From a3f89152f66285a955a51e3dbeeae31e1f8a63e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Karl Berry Date: Wed, 15 May 2013 21:52:09 +0000 Subject: latex2e-help-texinfo (15may13) git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@30487 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751 --- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog | 23 + .../texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS | 8 + .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | 131 +- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html | 215 +- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf | Bin 656486 -> 675691 bytes .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi | 90 +- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt | 1602 +++++- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml | 5153 ++++++++++---------- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el | 182 +- 9 files changed, 4570 insertions(+), 2834 deletions(-) (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo') diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog index 9b30c2ca513..7250c507a9b 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,24 @@ +2013-05-13 Karl Berry + + * latex2e.texi (Font styles): mention \oldstylenums. + (picture): \unitlength default is 1pt. + +2013-04-25 Karl Berry + + * latex2e.texi (\newcommand & \renewcommand): mention * form; + try to clarify optional arg defaults. + (beamer template): link to one of the many web pages about this. + (\AT): make example output better match input. + +2013-04-25 Mandar Mitra + + * ltx-help.el (latex-help): handle try-completion returning a + string for a partial match, vs. t for exact match. + +2013-04-25 Karl Berry + + * ltx-help.el: untabify, doc fixes. + 2012-05-10 Karl Berry * May 2012 release for TeX Live 2012. @@ -344,3 +365,5 @@ * latex2e.texi: remove comments, single space after @node for ease of searching. + +(This ChangeLog file is in the public domain.) diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS index 6093263061b..c501f23260c 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS @@ -3,8 +3,16 @@ Public domain. Originally written 1995, Torsten Martinsen. Spanish translation from Nacho Pacheco. +---------------------------------------------------------------- +Changes in May 2013 release: + +Usual bug fixes, template updates. +Mention \unitlength default (1pt) and \oldstylenums. +Fix in ltx-help.el to find correct nodes for environments, etc. + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in May 2012 release: + Template updates and references. More on floats. Mention a few other documents. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk index 6d42c9c12d1..94aba2c18a0 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk @@ -4,14 +4,15 @@ ]> -&latex;2e reference manual (May 2012) +&latex;2e reference manual (May 2013) - + + @@ -19,12 +20,12 @@ + - - + This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2012. +document preparation system, version of May 2013. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as &tex;niques number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). -Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry. +Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Karl Berry. Copyright © 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2012. +document preparation system, version of May 2013. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as &tex;niques number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). -Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry. +Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Karl Berry. Copyright © 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. &latex;2e This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is +document preparation system, version as of May 2013. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of &latex; for many years. @@ -135,17 +136,17 @@ infrastructure. Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about &latex;. Here are a few: - +http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. - +http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. - +http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there are several others. - +http://tug.org/begin.html Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;. @@ -458,40 +459,50 @@ instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}. \textbf \bfseries Boldface. -\textup (\upshape) + +\textup (\upshape) \textup \upshape Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. -\textsl (\slshape) + +\textsl (\slshape) \textsl \slshape Slanted. -\textsf (\sffamily) + +\textsf (\sffamily) \textsf \sffamily Sans serif. -\textsc (\scshape) + +\textsc (\scshape) \textsc \scshape Small caps. -\texttt (\ttfamily) + +\texttt (\ttfamily) \texttt \ttfamily Typewriter. -\textnormal (\normalfont) + +\textnormal (\normalfont) \textnormal \normalfont Main document font. -\mathrm + +\mathrm \mathrm Roman, for use in math mode. -\mathbf + +\mathbf \mathbf Boldface, for use in math mode. -\mathsf + +\mathsf \mathsf Sans serif, for use in math mode. -\mathtt + +\mathtt \mathtt Typewriter, for use in math mode. @@ -502,16 +513,32 @@ instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}. \mathnormal \mathnormal For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. -\mathcal + +\mathcal \mathcal ‘Calligraphic’ letters, for use in math mode. - -In addition, the command -\mathversion{bold} + + \mathversion -can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in +In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for +switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default. +\oldstylenums +numerals, old-style +old-style numerals +lining numerals +textcomp package +Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will +typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights +and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” +numerals. &latex;’s default fonts support this, and will respect +\textbf (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style +numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style +numerals also; sometimes the textcomp package must be loaded, +and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. +FAQ entry: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf. + &latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are not cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: {\cmd ...} @@ -1793,9 +1820,11 @@ point and a minus sign—a number like 5, 0.3-3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 -centimeters. You should only change the value of \unitlength, -using the \setlength command, outside of a picture -environment. +centimeters. + +You should only change the value of \unitlength, using the +\setlength command, outside of a picture environment. +The default value is 1pt. A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. @@ -3070,13 +3099,15 @@ footnotes. This is ‘6.65pt’ for ‘ \newcommand and \renewcommand define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: - \newcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn} -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn} - \newcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn} -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn} + \newcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn} +\renewcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn} - -cmd +* +*-form of defining new commands +The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain +multiple paragraphs of text (not \long, in plain &tex; terms). + +cmd The command name beginning with \. For \newcommand, it must not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand, it must already be defined. @@ -3086,11 +3117,12 @@ must not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. -default +optarg If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s -first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the -default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified -in the call) is the string ‘def’. +first argument is optional. The default value of the optional +argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is optarg, +or, if that argument is present in the \newcommand but has an +empty value, the string ‘def’. defn The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a @@ -3162,14 +3194,18 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. Synopses: - \newenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef} - \newenvironment{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef} -\renewenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef} + \newenvironment[*]{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef} +\renewenvironment[*]{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef} These commands define or redefine an environment env, that is, \begin{env} … \end{env}. -env +* +*-form of environment commands +The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the +contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. + +env The name of the environment. For \newenvironment, env must not be an existing environment, and the command \env must be undefined. For \renewenvironment, env must be @@ -4879,6 +4915,7 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
… in C. Pascal, though … + … in C. Pascal, though …
@@ -6420,8 +6457,10 @@ The end. \end{frame} \end{document} -
+One web resource for this: +http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/. + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html index 399a533ae25..fa6f6fbbdd7 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ - + -LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2012) +LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2013) - - + + @@ -53,20 +53,23 @@ a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} +div.indentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em} div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em} div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em} +div.smallindentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em; font-size: smaller} div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em} -pre.display {font-family: serif} -pre.format {font-family: serif} +kbd {font-style:oblique} +pre.display {font-family: inherit} +pre.format {font-family: inherit} pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} -pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} +pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} -pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} +pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.nocodebreak {white-space:pre} -span.nolinebreak {white-space:pre} +span.nocodebreak {white-space:nowrap} +span.nolinebreak {white-space:nowrap} span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal} span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal} ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} @@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} -

LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2012)

+

LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2013)

@@ -404,7 +407,7 @@ Next:
-

If invoked as latex, a “Device Independent” (‘.dvi’) +

If invoked as latex, a “Device Independent” (.dvi) file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for virtually any output device. You can view such -‘.dvi’ output of LaTeX by using a program such as +.dvi output of LaTeX by using a program such as xdvi (display directly), dvips (convert to PostScript), or dvipdfmx (convert to PDF).

@@ -568,19 +571,19 @@ PostScript), or dvipdfmx (convert to PDF).

If invoked as pdflatex, a “Portable Document Format” -(‘.pdf’) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with +(.pdf) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does -make the output much larger than the ‘.dvi’ produced from the +make the output much larger than the .dvi produced from the same document.

-

If invoked as lualatex, a ‘.pdf’ file is created using +

If invoked as lualatex, a .pdf file is created using the LuaTeX engine (http://luatex.org).

-

If invoked as xelatex, a ‘.pdf’ file is created using +

If invoked as xelatex, a .pdf file is created using the XeTeX engine (http://tug.org/xetex).

@@ -592,13 +595,13 @@ can produce HTML, XML, and other things.
  • -The “transcript” or ‘.log’ file that contains summary +The “transcript” or .log file that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
  • -An “auxiliary” or ‘.aux’ file. This is used by LaTeX itself, +An “auxiliary” or .aux file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for things such as cross-references.
  • @@ -916,49 +919,59 @@ instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}.

    Boldface. -

    +

    +
    \textup (\upshape)

    Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. -

    +

    +
    \textsl (\slshape)

    Slanted. -

    +

    +
    \textsf (\sffamily)

    Sans serif. -

    +

    +
    \textsc (\scshape)

    Small caps. -

    +

    +
    \texttt (\ttfamily)

    Typewriter. -

    +

    +
    \textnormal (\normalfont)

    Main document font. -

    +

    +
    \mathrm

    Roman, for use in math mode. -

    +

    +
    \mathbf

    Boldface, for use in math mode. -

    +

    +
    \mathsf

    Sans serif, for use in math mode. -

    +

    +
    \mathtt

    Typewriter, for use in math mode. @@ -972,19 +985,35 @@ instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}.

    \mathnormal

    For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. -

    +

    +
    \mathcal

    ‘Calligraphic’ letters, for use in math mode. -

    +

    + -

    In addition, the command -\mathversion{bold} -can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in +

    In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for +switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default.

    + + + + + +

    Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will +typeset so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights +and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard “lining” +numerals. LaTeX’s default fonts support this, and will respect +\textbf (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style +numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style +numerals also; sometimes the textcomp package must be loaded, +and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. +FAQ entry: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf. +

    LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are not cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: {\cmd ...} @@ -1077,8 +1106,7 @@ Next:

    Document class -options). +‘12pt’ document size options, respectively (see Document class options).

    @@ -2092,8 +2120,7 @@ that item.

    The enumerate environment uses the commands \labelenumi through \labelenumiv to produce the default label. So, you can -use \renewcommand to change the labels (see \newcommand & -\renewcommand). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase +use \renewcommand to change the labels (see \newcommand & \renewcommand). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase letters:

    @@ -2787,9 +2814,11 @@ point and a minus sign—a number like 5, 0.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 -centimeters. You should only change the value of \unitlength, -using the \setlength command, outside of a picture -environment. +centimeters. +

    +

    You should only change the value of \unitlength, using the +\setlength command, outside of a picture environment. +The default value is 1pt.

    A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. @@ -3812,8 +3841,8 @@ automatically generated using the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.

    -

    This command writes an entry to the ‘.aux’ file containing the -item’s cite_key and label. When the ‘.aux’ file is read by +

    This command writes an entry to the .aux file containing the +item’s cite_key and label. When the .aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item’s label is associated with cite_key, causing references to cite_key with a \cite command (see next section) to produce the @@ -3840,7 +3869,7 @@ Next: , Previous:

    The keys argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with keys by entries in the -‘.aux’ file. +.aux file.

    The text of the optional subcite argument appears after the citation. For example, \cite[p.~314]{knuth} might produce @@ -3860,7 +3889,7 @@ Next: , Previou

    \nocite{key_list}

    The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, -which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the ‘.aux’ file. +which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the .aux file.


    @@ -3892,7 +3921,7 @@ you include the lines

    The \bibliographystyle command does not produce any output of its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be produced: bibstyle refers to a file -bibstyle.bst’, which defines how your citations will look. +bibstyle.bst, which defines how your citations will look. The standard style names distributed with BibTeX are:

    @@ -3917,7 +3946,7 @@ the demands of various publications. See

    The \bibliography command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to \bibliography refers to files -named ‘bibfile.bib’, which should contain your database in +named bibfile.bib, which should contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via \cite and \nocite will be listed in the bibliography.

    @@ -4638,14 +4667,17 @@ Next: , Up command, respectively. Synopses:

    -
      \newcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn}
    -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn}
    -  \newcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn}
    -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn}
    +
      \newcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn}
    +\renewcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn}
     
    -
    +
    *
    +
    +

    The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain +multiple paragraphs of text (not \long, in plain TeX terms). +

    +
    cmd

    The command name beginning with \. For \newcommand, it must not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for @@ -4658,11 +4690,12 @@ that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments.

    -
    default
    +
    optarg

    If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s -first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the -default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified -in the call) is the string ‘def’. +first argument is optional. The default value of the optional +argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is optarg, +or, if that argument is present in the \newcommand but has an +empty value, the string ‘def’.

    defn
    @@ -4763,15 +4796,20 @@ Next: , Pr

    Synopses:

    -
      \newenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
    -  \newenvironment{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef}
    -\renewenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
    +
      \newenvironment[*]{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef}
    +\renewenvironment[*]{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
     

    These commands define or redefine an environment env, that is, \begin{env} … \end{env}.

    +
    *
    +
    +

    The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the +contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. +

    +
    env

    The name of the environment. For \newenvironment, env must not be an existing environment, and the command \env @@ -4870,10 +4908,10 @@ Next: , Previous

    Defines a control sequence \cmd, which must not already be defined, to make fontname be the current font. The file -looked for on the system is named ‘fontname.tfm’. +looked for on the system is named fontname.tfm.

    This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. -More commonly, fonts are defined in families through ‘.fd’ files. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through .fd files.


    @@ -7684,7 +7722,7 @@ useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example It is also often used after control sequences, as in \TeX\ is a nice system.

    -

    In normal circumstances, \<tab> and \<newline> +

    In normal circumstances, \tab and \newline are equivalent to \ .

    @@ -7711,7 +7749,7 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without

    produces

    -

    … in C. Pascal, though … +

    … in C. Pascal, though …
    … in C. Pascal, though …

    @@ -8282,7 +8320,7 @@ Next: , Previous: 22.2 Text symbols - +

    LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the textcomp package. @@ -9224,7 +9262,7 @@ Next: , Up: A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must -have generated a ‘.toc’ file. +have generated a .toc file.

    The \tableofcontents command produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the @@ -9294,7 +9332,7 @@ following, matching the value of the ext argument:

    -

    What is written to the ‘.ext’ file is the +

    What is written to the .ext file is the command \contentsline{unit}{name}.

    @@ -9310,14 +9348,14 @@ Previous: \addco

    The \addtocontents{ext}{text} command adds text -(or formatting commands) directly to the ‘.ext’ file that +(or formatting commands) directly to the .ext file that generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.

    ext

    The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -‘toc’ (table of contents), ‘lof’ (list of figures), or -‘lot’ (list of tables). +toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or +lot (list of tables).

    text
    @@ -9342,7 +9380,7 @@ Next: , Previous:

    The command \glossary{text} writes a glossary entry for -text to an auxiliary file with the ‘.glo’ extension. +text to an auxiliary file with the .glo extension.

    Specifically, what gets written is the command @@ -9370,7 +9408,7 @@ the preamble.

    The command \index{text} writes an index entry for -text to an auxiliary file with the ‘.idx’ extension. +text to an auxiliary file with the .idx extension.

    Specifically, what gets written is the command @@ -9391,11 +9429,11 @@ languages. -

    The generated ‘.idx’ file is then sorted with an external +

    The generated .idx file is then sorted with an external command, usually either makeindex (http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex) or (the multi-lingual) xindy (http://xindy.sourceforge.net). -This results in a ‘.ind’ file, which can then be read to typeset +This results in a .ind file, which can then be read to typeset the index.

    @@ -9435,7 +9473,7 @@ Next:

    The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; -TeX uses ‘.tex’ as a default file extension. If you omit the +TeX uses .tex as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. @@ -9833,7 +9871,7 @@ command; e.g.

    latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
     
    -

    will process ‘foo.tex’ without pausing after every error. +

    will process foo.tex without pausing after every error.

    @@ -9927,8 +9965,10 @@ Next: , \end{frame} \end{document} - +

    One web resource for this: +http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/. +


