize - \footnotesize - \small - \normalsize - \large - \Large - \LARGE - \huge - - \Huge - \normalsize
(default)24.88 24.88 24.88 |
Command 10pt
11pt
12pt
-|
\tiny
-5 6 6 - |
\scriptsize
-7 8 8 - |
\footnotesize
-8 9 10 - |
\small
-9 10 10.95 - |
\normalsize
(default) -10 10.95 12 - |
\large
-12 12 14.4 - |
\Large
-14.4 14.4 17.28 - |
\LARGE
-17.28 17.28 20.74 - |
\huge
-20.74 20.74 24.88 - |
\Huge
-24.88 24.88 24.88 + + \tiny + \scriptsize + \footnotesize + \small + \normalsize + \large + \Large + \LARGE + \huge + + \Huge + \normalsize
(default)24.88 24.88 24.88 |
Command 10pt
11pt
12pt
+|
\tiny
+5 6 6 + |
\scriptsize
+7 8 8 + |
\footnotesize
+8 9 10 + |
\small
+9 10 10.95 + |
\normalsize
(default) +10 10.95 12 + |
\large
+12 12 14.4 + |
\Large
+14.4 14.4 17.28 + |
\LARGE
+17.28 17.28 20.74 + |
\huge
+20.74 20.74 24.88 + |
\Huge
+24.88 24.88 24.88 The commands as listed here are &textldquo;declaration forms&textrdquo;. The scope of @@ -683,73 +708,73 @@ these commands; for instance, -\begin{tiny}...\end{tin
- Low-level font commands Font sizes Typefaces Low-level font commands -- low-level font commands + font commands, low-level + Low-level font commands Font sizes Typefaces Low-level font commands ++ low-level font commands font commands, low-level These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. --
- -
\fontencoding{enc} + \fontencoding +
- +
\fontencoding{enc} \fontencoding Select font encoding. Valid encodings include -OT1
andT1
.- -
\fontfamily{family} + \fontfamily - +
\fontfamily{family} \fontfamily Select font family. Valid families include: -• -• cmr
for Computer Modern Roman -• cmss
for Computer Modern Sans Serif -• cmtt
for Computer Modern Typewriter ++ • cmr
for Computer Modern Roman +• cmss
for Computer Modern Sans Serif +• cmtt
for Computer Modern Typewriterand numerous others. -- -
\fontseries{series} + \fontseries - +
\fontseries{series} \fontseries Select font series. Valid series include: -• -• m
Medium (normal) -• b
Bold -• c
Condensed -• bc
Bold condensed -• bx
Bold extended ++ • m
Medium (normal) +• b
Bold +• c
Condensed +• bc
Bold condensed +• bx
Bold extendedand various other combinations. -- -
\fontshape{shape} + \fontshape - +
\fontshape{shape} \fontshape Select font shape. Valid shapes are: -• -• n
Upright (normal) -• it
Italic -• sl
Slanted (oblique) -• sc
Small caps -• ui
Upright italics -• ol
Outline ++ • n
Upright (normal) +• it
Italic +• sl
Slanted (oblique) +• sc
Small caps +• ui
Upright italics +• ol
OutlineThe two last shapes are not available for most font families. -- -
\fontsize{size}{skip} - \fontsize + \baselineskip - +
\fontsize{size}{skip} + \fontsize \baselineskip Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named -\baselineskip
. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default\baselineskip
for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the\fontsize
.- \baselinestretch - setspace
package+ double spacing + \baselinestretch + setspace
packagedouble spacing The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the -\baselinestretch
parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to &textldquo;double space&textrdquo; a document, @@ -757,20 +782,20 @@ if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use thesetspace
package; see. http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace - \linespread - +
\linespread{factor} + \linespread \linespread{factor} Equivalent to -\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}
, and therefore must be followed by\selectfont
to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use thesetspace
package, as described just above.+ \selectfont \selectfont The changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect until -\selectfont
is called.- -
\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} + \usefont - +
\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} \usefont The same as invoking \fontencoding
,\fontfamily
,\fontseries
and\fontshape
with the given parameters, followed by\selectfont
. @@ -780,40 +805,40 @@ followed by\selectfont
. -- Layout Sectioning Typefaces Top Layout -+ layout commands + Layout Sectioning Typefaces Top Layout +layout commands Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. -- \onecolumn Use one-column layout. -\twocolumn Use two-column layout. -\flushbottom Make all text pages the same height. -\raggedbottom Allow text pages of differing height. -Page layout parameters \headheight \footskip. ++ -\onecolumn Use one-column layout. +\twocolumn Use two-column layout. +\flushbottom Make all text pages the same height. +\raggedbottom Allow text pages of differing height. +Page layout parameters \headheight \footskip.- \onecolumn \twocolumn Layout - \onecolumn
- \onecolumn + one-column output + \onecolumn \twocolumn Layout - + \onecolumn
+ \onecolumn one-column output The \onecolumn
declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default.- \twocolumn \flushbottom \onecolumn Layout - \twocolumn
- \twocolumn - multicolumn text + two-column output + \twocolumn \flushbottom \onecolumn Layout + \twocolumn
+ \twocolumn + multicolumn text two-column output Synopsis: -+ @@ -824,14 +849,14 @@ starts. \twocolumn[text1col]These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: -- - +
\columnsep \columnsep+ \columnsep \columnsepThe distance between columns (35pt by default). -- +
\columnseprule \columnseprule\columnseprule \columnsepruleThe width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. -- +
\columnwidth \columnwidth\columnwidth \columnwidthThe width of the current column; this is equal to @@ -839,22 +864,22 @@ single-column text.\textwidth
in single-column text.These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: -- - +
\dbltopfraction \dbltopfraction+ \dbltopfraction \dbltopfractionMaximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by floats. Default .7, can be usefully redefined to (say) .9 to avoid going to float pages so soon. -- +
\dblfloatpagefraction \dblfloatpagefraction\dblfloatpagefraction \dblfloatpagefractionThe minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, for a two-column float page. Default .5. -- +
\dblfloatsep \dblfloatsep\dblfloatsep \dblfloatsepDistance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float page. Default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt for 10pt and 11pt documents, 14pt plus2pt minus4pt for 12pt. -- +
\dbltextfloatsep \dbltextfloatsep\dbltextfloatsep \dbltextfloatsepDistance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default 20pt plus2pt minus4pt. @@ -862,24 +887,24 @@ and the main text. Default 20pt plus2pt minus4pt. -- \flushbottom \raggedbottom \twocolumn Layout + \flushbottom
+ \flushbottom \raggedbottom \twocolumn Layout - - \flushbottom
+ \flushbottom \flushbottom The \flushbottom
declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page.This is the default if twocolumn
mode is selected -(). +( Document class options ). Document class options - \raggedbottom Page layout parameters \flushbottom Layout - \raggedbottom
- \raggedbottom + stretch, omitting vertical + \raggedbottom Page layout parameters \flushbottom Layout - + \raggedbottom
+ \raggedbottom stretch, omitting vertical The \raggedbottom
declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be @@ -887,42 +912,42 @@ stretched.- Page layout parameters \raggedbottom Layout Page layout parameters ++ Page layout parameters \raggedbottom Layout Page layout parameters -- page layout parameters - parameters, page layout - layout, page parameters for - header, parameters for - footer, parameters for + running header and footer + page layout parameters + parameters, page layout + layout, page parameters for + header, parameters for + footer, parameters for - running header and footer - - +
\headheight \headheight+ \headheight \headheightHeight of the box that contains the running head. Default is 30pt, except in the -book
