From 505a11a94e5dc6b9010250a0cae90880e6e23182 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Karl Berry Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2006 18:25:23 +0000 Subject: amslatex package amscls update from latex-tds (27aug06) git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@2048 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751 --- Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/amscls/amsthdoc.tex | 374 +++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 374 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/amscls/amsthdoc.tex (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/amscls/amsthdoc.tex') diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/amscls/amsthdoc.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/amscls/amsthdoc.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..21e824f5ba0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/amscls/amsthdoc.tex @@ -0,0 +1,374 @@ +%%% ==================================================================== +%%% @LaTeX-file{ +%%% filename = "amsthdoc.tex", +%%% version = "2.20", +%%% date = "2004/08/03", +%%% time = "15:02:46 EDT", +%%% checksum = "15807 374 1763 14655", +%%% author = "American Mathematical Society", +%%% copyright = "Copyright 1999, 2004 American Mathematical Society, +%%% all rights reserved. Copying of this file is +%%% authorized only if either: +%%% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, +%%% including name; OR +%%% (2) if you do make changes, you first rename it +%%% to some other name.", +%%% address = "American Mathematical Society, +%%% Technical Support, +%%% Publications Technical Group, +%%% 201 Charles Street, +%%% Providence, RI 02904, +%%% USA", +%%% telephone = "401-455-4080 or (in the USA and Canada) +%%% 800-321-4AMS (321-4267)", +%%% FAX = "401-331-3842", +%%% email = "tech-support@ams.org (Internet)", +%%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII", +%%% supported = "yes", +%%% keywords = "latex, theorem, proof, amsthm", +%%% abstract = "This file is the User's Guide for the amsthm +%%% package.", +%%% docstring = "The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 +%%% checksum as the first value, followed by the +%%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word +%%% count) utility output of lines, words, and +%%% characters. This is produced by Robert +%%% Solovay's checksum utility.", +%%% } +%%% ==================================================================== +\documentclass[twoside]{article} +\pagestyle{myheadings} + +% Use the same version numbers as for the amslatex instructions. +\def\instrversion{2.20} +\def\instrdate{August 2004} + +\title{Using the \pkg{amsthm} Package} +\author{Version \instrversion, \instrdate\\American Mathematical Society} +\date{} + +\providecommand{\qq}[1]{\textquotedblleft#1\textquotedblright} +\providecommand{\mdash}{\textemdash\penalty\hyphenpenalty} + +% Embedded \index commands are a legacy from the time when this +% documentation was part of amsldoc. Since they don't hurt anything, +% let's leave them in. Maybe they will become useful again in the +% future. [mjd,2000/06/06] + +\chardef\bslchar=`\\ % p. 424, TeXbook +\newcommand{\ntt}{% + \fontfamily\ttdefault \fontseries\mddefault \fontshape\updefault + \selectfont +} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\cn}[1]{{\ntt\bslchar#1}} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\cls}[1]{{\ntt#1}} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\pkg}[1]{{\ntt#1}} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\opt}[1]{{\ntt#1}} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\env}[1]{{\ntt#1}} +\DeclareRobustCommand{\fn}[1]{{\ntt#1}} + +\providecommand{\qedsymbol}{\leavevmode + \hbox to.77778em{% + \hfil\vrule + \vbox to.675em{\hrule width.6em\vfil\hrule}% + \vrule\hfil}} + +%% Provide a meta-command facility; provide an alternate escape +%% character so it can be used within the verbatim environment. + +\catcode`\|=0 +\begingroup \catcode`\>=13 % in LaTeX2e verbatim env makes > active +\gdef\?#1>{{\normalfont$\langle$\textup{#1}$\rangle$}} +\gdef\0{\relax} +\endgroup +\def\<#1>{{\normalfont$\langle$\textup{#1}$\rangle$}} +\def\ntnote#1{{\normalfont$^{#1}$}} + +\hfuzz4pt \vbadness9999 \hbadness5000 +\def\latex/{{\protect\LaTeX}} + +\setlength{\textwidth}{210mm}\addtolength{\textwidth}{-2in} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{39pt} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{39pt} +\addtolength{\textwidth}{-2\oddsidemargin} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle +\markboth{USING THE \pkg{amsthm} PACKAGE}{USING THE \pkg{amsthm} PACKAGE} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\section{Introduction} + +\begin{sloppypar} +The \pkg{amsthm} package provides an enhanced version of \latex/'s +\cn{newtheorem} command for defining theorem-like environments. The +enhanced \cn{newtheorem} recognizes a +\cn{theoremstyle} specification (as in Mittelbach's \pkg{theorem} +package) and has a \verb'*' form for defining unnumbered environments. The +\pkg{amsthm} package also defines a \env{proof} environment that +automatically adds a QED symbol at the end. AMS document classes +incorporate the \pkg{amsthm} package, so everything described here +applies to them as well. +\end{sloppypar} + +If the \pkg{amsthm} package is used with a non-AMS document