    @@ -10086,12 +10126,14 @@ Next: , Previ
    * *’ promptCommand line +*-form of defining new commands\newcommand & \renewcommand +*-form of environment commands\newenvironment & \renewenvironment *-form of sectioning commandsSectioning
    . -.glo’ fileGlossaries -.idx’ fileIndexes -.ind’ fileIndexes +.glo fileGlossaries +.idx fileIndexes +.ind fileIndexes
    ` ‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entriesIndexes @@ -10358,6 +10400,7 @@ Next: , Previ line breaks, forcing\linebreak & \nolinebreak line breaks, preventing\linebreak & \nolinebreak lines in tablestabular +lining numeralsFont styles lining text up in tablestabular lining text up using tab stopstabbing list items, specifying counter\usecounter @@ -10410,11 +10453,13 @@ Next: , Previ notes in the marginMarginal notes null delimiterMath miscellany numbered items, specifying counter\usecounter +numerals, old-styleFont styles
    O oblique fontFont styles oe ligatureNon-English characters ogonekAccents +old-style numeralsFont styles one-column output\onecolumn opening quoteText symbols options, document classDocument class options @@ -10536,6 +10581,7 @@ Next: , Previ terminal input/outputTerminal input/output TeX logoText symbols text symbolsText symbols +textcomp packageFont styles thanks, for titlepage\maketitle theorems, defining\newtheorem theorems, typesettingtheorem @@ -11178,6 +11224,7 @@ Previous: Concept Index\oe (œ)Non-English characters \OE (Œ)Non-English characters \ointMath symbols +\oldstylenumsFont styles \OmegaMath symbols \omegaMath symbols \ominusMath symbols @@ -11599,7 +11646,7 @@ Previous: Concept Indextabbing environmenttabbing tabletable tabular environmenttabular -textcomp packageText symbols +textcomp packageText symbols thebibliographythebibliography theorem environmenttheorem titlepage environmenttitlepage diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf index ca7c6eca809..c2cbc892a4b 100644 Binary files a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf and b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf differ diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi index f962885638c..8bfe58fe889 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ \input texinfo -@c $Id: latex2e.texi 263 2012-04-25 16:43:05Z karl $ +@c $Id: latex2e.texi 270 2013-05-13 17:48:08Z karl $ @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @setfilename latex2e.info -@set UPDATED May 2012 +@set UPDATED May 2013 @settitle @LaTeX{}2e reference manual (@value{UPDATED}) @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, @c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. @c -@c xx mention \oldstylenums (comes from where?) @c xx mention \topnumber, \bottomnumber, \totalnumber +@c xx mention \nocorr, \textit and ic +@c xx give actual smallskip/etc. defaults @c @c xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) @c xx merge permuted-index @@ -18,9 +19,9 @@ @c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel @c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. @c xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. +@c xx See also http://www.ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. @c -@c xx packages -- required, additional, useful; oberdiek ... -@c xx fonts -- latexsys +@c xx packages -- required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts @copying This document is an unofficial reference manual for @LaTeX{}, a @@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ and C.@tie{}Biemesderfer (published by the @TeX{} Users Group as @cite{@TeX{}niques} number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). -Copyright @copyright{} 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry.@* +Copyright @copyright{} 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Karl Berry.@* Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.@* Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -511,39 +512,49 @@ Medium weight (default). @findex \textbf @findex \bfseries Boldface. + @item \textup (\upshape) @findex \textup @findex \upshape Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. + @item \textsl (\slshape) @findex \textsl @findex \slshape Slanted. + @item \textsf (\sffamily) @findex \textsf @findex \sffamily Sans serif. + @item \textsc (\scshape) @findex \textsc @findex \scshape Small caps. + @item \texttt (\ttfamily) @findex \texttt @findex \ttfamily Typewriter. + @item \textnormal (\normalfont) @findex \textnormal @findex \normalfont Main document font. + @item \mathrm @findex \mathrm Roman, for use in math mode. + @item \mathbf @findex \mathbf Boldface, for use in math mode. + @item \mathsf @findex \mathsf Sans serif, for use in math mode. + @item \mathtt @findex \mathtt Typewriter, for use in math mode. @@ -555,17 +566,33 @@ Italics, for use in math mode. @item \mathnormal @findex \mathnormal For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. + @item \mathcal @findex \mathcal `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. + @end table -In addition, the command -@code{\mathversion@{bold@}} @findex \mathversion -can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in +In addition, the command @code{\mathversion@{bold@}} can be used for +switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. @code{\mathversion@{normal@}} restores the default. +@findex \oldstylenums +@cindex numerals, old-style +@cindex old-style numerals +@cindex lining numerals +@cindex @code{textcomp} package +Finally, the command @code{\oldstylenums@{@var{numerals}@}} will +typeset so-called ``old-style'' numerals, which have differing heights +and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard ``lining'' +numerals. @LaTeX{}'s default fonts support this, and will respect +@code{\textbf} (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style +numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style +numerals also; sometimes the @code{textcomp} package must be loaded, +and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. +FAQ entry: @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf}. + @LaTeX{} also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are @emph{not} cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: @code{@{\@var{cmd} ...@}} @@ -1977,9 +2004,11 @@ point and a minus sign---a number like @code{5}, @code{0.3} or @code{-3.1416}. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length @code{\unitlength}, so if @code{\unitlength} has been set to @code{1cm}, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 -centimeters. You should only change the value of @code{\unitlength}, -using the @code{\setlength} command, outside of a @code{picture} -environment. +centimeters. + +You should only change the value of @code{\unitlength}, using the +@code{\setlength} command, outside of a @code{picture} environment. +The default value is @code{1pt}. A position is a pair of coordinates, such as @code{(2.4,-5)}, specifying the point with x-coordinate @code{2.4} and y-coordinate @code{-5}. @@ -3372,14 +3401,16 @@ footnotes. This is @samp{6.65pt} for @samp{10pt}, @samp{7.7pt} for command, respectively. Synopses: @example - \newcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{defn}@} -\renewcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{defn}@} - \newcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{default}]@{@var{defn}@} -\renewcommand@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{default}]@{@var{defn}@} + \newcommand[*]@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optarg}]@{@var{defn}@} +\renewcommand[*]@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optarg}]@{@var{defn}@} @end example - @table @var +@item @code{*} +@cindex *-form of defining new commands +The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain +multiple paragraphs of text (not @code{\long}, in plain @TeX{} terms). + @item cmd The command name beginning with @code{\}. For @code{\newcommand}, it must not be already defined and must not begin with @code{\end}; for @@ -3390,11 +3421,12 @@ An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. -@item default +@item optarg If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's -first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the -default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified -in the call) is the string @samp{def}. +first argument is optional. The default value of the optional +argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is @var{optarg}, +or, if that argument is present in the @code{\newcommand} but has an +empty value, the string @samp{def}. @item defn The text to be substituted for every occurrence of @code{cmd}; a @@ -3470,15 +3502,19 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. Synopses: @example - \newenvironment@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@} - \newenvironment@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{default}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@} -\renewenvironment@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@} + \newenvironment[*]@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{default}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@} +\renewenvironment[*]@{@var{env}@}[@var{nargs}]@{@var{begdef}@}@{@var{enddef}@} @end example These commands define or redefine an environment @var{env}, that is, @code{\begin@{@var{env}@} @dots{} \end@{@var{env}@}}. @table @var +@item @code{*} +@cindex *-form of environment commands +The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the +contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. + @item env The name of the environment. For @code{\newenvironment}, @var{env} must not be an existing environment, and the command @code{\@var{env}} @@ -5309,7 +5345,7 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without @c Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. @quotation -@dots{} in C@. Pascal, though @dots{} +@dots{} in C@. Pascal, though @dots{}@* @dots{} in C. Pascal, though @dots{} @end quotation @@ -6937,9 +6973,11 @@ The @code{beamer} class creates slides presentations. \end{frame} \end{document} - @end verbatim +One web resource for this: +@url{http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/}. + @node tugboat template @section @code{tugboat} template diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt index bfb0410d602..3050b78b437 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt @@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ LaTeX2e ******* This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is intended to cover +preparation system, version as of May 2013. It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. 1 About this document @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers -('http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by the +(). The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is available from their web site. The present document is completely unofficial and has not been @@ -254,20 +254,24 @@ reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to . - The home page for this document is 'http://home.gna.org/latexrefman'. + The home page for this document is . That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other infrastructure. Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about LaTeX. Here are a few: + Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation. + Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. + The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there are several others. + Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX. 2 Overview of LaTeX @@ -300,10 +304,10 @@ output: from the same document. If invoked as 'lualatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the - LuaTeX engine ('http://luatex.org'). + LuaTeX engine (). If invoked as 'xelatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the - XeTeX engine ('http://tug.org/xetex'). + XeTeX engine (). Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. @@ -474,24 +478,34 @@ for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. '\textbf (\bfseries)' Boldface. + '\textup (\upshape)' Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. + '\textsl (\slshape)' Slanted. + '\textsf (\sffamily)' Sans serif. + '\textsc (\scshape)' Small caps. + '\texttt (\ttfamily)' Typewriter. + '\textnormal (\normalfont)' Main document font. + '\mathrm' Roman, for use in math mode. + '\mathbf' Boldface, for use in math mode. + '\mathsf' Sans serif, for use in math mode. + '\mathtt' Typewriter, for use in math mode. @@ -501,6 +515,7 @@ for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. '\mathnormal' For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. + '\mathcal' 'Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. @@ -508,6 +523,16 @@ for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. '\mathversion{normal}' restores the default. + Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called +"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and +sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals. LaTeX's default +fonts support this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles; +there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other +fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the 'textcomp' package +must be loaded, and sometimes package options are provided to make them +the default. FAQ entry: +. + LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: '{\CMD ...}' instead of @@ -620,7 +645,7 @@ ones. default is 1. However, the best way to "double space" a document, if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the 'setspace' package; see - 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace'. + . '\linespread{FACTOR}' Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and @@ -1083,7 +1108,7 @@ letters: First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which cannot be overcome; the article "Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen describes them in detail -('http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf'). The bottom line is +(). The bottom line is that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the 'amsmath' package. @@ -1153,7 +1178,7 @@ put a float: allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column output. To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix' package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ: - 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat'. + . 'h' (Here)--at the position in the text where the figure environment @@ -1163,7 +1188,7 @@ put a float: To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at - 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere'. + . 'p' (Page of floats)--on a separate float page, which is a page @@ -1234,7 +1259,7 @@ non-float text: Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats: -'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats'. +. 9.11 'flushleft' ================ @@ -1474,9 +1499,11 @@ coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign--a number like '5', '0.3' or '-3.1416'. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if '\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies -a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of -'\unitlength', using the '\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture' -environment. +a length of 2.54 centimeters. + + You should only change the value of '\unitlength', using the +'\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture' environment. The default +value is '1pt'. A position is a pair of coordinates, such as '(2.4,-5)', specifying the point with x-coordinate '2.4' and y-coordinate '-5'. Coordinates @@ -2118,7 +2145,7 @@ BibTeX are: In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -'http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib'. +. The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named @@ -2460,10 +2487,13 @@ LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. '\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: - \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} - \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} + \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN} + \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN} + +'*' + The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not + contain multiple paragraphs of text (not '\long', in plain TeX + terms). CMD The command name beginning with '\'. For '\newcommand', it must @@ -2475,11 +2505,12 @@ NARGS that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. -DEFAULT +OPTARG If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's - first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the - default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not - specified in the call) is the string 'def'. + first argument is optional. The default value of the optional + argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG, or, + if that argument is present in the '\newcommand' but has an empty + value, the string 'def'. DEFN The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a @@ -2530,13 +2561,17 @@ refer to a new bin for storing boxes. Synopses: - \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} - \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} - \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + \newenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + \renewenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is, '\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'. +'*' + The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the + contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of + text. + ENV The name of the environment. For '\newenvironment', ENV must not be an existing environment, and the command '\ENV' must be @@ -2620,8 +2655,8 @@ preceded by '\protect'. See also: -'http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html' -'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect' + + 14 Counters *********** @@ -3970,7 +4005,8 @@ capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without '\@': produces - ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... + ... in C. Pascal, though ... + ... in C. Pascal, though ... 20.5 '\thinspace' ================= @@ -4764,8 +4800,8 @@ make a 'See also' entry. the macro '\alsoname'. These can be redefined for other languages. The generated '.idx' file is then sorted with an external command, -usually either 'makeindex' ('http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex') -or (the multi-lingual) 'xindy' ('http://xindy.sourceforge.net'). This +usually either 'makeindex' () +or (the multi-lingual) 'xindy' (). This results in a '.ind' file, which can then be read to typeset the index. The index is usually generated with the '\printindex' command. This @@ -4781,7 +4817,7 @@ the index. The 'multind' package supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, -'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind'. +. 25 Letters ********** @@ -4985,7 +5021,7 @@ Appendix A Document templates Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed -'http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates'. +. A.1 'book' template =================== @@ -5034,12 +5070,14 @@ The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations. \end{document} + One web resource for this: +. A.3 'tugboat' template ====================== 'TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group, -'http://tug.org/TUGboat'. +. \documentclass{ltugboat} \usepackage{graphicx} @@ -5117,6 +5155,1504 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. Concept Index ************* +* Menu: + +* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 5018) +* *-form of defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 2496) +* *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 2573) +* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 832) +* '.glo' file: Glossaries. (line 4775) +* '.idx' file: Indexes. (line 4791) +* '.ind' file: Indexes. (line 4805) +* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 4798) +* abstracts: abstract. (line 929) +* accents: Accents. (line 4476) +* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 3706) +* accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters. + (line 4290) +* acute accent: Accents. (line 4490) +* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 3711) +* ae ligature: Non-English characters. + (line 4579) +* align environment, from 'amsmath': eqnarray. (line 1109) +* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 1109) +* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 1780) +* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray. (line 1109) +* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 838) +* aring: Non-English characters. + (line 4575) +* arrays, math: array. (line 940) +* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 4424) +* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 4456) +* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 4392) +* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 4357) +* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 4360) +* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 4363) +* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3874) +* auxiliary file: Overview. (line 319) +* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 4366) +* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 4372) +* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 4369) +* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 4499) +* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 3714) +* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 4516) +* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 282) +* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 2123) +* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 2059) +* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 2123) +* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 4375) +* black boxes, omitting: Document class options. + (line 392) +* bold font: Font styles. (line 543) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 1034) +* boxes: Boxes. (line 4105) +* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 4378) +* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 4381) +* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 2243) +* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 2344) +* breve accent: Accents. (line 4555) +* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 3717) +* bug reporting: About this document. + (line 252) +* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 3043) +* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 4384) +* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 1320) +* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 546) +* cap height: Text symbols. (line 4392) +* caron accent: Accents. (line 4565) +* case sensitivity of LaTeX: Overview. (line 331) +* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 4877) +* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 4520) +* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 4363) +* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 4431) +* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 999) +* centering text, environment for: center. (line 985) +* characters, accented: Accents. (line 4476) +* characters, non-English: Non-English characters. + (line 4570) +* characters, reserved: Reserved characters. + (line 4271) +* check accent: Accents. (line 4565) +* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 3720) +* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 4375) +* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 4387) +* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 4503) +* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 3732) +* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 4357) +* class options: Document class options. + (line 371) +* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 354) +* closing letters: \closing. (line 4887) +* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 4348) +* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 2190) +* command line: Command line. (line 5009) +* commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 2489) +* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 4392) +* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 2190) +* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 4308) +* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 2666) +* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 2525) +* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 2724) +* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 2738) +* creating letters: Letters. (line 4828) +* creating pictures: picture. (line 1492) +* creating tables: table. (line 1871) +* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 3884) +* cross references: Cross references. (line 859) +* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 897) +* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 907) +* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 4403) +* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 4412) +* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 4400) +* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 4311) +* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 4397) +* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3880) +* 'datetime' package: \today. (line 4644) +* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 2489) +* defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 2564) +* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 2631) +* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 2603) +* definitions: Definitions. (line 2484) +* description lists, creating: description. (line 1022) +* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 4486) +* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 3777) +* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation. + (line 1750) +* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote. + (line 1765) +* document class options: Document class options. + (line 371) +* document classes: Document classes. (line 354) +* document templates: Document templates. (line 5025) +* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 4403) +* dot accent: Accents. (line 4495) +* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 3726) +* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 4495) +* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 4524) +* dotless i: Accents. (line 4532) +* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 3735) +* dotless j: Accents. (line 4535) +* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 3738) +* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4323) +* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 4314) +* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 4400) +* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 3723) +* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 4323) +* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 4437) +* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 4345) +* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 4450) +* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 4440) +* double spacing: Low-level font commands. + (line 644) +* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 4372) +* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 4409) +* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 4329) +* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 4406) +* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 4459) +* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 4465) +* emphasis: Font styles. (line 475) +* emphasis <1>: Font styles. (line 549) +* enclosure list: \encl. (line 4897) +* ending & starting: Starting & ending. (line 337) +* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 2371) +* environments: Environments. (line 919) +* environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 2564) +* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 907) +* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 1132) +* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 1109) +* equations, environment for: equation. (line 1144) +* es-zet German letter: Non-English characters. + (line 4611) +* eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters. + (line 4583) +* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 4412) +* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 4415) +* exponent: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 2953) +* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 4428) +* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 907) +* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 1479) +* figures, inserting: figure. (line 1157) +* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 567) +* 'float' package: figure. (line 1185) +* 'float' package <1>: figure. (line 1189) +* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 2359) +* font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. + (line 598) +* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 572) +* font styles: Font styles. (line 454) +* fonts: Typefaces. (line 448) +* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 2631) +* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 3914) +* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters. + (line 738) +* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 907) +* footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. + (line 2468) +* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 1479) +* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 2404) +* footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes. + (line 2455) +* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 1144) +* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 2917) +* fragile commands: \protect. (line 2645) +* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4323) +* functions, math: Math functions. (line 3598) +* global options: Document class options. + (line 371) +* global options <1>: Document class options. + (line 441) +* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 4773) +* grave accent: Accents. (line 4507) +* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 3729) +* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 4418) +* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 2962) +* ha'c: tabbing. (line 1805) +* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. + (line 3767) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1804) +* \@: \AT. (line 4002) +* \@fnsymbol: Symbolic footnotes. (line 2460) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1834) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 1835) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 1835) +* \aa (aa): Non-English characters. + (line 4575) +* \AA (AA): Non-English characters. + (line 4575) +* \acute: Math accents. (line 3710) +* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: \addcontentsline. (line 4729) +* \address: \address. (line 4864) +* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 4758) +* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 2748) +* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 2791) +* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 4054) +* \ae (ae): Non-English characters. + (line 4579) +* \AE (AE): Non-English characters. + (line 4579) +* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 2970) +* \alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 2684) +* \Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 2687) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 1104) +* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 2973) +* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 4802) +* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 2976) +* \and for '\author': \maketitle. (line 3874) +* \angle: Math symbols. (line 2979) +* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 838) +* \approx: Math symbols. (line 2982) +* \arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 2690) +* \arccos: Math functions. (line 3601) +* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 3604) +* \arctan: Math functions. (line 3607) +* \arg: Math functions. (line 3610) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 975) +* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 1992) +* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 1996) +* \ast: Math symbols. (line 2985) +* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 2988) +* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 3873) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 1835) +* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 4516) +* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 2991) +* \backslash <1>: Reserved characters. + (line 4281) +* \bar: Math accents. (line 3713) +* \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. + (line 638) +* \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands. + (line 644) +* \begin: Environments. (line 919) +* \beta: Math symbols. (line 2994) +* \bf: Font styles. (line 542) +* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 481) +* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 2084) +* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 2123) +* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 2123) +* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 2997) +* \bigcap <1>: Math symbols. (line 3027) +* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 3000) +* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 3003) +* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 3006) +* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 3009) +* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 3012) +* \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 4068) +* \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 4068) +* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 3021) +* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 3015) +* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 3018) +* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 3024) +* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 3030) +* \bmod: Math functions. (line 3613) +* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 2940) +* \bot: Math symbols. (line 3033) +* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 1218) +* \bottomnumber: figure. (line 1251) +* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 3036) +* \Box: Math symbols. (line 3039) +* \breve: Math accents. (line 3716) +* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 3042) +* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 4520) +* \cal: Font styles. (line 545) +* \cap: Math symbols. (line 3045) +* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 4490) +* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 4555) +* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 4565) +* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 4520) +* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 4503) +* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 4486) +* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 4524) +* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 4507) +* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 4528) +* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 4499) +* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 4550) +* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 4539) +* \capitalring: Accents. (line 4544) +* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 4550) +* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 4513) +* \caption: figure. (line 1211) +* \cc: \cc. (line 4877) +* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 3048) +* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 3780) +* \centering: \centering. (line 999) +* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 810) +* \check: Math accents. (line 3719) +* \chi: Math symbols. (line 3051) +* \circ: Math symbols. (line 3054) +* \circle: \circle. (line 1562) +* \cite: \cite. (line 2101) +* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 2351) +* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 2359) +* \cline: \cline. (line 2034) +* \closing: \closing. (line 4887) +* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 3057) +* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 689) +* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 692) +* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 696) +* \cong: Math symbols. (line 3060) +* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 4752) +* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 3063) +* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 4306) +* \cos: Math functions. (line 3616) +* \cosh: Math functions. (line 3619) +* \cot: Math functions. (line 3622) +* \coth: Math functions. (line 3625) +* \csc: Math functions. (line 3628) +* \cup: Math symbols. (line 3066) +* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 4524) +* \dag: Text symbols. (line 4310) +* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 3069) +* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 1613) +* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 3072) +* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 3879) +* \day: \day \month \year. (line 2767) +* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 707) +* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 711) +* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 716) +* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 702) +* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 4313) +* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 3075) +* \ddot: Math accents. (line 3722) +* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 3784) +* \deg: Math functions. (line 3631) +* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 3078) +* \delta: Math symbols. (line 3081) +* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 2823) +* \det: Math functions. (line 3634) +* \dh (ae): Non-English characters. + (line 4583) +* \DH (AE): Non-English characters. + (line 4583) +* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 3084) +* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 3087) +* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 3090) +* \dim: Math functions. (line 3637) +* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 2945) +* \div: Math symbols. (line 3093) +* \dj: Non-English characters. + (line 4587) +* \DJ: Non-English characters. + (line 4587) +* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 354) +* \dot: Math accents. (line 3725) +* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 3096) +* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 4048) +* \dots: Text symbols. (line 4327) +* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 2000) +* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 3099) +* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 3102) +* \ell: Math symbols. (line 3105) +* \em: Font styles. (line 548) +* \emph: Font styles. (line 475) +* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 3108) +* \encl: \encl. (line 4897) +* \end: Environments. (line 919) +* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 2371) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 1094) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 1094) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 1094) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 1094) +* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 3111) +* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 3114) +* \eta: Math symbols. (line 3117) +* \evensidemargin: Document class options. + (line 415) +* \exists: Math symbols. (line 3120) +* \exp: Math functions. (line 3640) +* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 1963) +* \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. + (line 4118) +* \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). + (line 1607) +* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. + (line 4130) +* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). + (line 1607) +* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. + (line 4130) +* \fill: \hfill. (line 3984) +* \flat: Math symbols. (line 3123) +* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 1221) +* \floatsep: figure. (line 1236) +* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 723) +* \fnsymbol: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 2699) +* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: Symbolic footnotes. (line 2460) +* \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. + (line 603) +* \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. + (line 606) +* \fontseries: Low-level font commands. + (line 615) +* \fontshape: Low-level font commands. + (line 626) +* \fontsize: Low-level font commands. + (line 638) +* \footnote: \footnote. (line 2411) +* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 2426) +* \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. + (line 2468) +* \footnotesep: Footnote parameters. + (line 2474) +* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 2441) +* \footskip: Page layout parameters. + (line 748) +* \forall: Math symbols. (line 3126) +* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 3788) +* \frac{num}{den}: Math miscellany. (line 3787) +* \frame: \frame. (line 1628) +* \framebox: \framebox (picture). + (line 1599) +* \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. + (line 4118) +* \frown: Math symbols. (line 3129) +* \fussy: \fussy. (line 2293) +* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 3132) +* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 3135) +* \gcd: Math functions. (line 3643) +* \ge: Math symbols. (line 3138) +* \geq: Math symbols. (line 3141) +* \gets: Math symbols. (line 3144) +* \gg: Math symbols. (line 3147) +* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 4775) +* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 4778) +* \grave: Math accents. (line 3728) +* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 4319) +* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 4320) +* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 4321) +* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 4322) +* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 4528) +* \hat: Math accents. (line 3731) +* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 3150) +* \headheight: Page layout parameters. + (line 738) +* \headsep: Page layout parameters. + (line 743) +* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 3153) +* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 2821) +* \hfill: \hfill. (line 3981) +* \hline: \hline. (line 2045) +* \hom: Math functions. (line 3646) +* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3156) +* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3159) +* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 4041) +* \hsize: Page layout parameters. + (line 788) +* \hspace: \hspace. (line 3966) +* \huge: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 2311) +* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 4532) +* \iff: Math symbols. (line 3162) +* \ij (ij): Non-English characters. + (line 4591) +* \IJ (IJ): Non-English characters. + (line 4591) +* \Im: Math symbols. (line 3165) +* \imath: Math accents. (line 3734) +* \in: Math symbols. (line 3168) +* \include: \include. (line 4659) +* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 4677) +* \indent: \indent. (line 2846) +* \index: Indexes. (line 4791) +* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 4794) +* \inf: Math functions. (line 3649) +* \infty: Math symbols. (line 3171) +* \input: \input. (line 4691) +* \int: Math symbols. (line 3174) +* \intextsep: figure. (line 1240) +* \iota: Math symbols. (line 3177) +* \it: Font styles. (line 551) +* \item: description. (line 1030) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 1084) +* \item <2>: itemize. (line 1320) +* \itemindent: itemize. (line 1363) +* \itemsep: itemize. (line 1385) +* \itshape: Font styles. (line 472) +* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 4535) +* \jmath: Math accents. (line 3737) +* \Join: Math symbols. (line 3180) +* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 4539) +* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 3183) +* \ker: Math functions. (line 3652) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 1839) +* \l (/l): Non-English characters. + (line 4595) +* \L (/L): Non-English characters. + (line 4595) +* \label: \label. (line 865) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 1098) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 1098) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 1098) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 1098) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 1343) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 1343) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 1343) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 1343) +* \labelsep: itemize. (line 1366) +* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 1369) +* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 3186) +* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 3189) +* \land: Math symbols. (line 3192) +* \langle: Math symbols. (line 3195) +* \large: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \Large: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 4316) +* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 3198) +* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 3201) +* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 3204) +* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 4326) +* \le: Math symbols. (line 3207) +* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 3210) +* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 3790) +* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3212) +* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3215) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 1137) +* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 3218) +* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 3221) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 1350) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 1350) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 1350) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 1350) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 1350) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 1350) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 1350) +* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3224) +* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3227) +* \leq: Math symbols. (line 3230) +* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 3233) +* \lg: Math functions. (line 3655) +* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 3236) +* \lim: Math functions. (line 3658) +* \liminf: Math functions. (line 3661) +* \limsup: Math functions. (line 3664) +* \line: \line. (line 1639) +* \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 2327) +* \linespread: Low-level font commands. + (line 651) +* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 1654) +* \linewidth: Page layout parameters. + (line 753) +* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 4719) +* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 4719) +* \listparindent: itemize. (line 1372) +* \ll: Math symbols. (line 3239) +* \ln: Math functions. (line 3667) +* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 3242) +* \location: \location. (line 4906) +* \log: Math functions. (line 3670) +* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3245) +* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3248) +* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 3251) +* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3254) +* \lor: Math symbols. (line 3257) +* \lq: Text symbols. (line 4332) +* \makebox: \makebox. (line 4150) +* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 1573) +* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 4773) +* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 4788) +* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 4914) +* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 3868) +* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 3260) +* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 2870) +* \marginparpush: Marginal notes. (line 2897) +* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 2901) +* \marginparwidth: Marginal notes. (line 2905) +* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 3937) +* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 3944) +* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 505) +* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 521) +* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 518) +* \mathring: Math accents. (line 3740) +* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 502) +* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 508) +* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 511) +* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 523) +* \max: Math functions. (line 3673) +* \mbox: \mbox. (line 4111) +* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 478) +* \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 4072) +* \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 4072) +* \mho: Math symbols. (line 3263) +* \mid: Math symbols. (line 3265) +* \min: Math functions. (line 3676) +* \models: Math symbols. (line 3268) +* \month: \day \month \year. (line 2767) +* \mp: Math symbols. (line 3271) +* \mu: Math symbols. (line 3274) +* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 2012) +* \multiput: \multiput. (line 1678) +* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 3277) +* \name: \name. (line 4922) +* \natural: Math symbols. (line 3280) +* \ne: Math symbols. (line 3283) +* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 3286) +* \neg: Math symbols. (line 3289) +* \neq: Math symbols. (line 3292) +* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 2489) +* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 2525) +* \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 2564) +* \newfont: \newfont. (line 2631) +* \newlength: \newlength. (line 2540) +* \newline: \newline. (line 2274) +* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 3991) +* \newpage: \newpage. (line 2365) +* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 2554) +* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 2603) +* \newtie: Accents. (line 4550) +* \ng: Non-English characters. + (line 4599) +* \NG: Non-English characters. + (line 4599) +* \ni: Math symbols. (line 3295) +* \nocite: \nocite. (line 2115) +* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 4723) +* \noindent: \noindent. (line 2857) +* \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 2327) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 1132) +* \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 2386) +* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 499) +* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 2885) +* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \not: Math symbols. (line 3298) +* \notin: Math symbols. (line 3301) +* \nu: Math symbols. (line 3304) +* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 3307) +* \o (/o): Non-English characters. + (line 4603) +* \O (/O): Non-English characters. + (line 4603) +* \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 2265) +* \oddsidemargin: Document class options. + (line 415) +* \odot: Math symbols. (line 3310) +* \oe (oe): Non-English characters. + (line 4607) +* \OE (OE): Non-English characters. + (line 4607) +* \oint: Math symbols. (line 3313) +* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 527) +* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 3316) +* \omega: Math symbols. (line 3319) +* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 3322) +* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 673) +* \opening: \opening. (line 4930) +* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 3325) +* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 3328) +* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 3331) +* \oval: \oval. (line 1688) +* \overbrace{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 3795) +* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 3799) +* \owns: Math symbols. (line 3334) +* \P: Text symbols. (line 4335) +* \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 2386) +* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 3894) +* \pageref: \pageref. (line 897) +* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 3914) +* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 815) +* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 3337) +* \parbox: \parbox. (line 4175) +* \parindent: minipage. (line 1475) +* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 2846) +* \parsep: itemize. (line 1390) +* \parskip: \parskip. (line 2864) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 1406) +* \part: Sectioning. (line 809) +* \partial: Math symbols. (line 3340) +* \partopsep: itemize. (line 1400) +* \perp: Math symbols. (line 3343) +* \phi: Math symbols. (line 3346) +* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 3349) +* \pi: Math symbols. (line 3352) +* \pm: Math symbols. (line 3355) +* \pmod: Math functions. (line 3679) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 1845) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 1846) +* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 4339) +* \Pr: Math functions. (line 3682) +* \prec: Math symbols. (line 3358) +* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 3361) +* \prime: Math symbols. (line 3364) +* \prod: Math symbols. (line 3367) +* \propto: Math symbols. (line 3370) +* \protect: \protect. (line 2645) +* \ps: \ps. (line 4942) +* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 3373) +* \psi: Math symbols. (line 3376) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 1848) +* \put: \put. (line 1712) +* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 4343) +* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 4344) +* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 4544) +* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 732) +* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 1307) +* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 1281) +* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 4215) +* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 3379) +* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 3382) +* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 3385) +* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 3388) +* \Re: Math symbols. (line 3391) +* \ref: \ref. (line 907) +* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 2754) +* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 2564) +* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 2265) +* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 2885) +* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 3394) +* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 3397) +* \rho: Math symbols. (line 3400) +* \right: Math miscellany. (line 3791) +* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3403) +* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3406) +* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 3409) +* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 3412) +* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 3415) +* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 1376) +* \rm: Font styles. (line 554) +* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 469) +* \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 2693) +* \roman <1>: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 2696) +* \rq: Text symbols. (line 4347) +* \rule: \rule. (line 4620) +* \S: Text symbols. (line 4350) +* \savebox: \savebox. (line 4231) +* \sbox: \sbox. (line 4243) +* \sc: Font styles. (line 557) +* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \scshape: Font styles. (line 493) +* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 3418) +* \sec: Math functions. (line 3685) +* \section: Sectioning. (line 812) +* \seename: Indexes. (line 4802) +* \selectfont: Low-level font commands. + (line 657) +* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 2738) +* \setlength: \setlength. (line 2784) +* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 3421) +* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 2797) +* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 2805) +* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 2813) +* \sf: Font styles. (line 560) +* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 490) +* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 3424) +* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 1720) +* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 3427) +* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 3430) +* \signature: \signature. (line 4948) +* \sim: Math symbols. (line 3433) +* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 3436) +* \sin: Math functions. (line 3688) +* \sinh: Math functions. (line 3691) +* \sl: Font styles. (line 563) +* \slshape: Font styles. (line 487) +* \small: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 3439) +* \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 4076) +* \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 4076) +* \smile: Math symbols. (line 3442) +* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 3991) +* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 3445) +* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 3448) +* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 3451) +* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: Math miscellany. (line 3802) +* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 3454) +* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 3457) +* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 3460) +* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 3463) +* \ss (ss): Non-English characters. + (line 4611) +* \SS (SS): Non-English characters. + (line 4611) +* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 3808) +* \star: Math symbols. (line 3466) +* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 4954) +* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 2761) +* \stop: Command line. (line 5018) +* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 4961) +* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 816) +* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 813) +* \subset: Math symbols. (line 3469) +* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 3472) +* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 814) +* \succ: Math symbols. (line 3475) +* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 3478) +* \sum: Math symbols. (line 3481) +* \sup: Math functions. (line 3694) +* \supset: Math symbols. (line 3484) +* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 3487) +* \surd: Math symbols. (line 3490) +* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 3493) +* \symbol: Reserved characters. + (line 4290) +* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 4550) +* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 3991) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 1853) +* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 2004) +* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 4709) +* \tan: Math functions. (line 3697) +* \tanh: Math functions. (line 3700) +* \tau: Math symbols. (line 3496) +* \telephone: \telephone. (line 4968) +* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 4353) +* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4391) +* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 4356) +* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 4359) +* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 4362) +* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 4365) +* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 4368) +* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 4371) +* \textbf: Font styles. (line 481) +* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 4374) +* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 4377) +* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 4380) +* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 4383) +* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4390) +* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 4386) +* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4389) +* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 4307) +* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 4396) +* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 4399) +* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 4402) +* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 4328) +* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 4405) +* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 4408) +* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 4411) +* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 4414) +* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 1245) +* \textfraction: figure. (line 1225) +* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 4417) +* \textheight: Page layout parameters. + (line 761) +* \textit: Font styles. (line 472) +* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 4423) +* \textless: Text symbols. (line 4420) +* \textmd: Font styles. (line 478) +* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 499) +* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 4426) +* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 4427) +* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 4336) +* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 4430) +* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 4433) +* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 4436) +* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 4439) +* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 4442) +* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 4445) +* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 4448) +* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 4449) +* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 4452) +* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 4455) +* \textrm: Font styles. (line 469) +* \textsc: Font styles. (line 493) +* \textsf: Font styles. (line 490) +* \textsl: Font styles. (line 487) +* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 4340) +* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 4458) +* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 4461) +* \texttt: Font styles. (line 496) +* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 4464) +* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 4467) +* \textup: Font styles. (line 484) +* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 4470) +* \textwidth: Page layout parameters. + (line 768) +* \th (th): Non-English characters. + (line 4615) +* \TH (TH): Non-English characters. + (line 4615) +* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 3883) +* \theta: Math symbols. (line 3499) +* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 1664) +* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 1671) +* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 4017) +* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 3950) +* \tilde: Math accents. (line 3743) +* \times: Math symbols. (line 3502) +* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 577) +* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 3887) +* \to: Math symbols. (line 3505) +* \today: \today. (line 4639) +* \top: Math symbols. (line 3508) +* \topfraction: figure. (line 1230) +* \topmargin: Page layout parameters. + (line 792) +* \topnumber: figure. (line 1255) +* \topsep: itemize. (line 1394) +* \topskip: Page layout parameters. + (line 799) +* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 2825) +* \totalnumber: figure. (line 1259) +* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 3511) +* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 3514) +* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 3517) +* \tt: Font styles. (line 566) +* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 496) +* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 679) +* \typein: \typein. (line 4979) +* \typeout: \typeout. (line 4993) +* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 4555) +* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 2940) +* \underbar: Accents. (line 4558) +* \underbrace{math}: Math miscellany. (line 3812) +* \underline{text}: Math miscellany. (line 3815) +* \unitlength: picture. (line 1496) +* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 3520) +* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 3523) +* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 3526) +* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 3529) +* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 3532) +* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 3535) +* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 3538) +* \upshape: Font styles. (line 484) +* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 3541) +* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 3544) +* \usebox: \usebox. (line 4255) +* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 2713) +* \usefont: Low-level font commands. + (line 661) +* \usepackage: Document class options. + (line 434) +* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 4565) +* \value: \value. (line 2724) +* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 3547) +* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 3550) +* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 3553) +* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 3556) +* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 3559) +* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 3562) +* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 3565) +* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 3820) +* \vdots <1>: Math miscellany. (line 3821) +* \vec: Math accents. (line 3746) +* \vector: \vector. (line 1739) +* \vee: Math symbols. (line 3568) +* \verb: \verb. (line 2207) +* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 3571) +* \vert: Math symbols. (line 3574) +* \vfill: \vfill. (line 4084) +* \vline: \vline. (line 2052) +* \vspace: \vspace. (line 4091) +* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 3577) +* \widehat: Math accents. (line 3749) +* \widehat <1>: Math accents. (line 3752) +* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 2819) +* \wp: Math symbols. (line 3580) +* \wr: Math symbols. (line 3583) +* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 3586) +* \xi: Math symbols. (line 3589) +* \year: \day \month \year. (line 2767) +* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 3592) +* \[: Math formulas. (line 2927) +* \\ (for 'array'): array. (line 960) +* \\ (for 'center'): center. (line 992) +* \\ (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 1124) +* \\ (for 'flushright'): flushright. (line 1300) +* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects): \shortstack. (line 1734) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1798) +* \\ for 'flushleft': flushleft. (line 1274) +* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 4854) +* \\ for 'tabular': tabular. (line 1915) +* \\ for 'verse': verse. (line 2235) +* \\ for '\author': \maketitle. (line 3874) +* \\ for '\title': \maketitle. (line 3888) +* \\ force line break: \\. (line 2255) +* \\* (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 1129) +* \]: Math formulas. (line 2927) +* \^: Reserved characters. + (line 4286) +* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 4503) +* \_: Reserved characters. + (line 4276) +* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 4507) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1825) +* \{: Reserved characters. + (line 4276) +* \|: Math symbols. (line 2967) +* \}: Reserved characters. + (line 4276) +* \~: Reserved characters. + (line 4286) +* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 4513) +* ^: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 2953) +* _: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 2953) +* {...} for required arguments: Overview. (line 325) +* a4paper option: Document class options. + (line 384) +* a5paper option: Document class options. + (line 384) +* abstract environment: abstract. (line 929) +* array environment: array. (line 940) +* article class: Document classes. (line 361) +* b5paper option: Document class options. + (line 384) +* book class: Document classes. (line 361) +* center environment: center. (line 985) +* description environment: description. (line 1022) +* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 1045) +* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 2917) +* document environment: document. (line 1065) +* draft option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 1071) +* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 1109) +* equation environment: equation. (line 1144) +* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 2917) +* executivepaper option: Document class options. + (line 384) +* figure: figure. (line 1157) +* final option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* fleqn option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 1268) +* flushright environment: flushright. (line 1294) +* indexspace: Indexes. (line 4814) +* itemize environment: itemize. (line 1320) +* landscape option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* latex command: Overview. (line 292) +* email address: About this document. + (line 252) +* legalpaper option: Document class options. + (line 384) +* leqno option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* letter: letter. (line 1422) +* letter class: Document classes. (line 361) +* letterpaper option: Document class options. + (line 384) +* list: list. (line 1427) +* lR box: picture. (line 1552) +* lrbox: lrbox. (line 4140) +* lualatex command: Overview. (line 306) +* math environment: math. (line 1452) +* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 2917) +* minipage environment: minipage. (line 1464) +* notitlepage option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* onecolumn option: Document class options. + (line 409) +* oneside option: Document class options. + (line 409) +* openany option: Document class options. + (line 409) +* openbib option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* openright option: Document class options. + (line 409) +* pdflatex command: Overview. (line 300) +* picture: picture. (line 1492) +* printindex: Indexes. (line 4810) +* quotation: quotation. (line 1750) +* quote: quote. (line 1765) +* report class: Document classes. (line 361) +* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 848) +* slides class: Document classes. (line 361) +* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 1780) +* table: table. (line 1871) +* tabular environment: tabular. (line 1898) +* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 4302) +* thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 2059) +* theorem environment: theorem. (line 2160) +* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 2173) +* titlepage option: Document class options. + (line 389) +* twocolumn option: Document class options. + (line 409) +* twoside option: Document class options. + (line 409) +* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 2190) +* verse environment: verse. (line 2224) +* xelatex command: Overview. (line 309) + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml index 0a6df3c8ace..cf7af065724 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml @@ -1,34 +1,35 @@ - + \input texinfo - - -latex2e.info -May 2012 -&latex;2e reference manual (May 2012) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + +latex2e.info +May 2013 +&latex;2e reference manual (May 2013) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2012. +document preparation system, version of May 2013. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as &tex;niques number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). -Copyright ©right; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry.&linebreak; +Copyright ©right; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Karl Berry.&linebreak; Copyright ©right; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; Copyright ©right; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -57,7 +58,6 @@ notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission @@ -67,78 +67,77 @@ notice identical to this one. into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -TeX - -LaTeX2e(latex2e)
    Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
    +TeX
    +
    +LaTeX2e(latex2e)
    Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
     