class, where it varies with the type size.- +
\headsep \headsep\headsep \headsepVertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. Default is 25pt, except in the -book
class, where it varies with the type size.- +
\footskip \footskip\footskip \footskipDistance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. Default is 30pt, except in the -book
class, where it varies with the type size.- +
\linewidth \linewidth\linewidth \linewidthWidth of the current line, decreased for each nested -list
-(). Specifically, it is smaller than list \textwidth
by +(). Specifically, it is smaller than list \textwidth
by the sum of\leftmargin
and\rightmargin
-(). The default varies with the font size, paper +( itemize ). The default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an itemize article
document in 10pt, it&textrsquo;s set to 345pt; in two-column mode, that becomes 229.5pt.- +
\textheight \textheight\textheight \textheightThe normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an -article
orreport
document in 10pt, it&textrsquo;s set to @@ -930,7 +955,7 @@ the font size, document class, etc. For anarticle
or For 11pt, it&textrsquo;s 38\baselineskip and for 12pt, 36\baselineskip.- +
\textwidth \textwidth\textwidth \textwidthThe full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies as usual. For an article
orreport
document, it&textrsquo;s 345pt at 10pt, 360pt at 11pt, and @@ -940,30 +965,30 @@ as usual. For anarticle
orreport
document, it&textrIn multi-column output, -\textwidth
remains the width of the entire page body, while\columnwidth
is the width of one column -(). +( \twocolumn ). \twocolumn In lists ( ), list \textwidth
remains the width of the +In lists ( -), list \textwidth
remains the width of the entire page body (and\columnwidth
the width of the entire column), while\linewidth
may decrease for nested lists.Inside a minipage ( ) or minipage \parbox
-(), all the width-related parameters are set to the + \parbox Inside a minipage ( -) or minipage \parbox
+(), all the width-related parameters are set to the specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the \parbox minipage
or\parbox
.+ \hsize \hsize For completeness: -\hsize
is the &tex; primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal &latex; documents.- +
\topmargin \topmargin\topmargin \topmarginSpace between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: -\paperheight − 2in − \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip
, and then divided by two.- +
\topskip \topskip\topskip \topskipMinimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., 10pt at 10pt. @@ -973,33 +998,33 @@ same as the font size, e.g., 10pt at 10pt. - - Sectioning Cross references Layout Top Sectioning -+ sectioning + Sectioning Cross references Layout Top Sectioning +sectioning Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: -- - -
\part \part- +
\chapter \chapter+ - +
\part \part\chapter \chapter(report and book class only) - - -
\section \section- -
\subsection \subsection- -
\subsubsection \subsubsection- -
\paragraph \paragraph- +
\subparagraph \subparagraph- +
\section \section- +
\subsection \subsection- +
\subsubsection \subsubsection- +
\paragraph \paragraph\subparagraph \subparagraphAll sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., -+ \chapter[toctitle]{title}In addition to providing the heading title in the main text, the section title can appear in two other places: -+ The table of contents. @@ -1011,65 +1036,65 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument toctitle that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. - + *-form of sectioning commands *-form of sectioning commands Also, all sectioning commands have -*
-forms that print title as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance:+ - \section*{Preamble}- \appendix + appendix, creating + \appendix appendix, creating The -\appendix
command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The\appendix
command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like+ - \chapter{A Chapter} &dots; \appendix \chapter{The First Appendix}- secnumdepth counter + section numbers, printing + secnumdepth counter section numbers, printing The -secnumdepth
counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting+ \setcounter{secnumdepth}{level}suppresses heading numbers at any depth , where - -chapter
is level zero. (.) + \setcounter chapter
is level zero. (.) \setcounter - Cross references Environments Sectioning Top Cross references -+ cross references + Cross references Environments Sectioning Top Cross references +cross references One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; -- \label Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. -\pageref Refer to a page number. -\ref Refer to a section, figure or similar. ++ -\label Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. +\pageref Refer to a page number. +\ref Refer to a section, figure or similar.- \label \pageref Cross references - \label
+ \label + \label \pageref Cross references + \label
\label Synopsis: -+ @@ -1084,16 +1109,16 @@ punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: - \label{key}-
- +
ch +
@@ -1102,15 +1127,15 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: -ch for chapters - - +
sec sec for lower-level sectioning commands - - +
fig fig for figures - - +
tab tab for tables - - +
eq eq for equations - \pageref \ref \label Cross references - \pageref{key}
- \pageref - cross referencing with page number + page number, cross referencing + \pageref \ref \label Cross references - + \pageref{key}
+ \pageref + cross referencing with page number page number, cross referencing Synopsis: -+ @@ -1120,85 +1145,85 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding \pageref{key}- \ref \pageref Cross references - \ref{key}
- \ref - cross referencing, symbolic - section number, cross referencing - equation number, cross referencing - figure number, cross referencing + footnote number, cross referencing + \ref \pageref Cross references - + \ref{key}
+ \ref + cross referencing, symbolic + section number, cross referencing + equation number, cross referencing + figure number, cross referencing footnote number, cross referencing Synopsis: -+ \ref{key}The \ref
command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, figure, &dots;, of the corresponding -\label
command (). It does not produce any text, + \label \label
command (). It does not produce any text, such as the word &textlsquo;Section&textrsquo; or &textlsquo;Figure&textrsquo;, just the bare number itself. \label - Environments Line breaking Cross references Top Environments -+ environments + Environments Line breaking Cross references Top Environments +- environments - \begin + \end + \begin \end &latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: -+ - \begin{envname} ... \end{envname}- abstract Produce an abstract. -array Math arrays. -center Centered lines. -description Labelled lists. -displaymath Formulas that appear on their own line. -document Enclose the whole document. -enumerate Numbered lists. -eqnarray Sequences of aligned equations. -equation Displayed equation. -figure Floating figures. -flushleft Flushed left lines. -flushright Flushed right lines. -itemize Bulleted lists. -letter Letters. -list Generic list environment. -math In-line math. -minipage Miniature page. -picture Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. -quotation Indented environment with paragraph indentation. -quote Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. -tabbing Align text arbitrarily. -table Floating tables. -tabular Align text in columns. -thebibliography Bibliography or reference list. -theorem Theorems, lemmas, etc. -titlepage For hand crafted title pages. -verbatim Simulating typed input. -verse For poetry and other things. ++ -abstract Produce an abstract. +array Math arrays. +center Centered lines. +description Labelled lists. +displaymath Formulas that appear on their own line. +document Enclose the whole document. +enumerate Numbered lists. +eqnarray Sequences of aligned equations. +equation Displayed equation. +figure Floating figures. +flushleft Flushed left lines. +flushright Flushed right lines. +itemize Bulleted lists. +letter Letters. +list Generic list environment. +math In-line math. +minipage Miniature page. +picture Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. +quotation Indented environment with paragraph indentation. +quote Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. +tabbing Align text arbitrarily. +table Floating tables. +tabular Align text in columns. +thebibliography Bibliography or reference list. +theorem Theorems, lemmas, etc. +titlepage For hand crafted title pages. +verbatim Simulating typed input. +verse For poetry and other things.- abstract array Environments + abstract