class and +with the \pkg{amsmath} package, \pkg{amsthm} must be loaded +\emph{after} \pkg{amsmath}, not before. + +Examples are given in the file \fn{thmtest.tex}. For best understanding, +examine the output side-by-side with the input. + + +\section{The \cn{newtheorem} command} + +In mathematical research articles and books, theorems\index{theorems} +and proofs\index{proofs} are among the most common elements, but authors +also use many others that fall in the same general class: lemmas, +propositions, axioms, corollaries, conjectures, definitions, remarks, +cases, steps, and so forth. It is natural to handle these elements as +\latex/ environments, but document classes do not +provide predefined environments for theorem-like elements because +(a)~that would make it difficult for authors to exercise the necessary +control over the automatic numbering, and (b)~the variety of such +elements is so wide that it's not possible for a document class to +provide every one that will ever be needed. Instead there is a command +\cn{newtheorem}, similar in effect to \cn{newenvironment}, that makes it +easy for authors to set up the elements required for a particular +document. + +The \cn{newtheorem} command has two mandatory arguments; the first one +is the environment name that the author would like to use for this +element; the second one is the heading text. For example, +\begin{verbatim} +\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} +\end{verbatim} +means that instances in the document of +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lem} Text text ... \end{lem} +\end{verbatim} +will produce +\[\makebox[.8\columnwidth]{% + \textbf{Lemma 1.} \textit{Text text \dots}\hfill}\] +where the heading consists of the specified text \qq{Lemma} and an +automatically generated number and punctuation. + +If \cn{newtheorem*} is used instead of \cn{newtheorem} in this +example, numbers will not be generated automatically for +any of the lemmas in the document. This form of the command can be +useful if you have only one lemma and don't want it to be +numbered; more often, though, it is used to produce a special named +variant of one of the common theorem types. For example, if you have a +lemma that should be labeled \qq{Klein's Lemma}, then the statement +\begin{verbatim} +\newtheorem*{KL}{Klein's Lemma} +\end{verbatim} +would allow you to write +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{KL} Text text ... \end{KL} +\end{verbatim} +and get the desired output. + +Sometimes additional information is desired in the heading of a +theorem or lemma, often because it is cited from another source. +An optional argument is used to provide this information: +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lem}[Alinhac-Lerner \cite{a-l}] +\end{verbatim} +yielding the output +\[\makebox[.8\columnwidth]{% + \textbf{Lemma 2.} (Alinhac-Lerner [1]). \textit{Text text \dots}\hfill}\] + + +\section{Numbering modifications} + +In addition to the two mandatory arguments, \cn{newtheorem} has two +mutually exclusive optional arguments. These affect the +sequencing\index{theorems!numbering} and hierarchy of the numbering. + +By default each kind of theorem-like environment is numbered +independently. Thus if you have three lemmas and two theorems +interspersed, they will be numbered something like this: Lemma 1, Lemma +2, Theorem 1, Lemma 3, Theorem 2. If you want lemmas and theorems to +share the same numbering sequence\mdash Lemma 1, Lemma 2, Theorem 3, Lemma +4, Theorem 5\mdash then you should indicate the desired relationship as +follows: +\begin{verbatim} +\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem} +\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma} +\end{verbatim} +The optional argument \verb'[thm]' in the second statement means that +the \texttt{lem} environment should share the \texttt{thm} numbering +sequence instead of having its own independent sequence. + +To have a theorem environment numbered subordinately within a +sectional unit\mdash e.g., to get propositions numbered Proposition 2.1, +Proposition 2.2, and so on in Section~2\mdash put the name of the parent +unit in square brackets in final position: +\begin{verbatim} +\newtheorem{prop}{Proposition}[section] +\end{verbatim} +With the optional argument \verb'[section]', the \verb'prop' counter +will be reset to 0 whenever the parent counter \verb'section' is +incremented, and the proposition label will have the section number +prepended. + +Note that theorem numbering is not accomplished by the same method +as the \cn{numberwithin} facility of \pkg{amsmath}, so an attempt to +use that to relate theorem numbers to equation numbers will not work +in the expected way. A method for accomplishing that, as well as +some other variations, is given in the AMS Author FAQ \cite{AF}, +in the section on \qq{Theorems in AMS-\LaTeX}. + + +\section{Changing styles for theorem-like environments} + +\subsection{The \cn{theoremstyle} command} + +The \pkg{amsthm} package supports the notion of a current theorem style, +which determines what will be produced by a given \cn{newtheorem} +command. The three theorem styles provided\mdash +\verb'plain',\index{plain theo@\texttt{plain} theorem style}\relax +\index{definition theo@\texttt{definition} theorem style}\relax +\index{remark theo@\texttt{remark} theorem style} \verb'definition', +and \verb'remark'\mdash specify different degrees of +visual emphasis corresponding to their relative importance. The +details of this typographical treatment may vary depending on the +document class, but typically the \verb'plain' style produces italic +body text, while the other two styles produce roman body text. + +If no \cn{theoremstyle} command is given, the style used will be +\texttt{plain}. To specify different styles, +divide your \cn{new\-theorem} commands into groups and preface each +group with the appropriate \cn{theo\-rem\-style}. Some examples: +\begin{verbatim} +\theoremstyle{plain}% default +\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}[section] +\newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma} +\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{Proposition} +\newtheorem*{cor}{Corollary} +\newtheorem*{KL}{Klein's Lemma} + +\theoremstyle{definition} +\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section] +\newtheorem{conj}{Conjecture}[section] +\newtheorem{exmp}{Example}[section] + +\theoremstyle{remark} +\newtheorem*{rem}{Remark} +\newtheorem*{note}{Note} +\newtheorem{case}{Case} +\end{verbatim} + +The following list summarizes the types of structures which are +normally associated with each theorem style. + +\smallskip +\begin{tabular}{ll} + \relax\env{plain} & Theorem, Lemma, Corollary, Proposition, Conjecture, \\ + & Criterion, Algorithm \\ + \relax\env{definition} \quad & Definition, Condition, Problem, Example \\ + \relax\env{remark} & Remark, Note, Notation, Claim, Summary, \\ + & Acknowledgment, Case, Conclusion +\end{tabular} + +\subsection{Number swapping} + +A common style variation is to have the theorem number at the beginning +of the heading instead of at the end, for example \qq{1.4 Theorem} +instead of \qq{Theorem 1.4}. As this variation is usually applied +to all \cn{theoremstyle}s, it is done by +placing a \cn{swapnumbers} command at the beginning of the list of +\cn{newtheorem} statements that should be affected. For example: +\begin{verbatim} +\swapnumbers +\theoremstyle{plain} +\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem} +\theoremstyle{remark} +\newtheorem{rem}{Remark} +\end{verbatim} + +In AMS document classes, when numbers are swapped, the style of the +numbers matches that of section headings; this may not be the same +style as the rest of the theorem heading. + +\subsection{New theorem styles} + +The \pkg{amsthm} package provides a \cn{newtheoremstyle} command +to aid in the creation of custom styles, should the three predefined +styles prove insufficient. The following example illustrates the use +of the \cn{newtheoremstyle} command. +\begin{verbatim} +\newtheoremstyle{note}% |?name> + {3pt}% |?Space above> + {3pt}% |?Space below> + {}% |?Body font> + {}% |?Indent amount>|ntnote1 + {\itshape}% |?Theorem head font> + {:}% |?Punctuation after theorem head> + {.5em}% |?Space after theorem head>|ntnote2 + {}% |?Theorem head spec (can be left empty, meaning `normal')> +\end{verbatim} +\noindent +\ntnote1 Indent amount: empty = no indent, \cn{parindent} = normal + paragraph indent + +\noindent +\ntnote2 Space after theorem head: \verb+{ }+ = normal interword space; + \cn{newline} = linebreak + +\smallskip +Apply the new theorem style in the same manner as the predefined ones. +For examples, see the file \fn{thmtest.tex}. + + +\section{Proofs} + +A predefined \env{proof} environment provided by the \pkg{amsthm} +package produces the heading \qq{Proof} with appropriate spacing and +punctuation. The proof environment is primarily intended for short +proofs, no more than a page or two in length; longer proofs are +usually better done as a separate \cn{section} or \cn{subsection} in +your document. + +An optional argument of the proof environment allows you to substitute +a different name for the standard \qq{Proof\/}. If you want +the proof heading to be, say, \qq{Proof of the Main Theorem}, then write +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{proof}[Proof of the Main Theorem] +\end{verbatim} + +A QED symbol, \qedsymbol, is automatically appended at the end of +a \env{proof} environment. To substitute a different end-of-proof +symbol, use \cn{renewcommand} to redefine the command \cn{qedsymbol}. +For a long proof done as a subsection or section instead of with the +\env{proof} environment, you can obtain the symbol and the usual +amount of preceding space by using \cn{qed}. + +Placement of the QED symbol can be problematic if the last part of +a \env{proof} environment is a displayed equation or list environment +or something of that nature. In that case put a \cn{qedhere} command at +the place where the QED symbol should appear, for example, +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{proof} +... +\begin{equation} +G(t)=L\gamma!\,t^{-\gamma}+t^{-\delta}\eta(t) \qedhere +\end{equation} +\end{proof} +\end{verbatim} +When used with the \pkg{amsmath} package, version 2 or later, \cn{qedhere} +will position the QED symbol flush right; with earlier versions, the +symbol will be spaced a quad away from the end of the text or display. + +If \cn{qedhere} produces an error message in an equation, try using +\verb'\mbox{\qedhere}' instead. + +\begin{thebibliography}{[AF]} + +\bibitem[AF]{AF} AMS Author FAQ, +\texttt{http://www.ams.org/authors/author-faq.html} + +\end{thebibliography} + +\end{document} -- cgit v1.2.3