    - + \global\hbadness=4444 % don&textrsquo;t complain much - -&latex;: Structured documents for &tex; -unofficial &latex; reference manual -May 2012 -http://home.gna.org/latexrefman + +&latex;: Structured documents for &tex; +unofficial &latex; reference manual +May 2013 +http://home.gna.org/latexrefman - 0pt plus 1filll - + 0pt plus 1filll -TopAbout this document(dir) -&latex;2e +TopAbout this document(dir) +&latex;2e This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is +document preparation system, version as of May 2013. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of &latex; for many years. - -About this document
    Bug reporting, etc.
    -
    Overview
    What is &latex;?
    -
    Starting & ending
    The standard beginning and end of a document.
    -
    Document classes
    Some of the various classes available.
    -
    Typefaces
    And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.
    -
    Layout
    Controlling the page layout.
    -
    Sectioning
    How to section properly.
    -
    Cross references
    Automatic referencing.
    -
    Environments
    Such as enumerate & itemize.
    -
    Line breaking
    Influencing line breaks.
    -
    Page breaking
    Influencing page breaks.
    -
    Footnotes
    How to produce footnotes.
    -
    Definitions
    Define your own commands etc.
    -
    Counters
    Internal counters used by &latex;.
    -
    Lengths
    The length commands.
    -
    Making paragraphs
    Paragraph commands.
    -
    Math formulas
    How to create mathematical formulas.
    -
    Modes
    Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
    -
    Page styles
    Various styles of page layout.
    -
    Spaces
    Horizontal and vertical space.
    -
    Boxes
    Making boxes.
    -
    Special insertions
    Inserting reserved and special characters.
    -
    Splitting the input
    Dealing with big files by splitting.
    -
    Front/back matter
    Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
    -
    Letters
    The letter class.
    -
    Terminal input/output
    User interaction.
    -
    Command line
    System-independent command-line behavior.
    -
    Document templates
    Starter templates for various document classes.
    -
    Concept Index
    General index.
    -
    Command Index
    Alphabetical list of &latex; commands.
    +
    +About this document
    Bug reporting, etc.
    +
    Overview
    What is &latex;?
    +
    Starting & ending
    The standard beginning and end of a document.
    +
    Document classes
    Some of the various classes available.
    +
    Typefaces
    And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.
    +
    Layout
    Controlling the page layout.
    +
    Sectioning
    How to section properly.
    +
    Cross references
    Automatic referencing.
    +
    Environments
    Such as enumerate & itemize.
    +
    Line breaking
    Influencing line breaks.
    +
    Page breaking
    Influencing page breaks.
    +
    Footnotes
    How to produce footnotes.
    +
    Definitions
    Define your own commands etc.
    +
    Counters
    Internal counters used by &latex;.
    +
    Lengths
    The length commands.
    +
    Making paragraphs
    Paragraph commands.
    +
    Math formulas
    How to create mathematical formulas.
    +
    Modes
    Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
    +
    Page styles
    Various styles of page layout.
    +
    Spaces
    Horizontal and vertical space.
    +
    Boxes
    Making boxes.
    +
    Special insertions
    Inserting reserved and special characters.
    +
    Splitting the input
    Dealing with big files by splitting.
    +
    Front/back matter
    Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
    +
    Letters
    The letter class.
    +
    Terminal input/output
    User interaction.
    +
    Command line
    System-independent command-line behavior.
    +
    Document templates
    Starter templates for various document classes.
    +
    Concept Index
    General index.
    +
    Command Index
    Alphabetical list of &latex; commands.
     
    -About this documentOverviewTopTop -About this document +About this documentOverviewTopTop +About this document -Knuth, Donald E. -Lamport, Leslie -&latex; Project team +Knuth, Donald E. +Lamport, Leslie +&latex; Project team The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now @@ -146,9 +145,9 @@ maintained by a group of volunteers (http://latex-project.org -bug reporting -reporting bugs -latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org email address +bug reporting +reporting bugs +latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org email address The present document is completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all @@ -162,31 +161,31 @@ infrastructure. Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about &latex;. Here are a few: - -http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr +
    +http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. -http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc +http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. -http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide +http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there are several others. -http://tug.org/begin.html +http://tug.org/begin.html Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;.
    -OverviewStarting & endingAbout this documentTop -Overview of &latex; +OverviewStarting & endingAbout this documentTop +Overview of &latex; What is &latex;? -overview of &latex; -basics of &latex; -&latex; overview +overview of &latex; +basics of &latex; +&latex; overview &latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the &latex; &textldquo;macro package&textrdquo; for &tex;. That is, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that @@ -194,14 +193,14 @@ describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as output: - + The main output file, which is one of: - -.dvi -.dvi file -latex command +
    +.dvi +.dvi file +latex command If invoked as latex, a &textldquo;Device Independent&textrdquo; (.dvi) file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for virtually any output device. You can view such @@ -209,23 +208,23 @@ commands for virtually any output device. You can view such xdvi (display directly), dvips (convert to PostScript), or dvipdfmx (convert to PDF). -.pdf -.pdf file -pdf&tex; -pdflatex command +.pdf +.pdf file +pdf&tex; +pdflatex command If invoked as pdflatex, a &textldquo;Portable Document Format&textrdquo; (.pdf) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does make the output much larger than the .dvi produced from the same document. -lualatex command -Lua&tex; +lualatex command +Lua&tex; If invoked as lualatex, a .pdf file is created using the Lua&tex; engine (http://luatex.org). -xelatex command -Xe&tex; +xelatex command +Xe&tex; If invoked as xelatex, a .pdf file is created using the Xe&tex; engine (http://tug.org/xetex). @@ -235,16 +234,16 @@ the Xe&tex; engine (http://tug.org/xetex). can produce HTML, XML, and other things. -transcript file -log file -.log file +transcript file +log file +.log file The &textldquo;transcript&textrdquo; or .log file that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. -auxiliary file -.aux file +auxiliary file +.aux file An &textldquo;auxiliary&textrdquo; or .aux file. This is used by &latex; itself, for things such as cross-references. @@ -252,30 +251,30 @@ for things such as cross-references. An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won&textrsquo;t try to list them all. Xxx components? -\ character starting commands -[...] for optional arguments -{...} for required arguments +\ character starting commands +[...] for optional arguments +{...} for required arguments In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a \, followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are optional while arguments contained in braces, {}, are required. -case sensitivity of &latex; +case sensitivity of &latex; &latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. -Starting & endingDocument classesOverviewTop -Starting & ending +Starting & endingDocument classesOverviewTop +Starting & ending -starting & ending -ending & starting +starting & ending +ending & starting A minimal input file looks like the following: - +
    \documentclass{class}
     \begin{document}
     your text
    @@ -284,26 +283,26 @@ explicitly directed to do otherwise.
     
     
     where the class is a valid document class for &latex;.
    -Document classes, for details of the various document classes
    +Document classes, for details of the various document classes
     available locally.
     
    -preamble, defined
    +preamble, defined
     You may include other &latex; commands between the \documentclass
     and the \begin{document} commands (this area is called the
     preamble).
     
     
     
    -Document classesTypefacesStarting & endingTop
    -Document classes
    +Document classesTypefacesStarting & endingTop
    +Document classes
     
    -document classes
    -classes of documents
    -\documentclass
    +document classes
    +classes of documents
    +\documentclass
     
     The class of a given document is defined with the command:
     
    -
    +
     
    \documentclass[options]{class}
     
    @@ -311,112 +310,112 @@ and the \begin{document} commands (this area is calle The \documentclass command must be the first command in a &latex; source file. -article class -report class -book class -letter class -slides class +article class +report class +book class +letter class +slides class Built-in &latex; document class names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; Overview): +classes are available as add-ons; Overview): - +
    article  report  book  letter  slides
     
    - + Standard options are described below. - -Document class options
    Global options.
    +
    +Document class options
    Global options.
     
    -Document class optionsDocument classes -
    Document class options +Document class optionsDocument classes +
    Document class options -document class options -options, document class -class options -global options +document class options +options, document class +class options +global options You can specify so-called global options or class options to the \documentclass command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. To specify more than one option, separate them with a comma: - +
    \documentclass[option1,option2,...]{class}
     
    Here is the list of the standard class options. -10pt option -11pt option -12pt option +10pt option +11pt option +12pt option All of the standard classes except slides accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is 10pt): - +
    10pt  11pt  12pt
     
    -a4paper option -a5paper option -b5paper option -executivepaper option -legalpaper option -letterpaper option +a4paper option +a5paper option +b5paper option +executivepaper option +legalpaper option +letterpaper option All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is letterpaper): - +
    a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
     
    -draft option -final option -fleqn option -landscape option -leqno option -openbib option -titlepage option -notitlepage option +draft option +final option +fleqn option +landscape option +leqno option +openbib option +titlepage option +notitlepage option Miscellaneous other options: -
    -draft, final -black boxes, omitting +
    +draft, final +black boxes, omitting mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is final. -fleqn +fleqn Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. -landscape +landscape Selects landscape format; default is portrait. -leqno +leqno Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. -openbib +openbib Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format. -titlepage, notitlepage +titlepage, notitlepage Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
    These options are not available with the slides class: -onecolumn option -twocolumn option -oneside option -twoside option -openright option -openany option - -onecolumn -twocolumn +onecolumn option +twocolumn option +oneside option +twoside option +openright option +openany option +
    +onecolumn +twocolumn Typeset in one or two columns; default is onecolumn. -oneside -twoside -\evensidemargin -\oddsidemargin +oneside +twoside +\evensidemargin +\oddsidemargin Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is oneside, except for the book class. @@ -428,8 +427,8 @@ printing the text is centered, for two-sided, \oddsidemargin is 40% of the difference between \paperwidth and \textwidth, with \evensidemargin the remainder. -openright -openany +openright +openany Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is openright for book.
    @@ -438,20 +437,20 @@ right-hand page; default is openright for book. the time at the bottom of each note. -packages, loading -loading additional packages -\usepackage +packages, loading +loading additional packages +\usepackage Additional packages are loaded like this: - +
    \usepackage[options]{pkg}
     
    To specify more than one pkg, you can separate them with a comma, or use multiple \usepackage commands. -global options -options, global +global options +options, global Any options given in the \documentclass command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with \usepackage. @@ -459,28 +458,28 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
    -TypefacesLayoutDocument classesTop -Typefaces +TypefacesLayoutDocument classesTop +Typefaces -typefaces -fonts +typefaces +fonts Two important aspects of selecting a font are specifying a size and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. - -Font styles
    Select roman, italics etc.
    -
    Font sizes
    Select point size.
    -
    Low-level font commands
    Select encoding, family, series, shape.
    +
    +Font styles
    Select roman, italics etc.
    +
    Font sizes
    Select point size.
    +
    Low-level font commands
    Select encoding, family, series, shape.
     
    -Font stylesFont sizesTypefaces -
    Font styles +Font stylesFont sizesTypefaces +
    Font styles -font styles -typeface styles -styles of text +font styles +typeface styles +styles of text The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. @@ -498,182 +497,208 @@ sans serif. instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}. These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the - -\textrm (\rmfamily) -\textrm -\rmfamily +
    +\textrm (\rmfamily) +\textrm +\rmfamily Roman. -\textit (\itshape) -\textit -\itshape +\textit (\itshape) +\textit +\itshape Italics. -\emph -\emph -emphasis +\emph +\emph +emphasis Emphasis (switches between \textit and \textrm). -\textmd (\mdseries) -\textmd -\mdseries +\textmd (\mdseries) +\textmd +\mdseries Medium weight (default). -\textbf (\bfseries) -\textbf -\bfseries +\textbf (\bfseries) +\textbf +\bfseries Boldface. -\textup (\upshape) -\textup -\upshape + +\textup (\upshape) +\textup +\upshape Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. -\textsl (\slshape) -\textsl -\slshape + +\textsl (\slshape) +\textsl +\slshape Slanted. -\textsf (\sffamily) -\textsf -\sffamily + +\textsf (\sffamily) +\textsf +\sffamily Sans serif. -\textsc (\scshape) -\textsc -\scshape + +\textsc (\scshape) +\textsc +\scshape Small caps. -\texttt (\ttfamily) -\texttt -\ttfamily + +\texttt (\ttfamily) +\texttt +\ttfamily Typewriter. -\textnormal (\normalfont) -\textnormal -\normalfont + +\textnormal (\normalfont) +\textnormal +\normalfont Main document font. -\mathrm -\mathrm + +\mathrm +\mathrm Roman, for use in math mode. -\mathbf -\mathbf + +\mathbf +\mathbf Boldface, for use in math mode. -\mathsf -\mathsf + +\mathsf +\mathsf Sans serif, for use in math mode. -\mathtt -\mathtt + +\mathtt +\mathtt Typewriter, for use in math mode. -\mathit -(\mit) +\mathit +(\mit) Italics, for use in math mode. -\mathnormal -\mathnormal +\mathnormal +\mathnormal For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. -\mathcal -\mathcal + +\mathcal +\mathcal &textlsquo;Calligraphic&textrsquo; letters, for use in math mode. -
    + + -In addition, the command -\mathversion{bold} -\mathversion -can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in +\mathversion +In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for +switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default. +\oldstylenums +numerals, old-style +old-style numerals +lining numerals +textcomp package +Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will +typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights +and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; +numerals. &latex;&textrsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect +\textbf (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style +numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style +numerals also; sometimes the textcomp package must be loaded, +and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. +FAQ entry: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf. + &latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are not cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: {\cmd ...} instead of \cmd{...}. These are two very different things. - -\bf\bf -bold font + +\bf\bf +bold font Switch to bold face. -\cal\cal -script letters for math -calligraphic letters for math +\cal\cal +script letters for math +calligraphic letters for math Switch to calligraphic letters for math. -\em\em -emphasis +\em\em +emphasis Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). -\it\it -italic font +\it\it +italic font Italics. -\rm\rm -roman font +\rm\rm +roman font Roman. -\sc\sc -small caps font +\sc\sc +small caps font Small caps. -\sf\sf -sans serif font +\sf\sf +sans serif font Sans serif. -\sl\sl -slanted font -oblique font +\sl\sl +slanted font +oblique font Slanted (oblique). -\tt\tt -typewriter font -monospace font -fixed-width font +\tt\tt +typewriter font +monospace font +fixed-width font Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
    -Font sizesLow-level font commandsFont stylesTypefaces -
    Font sizes -font sizes -typeface sizes -sizes of text +Font sizesLow-level font commandsFont stylesTypefaces +
    Font sizes +font sizes +typeface sizes +sizes of text The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used (in points) with the 10pt, 11pt, and -12pt document size options, respectively (Document class +12pt document size options, respectively (Document class options). -\tiny -\scriptsize -\footnotesize -\small -\normalsize -\large -\Large -\LARGE -\huge -\Huge - -\normalsize (default)24.8824.8824.88 -Command 10pt 11pt 12pt -\tiny -5 6 6 -\scriptsize -7 8 8 -\footnotesize -8 9 10 -\small -9 10 10.95 -\normalsize (default) -10 10.95 12 -\large -12 12 14.4 -\Large -14.4 14.4 17.28 -\LARGE -17.28 17.28 20.74 -\huge -20.74 20.74 24.88 -\Huge -24.88 24.88 24.88 +\tiny +\scriptsize +\footnotesize +\small +\normalsize +\large +\Large +\LARGE +\huge +\Huge + +\normalsize (default) 24.88 24.88 24.88 +Command 10pt 11pt 12pt +\tiny +5 6 6 +\scriptsize +7 8 8 +\footnotesize +8 9 10 +\small +9 10 10.95 +\normalsize (default) +10 10.95 12 +\large +12 12 14.4 +\Large +14.4 14.4 17.28 +\LARGE +17.28 17.28 20.74 +\huge +20.74 20.74 24.88 +\Huge +24.88 24.88 24.88 The commands as listed here are &textldquo;declaration forms&textrdquo;. The scope of @@ -683,73 +708,73 @@ these commands; for instance, \begin{tiny}...\end{tin
    -Low-level font commandsFont sizesTypefaces -
    Low-level font commands -low-level font commands -font commands, low-level +Low-level font commandsFont sizesTypefaces +
    Low-level font commands +low-level font commands +font commands, low-level These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. - -\fontencoding{enc} -\fontencoding +
    +\fontencoding{enc} +\fontencoding Select font encoding. Valid encodings include OT1 and T1. -\fontfamily{family} -\fontfamily +\fontfamily{family} +\fontfamily Select font family. Valid families include: - -cmr for Computer Modern Roman -cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif -cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter + +cmr for Computer Modern Roman +cmss for Computer Modern Sans Serif +cmtt for Computer Modern Typewriter and numerous others. -\fontseries{series} -\fontseries +\fontseries{series} +\fontseries Select font series. Valid series include: - -m Medium (normal) -b Bold -c Condensed -bc Bold condensed -bx Bold extended + +m Medium (normal) +b Bold +c Condensed +bc Bold condensed +bx Bold extended and various other combinations. -\fontshape{shape} -\fontshape +\fontshape{shape} +\fontshape Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - -n Upright (normal) -it Italic -sl Slanted (oblique) -sc Small caps -ui Upright italics -ol Outline + +n Upright (normal) +it Italic +sl Slanted (oblique) +sc Small caps +ui Upright italics +ol Outline The two last shapes are not available for most font families. -\fontsize{size}{skip} -\fontsize -\baselineskip +\fontsize{size}{skip} +\fontsize +\baselineskip Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named \baselineskip. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default \baselineskip for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the \fontsize. -\baselinestretch -setspace package -double spacing +\baselinestretch +setspace package +double spacing The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to &textldquo;double space&textrdquo; a document, @@ -757,20 +782,20 @@ if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the setspace package; see http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace. -\linespread -\linespread{factor} +\linespread +\linespread{factor} Equivalent to \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor}, and therefore must be followed by \selectfont to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use the setspace package, as described just above. -\selectfont +\selectfont The changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect until \selectfont is called. -\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} -\usefont +\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape} +\usefont The same as invoking \fontencoding, \fontfamily, \fontseries and \fontshape with the given parameters, followed by \selectfont. @@ -780,40 +805,40 @@ followed by \selectfont. -LayoutSectioningTypefacesTop -Layout -layout commands +LayoutSectioningTypefacesTop +Layout +layout commands Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. - -\onecolumn
    Use one-column layout.
    -
    \twocolumn
    Use two-column layout.
    -
    \flushbottom
    Make all text pages the same height.
    -
    \raggedbottom
    Allow text pages of differing height.
    -
    Page layout parameters
    \headheight \footskip.
    +
    +\onecolumn
    Use one-column layout.
    +
    \twocolumn
    Use two-column layout.
    +
    \flushbottom
    Make all text pages the same height.
    +
    \raggedbottom
    Allow text pages of differing height.
    +
    Page layout parameters
    \headheight \footskip.
     