+ abstract array Environments - - abstract
- abstract environment + abstracts + abstract environment abstracts Synopsis: - + \begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract} @@ -1208,14 +1233,14 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:- array center abstract Environments - array
- array environment + arrays, math + array center abstract Environments + array
+ array environment arrays, math Synopsis: -+ \begin{array}{template} col1 text&col1 text&coln}\\ ... @@ -1223,33 +1248,33 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:Math arrays are produced with the -array
environment, normally -within anequation
environment (). It has a +within an equation equation
environment (). It has a single mandatory template argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column col is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: equation -
- +
c +
-c centered - - +
l l flush left - - +
r r flush right + \\ (for array
)\\ (for array
)Column entries are separated by -&
. Column entries may include other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with\\
.+ &arobase;{...} &arobase;{...} In the template, the construct &arobase;{text}
puts text between columns in each row.Here&textrsquo;s an example: -+ - \begin{equation} \begin{array}{lrc} left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ @@ -1258,9 +1283,9 @@ between columns in each row. \end{equation}+ \arraycolsep \arraycolsep The @@ -1268,37 +1293,37 @@ namely\arraycolsep
parameter defines half the width of the space -separating columns; the default is 5pt., for other +separating columns; the default is 5pt. tabular , for other parameters which affect formatting in tabular array
environments, namely\arrayrulewidth
and\arraystretch
.\arrayrulewidth
and\arraystretch
. -- center description array Environments + center
+ center description array Environments - - center
- center environment + centering text, environment for + center environment centering text, environment for Synopsis: -+ - \begin{center} line1 \\ line2 \\ \end{center}+ \\ (for center
)\\ (for center
)The -center
environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string\\
.- \centering Declaration form of thecenter
environment. ++ -\centering Declaration form of thecenter
environment.- \centering center + \centering
+ \centering center - \centering
- \centering + centering text, declaration for + \centering centering text, declaration for The \centering
declaration corresponds to thecenter
environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such @@ -1314,7 +1339,7 @@ an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.Here&textrsquo;s an example: -+ \begin{quote} \centering first line \\ @@ -1325,16 +1350,16 @@ second line \\- description displaymath center Environments + description
+ description displaymath center Environments - - description
- description environment - labelled lists, creating + description lists, creating + description environment + labelled lists, creating description lists, creating Synopsis: -+ - \begin{description} \item [label1] item1 \item [label2] item2 @@ -1342,13 +1367,13 @@ second line \\ \end{description}+ \item \item The -description
environment is used to make labelled lists. Each label is typeset in bold, flush right. The item text may contain multiple paragraphs.- bold typewriter, avoiding + typewriter labels in lists + bold typewriter, avoiding typewriter labels in lists Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in typewriter using -\texttt
, you&textrsquo;ll get bold typewriter:\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]
. This @@ -1356,58 +1381,58 @@ may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use\tt
, which resets all other style variations:\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]
.For details about list spacing, see itemize . +For details about list spacing, see itemize .- displaymath document description Environments + displaymath
+ displaymath document description Environments - - displaymath
+ displaymath environment displaymath environment Synopsis: -+ - \begin{displaymath} math \end{displaymath}or + or -+ \[math\]The displaymath
environment (\[...\]
is a synonym) typesets the math text on its own line, centered by default. The globalfleqn
option makes equations flush left; see -Document class options . +Document class options .No equation number is added to displaymath
text; to get an -equation number, use theequation
environment (). +equation number, use the equation equation
environment (). equation - document enumerate displaymath Environments + document
+ document enumerate displaymath Environments - - document
+ document environment document environment The document
environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every &latex; document.. +It is required in every &latex; document. Starting & ending . Starting & ending - enumerate eqnarray document Environments + enumerate
+ enumerate eqnarray document Environments - - enumerate
- enumerate environment + lists of items, numbered + enumerate environment lists of items, numbered Synopsis: -+ \begin{enumerate} \item item1 \item item2 @@ -1418,59 +1443,59 @@ It is required in every &latex; document.Starting & en The -enumerate
environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as -itemize
() and itemize description
-(). + description itemize
() and itemize description
+(). description + \item \item Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item
command. There must be at least one\item
command within the environment.By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: -- 1., 2., &dots; - (a), (b), &dots; - i., ii., &dots; - A., B., &dots; + + -1., 2., &dots; + (a), (b), &dots; + i., ii., &dots; + A., B., &dots; - \enumi - \enumii - \enumiii + \enumiv + \enumi + \enumii + \enumiii \enumiv The -enumerate
environment uses the counters\enumi
-through\enumiv
counters (). If the optional +through Counters \enumiv
counters (). If the optional argument to Counters \item
is given, the counter is not incremented for that item.- \labelenumi - \labelenumii - \labelenumiii + \labelenumiv + \labelenumi + \labelenumii + \labelenumiii \labelenumiv The -enumerate
environment uses the commands\labelenumi
through\labelenumiv
to produce the default label. So, you can -use\renewcommand
to change the labels (\newcommand & +use \renewcommand
to change the labels (). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase letters: \newcommand & \renewcommand - \Alph example + + \Alph example \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}- eqnarray equation enumerate Environments + eqnarray
+ eqnarray equation enumerate Environments - - eqnarray
- eqnarray environment - equations, aligning + aligning equations + eqnarray environment + equations, aligning - aligning equations - align environment, from amsmath
- amsmath package, replacing eqnarray
+ Madsen, Lars + align environment, from amsmath
+ amsmath package, replacing eqnarray
Madsen, Lars First, a caveat: the eqnarray
environment has some infelicities which cannot be overcome; the article &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen describes them in detail @@ -1480,7 +1505,7 @@ others) from theamsmath
package.Nevertheless, here is a description of -eqnarray
:+ - \begin{eqnarray}(or formula1 \\ formula2 \\ @@ -1488,59 +1513,59 @@ others) from theeqnarray*
)amsmath
package. \end{eqnarray}+ \\ (for eqnarray
)\\ (for eqnarray
)The -eqnarray
environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-columnarray
environment, with consecutive rows separated by\\
and consecutive items within a row separated by an&
.+ \\* (for eqnarray
)\\* (for eqnarray
)- \\*
can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.- \nonumber + equation numbers, omitting + \nonumber equation numbers, omitting An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a -\nonumber
command. Alternatively, The*
-form of the environment (\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}
) will omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same aseqnarray
.+ \lefteqn \lefteqn The command \lefteqn
is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width.- equation figure eqnarray Environments + equation
+ equation figure eqnarray Environments - - equation
- equation environment - equations, environment for + formulas, environment for + equation environment + equations, environment for formulas, environment for Synopsis: -+ \begin{equation} math \end{equation}The equation
environment starts adisplaymath
-environment (), e.g., centering the math text +environment ( displaymath ), e.g., centering the math text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. displaymath - figure flushleft equation Environments - figure
- figure - inserting figures + figures, inserting + figure flushleft equation Environments + figure
+ figure + inserting figures - figures, inserting + \begin{figure[*]}[placement] figbody \label{label} @@ -1555,41 +1580,41 @@ Figures will not be split between two pages.When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a full-width figure (across both columns). -- placement of floats + specifier, float placement + placement of floats specifier, float placement The optional argument -[placement]
determines where &latex; will try to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put a float:-
- +
t +
t (Top)&textmdash;at the top of a text page. -- +
b b (Bottom)&textmdash;at the bottom of a text page. However, -b
is not allowed for full-width floats (figure*
) with double-column output. To ameliorate this, use thestfloats
ordblfloatfix
package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:. http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat - -
h + float
package- +
h float
package(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; -t
is automatically added.- here, putting floats + float
package+ here, putting floats float
packageTo absolutely force a figure to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can -\usepackage{float}
and use theH
specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at. http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere - +
p p (Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. -- +
! ! Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, &latex; ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page. @@ -1604,63 +1629,63 @@ see above. The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.&noeos; you wish. -+ \caption \caption The \caption
command specifies caption text for the figure. The caption is numbered by default. If loftitle is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of text -(). +( Tables of contents ). Tables of contents Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and non-float text: -- + \bottomfraction + \bottomfraction The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at the bottom; default .3. -- +
\floatpagefraction \floatpagefraction\floatpagefraction \floatpagefractionThe minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default .5. -- +
\textfraction \textfraction\textfraction \textfractionMinimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is .2. -- +
\topfraction \topfraction\topfraction \topfractionMaximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default .7. Parameters relating to vertical space around floats: -- - +
\floatsep \floatsep+ \floatsep \floatsepSpace between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt. -- +
\intextsep \intextsep\intextsep \intextsepSpace above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt for 10pt and 11pt styles, 14pt plus4pt minus4pt for 12pt. -- +
\textfloatsep \textfloatsep\textfloatsep \textfloatsepSpace between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default 20pt plus2pt minus4pt. Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: -- - +
\bottomnumber \bottomnumber+ @@ -1669,13 +1694,13 @@ default 2. -\bottomnumber \bottomnumberMaximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. -- +
\topnumber \topnumber\topnumber \topnumberMaximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. -- +
\totalnumber \totalnumber\totalnumber \totalnumberMaximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. - flushleft flushright figure Environments - flushleft
- flushleft environment - left-justifying text, environment for + ragged right text, environment for + flushleft flushright figure Environments - + flushleft
+ flushleft environment + left-justifying text, environment for - ragged right text, environment for + - \begin{flushleft} line1 \\ line2 \\ @@ -1683,22 +1708,22 @@ default 2. \end{flushleft}+ \\ for flushleft
\\ for flushleft
The -flushleft
environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string\\
.- \raggedright Declaration form of theflushleft
environment. ++ -\raggedright Declaration form of theflushleft
environment.- \raggedright flushleft - \raggedright
- \raggedright - ragged right text - left-justifying text + justification, ragged right + \raggedright flushleft + \raggedright
+ \raggedright + ragged right text + left-justifying text justification, ragged right The \raggedright
declaration corresponds to theflushleft
environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1713,13 +1738,13 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.- flushright itemize flushleft Environments - flushright
- flushright environment - ragged left text, environment for + right-justifying text, environment for + flushright itemize flushleft Environments - + flushright
+ flushright environment + ragged left text, environment for - right-justifying text, environment for + - \begin{flushright} line1 \\ line2 \\ @@ -1727,22 +1752,22 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. \end{flushright}+ \\ (for flushright
)\\ (for flushright
)The -flushright
environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string\\
.- \raggedleft Declaration form of theflushright
environment. ++ -\raggedleft Declaration form of theflushright
environment.- \raggedleft flushright - \raggedleft
- \raggedleft - ragged left text - justification, ragged left + right-justifying text + \raggedleft flushright + \raggedleft
+ \raggedleft + ragged left text + justification, ragged left right-justifying text The \raggedleft
declaration corresponds to theflushright
environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1757,17 +1782,17 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.- itemize letter flushright Environments - itemize
- itemize environment - \item - lists of items - unordered lists + bulleted lists + itemize letter flushright Environments - + itemize
+ itemize environment + \item + lists of items + unordered lists bulleted lists Synopsis: -+ \begin{itemize} \item item1 \item item2 @@ -1778,40 +1803,40 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.The itemize