    -\onecolumn\twocolumnLayout -
    \onecolumn -\onecolumn -one-column output +\onecolumn\twocolumnLayout +
    \onecolumn +\onecolumn +one-column output The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default.
    -\twocolumn\flushbottom\onecolumnLayout -
    \twocolumn -\twocolumn -multicolumn text -two-column output +\twocolumn\flushbottom\onecolumnLayout +
    \twocolumn +\twocolumn +multicolumn text +two-column output Synopsis: - +
    \twocolumn[text1col]
     
    @@ -824,14 +849,14 @@ starts. These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: - -\columnsep\columnsep + +\columnsep\columnsep The distance between columns (35pt by default). -\columnseprule\columnseprule +\columnseprule\columnseprule The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. -\columnwidth\columnwidth +\columnwidth\columnwidth The width of the current column; this is equal to \textwidth in single-column text. @@ -839,22 +864,22 @@ single-column text. These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: - -\dbltopfraction\dbltopfraction + +\dbltopfraction\dbltopfraction Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by floats. Default .7, can be usefully redefined to (say) .9 to avoid going to float pages so soon. -\dblfloatpagefraction\dblfloatpagefraction +\dblfloatpagefraction\dblfloatpagefraction The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, for a two-column float page. Default .5. -\dblfloatsep\dblfloatsep +\dblfloatsep\dblfloatsep Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float page. Default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt for 10pt and 11pt documents, 14pt plus2pt minus4pt for 12pt. -\dbltextfloatsep\dbltextfloatsep +\dbltextfloatsep\dbltextfloatsep Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default 20pt plus2pt minus4pt. @@ -862,24 +887,24 @@ and the main text. Default 20pt plus2pt minus4pt.
    -\flushbottom\raggedbottom\twocolumnLayout -
    \flushbottom +\flushbottom\raggedbottom\twocolumnLayout +
    \flushbottom -\flushbottom +\flushbottom The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is the default if twocolumn mode is selected -(Document class options). +(Document class options).
    -\raggedbottomPage layout parameters\flushbottomLayout -
    \raggedbottom -\raggedbottom -stretch, omitting vertical +\raggedbottomPage layout parameters\flushbottomLayout +
    \raggedbottom +\raggedbottom +stretch, omitting vertical The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be @@ -887,42 +912,42 @@ stretched.
    -Page layout parameters\raggedbottomLayout -
    Page layout parameters +Page layout parameters\raggedbottomLayout +
    Page layout parameters -page layout parameters -parameters, page layout -layout, page parameters for -header, parameters for -footer, parameters for -running header and footer +page layout parameters +parameters, page layout +layout, page parameters for +header, parameters for +footer, parameters for +running header and footer - -\headheight\headheight + +\headheight\headheight Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is 30pt, except in the book class, where it varies with the type size. -\headsep\headsep +\headsep\headsep Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. Default is 25pt, except in the book class, where it varies with the type size. -\footskip\footskip +\footskip\footskip Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. Default is 30pt, except in the book class, where it varies with the type size. -\linewidth\linewidth +\linewidth\linewidth Width of the current line, decreased for each nested list -(list). Specifically, it is smaller than \textwidth by +(list). Specifically, it is smaller than \textwidth by the sum of \leftmargin and \rightmargin -(itemize). The default varies with the font size, paper +(itemize). The default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an article document in 10pt, it&textrsquo;s set to 345pt; in two-column mode, that becomes 229.5pt. -\textheight\textheight +\textheight\textheight The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an article or report document in 10pt, it&textrsquo;s set to @@ -930,7 +955,7 @@ the font size, document class, etc. For an article or For 11pt, it&textrsquo;s 38\baselineskip and for 12pt, 36\baselineskip. -\textwidth\textwidth +\textwidth\textwidth The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies as usual. For an article or report document, it&textrsquo;s 345pt at 10pt, 360pt at 11pt, and @@ -940,30 +965,30 @@ as usual. For an article or report document, it&textr In multi-column output, \textwidth remains the width of the entire page body, while \columnwidth is the width of one column -(\twocolumn). +(\twocolumn). -In lists (list), \textwidth remains the width of the +In lists (list), \textwidth remains the width of the entire page body (and \columnwidth the width of the entire column), while \linewidth may decrease for nested lists. -Inside a minipage (minipage) or \parbox -(\parbox), all the width-related parameters are set to the +Inside a minipage (minipage) or \parbox +(\parbox), all the width-related parameters are set to the specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the minipage or \parbox. -\hsize +\hsize For completeness: \hsize is the &tex; primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal &latex; documents. -\topmargin\topmargin +\topmargin\topmargin Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: \paperheight − 2in − \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip, and then divided by two. -\topskip\topskip +\topskip\topskip Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., 10pt at 10pt. @@ -973,33 +998,33 @@ same as the font size, e.g., 10pt at 10pt.
    -SectioningCross referencesLayoutTop -Sectioning -sectioning +SectioningCross referencesLayoutTop +Sectioning +sectioning Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: - -\part\part -\chapter\chapter + +\part\part +\chapter\chapter (report and book class only) -\section\section -\subsection\subsection -\subsubsection\subsubsection -\paragraph\paragraph -\subparagraph\subparagraph +\section\section +\subsection\subsection +\subsubsection\subsubsection +\paragraph\paragraph +\subparagraph\subparagraph All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., - +
    \chapter[toctitle]{title}
     
    In addition to providing the heading title in the main text, the section title can appear in two other places: - + The table of contents. @@ -1011,65 +1036,65 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument toctitle that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. -*-form of sectioning commands +*-form of sectioning commands Also, all sectioning commands have *-forms that print title as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: - +
    \section*{Preamble}
     
    -\appendix -appendix, creating +\appendix +appendix, creating The \appendix command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The \appendix command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like - +
    \chapter{A Chapter}
     &dots;
     \appendix
     \chapter{The First Appendix}
     
    -secnumdepth counter -section numbers, printing +secnumdepth counter +section numbers, printing The secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting - +
    \setcounter{secnumdepth}{level}
     
    suppresses heading numbers at any depth > level, where -chapter is level zero. (\setcounter.) +chapter is level zero. (\setcounter.)
    -Cross referencesEnvironmentsSectioningTop -Cross references -cross references +Cross referencesEnvironmentsSectioningTop +Cross references +cross references One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; - -\label
    Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
    -
    \pageref
    Refer to a page number.
    -
    \ref
    Refer to a section, figure or similar.
    +
    +\label
    Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
    +
    \pageref
    Refer to a page number.
    +
    \ref
    Refer to a section, figure or similar.
     
    -\label\pagerefCross references -
    \label -\label +\label\pagerefCross references +
    \label +\label Synopsis: - +
    \label{key}
     
    @@ -1084,16 +1109,16 @@ punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: -
    -ch +
    +ch for chapters -sec +sec for lower-level sectioning commands -fig +fig for figures -tab +tab for tables -eq +eq for equations
    @@ -1102,15 +1127,15 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
    -\pageref\ref\labelCross references -
    \pageref{key} -\pageref -cross referencing with page number -page number, cross referencing +\pageref\ref\labelCross references +
    \pageref{key} +\pageref +cross referencing with page number +page number, cross referencing Synopsis: - +
    \pageref{key}
     
    @@ -1120,85 +1145,85 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding
    -\ref\pagerefCross references -
    \ref{key} -\ref -cross referencing, symbolic -section number, cross referencing -equation number, cross referencing -figure number, cross referencing -footnote number, cross referencing +\ref\pagerefCross references +
    \ref{key} +\ref +cross referencing, symbolic +section number, cross referencing +equation number, cross referencing +figure number, cross referencing +footnote number, cross referencing Synopsis: - +
    \ref{key}
     
    The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, figure, &dots;, of the corresponding -\label command (\label). It does not produce any text, +\label command (\label). It does not produce any text, such as the word &textlsquo;Section&textrsquo; or &textlsquo;Figure&textrsquo;, just the bare number itself.
    -EnvironmentsLine breakingCross referencesTop -Environments -environments +EnvironmentsLine breakingCross referencesTop +Environments +environments -\begin -\end +\begin +\end &latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: - +
    \begin{envname}
     ...
     \end{envname}
     
    - -abstract
    Produce an abstract.
    -
    array
    Math arrays.
    -
    center
    Centered lines.
    -
    description
    Labelled lists.
    -
    displaymath
    Formulas that appear on their own line.
    -
    document
    Enclose the whole document.
    -
    enumerate
    Numbered lists.
    -
    eqnarray
    Sequences of aligned equations.
    -
    equation
    Displayed equation.
    -
    figure
    Floating figures.
    -
    flushleft
    Flushed left lines.
    -
    flushright
    Flushed right lines.
    -
    itemize
    Bulleted lists.
    -
    letter
    Letters.
    -
    list
    Generic list environment.
    -
    math
    In-line math.
    -
    minipage
    Miniature page.
    -
    picture
    Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
    -
    quotation
    Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
    -
    quote
    Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
    -
    tabbing
    Align text arbitrarily.
    -
    table
    Floating tables.
    -
    tabular
    Align text in columns.
    -
    thebibliography
    Bibliography or reference list.
    -
    theorem
    Theorems, lemmas, etc.
    -
    titlepage
    For hand crafted title pages.
    -
    verbatim
    Simulating typed input.
    -
    verse
    For poetry and other things.
    +
    +abstract
    Produce an abstract.
    +
    array
    Math arrays.
    +
    center
    Centered lines.
    +
    description
    Labelled lists.
    +
    displaymath
    Formulas that appear on their own line.
    +
    document
    Enclose the whole document.
    +
    enumerate
    Numbered lists.
    +
    eqnarray
    Sequences of aligned equations.
    +
    equation
    Displayed equation.
    +
    figure
    Floating figures.
    +
    flushleft
    Flushed left lines.
    +
    flushright
    Flushed right lines.
    +
    itemize
    Bulleted lists.
    +
    letter
    Letters.
    +
    list
    Generic list environment.
    +
    math
    In-line math.
    +
    minipage
    Miniature page.
    +
    picture
    Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
    +
    quotation
    Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
    +
    quote
    Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
    +
    tabbing
    Align text arbitrarily.
    +
    table
    Floating tables.
    +
    tabular
    Align text in columns.
    +
    thebibliography
    Bibliography or reference list.
    +
    theorem
    Theorems, lemmas, etc.
    +
    titlepage
    For hand crafted title pages.
    +
    verbatim
    Simulating typed input.
    +
    verse
    For poetry and other things.
     
    -abstractarrayEnvironments -
    abstract +abstractarrayEnvironments +
    abstract -abstract environment -abstracts +abstract environment +abstracts Synopsis: - +
    \begin{abstract}
     ...
     \end{abstract}
    @@ -1208,14 +1233,14 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
     
     
     
    -arraycenterabstractEnvironments -
    array -array environment -arrays, math +arraycenterabstractEnvironments +
    array +array environment +arrays, math Synopsis: - +
    \begin{array}{template}
     col1 text&col1 text&coln}\\
     ...
    @@ -1223,33 +1248,33 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
     
    Math arrays are produced with the array environment, normally -within an equation environment (equation). It has a +within an equation environment (equation). It has a single mandatory template argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column col is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: - -c +
    +c centered -l +l flush left -r +r flush right
    -\\ (for array) +\\ (for array) Column entries are separated by &. Column entries may include other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with \\. -&arobase;{...} +&arobase;{...} In the template, the construct &arobase;{text} puts text between columns in each row. Here&textrsquo;s an example: - +
    \begin{equation}
       \begin{array}{lrc}
       left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
    @@ -1258,9 +1283,9 @@ between columns in each row.
     \end{equation}
     
    -\arraycolsep +\arraycolsep The \arraycolsep parameter defines half the width of the space -separating columns; the default is 5pt. tabular, for other +separating columns; the default is 5pt. tabular, for other parameters which affect formatting in array environments, namely \arrayrulewidth and \arraystretch. @@ -1268,37 +1293,37 @@ namely \arrayrulewidth and \arraystretch.
    -centerdescriptionarrayEnvironments -
    center +centerdescriptionarrayEnvironments +
    center -center environment -centering text, environment for +center environment +centering text, environment for Synopsis: - +
    \begin{center}
     line1 \\
     line2 \\
     \end{center}
     
    -\\ (for center) +\\ (for center) The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string \\. - -\centering
    Declaration form of the center environment.
    +
    +\centering
    Declaration form of the center environment.
     
    -\centeringcenter -\centering +\centeringcenter +\centering -\centering -centering text, declaration for +\centering +centering text, declaration for The \centering declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such @@ -1314,7 +1339,7 @@ an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. Here&textrsquo;s an example: - +
    \begin{quote}
     \centering
     first line \\
    @@ -1325,16 +1350,16 @@ second line \\
     
     
     
    -descriptiondisplaymathcenterEnvironments -
    description +descriptiondisplaymathcenterEnvironments +
    description -description environment -labelled lists, creating -description lists, creating +description environment +labelled lists, creating +description lists, creating Synopsis: - +
    \begin{description}
     \item [label1] item1
     \item [label2] item2
    @@ -1342,13 +1367,13 @@ second line \\
     \end{description}
     
    -\item +\item The description environment is used to make labelled lists. Each label is typeset in bold, flush right. The item text may contain multiple paragraphs. -bold typewriter, avoiding -typewriter labels in lists +bold typewriter, avoiding +typewriter labels in lists Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in typewriter using \texttt, you&textrsquo;ll get bold typewriter: \item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]. This @@ -1356,58 +1381,58 @@ may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use \tt, which resets all other style variations: \item[{\tt plain typewriter}]. -For details about list spacing, see itemize. +For details about list spacing, see itemize.
    -displaymathdocumentdescriptionEnvironments -
    displaymath +displaymathdocumentdescriptionEnvironments +
    displaymath -displaymath environment +displaymath environment Synopsis: - +
    \begin{displaymath}
     math
     \end{displaymath}
     
    -or + or - +
    \[math\]
     
    The displaymath environment (\[...\] is a synonym) typesets the math text on its own line, centered by default. The global fleqn option makes equations flush left; see -Document class options. +Document class options. No equation number is added to displaymath text; to get an -equation number, use the equation environment (equation). +equation number, use the equation environment (equation).
    -documentenumeratedisplaymathEnvironments -
    document +documentenumeratedisplaymathEnvironments +
    document -document environment +document environment The document environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every &latex; document. Starting & ending. +It is required in every &latex; document. Starting & ending.
    -enumerateeqnarraydocumentEnvironments -
    enumerate +enumerateeqnarraydocumentEnvironments +
    enumerate -enumerate environment -lists of items, numbered +enumerate environment +lists of items, numbered Synopsis: - +
    \begin{enumerate}
     \item item1
     \item item2
    @@ -1418,59 +1443,59 @@ It is required in every &latex; document.  Starting & en
     The enumerate environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations
     can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also
     be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
    -itemize (itemize) and description
    -(description).
    +itemize (itemize) and description
    +(description).
     
    -\item
    +\item
     Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command.
     There must be at least one \item command within the environment.
     
     By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
     
    -
    -1., 2., &dots;
    -(a), (b), &dots;
    -i., ii., &dots;
    -A., B., &dots;
    +
    +1., 2., &dots;
    +(a), (b), &dots;
    +i., ii., &dots;
    +A., B., &dots;
     
     
    -\enumi
    -\enumii
    -\enumiii
    -\enumiv
    +\enumi
    +\enumii
    +\enumiii
    +\enumiv
     The enumerate environment uses the counters \enumi
    -through \enumiv counters (Counters).  If the optional
    +through \enumiv counters (Counters).  If the optional
     argument to \item is given, the counter is not incremented for
     that item.
     
    -\labelenumi
    -\labelenumii
    -\labelenumiii
    -\labelenumiv
    +\labelenumi
    +\labelenumii
    +\labelenumiii
    +\labelenumiv
     The enumerate environment uses the commands \labelenumi
     through \labelenumiv to produce the default label.  So, you can
    -use \renewcommand to change the labels (\newcommand &
    +use \renewcommand to change the labels (\newcommand &
     \renewcommand).  For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
     letters:
     
    -\Alph example
    -
    +\Alph example
    +
     
    \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
     
    -eqnarrayequationenumerateEnvironments -
    eqnarray +eqnarrayequationenumerateEnvironments +
    eqnarray -eqnarray environment -equations, aligning -aligning equations +eqnarray environment +equations, aligning +aligning equations -align environment, from amsmath -amsmath package, replacing eqnarray -Madsen, Lars +align environment, from amsmath +amsmath package, replacing eqnarray +Madsen, Lars First, a caveat: the eqnarray environment has some infelicities which cannot be overcome; the article &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen describes them in detail @@ -1480,7 +1505,7 @@ others) from the amsmath package. Nevertheless, here is a description of eqnarray: - +
    \begin{eqnarray}  (or eqnarray*)
     formula1 \\
     formula2 \\
    @@ -1488,59 +1513,59 @@ others) from the amsmath package.
     \end{eqnarray}
     
    -\\ (for eqnarray) +\\ (for eqnarray) The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row separated by an &. -\\* (for eqnarray) +\\* (for eqnarray) \\* can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. -\nonumber -equation numbers, omitting +\nonumber +equation numbers, omitting An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command. Alternatively, The *-form of the environment (\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}) will omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as eqnarray. -\lefteqn +\lefteqn The command \lefteqn is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width.
    -equationfigureeqnarrayEnvironments -
    equation +equationfigureeqnarrayEnvironments +
    equation -equation environment -equations, environment for -formulas, environment for +equation environment +equations, environment for +formulas, environment for Synopsis: - +
    \begin{equation}
     math
     \end{equation}
     
    The equation environment starts a displaymath -environment (displaymath), e.g., centering the math text +environment (displaymath), e.g., centering the math text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
    -figureflushleftequationEnvironments -
    figure -figure -inserting figures -figures, inserting +figureflushleftequationEnvironments +
    figure +figure +inserting figures +figures, inserting - +
    \begin{figure[*]}[placement]
     figbody
     \label{label}
    @@ -1555,41 +1580,41 @@ Figures will not be split between two pages.
     When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
     full-width figure (across both columns).
     
    -placement of floats
    -specifier, float placement
    +placement of floats
    +specifier, float placement
     The optional argument [placement] determines where &latex; will try
     to place your figure.  There are four places where &latex; can possibly
     put a float:
     
    -
    -t
    +
    +t (Top)&textmdash;at the top of a text page. -b +b (Bottom)&textmdash;at the bottom of a text page. However, b is not allowed for full-width floats (figure*) with double-column output. To ameliorate this, use the stfloats or dblfloatfix package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat. -h -float package +h +float package (Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; t is automatically added. -here, putting floats -float package +here, putting floats +float package To absolutely force a figure to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can \usepackage{float} and use the H specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere. -p +p (Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. -! +! Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, &latex; ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page. @@ -1604,63 +1629,63 @@ see above. The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.&noeos; you wish. -\caption +\caption The \caption command specifies caption text for the figure. The caption is numbered by default. If loftitle is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of text -(Tables of contents). +(Tables of contents). Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and non-float text: - -\bottomfraction + +\bottomfraction The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at the bottom; default .3. -\floatpagefraction\floatpagefraction +\floatpagefraction\floatpagefraction The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default .5. -\textfraction\textfraction +\textfraction\textfraction Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is .2. -\topfraction\topfraction +\topfraction\topfraction Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default .7. Parameters relating to vertical space around floats: - -\floatsep\floatsep + +\floatsep\floatsep Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt. -\intextsep\intextsep +\intextsep\intextsep Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default 12pt plus2pt minus2pt for 10pt and 11pt styles, 14pt plus4pt minus4pt for 12pt. -\textfloatsep\textfloatsep +\textfloatsep\textfloatsep Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default 20pt plus2pt minus4pt. Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: - -\bottomnumber\bottomnumber + +\bottomnumber\bottomnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. -\topnumber\topnumber +\topnumber\topnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. -\totalnumber\totalnumber +\totalnumber\totalnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. @@ -1669,13 +1694,13 @@ default 2. -flushleftflushrightfigureEnvironments -
    flushleft -flushleft environment -left-justifying text, environment for -ragged right text, environment for +flushleftflushrightfigureEnvironments +
    flushleft +flushleft environment +left-justifying text, environment for +ragged right text, environment for - +
    \begin{flushleft}
     line1 \\
     line2 \\
    @@ -1683,22 +1708,22 @@ default 2.
     \end{flushleft}
     
    -\\ for flushleft +\\ for flushleft The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string \\. - -\raggedright
    Declaration form of the flushleft environment.
    +
    +\raggedright
    Declaration form of the flushleft environment.
     