environment produces an &textldquo;unordered&textrdquo;, &textldquo;bulleted&textrdquo; list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such asenumerate
(). +environments, such as enumerate enumerate
(). enumerate Each item of an itemize
list begins with an\item
command. There must be at least one\item
command within the environment.By default, the marks at each level look like this: -- • (bullet) - - - (bold en-dash) -* (asterisk) - . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + + -• (bullet) + - - (bold en-dash) +* (asterisk) + . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) - \labelitemi - \labelitemii - \labelitemiii + \labelitemiv + \labelitemi + \labelitemii + \labelitemiii \labelitemiv The -itemize
environment uses the commands\labelitemi
through\labelitemiv
to produce the default label. So, you can use\renewcommand
to change the labels. For instance, to have the first level use diamonds:+ - \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}- \leftmargin - \leftmargini - \leftmarginii - \leftmarginiii - \leftmarginiv - \leftmarginv + \leftmarginvi + \leftmargin + \leftmargini + \leftmarginii + \leftmarginiii + \leftmarginiv + \leftmarginv \leftmarginvi The -\leftmargini
through\leftmarginvi
parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention,\leftmargin
is set @@ -1822,28 +1847,28 @@ nesting is entered. 2.5em (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:+ - + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5emSome parameters that affect list formatting: -- - +
\itemindent \itemindent+ -\itemindent \itemindentExtra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. -- +
\labelsep \labelsep\labelsep \labelsepSpace between the label and text of an item; default .5em. -- +
\labelwidth \labelwidth\labelwidth \labelwidthWidth of the label; default 2em, or 1.5em in two-column mode. -- +
\listparindent \listparindent\listparindent \listparindentExtra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default 0pt. -- +
\rightmargin \rightmargin\rightmargin \rightmarginHorizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default 0pt, except in the quote
,quotation
, andverse
environments, where it is set equal @@ -1854,24 +1879,24 @@ to\leftmargin
.Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather loose, by default). -- - +
\itemsep \itemsep+ \itemsep \itemsepVertical space between items. The default is -2pt plus1pt minus1pt
for10pt
documents,3pt plus2pt minus1pt
for11pt
, and4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt
for12pt
.- +
\parsep \parsep\parsep \parsepExtra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as -\itemsep
.- +
\topsep \topsep\topsep \topsepVertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is -8pt plus2pt minus4pt
for10pt
documents,9pt plus3pt minus5pt
for11pt
, and10pt plus4pt minus6pt
for12pt
. These are reduced for nested lists.- +
\partopsep \partopsep\partopsep \partopsepExtra space added to \topsep
when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is2pt plus1pt minus1pt
for10pt
documents,3pt plus1pt minus1pt
for11pt
, and3pt @@ -1879,14 +1904,14 @@ plus2pt minus2pt
for12pt
.+ \parskip example \parskip example Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an -itemize*
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs within a single item (\parskip
is not list-specific, -): + \parskip ): \parskip + \newenvironment{itemize*}% {\begin{itemize}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% @@ -1897,24 +1922,24 @@ within a single item (\parskip
is not list-specific,- letter list itemize Environments - letter
environment: writing letters+ letter + letter list itemize Environments - + letter
environment: writing letters- letter This environment is used for creating letters. . + Letters This environment is used for creating letters. . Letters - list math letter Environments - list
- list + lists of items, generic + list math letter Environments - + list
+ list lists of items, generic The -list
environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in macros.+ \begin{list}{labeling}{spacing} \item item1 \item item2 @@ -1932,19 +1957,19 @@ spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be empty, i.e.,{}
, which leaves the default spacing.The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by - \linewidth
(). + Page layout parameters \linewidth
(). Page layout parameters - math minipage list Environments + math
+ math minipage list Environments - - math
- math environment + in-line formulas + math environment in-line formulas Synopsis: -+ \begin{math} math \end{math} @@ -1952,17 +1977,17 @@ empty, i.e.,{}
, which leaves the default spacing.The math
environment inserts the given math within the running text.\(...\))
and$...$
are synonyms. -. + Math formulas . Math formulas - minipage picture math Environments + minipage
+ minipage picture math Environments - - minipage
- minipage environment + minipage, creating a + minipage environment - minipage, creating a + \begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width} text \end{minipage} @@ -1970,47 +1995,47 @@ running text.\(...\))
and$...$
are synonyms.The - -minipage
environment typesets its body text in a block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the -\parbox
command (), but unlike \parbox \parbox
, +\parbox
command (), but unlike \parbox \parbox
, other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.The arguments are the same as for \parbox
(). + + \parbox The arguments are the same as for -\parbox
(). \parbox - indentation of paragraphs, in minipage - paragraph indentation, in minipage + \parindent + indentation of paragraphs, in minipage + paragraph indentation, in minipage \parindent By default, paragraphs are not indented in the -minipage
environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}
command.- footnotes in figures + figures, footnotes in + footnotes in figures figures, footnotes in Footnotes in a minipage
environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A\footnote
or\footnotetext
command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the\mpfootnote
counter instead of the ordinary -footnote
counter (). + Counters footnote
counter (). Counters However, don&textrsquo;t put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. - picture quotation minipage Environments + picture
+ picture quotation minipage Environments - picture
- picture - creating pictures + pictures, creating + picture + creating pictures - pictures, creating + - \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) &dots; picture commands &dots; \end{picture}+ \unitlength \unitlength The +picture
environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying @@ -2019,9 +2044,11 @@ point and a minus sign&textmdash;a number like5
,0.3
-3.1416
. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length\unitlength
, so if\unitlength
has been set to1cm
, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 -centimeters. You should only change the value of\unitlength
, -using the\setlength
command, outside of apicture
-environment. +centimeters. +You should only change the value of \unitlength
, using the +\setlength
command, outside of apicture
environment. +The default value is1pt
.A position is a pair of coordinates, such as -(2.4,-5)
, specifying the point with x-coordinate2.4
and y-coordinate-5
. @@ -2043,11 +2070,11 @@ coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if\unitlength
has been set to1mm
, the command+ - \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 + produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the @@ -2064,45 +2091,45 @@ how much room to leave for it. Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the -\put
command. The command+ - \put (11.3,-.3){...}puts the object specified by -...