    -\raggedrightflushleft -\raggedright -\raggedright -ragged right text -left-justifying text -justification, ragged right +\raggedrightflushleft +\raggedright +\raggedright +ragged right text +left-justifying text +justification, ragged right The \raggedright declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1713,13 +1738,13 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
    -flushrightitemizeflushleftEnvironments -
    flushright -flushright environment -ragged left text, environment for -right-justifying text, environment for +flushrightitemizeflushleftEnvironments +
    flushright +flushright environment +ragged left text, environment for +right-justifying text, environment for - +
    \begin{flushright}
     line1 \\
     line2 \\
    @@ -1727,22 +1752,22 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
     \end{flushright}
     
    -\\ (for flushright) +\\ (for flushright) The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string \\. - -\raggedleft
    Declaration form of the flushright environment.
    +
    +\raggedleft
    Declaration form of the flushright environment.
     
    -\raggedleftflushright -\raggedleft -\raggedleft -ragged left text -justification, ragged left -right-justifying text +\raggedleftflushright +\raggedleft +\raggedleft +ragged left text +justification, ragged left +right-justifying text The \raggedleft declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1757,17 +1782,17 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
    -itemizeletterflushrightEnvironments -
    itemize -itemize environment -\item -lists of items -unordered lists -bulleted lists +itemizeletterflushrightEnvironments +
    itemize +itemize environment +\item +lists of items +unordered lists +bulleted lists Synopsis: - +
    \begin{itemize}
     \item item1
     \item item2
    @@ -1778,40 +1803,40 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
     The itemize environment produces an &textldquo;unordered&textrdquo;, &textldquo;bulleted&textrdquo;
     list.  Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
     levels deep.  They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
    -environments, such as enumerate (enumerate).
    +environments, such as enumerate (enumerate).
     
     Each item of an itemize list begins with an \item command.
     There must be at least one \item command within the environment.
     
     By default, the marks at each level look like this:
     
    -
    -• (bullet)
    --- (bold en-dash)
    -* (asterisk)
    -. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
    +
    +• (bullet)
    +-- (bold en-dash)
    +* (asterisk)
    +. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
     
     
    -\labelitemi
    -\labelitemii
    -\labelitemiii
    -\labelitemiv
    +\labelitemi
    +\labelitemii
    +\labelitemiii
    +\labelitemiv
     The itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi
     through \labelitemiv to produce the default label.  So, you can
     use \renewcommand to change the labels.  For instance, to have
     the first level use diamonds:
     
    -
    +
     
    \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
     
    -\leftmargin -\leftmargini -\leftmarginii -\leftmarginiii -\leftmarginiv -\leftmarginv -\leftmarginvi +\leftmargin +\leftmargini +\leftmarginii +\leftmarginiii +\leftmarginiv +\leftmarginv +\leftmarginvi The \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, \leftmargin is set @@ -1822,28 +1847,28 @@ nesting is entered. 2.5em (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: - +
    \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
     
    - + Some parameters that affect list formatting: - -\itemindent\itemindent + +\itemindent\itemindent Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. -\labelsep\labelsep +\labelsep\labelsep Space between the label and text of an item; default .5em. -\labelwidth\labelwidth +\labelwidth\labelwidth Width of the label; default 2em, or 1.5em in two-column mode. -\listparindent\listparindent +\listparindent\listparindent Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default 0pt. -\rightmargin\rightmargin +\rightmargin\rightmargin Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default 0pt, except in the quote, quotation, and verse environments, where it is set equal @@ -1854,24 +1879,24 @@ to \leftmargin. Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather loose, by default). - -\itemsep\itemsep + +\itemsep\itemsep Vertical space between items. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus2pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt for 12pt. -\parsep\parsep +\parsep\parsep Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as \itemsep. -\topsep\topsep +\topsep\topsep Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is 8pt plus2pt minus4pt for 10pt documents, 9pt plus3pt minus5pt for 11pt, and 10pt plus4pt minus6pt for 12pt. These are reduced for nested lists. -\partopsep\partopsep +\partopsep\partopsep Extra space added to \topsep when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus1pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 3pt @@ -1879,14 +1904,14 @@ plus2pt minus2pt for 12pt. -\parskip example +\parskip example Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an itemize* environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs within a single item (\parskip is not list-specific, -\parskip): +\parskip): - +
    \newenvironment{itemize*}%
       {\begin{itemize}%
         \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
    @@ -1897,24 +1922,24 @@ within a single item (\parskip is not list-specific,
     
     
     
    -letterlistitemizeEnvironments -
    letter environment: writing letters -letter +letterlistitemizeEnvironments +
    letter environment: writing letters +letter -This environment is used for creating letters. Letters. +This environment is used for creating letters. Letters.
    -listmathletterEnvironments -
    list -list -lists of items, generic +listmathletterEnvironments +
    list +list +lists of items, generic The list environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in macros. - +
    \begin{list}{labeling}{spacing}
     \item item1
     \item item2
    @@ -1932,19 +1957,19 @@ spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be
     empty, i.e., {}, which leaves the default spacing.
     
     The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
    -\linewidth (Page layout parameters).
    +\linewidth (Page layout parameters).
     
     
     
    -mathminipagelistEnvironments -
    math +mathminipagelistEnvironments +
    math -math environment -in-line formulas +math environment +in-line formulas Synopsis: - +
    \begin{math}
     math
     \end{math}
    @@ -1952,17 +1977,17 @@ empty, i.e., {}, which leaves the default spacing.
     
     The math environment inserts the given math within the
     running text.  \(...\)) and $...$ are synonyms.
    -Math formulas.
    +Math formulas.
     
     
     
    -minipagepicturemathEnvironments -
    minipage +minipagepicturemathEnvironments +
    minipage -minipage environment -minipage, creating a +minipage environment +minipage, creating a - +
    \begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}
     text
     \end{minipage}
    @@ -1970,47 +1995,47 @@ running text.  \(...\)) and $...$ are synonyms.
     
     The minipage environment typesets its body text in a
     block that will not be broken across pages.  This is similar to the
    -\parbox command (\parbox), but unlike \parbox,
    +\parbox command (\parbox), but unlike \parbox,
     other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
     
    -
    -The arguments are the same as for \parbox (\parbox).
    +
    +The arguments are the same as for \parbox (\parbox).
     
    -indentation of paragraphs, in minipage
    -paragraph indentation, in minipage
    -\parindent
    +indentation of paragraphs, in minipage
    +paragraph indentation, in minipage
    +\parindent
     By default, paragraphs are not indented in the minipage
     environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
     \setlength{\parindent}{1pc} command.
     
    -footnotes in figures
    -figures, footnotes in
    +footnotes in figures
    +figures, footnotes in
     Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
     particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
     \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at
     the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
     uses the \mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary
    -footnote counter (Counters).
    +footnote counter (Counters).
     
     However, don&textrsquo;t put one minipage inside another if you are using
     footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
     
     
     
    -picturequotationminipageEnvironments -
    picture +picturequotationminipageEnvironments +
    picture -picture -creating pictures -pictures, creating +picture +creating pictures +pictures, creating - +
    \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
     &dots; picture commands &dots;
     \end{picture}
     
    -\unitlength +\unitlength The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying @@ -2019,9 +2044,11 @@ point and a minus sign&textmdash;a number like 5, 0.3 -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 -centimeters. You should only change the value of \unitlength, -using the \setlength command, outside of a picture -environment. +centimeters. + +You should only change the value of \unitlength, using the +\setlength command, outside of a picture environment. +The default value is 1pt. A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. @@ -2043,11 +2070,11 @@ coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command - +
    \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
     
    -produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 + produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the @@ -2064,45 +2091,45 @@ how much room to leave for it. Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The command - +
    \put (11.3,-.3){...}
     
    -puts the object specified by ... in the + puts the object specified by ... in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various objects will be described below. -lR box +lR box The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything -that can go in an \mbox (\mbox) in the text argument of +that can go in an \mbox (\mbox) in the text argument of the \put command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. The picture commands are described in the following sections. - -\circle
    Draw a circle.
    -
    \makebox (picture)
    Draw a box of the specified size.
    -
    \framebox (picture)
    Draw a box with a frame around it.
    -
    \dashbox
    Draw a dashed box.
    -
    \frame
    Draw a frame around an object.
    -
    \line
    Draw a straight line.
    -
    \linethickness
    Set the line thickness.
    -
    \thicklines
    A heavier line thickness.
    -
    \thinlines
    The default line thickness.
    -
    \multiput
    Draw multiple instances of an object.
    -
    \oval
    Draw an ellipse.
    -
    \put
    Place an object at a specified place.
    -
    \shortstack
    Make a pile of objects.
    -
    \vector
    Draw a line with an arrow.
    +
    +\circle
    Draw a circle.
    +
    \makebox (picture)
    Draw a box of the specified size.
    +
    \framebox (picture)
    Draw a box with a frame around it.
    +
    \dashbox
    Draw a dashed box.
    +
    \frame
    Draw a frame around an object.
    +
    \line
    Draw a straight line.
    +
    \linethickness
    Set the line thickness.
    +
    \thicklines
    A heavier line thickness.
    +
    \thinlines
    The default line thickness.
    +
    \multiput
    Draw multiple instances of an object.
    +
    \oval
    Draw an ellipse.
    +
    \put
    Place an object at a specified place.
    +
    \shortstack
    Make a pile of objects.
    +
    \vector
    Draw a line with an arrow.
     
    -\circle\makebox (picture)picture -\circle -\circle +\circle\makebox (picture)picture +\circle +\circle - +
    \circle[*]{diameter}
     
    @@ -2114,9 +2141,9 @@ draws a solid circle.
    -\makebox (picture)\framebox (picture)\circlepicture -\makebox -\makebox (picture) +\makebox (picture)\framebox (picture)\circlepicture +\makebox +\makebox (picture) \makebox(width,height)[position]{...} @@ -2127,32 +2154,32 @@ the normal \makebox command except that you must specify a The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: -
    -t +
    +t Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. -b +b Moves the item to the bottom. -l +l Moves the item to the left. -r +r Moves the item to the right.
    -\makebox. +\makebox. -\framebox (picture)\dashbox\makebox (picture)picture -\framebox -\framebox +\framebox (picture)\dashbox\makebox (picture)picture +\framebox +\framebox Synopsis: - +
    \framebox(width,height)[pos]{...}
     
    @@ -2160,42 +2187,42 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.
    -\fboxrule -\fboxsep +\fboxrule +\fboxsep The \framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. -\dashbox\frame\framebox (picture)picture -\dashbox +\dashbox\frame\framebox (picture)picture +\dashbox -\dashbox +\dashbox Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: - +
    \dashbox{dlen}(rwidth,rheight)[pos]{text}
     
    \dashbox creates a dashed rectangle around text in a picture environment. Dashes are dlen units long, and the rectangle has overall width rwidth and height rheight. -The text is positioned at optional pos. +The text is positioned at optional pos. A dashed box looks best when the rwidth and rheight are multiples of the dlen.
    -\frame\line\dashboxpicture -\frame -\frame +\frame\line\dashboxpicture +\frame +\frame Synopsis: - +
    \frame{text}
     
    @@ -2205,13 +2232,13 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
    -\line\linethickness\framepicture -\line -\line +\line\linethickness\framepicture +\line +\line Synopsis: - +
    \line(xslope,yslope){length}
     
    @@ -2225,9 +2252,9 @@ see the curve2e and many many other packages on CTAN.
    -\linethickness\thicklines\linepicture -\linethickness -\linethickness +\linethickness\thicklines\linepicture +\linethickness +\linethickness The \linethickness{dim} command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be @@ -2238,32 +2265,32 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval. -\thicklines\thinlines\linethicknesspicture -\thicklines -\thicklines +\thicklines\thinlines\linethicknesspicture +\thicklines +\thicklines The \thicklines command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; -cf. \linethickness and \thinlines. +cf. \linethickness and \thinlines. -\thinlines\multiput\thicklinespicture -\thinlines -\thinlines +\thinlines\multiput\thicklinespicture +\thinlines +\thinlines The \thinlines command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; -cf. \linethickness and \thicklines. +cf. \linethickness and \thicklines. -\multiput\oval\thinlinespicture -\multiput -\multiput +\multiput\oval\thinlinespicture +\multiput +\multiput Synopsis: - +
    \multiput(x,y)(delta_x,delta_y){n}{obj}
     
    @@ -2274,13 +2301,13 @@ pattern across a picture. obj is first placed at position
    -\oval\put\multiputpicture -\oval -\oval +\oval\put\multiputpicture +\oval +\oval Synopsis: - +
    \oval(width,height)[portion]
     
    @@ -2288,14 +2315,14 @@ pattern across a picture. obj is first placed at position The optional argument portion allows you to select part of the oval via the following: - -t +
    +t selects the top portion; -b +b selects the bottom portion; -r +r selects the right portion; -l +l selects the left portion.
    @@ -2305,10 +2332,10 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
    -\put\shortstack\ovalpicture -\put +\put\shortstack\ovalpicture +\put -\put +\put \put(x coord,y coord){ ... } @@ -2317,40 +2344,40 @@ argument at the given coordinates. -\shortstack\vector\putpicture -\shortstack -\shortstack +\shortstack\vector\putpicture +\shortstack +\shortstack Synopsis: - +
    \shortstack[position]{...\\...\\...}
     
    The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are: - -r +
    +r Move the objects to the right of the stack. -l +l Move the objects to the left of the stack -c +c Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
    -\\ (for \shortstack objects) +\\ (for \shortstack objects) Objects are separated with \\.
    -\vector\shortstackpicture -\vector -\vector +\vector\shortstackpicture +\vector +\vector Synopsis: - +
    \vector(x-slope,y-slope){length}
     
    @@ -2361,17 +2388,17 @@ length and slope. The x and y values must lie between
    -quotationquotepictureEnvironments -
    quotation +quotationquotepictureEnvironments +
    quotation -quotation -quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying -displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation -paragraph indentations in quoted text +quotation +quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying +displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation +paragraph indentations in quoted text Synopsis: - +
    \begin{quotation}
     text
     \end{quotation}
    @@ -2386,17 +2413,17 @@ normally.
     
     
     
    -quotetabbingquotationEnvironments -
    quote +quotetabbingquotationEnvironments +
    quote -quote -quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying -displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation -paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting +quote +quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying +displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation +paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting Snyopsis: - +
    \begin{quote}
     text
     \end{quote}
    @@ -2410,17 +2437,17 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
     
     
     
    -tabbingtablequoteEnvironments -
    tabbing +tabbingtablequoteEnvironments +
    tabbing -tabbing environment -tab stops, using -lining text up using tab stops -alignment via tabbing +tabbing environment +tab stops, using +lining text up using tab stops +alignment via tabbing Synopsis: - +
    \begin{tabbing}
     row1col1 \= row1col2 \= row1col3 \= row1col4 \\
     row2col1 \>                \> row2col3 \\
    @@ -2438,38 +2465,38 @@ environment.
     
     The following commands can be used inside a tabbing enviroment:
     
    -
    -\\ (tabbing)\\ (tabbing)
    +
    +\\ (tabbing)\\ (tabbing)
     End a line.
     
    -\= (tabbing)\= (tabbing)
    +\= (tabbing)\= (tabbing)
     Sets a tab stop at the current position.
     
    -\> (tabbing)\> (tabbing)
    -\>
    +\> (tabbing)\> (tabbing)
    +\>
     Advances to the next tab stop.
     
    -\<\<
    +\<\<
     Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
     the margin).  Can only be used at the start of the line.
     
    -\+\+
    +\+\+
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the
     following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
     necessary.
     
    -\-\-
    +\-\-
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the
     following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
     necessary.
     
    -\&textrsquo; (tabbing)\' (tabbing)
    +\&textrsquo; (tabbing)\' (tabbing)
     Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
     current column, i.e. everything from the most recent \>,
     \<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right
     of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
     
    -\&textlsquo; (tabbing)\` (tabbing)
    +\&textlsquo; (tabbing)\` (tabbing)
     Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
     stop 0.  However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column
     because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there.  The \` command moves all the
    @@ -2478,36 +2505,36 @@ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
     environment.  There must be no \> or \' command between
     the \` and the command that ends the line.
     
    -\a (tabbing)\a (tabbing)
    -\a&textrsquo; (acute accent in tabbing)
    -\a&textlsquo; (grave accent in tabbing)
    -\a= (macron accent in tabbing)
    +\a (tabbing)\a (tabbing)
    +\a&textrsquo; (acute accent in tabbing)
    +\a&textlsquo; (grave accent in tabbing)
    +\a= (macron accent in tabbing)
     In a tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and
    -\` do not produce accents as usual (Accents).  Instead,
    +\` do not produce accents as usual (Accents).  Instead,
     the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used.
     
    -\kill\kill
    +\kill\kill
     Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like \\
     except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
     output for it.  The effect of any \=, \+ or \-
     commands in that line remain in effect.
     
    -\poptabs\poptabs
    -\poptabs
    +\poptabs\poptabs
    +\poptabs
     Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last \pushtabs.
     
    -\pushtabs\pushtabs
    +\pushtabs\pushtabs
     Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
     tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing environment.
     
    -\tabbingsep\tabbingsep
    +\tabbingsep\tabbingsep
     Distance to left of tab stop moved by \'.
     
     
     
     This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
     
    -
    +
     
    \begin{tabbing}
     function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
              \> begin \= \+ \\
    @@ -2521,16 +2548,16 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
     
     
     
    -tabletabulartabbingEnvironments -
    table +tabletabulartabbingEnvironments +
    table -table -tables, creating -creating tables +table +tables, creating +creating tables Synopsis: - +
     \begin{table}[placement]
     
       body of the table
    @@ -2546,7 +2573,7 @@ Tables will not be split between two pages.
     The optional argument [placement] determines where &latex; will try
     to place your table.  There are four places where &latex; can possibly put
     a float; these are the same as that used with the figure
    -environment, and described there (figure).
    +environment, and described there (figure).
     
     The standard report and article classes use the default
     placement [tbp].
    @@ -2556,15 +2583,15 @@ you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your table.
     
     
     
    -tabularthebibliographytableEnvironments -
    tabular -tabular environment -lines in tables -lining text up in tables +tabularthebibliographytableEnvironments +
    tabular +tabular environment +lines in tables +lining text up in tables Synopsis: - +
    \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
    @@ -2574,7 +2601,7 @@ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     
     or
     
    -
    +
     
    \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
    @@ -2584,50 +2611,50 @@ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
     items, aligned vertically in columns.
     
    -\\ for tabular
    +\\ for tabular
     \\ must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
     except for the last, where it is optional&textmdash;unless an \hline
     command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
     
     The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
     
    -
    -width
    +
    +width Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width. -pos +pos Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of the environment. -
    -t +
    +t align on top row -b +b align on bottom row
    -cols +cols Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. - -l +
    +l A column of left-aligned items. -r +r A column of right-aligned items. -c +c A column of centered items. -| +| A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. -&arobase;{text} +&arobase;{text} This inserts text in every row. An &arobase;-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space before the adjacent item must be included in text. @@ -2635,9 +2662,9 @@ before the adjacent item must be included in text. To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given column, you have to load the array package and use the >{...} specifier. - + -\extracolsep +\extracolsep An \extracolsep{wd} command in an &arobase;-expression causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command. @@ -2645,13 +2672,13 @@ Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an &arobase;-expression. An \extracolsep command can be used only in an &arobase;-expression in the cols argument. -p{wd} +p{wd} Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in the following situations: - + inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular. @@ -2662,7 +2689,7 @@ declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column element. -*{num}{cols} +*{num}{cols} Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is a positive integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression. @@ -2671,23 +2698,23 @@ which may contain another *-expression.
    Parameters that control formatting: - + - -\arrayrulewidth\arrayrulewidth + +\arrayrulewidth\arrayrulewidth Thickness of the rule created by |, \hline, and \vline in the tabular and array environments; the default is .4pt. -\arraystretch\arraystretch +
    \arraystretch\arraystretch Scaling of spacing between rows in the tabular and array environments; default is 1, for no scaling. -\doublerulesep\doublerulesep +\doublerulesep\doublerulesep Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by || in the tabular and array environments; default is 2pt. -\tabcolsep\tabcolsep +\tabcolsep\tabcolsep Half the width of the space between columns; default is 6pt. @@ -2695,20 +2722,20 @@ in the tabular and array environments; default is The following commands can be used inside a tabular environment: - -\multicolumn
    Make an item spanning several columns.
    -
    \cline
    Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
    -
    \hline
    Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
    -
    \vline
    Draw a vertical line.
    +
    +\multicolumn
    Make an item spanning several columns.
    +
    \cline
    Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
    +
    \hline
    Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
    +
    \vline
    Draw a vertical line.
     
    -\multicolumn\clinetabular -\multicolumn -\multicolumn +\multicolumn\clinetabular +\multicolumn +\multicolumn Synopsis: - +
    \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
     
    @@ -2722,7 +2749,7 @@ for flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory argument, Here&textrsquo;s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; \multicolumn is used for the heading: - +
    \begin{tabular}{r&arobase;{--}l}
     \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
        0x80&0x7FF   \cr
    @@ -2733,13 +2760,13 @@ for flushleft, r for flushright.  The third mandatory argument,
     
     
     
    -\cline\hline\multicolumntabular
    -\cline
    -\cline
    +\cline\hline\multicolumntabular
    +\cline
    +\cline
     
     Synopsis:
     
    -
    +
     
    \cline{i-j}
     
    @@ -2749,9 +2776,9 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument.
    -\hline\vline\clinetabular -\hline -\hline +\hline\vline\clinetabular +\hline +\hline The \hline command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing tabular or array environment. It&textrsquo;s most @@ -2760,9 +2787,9 @@ of a table. -\vline\hlinetabular -\vline -\vline +\vline\hlinetabular +\vline +\vline The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to @@ -2772,15 +2799,15 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
    -thebibliographytheoremtabularEnvironments -
    thebibliography +thebibliographytheoremtabularEnvironments +
    thebibliography -thebibliography -bibliography, creating (manually) +thebibliography +bibliography, creating (manually) Synopsis: - +
    \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
     \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
     ...
    @@ -2796,7 +2823,7 @@ reference list.
     by redefining the command \refname.  For instance, this
     eliminates it entirely:
     
    -
    +
     
    \renewcommand{\refname}{}
     
    @@ -2805,21 +2832,21 @@ is as wide as the widest item label produced by the \bibitem commands. It is typically given as 9 for bibliographies with less than 10 references, 99 for ones with less than 100, etc. - -\bibitem
    Specify a bibliography item.
    -
    \cite
    Refer to a bibliography item.
    -
    \nocite
    Include an item in the bibliography.
    -
    Using BibTeX
    Automatic generation of bibliographies.
    +
    +\bibitem
    Specify a bibliography item.
    +
    \cite
    Refer to a bibliography item.
    +
    \nocite
    Include an item in the bibliography.
    +
    Using BibTeX
    Automatic generation of bibliographies.
     
    -\bibitem\citethebibliography -\bibitem +\bibitem\citethebibliography +\bibitem -\bibitem +\bibitem Synopsis: - +
    \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
     
    @@ -2838,14 +2865,14 @@ associated label.
    -\cite\nocite\bibitemthebibliography -\cite +\cite\nocite\bibitemthebibliography +\cite -\cite +\cite Synopsis: - +
    \cite[subcite]{keys
     
    @@ -2860,9 +2887,9 @@ citation. For example, \cite[p.~314]{knuth} might pr
    -\nociteUsing BibTeX\citethebibliography -\nocite -\nocite +\nociteUsing BibTeX\citethebibliography +\nocite +\nocite \nocite{key_list} @@ -2871,22 +2898,22 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the .aux file. -Using BibTeX\nocitethebibliography -Using Bib&tex; +Using BibTeX\nocitethebibliography +Using Bib&tex; -using Bib&tex; -bib&tex;, using -bibliography, creating (automatically) -\bibliographystyle -\bibliography +using Bib&tex; +bib&tex;, using +bibliography, creating (automatically) +\bibliographystyle +\bibliography If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don&textrsquo;t use the -thebibliography environment (thebibliography). Instead, +thebibliography environment (thebibliography). Instead, you include the lines - +
    \bibliographystyle{bibstyle}
     \bibliography{bibfile1,bibfile2}
     
    @@ -2897,15 +2924,15 @@ be produced: bibstyle refers to a file bibstyle.bst, which defines how your citations will look. The standard style names distributed with Bib&tex; are: - -alpha +
    +alpha Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication. -plain +plain Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. -unsrt +unsrt Like plain, but entries are in order of citation. -abbrv +abbrv Like plain, but more compact labels.
    @@ -2922,15 +2949,15 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via \cite and
    -theoremtitlepagethebibliographyEnvironments -
    theorem +theoremtitlepagethebibliographyEnvironments +
    theorem -theorem environment -theorems, typesetting +theorem environment +theorems, typesetting Synopsis: - +
    \begin{theorem}
     theorem-text
     \end{theorem}
    @@ -2939,20 +2966,20 @@ Bib&tex; format.  Only the entries referred to via \cite and
     The theorem environment produces &textldquo;Theorem n&textrdquo; in
     boldface followed by theorem-text, where the numbering
     possibilities for n are described under \newtheorem
    -(\newtheorem).
    +(\newtheorem).
     
     
     
    -titlepageverbatimtheoremEnvironments -
    titlepage +titlepageverbatimtheoremEnvironments +
    titlepage -titlepage environment -making a title page -title pages, creating +titlepage environment +making a title page +title pages, creating Synopsis: - +
    \begin{titlepage}
     text
     \end{titlepage}
    @@ -2962,26 +2989,26 @@ possibilities for n are described under \newtheorem
     with no printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following
     page to be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to
     you.  The \today command may be useful on title pages
    -(\today).
    +(\today).
     
    -You can use the \maketitle command (\maketitle) to
    +You can use the \maketitle command (\maketitle) to
     produce a standard title page without a titlepage environment.
     
     
     
    -verbatimversetitlepageEnvironments -
    verbatim +verbatimversetitlepageEnvironments +
    verbatim -verbatim environment -verbatim text -simulating typed text -typed text, simulating -code, typesetting -computer programs, typesetting +verbatim environment +verbatim text +simulating typed text +typed text, simulating +code, typesetting +computer programs, typesetting Synopsis: - +
    \begin{verbatim}
     literal-text
     \end{verbatim}
    @@ -2995,19 +3022,19 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter.
     
     The verbatim uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (\tt).
     
    -
    -\verb
    The macro form of the verbatim environment.
    +
    +\verb
    The macro form of the verbatim environment.
     
    -\verbverbatim -\verb +\verbverbatim +\verb -\verb -verbatim text, inline +\verb +verbatim text, inline Synopsis: - +
    \verbcharliteral-textchar
     \verb*charliteral-textchar
     
    @@ -3018,25 +3045,25 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter \verb* and the delimiter char, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in literal-text. -visible space +visible space The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a &textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character. - + (Namely, {\tt\char&textlsquo;\ }.)
    -verseverbatimEnvironments -
    verse +verseverbatimEnvironments +
    verse -verse environment -poetry, an environment for +verse environment +poetry, an environment for Synopsis: - +
    \begin{verse}
     line1 \\
     line2 \\
    @@ -3047,7 +3074,7 @@ verbatim text.  The delimiter must not appear in literal-text.
     The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
     other uses for it.
     
    -\\ for verse
    +\\ for verse
     The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
     indented, and the text is not justified.  Separate the lines of each
     stanza with \\, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
    @@ -3056,10 +3083,10 @@ stanzas.
     
     
    -Line breakingPage breakingEnvironmentsTop -Line breaking -line breaking -breaking lines +Line breakingPage breakingEnvironmentsTop +Line breaking +line breaking +breaking lines The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To @@ -3070,23 +3097,23 @@ produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, and you can always manually force breaks. - -\\
    Start a new line.
    -
    \obeycr & \restorecr
    Make each input line start a new output line.
    -
    \newline
    Break the line
    -
    \- (hyphenation)
    Insert explicit hyphenation.
    -
    \fussy
    Be fussy about line breaking.
    -
    \sloppy
    Be sloppy about line breaking.
    -
    \hyphenation
    Tell &latex; how to hyphenate a word.
    -
    \linebreak & \nolinebreak
    Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
    +
    +\\
    Start a new line.
    +
    \obeycr & \restorecr
    Make each input line start a new output line.
    +
    \newline
    Break the line
    +
    \- (hyphenation)
    Insert explicit hyphenation.
    +
    \fussy
    Be fussy about line breaking.
    +
    \sloppy
    Be sloppy about line breaking.
    +
    \hyphenation
    Tell &latex; how to hyphenate a word.
    +
    \linebreak & \nolinebreak
    Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
     
    -\\\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking -
    \\[*][morespace] -\\ force line break -new line, starting -line break, forcing +\\\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking +
    \\[*][morespace] +\\ force line break +new line, starting +line break, forcing The \\ command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an optional argument, morespace, that specifies how much extra @@ -3098,11 +3125,11 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.
    -\obeycr & \restorecr\newline\\Line breaking -
    \obeycr & \restorecr -\obeycr -\restorecr -new line, output as input +\obeycr & \restorecr\newline\\Line breaking +
    \obeycr & \restorecr +\obeycr +\restorecr +new line, output as input The \obeycr command makes a return in the input file (^^M, internally) the same as \\ (followed by @@ -3113,10 +3140,10 @@ in the output.
    -\newline\- (hyphenation)\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking -
    \newline -\newline -new line, starting (paragraph mode) +\newline\- (hyphenation)\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking +
    \newline +\newline +new line, starting (paragraph mode) The \newline command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph @@ -3124,10 +3151,10 @@ mode.
    -\- (hyphenation)\fussy\newlineLine breaking -
    \- (discretionary hyphen) -\- (hyphenation) -hyphenation, forcing +\- (hyphenation)\fussy\newlineLine breaking +
    \- (discretionary hyphen) +\- (hyphenation) +hyphenation, forcing The \- command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually @@ -3142,38 +3169,38 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
    -\fussy\sloppy\- (hyphenation)Line breaking -
    \fussy -\fussy +\fussy\sloppy\- (hyphenation)Line breaking +
    \fussy +\fussy The declaration \fussy (which is the default) makes &tex; picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. This command cancels the effect of a previous \sloppy command -(\sloppy. +(\sloppy.
    -\sloppy\hyphenation\fussyLine breaking -
    \sloppy +\sloppy\hyphenation\fussyLine breaking +
    \sloppy The declaration \sloppy makes &tex; less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. -Lasts until a \fussy command is issued (\fussy). +Lasts until a \fussy command is issued (\fussy).
    -\hyphenation\linebreak & \nolinebreak\sloppyLine breaking -
    \hyphenation -\hyphenation -hyphenation, defining +\hyphenation\linebreak & \nolinebreak\sloppyLine breaking +
    \hyphenation +\hyphenation +hyphenation, defining Synopsis: - +
    \hyphenation{word-one word-two}
     
    @@ -3184,22 +3211,22 @@ inflections are tried. Multiple \hyphenation commands accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these words): - +
    \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
     
    -\linebreak & \nolinebreak\hyphenationLine breaking -
    \linebreak & \nolinebreak -\linebreak -\nolinebreak -line breaks, forcing -line breaks, preventing +\linebreak & \nolinebreak\hyphenationLine breaking +
    \linebreak & \nolinebreak +\linebreak +\nolinebreak +line breaks, forcing +line breaks, preventing Synopses: - +
    \linebreak[priority]
     \nolinebreak[priority]
     
    @@ -3216,29 +3243,29 @@ from a demand to a request. The priority must be a number from
    -Page breakingFootnotesLine breakingTop -Page breaking -page breaking -breaking pages +Page breakingFootnotesLine breakingTop +Page breaking +page breaking +breaking pages &latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. - -\cleardoublepage
    Start a new right-hand page.
    -
    \clearpage
    Start a new page.
    -
    \newpage
    Start a new page.
    -
    \enlargethispage
    Enlarge the current page a bit.
    -
    \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
    Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
    +
    +\cleardoublepage
    Start a new right-hand page.
    +
    \clearpage
    Start a new page.
    +
    \newpage
    Start a new page.
    +
    \enlargethispage
    Enlarge the current page a bit.
    +
    \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
    Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
     
    -\cleardoublepage\clearpagePage breaking -
    \cleardoublepage +\cleardoublepage\clearpagePage breaking +
    \cleardoublepage -\cleardoublepage -starting on a right-hand page +\cleardoublepage +starting on a right-hand page The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. @@ -3247,32 +3274,32 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
    -\clearpage\newpage\cleardoublepagePage breaking -
    \clearpage -\clearpage -flushing floats and starting a page -starting a new page and clearing floats +\clearpage\newpage\cleardoublepagePage breaking +
    \clearpage +\clearpage +flushing floats and starting a page +starting a new page and clearing floats The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
    -\newpage\enlargethispage\clearpagePage breaking -
    \newpage -\newpage -new page, starting -starting a new page +\newpage\enlargethispage\clearpagePage breaking +
    \newpage +\newpage +new page, starting +starting a new page The \newpage command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see \clearpage above).
    -\enlargethispage\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\newpagePage breaking -
    \enlargethispage -\enlargethispage -enlarge current page +\enlargethispage\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\newpagePage breaking +
    \enlargethispage +\enlargethispage +enlarge current page \enlargethispage{size} @@ -3288,16 +3315,16 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
    -\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\enlargethispagePage breaking -
    \pagebreak & \nopagebreak -\pagebreak -\nopagebreak -page break, forcing -page break, preventing +\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\enlargethispagePage breaking +
    \pagebreak & \nopagebreak +\pagebreak +\nopagebreak +page break, forcing +page break, preventing Synopses: - +
    \pagebreak[priority]
     \nopagebreak[priority]
     
    @@ -3315,31 +3342,31 @@ insistent the request is.
    -FootnotesDefinitionsPage breakingTop -Footnotes -footnotes, creating +FootnotesDefinitionsPage breakingTop +Footnotes +footnotes, creating Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. - -\footnote
    Insert a footnote.
    -
    \footnotemark
    Insert footnote mark only.
    -
    \footnotetext
    Insert footnote text only.
    -
    Symbolic footnotes
    Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.
    -
    Footnote parameters
    Parameters for footnote formatting.
    +
    +\footnote
    Insert a footnote.
    +
    \footnotemark
    Insert footnote mark only.
    +
    \footnotetext
    Insert footnote text only.
    +
    Symbolic footnotes
    Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.
    +
    Footnote parameters
    Parameters for footnote formatting.
     
    -\footnote\footnotemarkFootnotes -
    \footnote -\footnote +\footnote\footnotemarkFootnotes +
    \footnote +\footnote Synopsis: - +
    \footnote[number]{text}
     
    @@ -3350,13 +3377,13 @@ changes the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like \chapter, in figures, tables or in a tabular environment. (See following sections.) - +
    -\footnotemark\footnotetext\footnoteFootnotes -
    \footnotemark -\footnotemark +\footnotemark\footnotetext\footnoteFootnotes +
    \footnotemark +\footnotemark With no optional argument, the \footnotemark command puts the current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in @@ -3366,7 +3393,7 @@ with the \footnotetext command. This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote with - +
    \footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
     
    @@ -3375,13 +3402,13 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with
    -\footnotetextSymbolic footnotes\footnotemarkFootnotes -
    \footnotetext -\footnotetext +\footnotetextSymbolic footnotes\footnotemarkFootnotes +
    \footnotetext +\footnotetext Synopsis: - +
    \footnotetext[number]{text}
     
    @@ -3394,43 +3421,43 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode.
    -Symbolic footnotesFootnote parameters\footnotetextFootnotes -
    Symbolic footnotes +Symbolic footnotesFootnote parameters\footnotetextFootnotes +
    Symbolic footnotes -footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered +footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing numbers, redefine \thefootnote like this: - +
    \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
     
    -\fnsymbol, and footnotes -\&arobase;fnsymbol +\fnsymbol, and footnotes +\&arobase;fnsymbol The \fnsymbol command produces a predefined series of symbols -(\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol). If you want to +(\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol). If you want to use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you&textrsquo;ll need to also redefine \&arobase;fnsymbol.
    -Footnote parametersSymbolic footnotesFootnotes -
    Footnote parameters +Footnote parametersSymbolic footnotesFootnotes +
    Footnote parameters -footnote parameters -parameters, for footnotes +footnote parameters +parameters, for footnotes - -\footnoterule\footnoterule + +\footnoterule\footnoterule Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s footnotes. Default dimensions: 0.4pt thick (or wide), and 0.4\columnwidth long in the standard document classes (except slides, where it does not appear). -\footnotesep\footnotesep +\footnotesep\footnotesep The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for \footnotesize -fonts (Font sizes), therefore there is no extra space between +fonts (Font sizes), therefore there is no extra space between footnotes. This is 6.65pt for 10pt, 7.7pt for 11pt, and 8.4pt for 12pt. @@ -3439,79 +3466,82 @@ footnotes. This is 6.65pt for 10pt, 7.7pt -DefinitionsCountersFootnotesTop -Definitions -definitions +DefinitionsCountersFootnotesTop +Definitions +definitions &latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. - - - -\newcommand & \renewcommand
    (Re)define a new command.
    -
    \newcounter
    Define a new counter.
    -
    \newlength
    Define a new length.
    -
    \newsavebox
    Define a new box.
    -
    \newenvironment & \renewenvironment
    Define a new environment.
    -
    \newtheorem
    Define a new theorem-like environment.
    -
    \newfont
    Define a new font name.
    -
    \protect
    Using tricky commands.
    +
    +
    +
    +\newcommand & \renewcommand
    (Re)define a new command.
    +
    \newcounter
    Define a new counter.
    +
    \newlength
    Define a new length.
    +
    \newsavebox
    Define a new box.
    +
    \newenvironment & \renewenvironment
    Define a new environment.
    +
    \newtheorem
    Define a new theorem-like environment.
    +
    \newfont
    Define a new font name.
    +
    \protect
    Using tricky commands.
     
    -\newcommand & \renewcommand\newcounterDefinitions -
    \newcommand & \renewcommand -\newcommand -commands, defining new ones -defining a new command -new commands, defining +\newcommand & \renewcommand\newcounterDefinitions +
    \newcommand & \renewcommand +\newcommand +commands, defining new ones +defining a new command +new commands, defining \newcommand and \renewcommand define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: - -
      \newcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn}
    -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs]{defn}
    -  \newcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn}
    -\renewcommand{cmd}[nargs][default]{defn}
    +
    +
      \newcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn}
    +\renewcommand[*]{cmd}[nargs][optarg]{defn}
     
    - - -cmd +
    +* +*-form of defining new commands +The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain +multiple paragraphs of text (not \long, in plain &tex; terms). + +cmd The command name beginning with \. For \newcommand, it must not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand, it must already be defined. -nargs +nargs An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. -default +optarg If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command&textrsquo;s -first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the -default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified -in the call) is the string def. +first argument is optional. The default value of the optional +argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is optarg, +or, if that argument is present in the \newcommand but has an +empty value, the string def. -defn +defn The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a construct of the form #n in defn is replaced by the text of the nth argument.
    - +
    -\newcounter\newlength\newcommand & \renewcommandDefinitions -
    \newcounter -\newcounter -counters, defining new +\newcounter\newlength\newcommand & \renewcommandDefinitions +
    \newcounter +\newcounter +counters, defining new Synopsis: - +
    \newcounter{cnt}[countername]
     
    @@ -3521,18 +3551,18 @@ The new counter is initialized to zero. Given the optional argument [countername], cnt will be reset whenever countername is incremented. -Counters, for more information about counters. +Counters, for more information about counters.
    -\newlength\newsavebox\newcounterDefinitions -
    \newlength -\newlength -lengths, defining new +\newlength\newsavebox\newcounterDefinitions +
    \newlength +\newlength +lengths, defining new Synopsis: - +
    \newlength{\arg}
     
    @@ -3541,18 +3571,18 @@ will be reset whenever countername is incremented. be a control sequence, as in \newlength{\foo}. An error occurs if \foo is already defined. -Lengths, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and +Lengths, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about lengths in general.
    -\newsavebox\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newlengthDefinitions -
    \newsavebox -\newsavebox +\newsavebox\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newlengthDefinitions +
    \newsavebox +\newsavebox Synopsis: - +
    \newsavebox{cmd}
     
    @@ -3561,46 +3591,50 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
    -\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newtheorem\newsaveboxDefinitions -
    \newenvironment & \renewenvironment -\newenvironment -\renewenvironment -environments, defining -defining new environments -redefining environments +\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newtheorem\newsaveboxDefinitions +
    \newenvironment & \renewenvironment +\newenvironment +\renewenvironment +environments, defining +defining new environments +redefining environments Synopses: - -
      \newenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
    -  \newenvironment{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef}
    -\renewenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
    +
    +
      \newenvironment[*]{env}[nargs][default]{begdef}{enddef}
    +\renewenvironment[*]{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
     
    These commands define or redefine an environment env, that is, \begin{env} &dots; \end{env}. - -env +
    +* +*-form of environment commands +The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the +contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. + +env The name of the environment. For \newenvironment, env must not be an existing environment, and the command \env must be undefined. For \renewenvironment, env must be the name of an existing environment. -nargs +nargs An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. -default +default If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and default gives the default value for that argument. -begdef +begdef The text expanded at every occurrence of \begin{env}; a construct of the form #n in begdef is replaced by the text of the nth argument. -enddef +enddef The text expanded at every occurrence of \end{env}. It may not contain any argument parameters. @@ -3608,33 +3642,33 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. -\newtheorem\newfont\newenvironment & \renewenvironmentDefinitions -
    \newtheorem -\newtheorem -theorems, defining -defining new theorems +\newtheorem\newfont\newenvironment & \renewenvironmentDefinitions +
    \newtheorem +\newtheorem +theorems, defining +defining new theorems - +
    \newtheorem{newenv}{label}[within]
     \newtheorem{newenv}[numbered_like]{label}
     
    This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: -
    -newenv +
    +newenv The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an existing environment or otherwise defined. -label +label The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the number. For example, Theorem. -numbered_like +numbered_like (Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; the new environment will be numbered just like numbered_like. -within +within (Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the within counter. @@ -3646,15 +3680,15 @@ not both. -\newfont\protect\newtheoremDefinitions -
    \newfont -\newfont -fonts, new commands for -defining new fonts +\newfont\protect\newtheoremDefinitions +
    \newfont +\newfont +fonts, new commands for +defining new fonts Synopsis: - +
    \newfont{cmd}{fontname}
     
    @@ -3667,12 +3701,12 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through .fd files.
    -\protect\newfontDefinitions -
    \protect -\protect +\protect\newfontDefinitions +
    \protect +\protect -fragile commands -moving arguments +fragile commands +moving arguments Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-called fragile commands. When a fragile command is used in certain contexts, called moving arguments, it @@ -3680,30 +3714,30 @@ must be preceded by \protect. In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments must have their own \protect. Some examples of moving arguments are \caption -(figure), \thanks (\maketitle), and +(figure), \thanks (\maketitle), and &hyphenbreak;expressions in tabular and array environments -(tabular). +(tabular). -robust commands +robust commands Commands which are not fragile are called robust. They must not be preceded by \protect. See also: - -http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html -http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect + +http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html +http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect - +
    -CountersLengthsDefinitionsTop -Counters -counters, a list of -variables, a list of +CountersLengthsDefinitionsTop +Counters +counters, a list of +variables, a list of Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment @@ -3712,7 +3746,7 @@ or command that produces the number, except with no \. environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document classes to control numbering. - +
    part            paragraph       figure          enumi
     chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
     section         page            footnote        enumiii
    @@ -3720,52 +3754,52 @@ subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
     subsubsection
     
    - -\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol
    Print value of a counter.
    -
    \usecounter
    Use a specified counter in a list environment.
    -
    \value
    Use the value of a counter in an expression.
    -
    \setcounter
    Set the value of a counter.
    -
    \addtocounter
    Add a quantity to a counter.
    -
    \refstepcounter
    Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
    -
    \stepcounter
    Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
    -
    \day \month \year
    Numeric date values.
    +
    +\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol
    Print value of a counter.
    +
    \usecounter
    Use a specified counter in a list environment.
    +
    \value
    Use the value of a counter in an expression.
    +
    \setcounter
    Set the value of a counter.
    +
    \addtocounter
    Add a quantity to a counter.
    +
    \refstepcounter
    Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
    +
    \stepcounter
    Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
    +
    \day \month \year
    Numeric date values.
     
    -\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol\usecounterCounters -
    \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol: Printing counters +\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol\usecounterCounters +
    \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol: Printing counters All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for instance, \alph{enumi}. - -\alph\alph + +\alph\alph prints counter using lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\Alph\Alph +\Alph\Alph uses uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\arabic\arabic +\arabic\arabic uses Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\roman\roman +\roman\roman uses lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\roman\roman +\roman\roman uses uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\fnsymbol\fnsymbol +\fnsymbol\fnsymbol prints the value of counter in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of counter must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. - + Here are the symbols: $\ast$ $\dagger$ $\ddagger$ $\S$ $\P$ $\parallel$ $\ast\ast$ $\dagger\dagger$ $\ddagger\ddagger$ The symbols mostly aren&textrsquo;t supported in Info, but here are the names: - +
    asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
     double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
     
    @@ -3774,15 +3808,15 @@ double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
    -\usecounter\value\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbolCounters -
    \usecounter{counter} -\usecounter -list items, specifying counter -numbered items, specifying counter +\usecounter\value\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbolCounters +
    \usecounter{counter} +\usecounter +list items, specifying counter +numbered items, specifying counter Synopsis: - +
    \usecounter{counter}
     
    @@ -3792,21 +3826,21 @@ the list items.
    -\value\setcounter\usecounterCounters -
    \value{counter} -\value -counters, getting value of +\value\setcounter\usecounterCounters +
    \value{counter} +\value +counters, getting value of Synopsis: - +
    \value{counter}
     
    The \value command produces the value of counter. It can be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: - +
    \setcounter{myctr}{3}
     \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
     \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
    @@ -3814,15 +3848,15 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
     
     
     
    -\setcounter\addtocounter\valueCounters -
    \setcounter{counter}{value} -\setcounter -counters, setting -setting counters +\setcounter\addtocounter\valueCounters +
    \setcounter{counter}{value} +\setcounter +counters, setting +setting counters Synopsis: - +
    \setcounter{\counter}{value}
     
    @@ -3831,39 +3865,39 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
    -\addtocounter\refstepcounter\setcounterCounters -
    \addtocounter{counter}{value} -\addtocounter +\addtocounter\refstepcounter\setcounterCounters +
    \addtocounter{counter}{value} +\addtocounter The \addtocounter command increments counter by the amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative.
    -\refstepcounter\stepcounter\addtocounterCounters -
    \refstepcounter{counter} -\refstepcounter +\refstepcounter\stepcounter\addtocounterCounters +
    \refstepcounter{counter} +\refstepcounter The \refstepcounter command works in the same way as -\stepcounter \stepcounter, except it also defines the +\stepcounter \stepcounter, except it also defines the current \ref value to be the result of \thecounter.
    -\stepcounter\day \month \year\refstepcounterCounters -
    \stepcounter{counter} -\stepcounter +\stepcounter\day \month \year\refstepcounterCounters +
    \stepcounter{counter} +\stepcounter The \stepcounter command adds one to counter and resets all subsidiary counters.
    -\day \month \year\stepcounterCounters -
    \day \month \year: Predefined counters -\day -\month -\year +\day \month \year\stepcounterCounters +
    \day \month \year: Predefined counters +\day +\month +\year &latex; defines counters for the day of the month (\day, 1&textndash;31), month of the year (\month, 1&textndash;12), and year @@ -3872,32 +3906,32 @@ set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They are not updated as the job progresses. The related command \today produces a string representing the -current day (\today). +current day (\today).
    -LengthsMaking paragraphsCountersTop -Lengths -lengths, defining and using +LengthsMaking paragraphsCountersTop +Lengths +lengths, defining and using A length is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument. - -\setlength
    Set the value of a length.
    -
    \addtolength
    Add a quantity to a length.
    -
    \settodepth
    Set a length to the depth of something.
    -
    \settoheight
    Set a length to the height of something.
    -
    \settowidth
    Set a length to the width of something.
    -
    Predefined lengths
    Lengths that are, like, predefined.
    +
    +\setlength
    Set the value of a length.
    +
    \addtolength
    Add a quantity to a length.
    +
    \settodepth
    Set a length to the depth of something.
    +
    \settoheight
    Set a length to the height of something.
    +
    \settowidth
    Set a length to the width of something.
    +
    Predefined lengths
    Lengths that are, like, predefined.
     