in the +puts the object specified by -...
in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates . The reference points for various objects will be described below.+ lR box lR box The \put
command creates an LR box. You can put anything -that can go in an\mbox
() in the text argument of +that can go in an \mbox \mbox
() in the text argument of the \mbox \put
command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.The -picture
commands are described in the following sections.- \circle Draw a circle. -\makebox (picture) Draw a box of the specified size. -\framebox (picture) Draw a box with a frame around it. -\dashbox Draw a dashed box. -\frame Draw a frame around an object. -\line Draw a straight line. -\linethickness Set the line thickness. -\thicklines A heavier line thickness. -\thinlines The default line thickness. -\multiput Draw multiple instances of an object. -\oval Draw an ellipse. -\put Place an object at a specified place. -\shortstack Make a pile of objects. -\vector Draw a line with an arrow. ++ -\circle Draw a circle. +\makebox (picture) Draw a box of the specified size. +\framebox (picture) Draw a box with a frame around it. +\dashbox Draw a dashed box. +\frame Draw a frame around an object. +\line Draw a straight line. +\linethickness Set the line thickness. +\thicklines A heavier line thickness. +\thinlines The default line thickness. +\multiput Draw multiple instances of an object. +\oval Draw an ellipse. +\put Place an object at a specified place. +\shortstack Make a pile of objects. +\vector Draw a line with an arrow.- \circle \makebox (picture) picture - \circle
+ \circle + \circle \makebox (picture) picture + \circle
- \circle + @@ -2114,9 +2141,9 @@ draws a solid circle. \circle[*]{diameter}- \makebox (picture) \framebox (picture) \circle picture - \makebox
+ \makebox (picture) + \makebox (picture) \framebox (picture) \circle picture + \makebox
\makebox (picture) @@ -2127,32 +2154,32 @@ the normal \makebox(width,height)[position]{...}
\makebox
command except that you must specify aThe optional argument, -[position]
, specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:-
- +
t +
-t Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. -- +
b b Moves the item to the bottom. -- +
l l Moves the item to the left. -- +
r r Moves the item to the right. - . + \makebox - . \makebox - \framebox (picture) \dashbox \makebox (picture) picture - \framebox
+ \framebox + \framebox (picture) \dashbox \makebox (picture) picture + \framebox
\framebox Synopsis: -+ @@ -2160,42 +2187,42 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. \framebox(width,height)[pos]{...}- \fboxrule + \fboxsep + \fboxrule \fboxsep The -\framebox
command produces a rule of thickness\fboxrule
, and leaves a space\fboxsep
between the rule and the contents of the box.- \dashbox \frame \framebox (picture) picture + \dashbox
+ \dashbox \frame \framebox (picture) picture - - \dashbox
+ \dashbox \dashbox Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: -+ \dashbox{dlen}(rwidth,rheight)[pos]{text}\dashbox
creates a dashed rectangle around text in apicture
environment. Dashes are dlen units long, and the rectangle has overall width rwidth and height rheight. -The text is positioned at optional pos. +The text is positioned at optional pos.A dashed box looks best when the rwidth
andrheight
are multiples of thedlen
.- \frame \line \dashbox picture - \frame
+ \frame + \frame \line \dashbox picture - + \frame
\frame Synopsis: -+ @@ -2205,13 +2232,13 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. \frame{text}- \line \linethickness \frame picture - \line
+ \line + \line \linethickness \frame picture - + \line
\line Synopsis: -+ @@ -2225,9 +2252,9 @@ see the \line(xslope,yslope){length}curve2e
and many many other packages on CTAN.- \linethickness \thicklines \line picture - \linethickness
+ \linethickness + \linethickness \thicklines \line picture - + \linethickness
\linethickness The \linethickness{dim}
command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be @@ -2238,32 +2265,32 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by\oval
.- \thicklines \thinlines \linethickness picture - \thicklines
+ \thicklines + \thicklines \thinlines \linethickness picture - + \thicklines
\thicklines The \thicklines
command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; -cf.\linethickness and\thinlines . +cf.\linethickness and\thinlines .- \thinlines \multiput \thicklines picture - \thinlines
+ \thinlines + \thinlines \multiput \thicklines picture - + \thinlines
\thinlines The \thinlines
command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; -cf.\linethickness and\thicklines . +cf.\linethickness and\thicklines .- \multiput \oval \thinlines picture - \multiput
+ \multiput + \multiput \oval \thinlines picture - + \multiput
\multiput Synopsis: - + @@ -2274,13 +2301,13 @@ pattern across a picture. obj is first placed at position \multiput(x,y)(delta_x,delta_y){n}{obj}- \oval \put \multiput picture - \oval
+ \oval + \oval \put \multiput picture + \oval
\oval Synopsis: -+ @@ -2288,14 +2315,14 @@ pattern across a picture. obj is first placed at position The optional argument portion allows you to select part of the oval via the following: - \oval(width,height)[portion]-
- +
t +
@@ -2305,10 +2332,10 @@ boxes with rounded corners. -t selects the top portion; - - +
b b selects the bottom portion; - - +
r r selects the right portion; - - +
l l selects the left portion. - \put \shortstack \oval picture + \put
+ \put \shortstack \oval picture - - \put
+ \put \put @@ -2317,40 +2344,40 @@ argument at the given coordinates. \put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
- \shortstack \vector \put picture - \shortstack
+ \shortstack + \shortstack \vector \put picture + \shortstack
\shortstack Synopsis: -+ \shortstack[position]{...\\...\\...}The -\shortstack
command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are:-
- +
r +
-r Move the objects to the right of the stack. - - +
l l Move the objects to the left of the stack - - +
c c Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) + \\ (for \shortstack
objects)\\ (for \shortstack
objects)Objects are separated with -\\
.- \vector \shortstack picture - \vector
+ \vector + \vector \shortstack picture - + \vector
\vector Synopsis: -+ @@ -2361,17 +2388,17 @@ length and slope. The and values must lie between \vector(x-slope,y-slope){length}- quotation quote picture Environments + quotation
+ quotation quote picture Environments - - quotation