    -\setlength\addtolengthLengths -
    \setlength{\len}{value} -\setlength -lengths, setting +\setlength\addtolengthLengths +
    \setlength{\len}{value} +\setlength +lengths, setting The \setlength sets the value of \len to the value argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex; @@ -3906,10 +3940,10 @@ understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), poin
    -\addtolength\settodepth\setlengthLengths -
    \addtolength{\len}{amount} -\addtolength -lengths, adding to +\addtolength\settodepth\setlengthLengths +
    \addtolength{\len}{amount} +\addtolength +lengths, adding to The \addtolength command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo; \len by the amount specified in the amount argument, which @@ -3917,9 +3951,9 @@ may be negative.
    -\settodepth\settoheight\addtolengthLengths -
    \settodepth -\settodepth +\settodepth\settoheight\addtolengthLengths +
    \settodepth +\settodepth \settodepth{\gnat}{text} @@ -3928,9 +3962,9 @@ equal to the depth of the text argument.
    -\settoheight\settowidth\settodepthLengths -
    \settoheight -\settoheight +\settoheight\settowidth\settodepthLengths +
    \settoheight +\settoheight \settoheight{\gnat}{text} @@ -3940,34 +3974,34 @@ equal to the height of the text argument.
    -\settowidthPredefined lengths\settoheightLengths -
    \settowidth{\len}{text} -\settowidth +\settowidthPredefined lengths\settoheightLengths +
    \settowidth{\len}{text} +\settowidth The \settowidth command sets the value of the command \len to the width of the text argument.
    -Predefined lengths\settowidthLengths -
    Predefined lengths -lengths, predefined -predefined lengths +Predefined lengths\settowidthLengths +
    Predefined lengths +lengths, predefined +predefined lengths \width -\width +\width \height -\height +\height \depth -\depth +\depth \totalheight -\totalheight +\totalheight These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making -commands (Boxes). They specify the natural width, etc., of +commands (Boxes). They specify the natural width, etc., of the text in the box. \totalheight equals \height + \depth. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say @@ -3977,29 +4011,29 @@ natural size, e.g., say
    -Making paragraphsMath formulasLengthsTop -Making paragraphs -making paragraphs -paragraphs +Making paragraphsMath formulasLengthsTop +Making paragraphs +making paragraphs +paragraphs A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not containing even a %. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. - -\indent
    Indent this paragraph.
    -
    \noindent
    Do not indent this paragraph.
    -
    \parskip
    Space added before paragraphs.
    -
    Marginal notes
    Putting remarks in the margin.
    +
    +\indent
    Indent this paragraph.
    +
    \noindent
    Do not indent this paragraph.
    +
    \parskip
    Space added before paragraphs.
    +
    Marginal notes
    Putting remarks in the margin.
     
    -\indent\noindentMaking paragraphs -
    \indent -\indent -\parindent -indent, forcing +\indent\noindentMaking paragraphs +
    \indent +\indent +\parindent +indent, forcing \indent produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the \parindent length, the normal paragraph @@ -4012,10 +4046,10 @@ mode, otherwise 15pt for 10pt documents, 17pt
    -\noindent\parskip\indentMaking paragraphs -
    \noindent -\noindent -indent, suppressing +\noindent\parskip\indentMaking paragraphs +
    \noindent +\noindent +indent, suppressing When used at the beginning of the paragraph, \noindent suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in @@ -4023,26 +4057,26 @@ the middle of a paragraph.
    -\parskipMarginal notes\noindentMaking paragraphs -
    \parskip -\parskip -vertical space before paragraphs +\parskipMarginal notes\noindentMaking paragraphs +
    \parskip +\parskip +vertical space before paragraphs \parskip is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is 0pt plus1pt.
    -Marginal notes\parskipMaking paragraphs -
    Marginal notes -marginal notes -notes in the margin -remarks in the margin -\marginpar +Marginal notes\parskipMaking paragraphs +
    Marginal notes +marginal notes +notes in the margin +remarks in the margin +\marginpar Synopsis: - +
    \marginpar[left]{right}
     
    @@ -4053,7 +4087,7 @@ where the \marginpar occurs. When you only specify the mandatory argument right, the text will be placed - + in the right margin for one-sided layout; @@ -4062,8 +4096,8 @@ will be placed in the nearest margin for two-column layout. -\reversemarginpar -\normalmarginpar +\reversemarginpar +\normalmarginpar The command \reversemarginpar places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. \normalmarginpar places them in the default position. @@ -4076,16 +4110,16 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with \hspace{0pt} These parameters affect the formatting of the note: - -\marginparpush\marginparpush + +\marginparpush\marginparpush Minimum vertical space between notes; default 7pt for 12pt documents, 5pt else. -\marginparsep\marginparsep +\marginparsep\marginparsep Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default 11pt for 10pt documents, 10pt else. -\marginparwidth\marginparwidth +\marginparwidth\marginparwidth Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided 10pt document is 90pt, 83pt for 11pt, and 68pt for 12pt; 17pt more in each case for a two-sided document. @@ -4095,91 +4129,91 @@ In two column mode, the default is 48pt. The standard &latex; routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes from falling off the bottom of the page. - - - + + +
    -Math formulasModesMaking paragraphsTop -Math formulas -math formulas -formulas, math -math mode, entering - -math environment -displaymath environment -equation environment +Math formulasModesMaking paragraphsTop +Math formulas +math formulas +formulas, math +math mode, entering + +math environment +displaymath environment +equation environment There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: -
    -math +
    +math For formulas that appear right in the text. -displaymath +displaymath For formulas that appear on their own line. -equation +equation The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right margin.
    -\( -\) -\[ -\] +\( +\) +\[ +\] The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The math and displaymath environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: - +
    \(...\)   instead of   \begin{math}...\end{math}
     \[...\]   instead of   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
     
    -$ +$ In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: - +
    $ ... $   instead of   \(...\)
     
    -\boldmath -\unboldmath +\boldmath +\unboldmath The \boldmath command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used outside of math mode. Conversely, the \unboldmath command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used outside of math mode. - -\displaystyle + +\displaystyle The \displaystyle declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of displaymath, e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example - +
    $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
     
    - + - -Subscripts & superscripts
    Also known as exponent or index.
    -
    Math symbols
    Various mathematical squiggles.
    -
    Math functions
    Math function names like sin and exp.
    -
    Math accents
    Accents in math.
    -
    Spacing in math mode
    Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
    -
    Math miscellany
    Stuff that doesn&textrsquo;t fit anywhere else.
    +
    +Subscripts & superscripts
    Also known as exponent or index.
    +
    Math symbols
    Various mathematical squiggles.
    +
    Math functions
    Math function names like sin and exp.
    +
    Math accents
    Accents in math.
    +
    Spacing in math mode
    Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
    +
    Math miscellany
    Stuff that doesn&textrsquo;t fit anywhere else.
     
    -Subscripts & superscriptsMath symbolsMath formulas -
    Subscripts & superscripts -superscript -subscript -exponent -_ -^ +Subscripts & superscriptsMath symbolsMath formulas +
    Subscripts & superscripts +superscript +subscript +exponent +_ +^ To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a @@ -4190,953 +4224,953 @@ superscript.
    -Math symbolsMath functionsSubscripts & superscriptsMath formulas -
    Math symbols -math symbols -symbols, math -greek letters +Math symbolsMath functionsSubscripts & superscriptsMath formulas +
    Math symbols +math symbols +symbols, math +greek letters &latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. - -\|\| + +\|\| \| -\aleph\aleph +\aleph\aleph \aleph -\alpha\alpha +\alpha\alpha \alpha -\amalg\amalg +\amalg\amalg \amalg (binary operation) -\angle\angle +\angle\angle \angle -\approx\approx +\approx\approx \approx (relation) -\ast\ast +\ast\ast \ast (binary operation) -\asymp\asymp +\asymp\asymp \asymp (relation) -\backslash\backslash +\backslash\backslash \ (delimiter) -\beta\beta +\beta\beta \beta -\bigcap\bigcap +\bigcap\bigcap \bigcap -\bigcirc\bigcirc +\bigcirc\bigcirc \bigcirc (binary operation) -\bigcup\bigcup +\bigcup\bigcup \bigcup -\bigodot\bigodot +\bigodot\bigodot \bigodot -\bigoplus\bigoplus +\bigoplus\bigoplus \bigoplus -\bigotimes\bigotimes +\bigotimes\bigotimes \bigotimes -\bigtriangledown\bigtriangledown +\bigtriangledown\bigtriangledown \bigtriangledown (binary operation) -\bigtriangleup\bigtriangleup +\bigtriangleup\bigtriangleup \bigtriangleup (binary operation) -\bigsqcup\bigsqcup +\bigsqcup\bigsqcup \bigsqcup -\biguplus\biguplus +\biguplus\biguplus \biguplus -\bigcap\bigcap +\bigcap\bigcap \bigvee -\bigwedge\bigwedge +\bigwedge\bigwedge \bigwedge -\bot\bot +\bot\bot \bot -\bowtie\bowtie +\bowtie\bowtie \bowtie (relation) -\Box\Box -(square open box symbol) +\Box\Box +(square open box symbol) -\bullet\bullet -bullet symbol +\bullet\bullet +bullet symbol \bullet (binary operation) -\cap\cap +\cap\cap \cap (binary operation) -\cdot\cdot +\cdot\cdot \cdot (binary operation) -\chi\chi +\chi\chi \chi -\circ\circ +\circ\circ \circ (binary operation) -\clubsuit\clubsuit +\clubsuit\clubsuit \clubsuit -\cong\cong +\cong\cong \cong (relation) -\coprod\coprod +\coprod\coprod \coprod -\cup\cup +\cup\cup \cup (binary operation) -\dagger\dagger +\dagger\dagger \dagger (binary operation) -\dashv\dashv +\dashv\dashv \dashv (relation) -\ddagger\ddagger +\ddagger\ddagger \dagger (binary operation) -\Delta\Delta +\Delta\Delta \Delta -\delta\delta +\delta\delta \delta -\Diamond\Diamond -bigger \diamond +\Diamond\Diamond +bigger \diamond -\diamond\diamond +\diamond\diamond \diamond (binary operation) -\diamondsuit\diamondsuit +\diamondsuit\diamondsuit \diamondsuit -\div\div +\div\div \div (binary operation) -\doteq\doteq +\doteq\doteq \doteq (relation) -\downarrow\downarrow +\downarrow\downarrow \downarrow (delimiter) -\Downarrow\Downarrow +\Downarrow\Downarrow \Downarrow (delimiter) -\ell\ell +\ell\ell \ell -\emptyset\emptyset +\emptyset\emptyset \emptyset -\epsilon\epsilon +\epsilon\epsilon \epsilon -\equiv\equiv +\equiv\equiv \equiv (relation) -\eta\eta +\eta\eta \eta -\exists\exists +\exists\exists \exists -\flat\flat +\flat\flat \flat -\forall\forall +\forall\forall \forall -\frown\frown +\frown\frown \frown (relation) -\Gamma\Gamma +\Gamma\Gamma \Gamma -\gamma\gamma +\gamma\gamma \gamma -\ge\ge +\ge\ge \ge -\geq\geq +\geq\geq \geq (relation) -\gets\gets +\gets\gets \gets -\gg\gg +\gg\gg \gg (relation) -\hbar\hbar +\hbar\hbar \hbar -\heartsuit\heartsuit +\heartsuit\heartsuit \heartsuit -\hookleftarrow\hookleftarrow +\hookleftarrow\hookleftarrow \hookleftarrow -\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow +\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow \hookrightarrow -\iff\iff +\iff\iff \iff -\Im\Im +\Im\Im \Im -\in\in +\in\in \in (relation) -\infty\infty +\infty\infty \infty -\int\int +\int\int \int -\iota\iota +\iota\iota \iota -\Join\Join -condensed bowtie symbol (relation) +\Join\Join +condensed bowtie symbol (relation) -\kappa\kappa +\kappa\kappa \kappa -\Lambda\Lambda +\Lambda\Lambda \Lambda -\lambda\lambda +\lambda\lambda \lambda -\land\land +\land\land \land -\langle\langle +\langle\langle \langle (delimiter) -\lbrace\lbrace +\lbrace\lbrace \lbrace (delimiter) -\lbrack\lbrack +\lbrack\lbrack \lbrack (delimiter) -\lceil\lceil +\lceil\lceil \lceil (delimiter) -\le\le +\le\le \le -\leadsto\leadsto - +\leadsto\leadsto + -\Leftarrow\Leftarrow +\Leftarrow\Leftarrow \Leftarrow -\leftarrow\leftarrow +\leftarrow\leftarrow \leftarrow -\leftharpoondown\leftharpoondown +\leftharpoondown\leftharpoondown \leftharpoondown -\leftharpoonup\leftharpoonup +\leftharpoonup\leftharpoonup \leftharpoonup -\Leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow +\Leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow -\leftrightarrow\leftrightarrow +\leftrightarrow\leftrightarrow \leftrightarrow -\leq\leq +\leq\leq \leq (relation) -\lfloor\lfloor +\lfloor\lfloor \lfloor (delimiter) -\lhd\lhd -(left-pointing arrow head) +\lhd\lhd +(left-pointing arrow head) -\ll\ll +\ll\ll \ll (relation) -\lnot\lnot +\lnot\lnot \lnot -\longleftarrow\longleftarrow +\longleftarrow\longleftarrow \longleftarrow -\longleftrightarrow\longleftrightarrow +\longleftrightarrow\longleftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow -\longmapsto\longmapsto +\longmapsto\longmapsto \longmapsto -\longrightarrow\longrightarrow +\longrightarrow\longrightarrow \longrightarrow -\lor\lor +\lor\lor \lor -\mapsto\mapsto +\mapsto\mapsto \mapsto -\mho\mho - +\mho\mho + -\mid\mid +\mid\mid \mid (relation) -\models\models +\models\models \models (relation) -\mp\mp +\mp\mp \mp (binary operation) -\mu\mu +\mu\mu \mu -\nabla\nabla +\nabla\nabla \nabla -\natural\natural +\natural\natural \natural -\ne\ne +\ne\ne \ne -\nearrow\nearrow +\nearrow\nearrow \nearrow -\neg\neg +\neg\neg \neg -\neq\neq +\neq\neq \neq (relation) -\ni\ni +\ni\ni \ni (relation) -\not\not +\not\not Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. -\notin\notin +\notin\notin \ni -\nu\nu +\nu\nu \nu -\nwarrow\nwarrow +\nwarrow\nwarrow \nwarrow -\odot\odot +\odot\odot \odot (binary operation) -\oint\oint +\oint\oint \oint -\Omega\Omega +\Omega\Omega \Omega -\omega\omega +\omega\omega \omega -\ominus\ominus +\ominus\ominus \ominus (binary operation) -\oplus\oplus +\oplus\oplus \oplus (binary operation) -\oslash\oslash +\oslash\oslash \oslash (binary operation) -\otimes\otimes +\otimes\otimes \otimes (binary operation) -\owns\owns +\owns\owns \owns -\parallel\parallel +\parallel\parallel \parallel (relation) -\partial\partial +\partial\partial \partial -\perp\perp +\perp\perp \perp (relation) -\phi\phi +\phi\phi \phi -\Pi\Pi +\Pi\Pi \Pi -\pi\pi +\pi\pi \pi -\pm\pm +\pm\pm \pm (binary operation) -\prec\prec +\prec\prec \prec (relation) -\preceq\preceq +\preceq\preceq \preceq (relation) -\prime\prime +\prime\prime \prime -\prod\prod +\prod\prod \prod -\propto\propto +\propto\propto \propto (relation) -\Psi\Psi +\Psi\Psi \Psi -\psi\psi +\psi\psi \psi -\rangle\rangle +\rangle\rangle \rangle (delimiter) -\rbrace\rbrace +\rbrace\rbrace \rbrace (delimiter) -\rbrack\rbrack +\rbrack\rbrack \rbrack (delimiter) -\rceil\rceil +\rceil\rceil \rceil (delimiter) -\Re\Re +\Re\Re \Re -\rfloor\rfloor +\rfloor\rfloor \rfloor -\rhd\rhd -(binary operation) +\rhd\rhd +(binary operation) -\rho\rho +\rho\rho \rho -\Rightarrow\Rightarrow +\Rightarrow\Rightarrow \Rightarrow -\rightarrow\rightarrow +\rightarrow\rightarrow \rightarrow -\rightharpoondown\rightharpoondown +\rightharpoondown\rightharpoondown \rightharpoondown -\rightharpoonup\rightharpoonup +\rightharpoonup\rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup -\rightleftharpoons\rightleftharpoons +\rightleftharpoons\rightleftharpoons \rightleftharpoons -\searrow\searrow +\searrow\searrow \searrow -\setminus\setminus +\setminus\setminus \setminus (binary operation) -\sharp\sharp +\sharp\sharp \sharp -\Sigma\Sigma +\Sigma\Sigma \Sigma -\sigma\sigma +\sigma\sigma \sigma -\sim\sim +\sim\sim \sim (relation) -\simeq\simeq +\simeq\simeq \simeq (relation) -\smallint\smallint +\smallint\smallint \smallint -\smile\smile +\smile\smile \smile (relation) -\spadesuit\spadesuit +\spadesuit\spadesuit \spadesuit -\sqcap\sqcap +\sqcap\sqcap \sqcap (binary operation) -\sqcup\sqcup +\sqcup\sqcup \sqcup (binary operation) -\sqsubset\sqsubset -(relation) +\sqsubset\sqsubset +(relation) -\sqsubseteq\sqsubseteq +\sqsubseteq\sqsubseteq \sqsubseteq (relation) -\sqsupset\sqsupset -(relation) +\sqsupset\sqsupset +(relation) -\sqsupseteq\sqsupseteq +\sqsupseteq\sqsupseteq \sqsupseteq (relation) -\star\star +\star\star \star (binary operation) -\subset\subset +\subset\subset \subset (relation) -\subseteq\subseteq +\subseteq\subseteq \subseteq (relation) -\succ\succ +\succ\succ \succ (relation) -\succeq\succeq +\succeq\succeq \succeq (relation) -\sum\sum +\sum\sum \sum -\supset\supset +\supset\supset \supset (relation) -\supseteq\supseteq +\supseteq\supseteq \supseteq (relation) -\surd\surd +\surd\surd \surd -\swarrow\swarrow +\swarrow\swarrow \swarrow -\tau\tau +\tau\tau \tau -\theta\theta +\theta\theta \theta -\times\times +\times\times \times (binary operation) -\to\to +\to\to \to -\top\top +\top\top \top -\triangle\triangle +\triangle\triangle \triangle -\triangleleft\triangleleft +\triangleleft\triangleleft \triangleleft (binary operation) -\triangleright\triangleright +\triangleright\triangleright \triangleright (binary operation) -\unlhd\unlhd -left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) +\unlhd\unlhd +left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -\unrhd\unrhd -right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) +\unrhd\unrhd +right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -\Uparrow\Uparrow +\Uparrow\Uparrow \Uparrow (delimiter) -\uparrow\uparrow +\uparrow\uparrow \uparrow (delimiter) -\Updownarrow\Updownarrow +\Updownarrow\Updownarrow \Updownarrow (delimiter) -\updownarrow\updownarrow +\updownarrow\updownarrow \updownarrow (delimiter) -\uplus\uplus +\uplus\uplus \uplus (binary operation) -\Upsilon\Upsilon +\Upsilon\Upsilon \Upsilon -\upsilon\upsilon +\upsilon\upsilon \upsilon -\varepsilon\varepsilon +\varepsilon\varepsilon \varepsilon -\varphi\varphi +\varphi\varphi \varphi -\varpi\varpi +\varpi\varpi \varpi -\varrho\varrho +\varrho\varrho \varrho -\varsigma\varsigma +\varsigma\varsigma \varsigma -\vartheta\vartheta +\vartheta\vartheta \vartheta -\vdash\vdash +\vdash\vdash \vdash (relation) -\vee\vee +\vee\vee \vee (binary operation) -\Vert\Vert +\Vert\Vert \Vert (delimiter) -\vert\vert +\vert\vert \vert (delimiter) -\wedge\wedge +\wedge\wedge \wedge (binary operation) -\wp\wp +\wp\wp \wp -\wr\wr +\wr\wr \wr (binary operation) -\Xi\Xi +\Xi\Xi \Xi -\xi\xi +\xi\xi \xi -\zeta\zeta +\zeta\zeta \zeta
    -Math functionsMath accentsMath symbolsMath formulas -
    Math functions -math functions -functions, math +Math functionsMath accentsMath symbolsMath formulas +
    Math functions +math functions +functions, math These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. - -\arccos\arccos + +\arccos\arccos \arccos -\arcsin\arcsin +\arcsin\arcsin \arcsin -\arctan\arctan +\arctan\arctan \arctan -\arg\arg +\arg\arg \arg -\bmod\bmod +\bmod\bmod Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) -\cos\cos +\cos\cos \cos -\cosh\cosh +\cosh\cosh \cosh -\cot\cot +\cot\cot \cos -\coth\coth +\coth\coth \cosh -\csc\csc +\csc\csc \csc -\deg\deg +\deg\deg \deg -\det\det +\det\det \deg -\dim\dim +\dim\dim \dim -\exp\exp +\exp\exp \exp -\gcd\gcd +\gcd\gcd \gcd -\hom\hom +\hom\hom \hom -\inf\inf +\inf\inf \inf -\ker\ker +\ker\ker \ker -\lg\lg +\lg\lg \lg -\lim\lim +\lim\lim \lim -\liminf\liminf +\liminf\liminf \liminf -\limsup\limsup +\limsup\limsup \limsup -\ln\ln +\ln\ln \ln -\log\log +\log\log \log -\max\max +\max\max \max -\min\min +\min\min \min -\pmod\pmod +\pmod\pmod parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) -\Pr\Pr +\Pr\Pr \Pr -\sec\sec +\sec\sec \sec -\sin\sin +\sin\sin \sin -\sinh\sinh +\sinh\sinh \sinh -\sup\sup +\sup\sup \sup -\tan\tan +\tan\tan \tan -\tanh\tanh +\tanh\tanh \tanh
    -Math accentsSpacing in math modeMath functionsMath formulas -
    Math accents -math accents -accents, mathematical +Math accentsSpacing in math modeMath functionsMath formulas +
    Math accents +math accents +accents, mathematical &latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text -(Accents). +(Accents). - -\acute\acute -acute accent, math + +\acute\acute +acute accent, math Math acute accent: \acute{x}. -\bar\bar -bar-over accent, math -macron accent, math +\bar\bar +bar-over accent, math +macron accent, math Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}. -\breve\breve -breve accent, math +\breve\breve +breve accent, math Math breve accent: \breve{x}. -\check\check -check accent, math -hacek accent, math -Math hacek (check) accent: \check{x}. +\check\check +check accent, math +hacek accent, math +Math hacek (check) accent: \check{x}. -\ddot\ddot -double dot accent, math +\ddot\ddot +double dot accent, math Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}. -\dot\dot -overdot accent, math -dot over accent, math +\dot\dot +overdot accent, math +dot over accent, math Math dot accent: \dot{x}. -\grave\grave -grave accent, math +\grave\grave +grave accent, math Math grave accent: \grave{x}. -\hat\hat -hat accent, math -circumflex accent, math +\hat\hat +hat accent, math +circumflex accent, math Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}. -\imath\imath -dotless i, math +\imath\imath +dotless i, math Math dotless i. -\jmath\jmath -dotless j, math +\jmath\jmath +dotless j, math Math dotless j. -\mathring\mathring -ring accent, math -Math ring accent: x. +\mathring\mathring +ring accent, math +Math ring accent: x. -\tilde\tilde -tilde accent, math +\tilde\tilde +tilde accent, math Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}. -\vec\vec -vector symbol, math +\vec\vec +vector symbol, math Math vector symbol: \vec{x}. -\widehat\widehat -wide hat accent, math +\widehat\widehat +wide hat accent, math Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}. -\widehat\widehat -wide tile accent, math +\widehat\widehat +wide tile accent, math Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.
    -Spacing in math modeMath miscellanyMath accentsMath formulas -
    Spacing in math mode -spacing within math mode -math mode, spacing +Spacing in math modeMath miscellanyMath accentsMath formulas +
    Spacing in math mode +spacing within math mode +math mode, spacing In a math environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following commands for use in math mode: - -\; -\; +
    +\; +\; A thick space (5\over18\,quad). -\: -\> -\: -\> +\: +\> +\: +\> Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). -\, -\, +\, +\, A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. -\! +\! A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).
    -Math miscellanySpacing in math modeMath formulas -
    Math miscellany -math miscellany +Math miscellanySpacing in math modeMath formulas +
    Math miscellany +math miscellany - + -\*\* -discretionary multiplication -multiplication symbol, discretionary line break +\*\* +discretionary multiplication +multiplication symbol, discretionary line break A &textldquo;discretionary&textrdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. -\cdots\cdots +\cdots\cdots A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. - + As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;. -\ddots\ddots +\ddots\ddots A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. -\frac{num}{den}\frac{num}{den} -\frac +\frac{num}{den}\frac{num}{den} +\frac Produces the fraction num divided by den. -\left delim1 ... \right delim2\left delim1 ... \right delim2 -\right -null delimiter +\left delim1 ... \right delim2\left delim1 ... \right delim2 +\right +null delimiter The two delimiters need not match; . acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: \left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]. -\overbrace{text}\overbrace{text} +\overbrace{text}\overbrace{text} Generates a brace over text. For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. -\overline{text}\overline{text} +\overline{text}\overline{text} Generates a horizontal line over tex. For exampe, \overline{x+y}. -\sqrt[root]{arg}\sqrt[root]{arg} +\sqrt[root]{arg}\sqrt[root]{arg} Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The optional argument root determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. - + In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\root 3 \of x+y$. -\stackrel{text}{relation}\stackrel{text}{relation} +\stackrel{text}{relation}\stackrel{text}{relation} Puts text above relation. For example, \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}. - + In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow$. -\underbrace{math}\underbrace{math} +\underbrace{math}\underbrace{math} Generates math with a brace underneath. - + In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$. -\underline{text}\underline{text} +\underline{text}\underline{text} Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders. - + In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underline{xyz}$ -\vdots\vdots -\vdots +\vdots\vdots +\vdots Produces a vertical ellipsis. - + In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\vdots$. @@ -5146,19 +5180,19 @@ $\vdots$.
    -ModesPage stylesMath formulasTop -Modes -modes -paragraph mode -math mode -left-to-right mode -lR mode +ModesPage stylesMath formulasTop +Modes +modes +paragraph mode +math mode +left-to-right mode +lR mode When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: - + Paragraph mode @@ -5196,57 +5230,57 @@ in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdquo;. -Page stylesSpacesModesTop -Page styles -styles, page -page styles +Page stylesSpacesModesTop +Page styles +styles, page +page styles The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. - -\maketitle
    Generate a title page.
    -
    \pagenumbering
    Set the style used for page numbers.
    -
    \pagestyle
    Change the headings/footings style.
    -
    \thispagestyle
    Change the headings/footings style for this page.
    +
    +\maketitle
    Generate a title page.
    +
    \pagenumbering
    Set the style used for page numbers.
    +
    \pagestyle
    Change the headings/footings style.
    +
    \thispagestyle
    Change the headings/footings style for this page.
     