- quotation - quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying - displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation + paragraph indentations in quoted text + quotation + quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying + displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation paragraph indentations in quoted text Synopsis: -+ \begin{quotation} text \end{quotation} @@ -2386,17 +2413,17 @@ normally.- quote tabbing quotation Environments + quote
+ quote tabbing quotation Environments - - quote
- quote - quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying - displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation + paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting + quote + quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying + displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting Snyopsis: -+ \begin{quote} text \end{quote} @@ -2410,17 +2437,17 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph.- tabbing table quote Environments + tabbing
+ tabbing table quote Environments - - tabbing
- tabbing environment - tab stops, using - lining text up using tab stops + alignment via tabbing + tabbing environment + tab stops, using + lining text up using tab stops alignment via tabbing Synopsis: -+ \begin{tabbing} row1col1 \= row1col2 \= row1col3 \= row1col4 \\ row2col1 \> \> row2col3 \\ @@ -2438,38 +2465,38 @@ environment.The following commands can be used inside a -tabbing
enviroment:- - +
\\ \\(tabbing) (tabbing) + \\ \\(tabbing) (tabbing) End a line. -- +
\= \=(tabbing) (tabbing) \= \=(tabbing) (tabbing) Sets a tab stop at the current position. -- -
\> \>(tabbing) (tabbing) + \> - +
\> \>(tabbing) (tabbing) \> Advances to the next tab stop. -- +
\< \<\< \<Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. -- +
\+ \+\+ \+Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -- +
\- \-\- \-Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -- +
\&textrsquo; \'(tabbing) (tabbing) \&textrsquo; \'(tabbing) (tabbing) Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent -\>
,\<
,\'
,\\
, or\kill
command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.- +
\&textlsquo; \`(tabbing) (tabbing) \&textlsquo; \`(tabbing) (tabbing) Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The -\`
command moves all the @@ -2478,36 +2505,36 @@ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no\>
or\'
command between the\`
and the command that ends the line.- -
\a \a(tabbing) (tabbing) - \a&textrsquo; (acute accent in tabbing) - \a&textlsquo; (grave accent in tabbing) + \a= (macron accent in tabbing) - +
\a \a(tabbing) (tabbing) + \a&textrsquo; (acute accent in tabbing) + \a&textlsquo; (grave accent in tabbing) \a= (macron accent in tabbing) In a -tabbing
environment, the commands\=
,\'
and -\`
do not produce accents as usual (). Instead, + Accents \`
do not produce accents as usual (). Instead, the commands Accents \a=
,\a'
and\a`
are used.- +
\kill \kill\kill \killSets tab stops without producing text. Works just like -\\
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any\=
,\+
or\-
commands in that line remain in effect.- -
\poptabs \poptabs+ \poptabs - +
\poptabs \poptabs\poptabs Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last -\pushtabs
.- +
\pushtabs \pushtabs\pushtabs \pushtabsSaves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a -tabbing
environment.- +
\tabbingsep \tabbingsep\tabbingsep \tabbingsepDistance to left of tab stop moved by \'
.This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: -+ \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ @@ -2521,16 +2548,16 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\- table tabular tabbing Environments + table
+ table tabular tabbing Environments - - table
- table - tables, creating + creating tables + table + tables, creating creating tables Synopsis: -+ \begin{table}[placement] body of the table @@ -2546,7 +2573,7 @@ Tables will not be split between two pages.The optional argument [placement]
determines where &latex; will try to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put a float; these are the same as that used with thefigure
-environment, and described there (). +environment, and described there ( figure ). figure The standard report
andarticle
classes use the default placement[tbp]
. @@ -2556,15 +2583,15 @@ you wish. The\caption
command allows you to title your table.- tabular thebibliography table Environments - tabular
- tabular environment - lines in tables + lining text up in tables + tabular thebibliography table Environments + tabular
+ tabular environment + lines in tables lining text up in tables Synopsis: -+ \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... @@ -2574,7 +2601,7 @@ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\or -+ \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... @@ -2584,50 +2611,50 @@ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. -+ \\ for tabular
\\ for tabular
\\
must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is optional&textmdash;unless an\hline
command (to put a rule below the table) follows.The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: --
- +
width +
width Specifies the width of the -tabular*
environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.- +
pos pos Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of the environment. --
- +
t +
-t align on top row -- +
b b align on bottom row - +
cols cols Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. --
- +
l +
l A column of left-aligned items. -- +
r r A column of right-aligned items. -- +
c c A column of centered items. -- +
| | A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. -- +
&arobase;{text} &arobase;{text} This inserts text in every row. An &arobase;-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space before the adjacent item must be included in text. @@ -2635,9 +2662,9 @@ before the adjacent item must be included in text. To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given column, you have to load the -array
package and use the>{...}
specifier. - ++ \extracolsep \extracolsep An -\extracolsep{wd}
command in an &arobase;-expression causes an extra space of widthwd
to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another\extracolsep
command. @@ -2645,13 +2672,13 @@ Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an &arobase;-expression. An\extracolsep
command can be used only in an &arobase;-expression in thecols
argument.- +
p{wd} p{wd} Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument of a -\parbox[t]{wd}
command. However, a\\
may not appear in the item, except in the following situations:+ - inside an environment like minipage
,array
, ortabular
.@@ -2662,7 +2689,7 @@ declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a p
-column element.- +
*{num}{cols} *{num}{cols} Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is a positive integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression
. @@ -2671,23 +2698,23 @@ which may contain another*-expression
.Parameters that control formatting: - + -- - +
\arrayrulewidth \arrayrulewidth+ @@ -2695,20 +2722,20 @@ in the\arrayrulewidth \arrayrulewidthThickness of the rule created by -|
,\hline
, and\vline
in thetabular
andarray
environments; the default is .4pt.- +
\arraystretch \arraystretch\arraystretch \arraystretchScaling of spacing between rows in the -tabular
andarray
environments; default is 1, for no scaling.- +
\doublerulesep \doublerulesep\doublerulesep \doublerulesepHorizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by -||
in thetabular
andarray
environments; default is 2pt.- +
\tabcolsep \tabcolsep\tabcolsep \tabcolsepHalf the width of the space between columns; default is 6pt. tabular
andarray
environments; default isThe following commands can be used inside a tabular
environment: -- \multicolumn Make an item spanning several columns. -\cline Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. -\hline Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. -\vline Draw a vertical line. ++ -\multicolumn Make an item spanning several columns. +\cline Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. +\hline Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. +\vline Draw a vertical line.- \multicolumn \cline tabular - \multicolumn
+ \multicolumn + \multicolumn \cline tabular - + \multicolumn
\multicolumn Synopsis: - + @@ -2722,7 +2749,7 @@ for flushleft, \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}r
for flushright. The third mandatory argument,Here&textrsquo;s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; -\multicolumn
is used for the heading:+ \begin{tabular}{r&arobase;{--}l} \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr 0x80&0x7FF \cr @@ -2733,13 +2760,13 @@ for flushleft,r
for flushright. The third mandatory argument,- \cline \hline \multicolumn tabular - \cline
+ \cline + \cline \hline \multicolumn tabular - + \cline
\cline Synopsis: -+ @@ -2749,9 +2776,9 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument. \cline{i-j}- \hline \vline \cline tabular - \hline
+ \hline + \hline \vline \cline tabular - + \hline
\hline The \hline
command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosingtabular
orarray
environment. It&textrsquo;s most @@ -2760,9 +2787,9 @@ of a table.- \vline \hline tabular - \vline
+ \vline + \vline \hline tabular - + \vline
\vline The \vline
command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An\hfill
command can be used to @@ -2772,15 +2799,15 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an- thebibliography theorem tabular Environments + thebibliography
+ thebibliography theorem tabular Environments - thebibliography
- thebibliography + bibliography, creating (manually) + thebibliography bibliography, creating (manually) Synopsis: -+ \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} \bibitem[label]{cite_key} ... @@ -2796,7 +2823,7 @@ reference list. by redefining the command\refname
. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: -+ @@ -2805,21 +2832,21 @@ is as wide as the widest item label produced by the \renewcommand{\refname}{}\bibitem
commands. It is typically given as9
for bibliographies with less than 10 references,99
for ones with less than 100, etc. -- \bibitem Specify a bibliography item. -\cite Refer to a bibliography item. -\nocite Include an item in the bibliography. -Using BibTeX Automatic generation of bibliographies. ++ -\bibitem Specify a bibliography item. +\cite Refer to a bibliography item. +\nocite Include an item in the bibliography. +Using BibTeX Automatic generation of bibliographies.- \bibitem \cite thebibliography + \bibitem
+ \bibitem \cite thebibliography - - \bibitem
+ \bibitem \bibitem Synopsis: - + @@ -2838,14 +2865,14 @@ associated label. \bibitem[label]{cite_key}- \cite \nocite \bibitem thebibliography + \cite
+ \cite \nocite \bibitem thebibliography - - \cite
+ \cite \cite Synopsis: -+ @@ -2860,9 +2887,9 @@ citation. For example, \cite[subcite]{keys\cite[p.~314]{knuth}
might pr- \nocite Using BibTeX \cite thebibliography - \nocite
+ \nocite + \nocite Using BibTeX \cite thebibliography - + \nocite
\nocite @@ -2871,22 +2898,22 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the \nocite{key_list}
.aux file.- Using BibTeX \nocite thebibliography Using Bib&tex; ++ Using BibTeX \nocite thebibliography Using Bib&tex; -- using Bib&tex; - bib&tex;, using - bibliography, creating (automatically) - \bibliographystyle + \bibliography + using Bib&tex; + bib&tex;, using + bibliography, creating (automatically) + \bibliographystyle \bibliography If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don&textrsquo;t use the - -thebibliography
environment (). Instead, + thebibliography thebibliography
environment (). Instead, you include the lines thebibliography + @@ -2897,15 +2924,15 @@ be produced: bibstyle refers to a file bibstyle \bibliographystyle{bibstyle} \bibliography{bibfile1,bibfile2}.bst , which defines how your citations will look. The standard style names distributed with Bib&tex; are: --
- +
alpha +
@@ -2922,15 +2949,15 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to viaalpha Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication. - - +
plain plain Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. - - +
unsrt unsrt Like plain
, but entries are in order of citation. -- +
abbrv abbrv Like plain
, but more compact labels.\cite
and -- theorem titlepage thebibliography Environments + theorem
+ theorem titlepage thebibliography Environments - - theorem
- theorem environment + theorems, typesetting + theorem environment theorems, typesetting Synopsis: -+ \begin{theorem} theorem-text \end{theorem} @@ -2939,20 +2966,20 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via\cite
andThe theorem
environment produces &textldquo;Theorem n&textrdquo; in boldface followed by theorem-text, where the numbering possibilities for n are described under\newtheorem
-(). +( \newtheorem ). \newtheorem - titlepage verbatim theorem Environments + titlepage
+ titlepage verbatim theorem Environments - titlepage
- titlepage environment - making a title page + title pages, creating + titlepage environment + making a title page title pages, creating Synopsis: -+ \begin{titlepage} text \end{titlepage} @@ -2962,26 +2989,26 @@ possibilities for n are described under\newtheorem
with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The\today
command may be useful on title pages -(). +( \today ). - \today You can use the \maketitle
command () to + \maketitle You can use the \maketitle
command (