    -\maketitle\pagenumberingPage styles -
    \maketitle -titles, making -\maketitle +\maketitle\pagenumberingPage styles +
    \maketitle +titles, making +\maketitle The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page&textmdash;except in the article class, where the title is placed at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: - -\author{name \and name2}\author{name \and name2} -author, for titlepage -\\ for \author -\and for \author + +\author{name \and name2}\author{name \and name2} +author, for titlepage +\\ for \author +\and for \author The \author command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address. -\date{text}\date{text} -date, for titlepage +\date{text}\date{text} +date, for titlepage The \date command declares text to be the document&textrsquo;s -date. With no \date command, the current date (\today) +date. With no \date command, the current date (\today) is used. -\thanks{text}\thanks{text} -thanks, for titlepage -credit footnote +\thanks{text}\thanks{text} +thanks, for titlepage +credit footnote The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. -\title{text}\title{text} -title, for titlepage -\\ for \title +\title{text}\title{text} +title, for titlepage +\\ for \title The \title command declares text to be the title of the document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual. @@ -5254,62 +5288,62 @@ document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual.
    -\pagenumbering\pagestyle\maketitlePage styles -
    \pagenumbering -\pagenumbering -page numbering style +\pagenumbering\pagestyle\maketitlePage styles +
    \pagenumbering +\pagenumbering +page numbering style Synopsis: - +
    \pagenumbering{style}
     
    Specifies the style of page numbers, according to style: - -arabic +
    +arabic arabic numerals -roman +roman lowercase Roman numerals -Roman +Roman uppercase Roman numerals -alph +alph lowercase letters -Alph +Alph uppercase letters
    -\pagestyle\thispagestyle\pagenumberingPage styles -
    \pagestyle -\pagestyle -header style -footer style -running header and footer style +\pagestyle\thispagestyle\pagenumberingPage styles +
    \pagestyle +\pagestyle +header style +footer style +running header and footer style Synopsis: - +
    \pagestyle{style}
     
    The \pagestyle command specifies how the headers and footers are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for style: - -plain +
    +plain Just a plain page number. -empty +empty Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. -headings +headings Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headers. -myheadings +myheadings Custom headers, specified via the \markboth or the \markright commands. @@ -5317,8 +5351,8 @@ goes in the headers. Here are the descriptions of \markboth and \markright: - -\markboth{left}{right}\markboth{left}{right} + +\markboth{left}{right}\markboth{left}{right} Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo; (left) is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (right is @@ -5326,16 +5360,16 @@ generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. -\markright{right}\markright{right} +\markright{right}\markright{right} Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. -\thispagestyle\pagestylePage styles -
    \thispagestyle{style} -\thispagestyle +\thispagestyle\pagestylePage styles +
    \thispagestyle{style} +\thispagestyle The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command (see previous section) except that it @@ -5344,42 +5378,42 @@ changes to style for the current page only.
    -SpacesBoxesPage stylesTop -Spaces -spaces +SpacesBoxesPage stylesTop +Spaces +spaces &latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Another space-producing command is \, to produce a &textldquo;thin&textrdquo; space (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is -more often useful in math mode (Spacing in math mode). +more often useful in math mode (Spacing in math mode). - +
    Horizontal space
    -
    \hspace
    Fixed horizontal space.
    -
    \hfill
    Stretchable horizontal space.
    -
    \SPACE
    Normal interword space.
    -
    \AT
    Ending a sentence.
    -
    \thinspace
    One-sixth of an em.
    -
    \/
    Per-character italic correction.
    -
    \hrulefill
    Stretchable horizontal rule.
    -
    \dotfill
    Stretchable horizontal dots.
    +
    \hspace
    Fixed horizontal space.
    +
    \hfill
    Stretchable horizontal space.
    +
    \SPACE
    Normal interword space.
    +
    \AT
    Ending a sentence.
    +
    \thinspace
    One-sixth of an em.
    +
    \/
    Per-character italic correction.
    +
    \hrulefill
    Stretchable horizontal rule.
    +
    \dotfill
    Stretchable horizontal dots.
     
     Vertical space
    -
    \addvspace
    Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
    -
    \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
    Fixed vertical spaces.
    -
    \vfill
    Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
    -
    \vspace
    Add arbitrary vertical space.
    +
    \addvspace
    Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
    +
    \bigskip \medskip \smallskip
    Fixed vertical spaces.
    +
    \vfill
    Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
    +
    \vspace
    Add arbitrary vertical space.
     
    -\hspace\hfillSpaces -
    \hspace -\hspace +\hspace\hfillSpaces +
    \hspace +\hspace Synopsis: - +
    \hspace[*]{length}
     
    @@ -5395,26 +5429,26 @@ form.
    -\hfill\SPACE\hspaceSpaces -
    \hfill +\hfill\SPACE\hspaceSpaces +
    \hfill -\hfill +\hfill The \hfill fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. -\fill +\fill The \fill parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the glue value 0pt plus1fill); thus, \hspace\fill is equivalent to \hfill.
    -\SPACE\AT\hfillSpaces -
    \SPACE -\SPACE -\TAB -\NEWLINE +\SPACE\AT\hfillSpaces +
    \SPACE +\SPACE +\TAB +\NEWLINE The \ (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&textrsquo;s useful after punctuation which shouldn&textrsquo;t end a sentence. For example @@ -5427,33 +5461,33 @@ are equivalent to \ .
    -\AT\thinspace\SPACESpaces -
    \&arobase; -\&arobase; +\AT\thinspace\SPACESpaces +
    \&arobase; +\&arobase; The \&arobase; command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without \&arobase;: - +
    &dots; in C\&arobase;. Pascal, though &dots;
     &dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots;
     
    -produces + produces - - -&dots; in C&eosperiod; Pascal, though &dots; + + +&dots; in C&eosperiod; Pascal, though &dots;&linebreak; &dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots;
    -\thinspace\/\ATSpaces -
    \thinspace -\thinspace +\thinspace\/\ATSpaces +
    \thinspace +\thinspace \thinspace produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as @@ -5461,9 +5495,9 @@ in &textrsquo;&textrdquo;.
    -\/\hrulefill\thinspaceSpaces -
    \/ -\/ +\/\hrulefill\thinspaceSpaces +
    \/ +\/ The \/ command produces an italic correction. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -5474,7 +5508,7 @@ to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare - + {\it f\/: f\/;} f: f; (in the &tex; output, the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;s are nicely separated) @@ -5482,7 +5516,7 @@ with f: f;. Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare - + pdf\/\TeX{} pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;) @@ -5490,9 +5524,9 @@ with pdf&tex;.
    -\hrulefill\dotfill\/Spaces -
    \hrulefill -\hrulefill +\hrulefill\dotfill\/Spaces +
    \hrulefill +\hrulefill The \hrulefill fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal @@ -5500,22 +5534,22 @@ rule.
    -\dotfill\addvspace\hrulefillSpaces -
    \dotfill +\dotfill\addvspace\hrulefillSpaces +
    \dotfill -\dotfill +\dotfill The \dotfill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; that fills with dots instead of just white space. - +
    -\addvspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskip\dotfillSpaces -
    \addvspace -\addvspace -vertical space -space, inserting vertical +\addvspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskip\dotfillSpaces +
    \addvspace +\addvspace +vertical space +space, inserting vertical \addvspace{length} @@ -5527,27 +5561,27 @@ of the total vertical space equal to length.
    -\bigskip \medskip \smallskip\vfill\addvspaceSpaces -
    \bigskip \medskip \smallskip +\bigskip \medskip \smallskip\vfill\addvspaceSpaces +
    \bigskip \medskip \smallskip These commands produce a given amount of space. -
    -\bigskip -\bigskip -\bigskipamount +
    +\bigskip +\bigskip +\bigskipamount The same as \vspace{bigskipamount}, ordinarily about one line space (with stretch and shrink). -\medskip -\medskip -\medskipamount +\medskip +\medskip +\medskipamount The same as \vspace{medskipamount}, ordinarily about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). -\smallskip -\smallskip -\smallskipamount +\smallskip +\smallskip +\smallskipamount The same as \vspace{smallskipamount}, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). @@ -5557,23 +5591,23 @@ quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). -\vfill\vspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskipSpaces -
    \vfill -\vfill +\vfill\vspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskipSpaces +
    \vfill +\vfill The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to -\vspace{\fill} (\hfill). +\vspace{\fill} (\hfill).
    -\vspace\vfillSpaces -
    \vspace[*]{length} -\vspace +\vspace\vfillSpaces +
    \vspace[*]{length} +\vspace Synopsis: - +
    \vspace[*]{length}
     
    @@ -5587,47 +5621,47 @@ space is not removed.
    -BoxesSpecial insertionsSpacesTop -Boxes +BoxesSpecial insertionsSpacesTop +Boxes -boxes +boxes -All the predefined length parameters (Predefined lengths) can be +All the predefined length parameters (Predefined lengths) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. - -\mbox
    Horizontal boxes.
    -
    \fbox and \framebox
    Put a frame around a box.
    -
    lrbox
    An environment like \sbox.
    -
    \makebox
    Box, adjustable position.
    -
    \parbox
    Box with text in paragraph mode.
    -
    \raisebox
    Raise or lower text.
    -
    \savebox
    Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
    -
    \sbox
    Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
    -
    \usebox
    Print saved text.
    +
    +\mbox
    Horizontal boxes.
    +
    \fbox and \framebox
    Put a frame around a box.
    +
    lrbox
    An environment like \sbox.
    +
    \makebox
    Box, adjustable position.
    +
    \parbox
    Box with text in paragraph mode.
    +
    \raisebox
    Raise or lower text.
    +
    \savebox
    Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
    +
    \sbox
    Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
    +
    \usebox
    Print saved text.
     
    -\mbox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes -
    \mbox{text} -\mbox +\mbox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes +
    \mbox{text} +\mbox -hyphenation, preventing +hyphenation, preventing The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The text is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
    -\fbox and \frameboxlrbox\mboxBoxes -
    \fbox and \framebox +\fbox and \frameboxlrbox\mboxBoxes +
    \fbox and \framebox -\fbox -\framebox +\fbox +\framebox Synopses: - +
    \fbox{text}
     \framebox[width][position]{text}
     
    @@ -5638,22 +5672,22 @@ except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. In addition, the \framebox command allows for explicit specification of the box width with the optional width argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional position -argument. +argument. -\fboxrule -\fboxsep +\fboxrule +\fboxsep Both commands produce a rule of thickness \fboxrule (default .4pt), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default 3pt) between the rule and the contents of the box. -\framebox (picture), for the \framebox command in the +\framebox (picture), for the \framebox command in the picture environment.
    -lrbox\makebox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes -
    lrbox -lrbox +lrbox\makebox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes +
    lrbox +lrbox \begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox} @@ -5664,13 +5698,13 @@ must have been declared with \newsavebox.
    -\makebox\parboxlrboxBoxes -
    \makebox -\makebox +\makebox\parboxlrboxBoxes +
    \makebox +\makebox Synopsis: - +
    \makebox[width][position]{text}
     
    @@ -5680,30 +5714,30 @@ optional width argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional position argument, which may take the following values: -
    -c +
    +c Centered (default). -l +l Flush left. -r +r Flush right. -s +s Stretch (justify) across entire width; text must contain stretchable space for this to work.
    \makebox is also used within the picture environment -\makebox (picture). +\makebox (picture).
    -\parbox\raisebox\makeboxBoxes -
    \parbox -\parbox +\parbox\raisebox\makeboxBoxes +
    \parbox +\parbox Synopsis: - +
    \parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}
     
    @@ -5713,14 +5747,14 @@ pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn&textrsquo;t use any paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a -minipage environment (minipage). +minipage environment (minipage). \parbox has two mandatory arguments: - -width +
    +width the width of the parbox; -text +text the text that goes inside the parbox.
    @@ -5733,27 +5767,27 @@ text (default is top). The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text inside the box, as follows; if it is not specified, position is used. - -t +
    +t text is placed at the top of the box. -c +c text is centered in the box. -b +b text is placed at the bottom of the box. -s +s stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work.
    -\raisebox\savebox\parboxBoxes -
    \raisebox -\raisebox +\raisebox\savebox\parboxBoxes +
    \raisebox +\raisebox Synopsis: - +
    \raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text}
     
    @@ -5769,112 +5803,112 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.
    -\savebox\sbox\raiseboxBoxes -
    \savebox -\savebox +\savebox\sbox\raiseboxBoxes +
    \savebox +\savebox Synopsis: - +
    \savebox{\boxcmd}[width][pos]{text}
     
    This command typeset text in a box just as with \makebox -(\makebox), except that instead of printing the resulting box, +(\makebox), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled \boxcmd, which must have been -declared with \newsavebox (\newsavebox). +declared with \newsavebox (\newsavebox).
    -\sbox\usebox\saveboxBoxes -
    \sbox{\boxcmd}{text} -\sbox +\sbox\usebox\saveboxBoxes +
    \sbox{\boxcmd}{text} +\sbox Synopsis: - +
    \sbox{\boxcmd}{text}
     
    \sbox types text in a box just as with \mbox -(\mbox) except that instead of the resulting box being +(\mbox) except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled \boxcmd. \boxcmd must have been previously declared with -\newsavebox (\newsavebox). +\newsavebox (\newsavebox).
    -\usebox\sboxBoxes -
    \usebox{\boxcmd -\usebox +\usebox\sboxBoxes +
    \usebox{\boxcmd +\usebox Synopsis: - +
    \usebox{\boxcmd}
     
    \usebox producesthe box most recently saved in the bin -\boxcmd by a \savebox command (\savebox). +\boxcmd by a \savebox command (\savebox).
    -Special insertionsSplitting the inputBoxesTop -Special insertions +Special insertionsSplitting the inputBoxesTop +Special insertions &latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. - -Reserved characters
    Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
    -
    Text symbols
    Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
    -
    Accents
    Inserting accents.
    -
    Non-English characters
    Inserting other non-English characters.
    -
    \rule
    Inserting lines and rectangles.
    -
    \today
    Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.
    +
    +Reserved characters
    Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
    +
    Text symbols
    Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
    +
    Accents
    Inserting accents.
    +
    Non-English characters
    Inserting other non-English characters.
    +
    \rule
    Inserting lines and rectangles.
    +
    \today
    Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.
     
    -Reserved charactersText symbolsSpecial insertions -
    Reserved characters -reserved characters -characters, reserved +Reserved charactersText symbolsSpecial insertions +
    Reserved characters +reserved characters +characters, reserved The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called &textldquo;reserved characters&textrdquo; or &textldquo;special characters&textrdquo;. - +
    # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
     
    -\# -\$ -\% -\& -\_ -\{ -\} +\# +\$ +\% +\& +\_ +\{ +\} Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a \ in front of the character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output. -\backslash +\backslash One exception to this rule is \ itself, because \\ has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file, and a typewriter \ is -produced by using \ in a verbatim command (verbatim). +produced by using \ in a verbatim command (verbatim). -\~ -\^ +\~ +\^ Also, \~ and \^ place tilde and circumflex accents over -the following letter, as in o and o (Accents); to get +the following letter, as in o and o (Accents); to get a standalone ~ or ^, you can again use a verbatim command. -\symbol -accessing any character of a font +\symbol +accessing any character of a font Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the \symbol command. For example, the @@ -5887,289 +5921,289 @@ with ", so the previous example could also be written as
    -Text symbolsAccentsReserved charactersSpecial insertions -
    Text symbols +Text symbolsAccentsReserved charactersSpecial insertions +
    Text symbols -text symbols -textcomp package +text symbols +textcomp package &latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the textcomp package. - + -\copyright\copyright -\textcopyright\textcopyright -copyright symbol +\copyright\copyright +\textcopyright\textcopyright +copyright symbol The copyright symbol, ©right;. -\dag\dag -dagger, in text +\dag\dag +dagger, in text The dagger symbol (in text). -\ddag\ddag -double dagger, in text +\ddag\ddag +double dagger, in text The double dagger symbol (in text). -\LaTeX\LaTeX -&latex; logo -logo, &latex; +\LaTeX\LaTeX +&latex; logo +logo, &latex; The &latex; logo. -\guillemotleft («)\guillemotleft («) -\guillemotright (»)\guillemotright (») -\guilsinglleft (‹)\guilsinglleft (‹) -\guilsinglright (›)\guilsinglright (›) -double guillemets -single guillemets -left angle quotation marks -right angle quotation marks -double angle quotation marks -single angle quotation marks -French quotation marks -quotation marks, French +\guillemotleft («)\guillemotleft («) +\guillemotright (»)\guillemotright (») +\guilsinglleft (‹)\guilsinglleft (‹) +\guilsinglright (›)\guilsinglright (›) +double guillemets +single guillemets +left angle quotation marks +right angle quotation marks +double angle quotation marks +single angle quotation marks +French quotation marks +quotation marks, French Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›. -\ldots\ldots -\dots\dots -\textellipsis\textellipsis -ellipsis +\ldots\ldots +\dots\dots +\textellipsis\textellipsis +ellipsis An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. \ldots and \dots also work in math mode. -\lq\lq -left quote -opening quote +\lq\lq +left quote +opening quote Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;. -\P\P -\textparagraph\textparagraph -paragraph symbol -pilcrow +\P\P +\textparagraph\textparagraph +paragraph symbol +pilcrow Paragraph sign (pilcrow). -\pounds\pounds -\textsterling\textsterling -pounds symbol -sterling symbol +\pounds\pounds +\textsterling\textsterling +pounds symbol +sterling symbol English pounds sterling: £. -\quotedblbase („)\quotedblbase („) -\quotesinglbase (‚)\quotesinglbase (‚) -double low-9 quotation mark -single low-9 quotation mark -low-9 quotation marks, single and double +\quotedblbase („)\quotedblbase („) +\quotesinglbase (‚)\quotesinglbase (‚) +double low-9 quotation mark +single low-9 quotation mark +low-9 quotation marks, single and double Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. -\rq\rq -right quote -closing quote +\rq\rq +right quote +closing quote Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;. -\S\S -section symbol +\S\S +section symbol Section symbol. -\TeX\TeX -&tex; logo -logo, &tex; +\TeX\TeX +&tex; logo +logo, &tex; The &tex; logo. -\textasciicircum\textasciicircum -circumflex, ASCII, in text -ASCII circumflex, in text +\textasciicircum\textasciicircum +circumflex, ASCII, in text +ASCII circumflex, in text ASCII circumflex: ^. -\textasciitilde\textasciitilde -tilde, ASCII, in text -ASCII tilde, in text +\textasciitilde\textasciitilde +tilde, ASCII, in text +ASCII tilde, in text ASCII tilde: ~. -\textasteriskcentered\textasteriskcentered -asterisk, centered, in text -centered asterisk, in text +\textasteriskcentered\textasteriskcentered +asterisk, centered, in text +centered asterisk, in text Centered asterisk: *. -\textbackslash\textbackslash -backslash, in text +\textbackslash\textbackslash +backslash, in text Backslash: \. -\textbar\textbar -vertical bar, in text -bar, vertical, in text +\textbar\textbar +vertical bar, in text +bar, vertical, in text Vertical bar: |. -\textbardbl\textbardbl -vertical bar, double, in text -bar, double vertical, in text -double vertical bar, in text +\textbardbl\textbardbl +vertical bar, double, in text +bar, double vertical, in text +double vertical bar, in text Double vertical bar. -\textbigcircle\textbigcircle -big circle symbols, in text -circle symbol, big, in text +\textbigcircle\textbigcircle +big circle symbols, in text +circle symbol, big, in text Big circle symbol. -\textbraceleft\textbraceleft -left brace, in text -brace, left, in text +\textbraceleft\textbraceleft +left brace, in text +brace, left, in text Left brace: {. -\textbraceright\textbraceright -right brace, in text -brace, right, in text +\textbraceright\textbraceright +right brace, in text +brace, right, in text Right brace: }. -\textbullet\textbullet -bullet, in text +\textbullet\textbullet +bullet, in text Bullet: •. -\textcircled{letter}\textcircled{letter} -circled letter, in text +\textcircled{letter}\textcircled{letter} +circled letter, in text letter in a circle, as in ®istered;. -\textcompwordmark\textcompwordmark -\textcapitalwordmark\textcapitalwordmark -\textascenderwordmark\textascenderwordmark -composite word mark, in text -cap height -ascender height +\textcompwordmark\textcompwordmark +\textcapitalwordmark\textcapitalwordmark +\textascenderwordmark\textascenderwordmark +composite word mark, in text +cap height +ascender height Composite word mark (invisible). The \textcapital... form has the cap height of the font, while the \textascender... form has the ascender height. -\textdagger\textdagger -dagger, in text +\textdagger\textdagger +dagger, in text Dagger: \dag. -\textdaggerdbl\textdaggerdbl -dagger, double, in text -double dagger, in text +\textdaggerdbl\textdaggerdbl +dagger, double, in text +double dagger, in text Double dagger: \ddag. -\textdollar (or $)\textdollar (or $) -dollar sign -currency, dollar +\textdollar (or $)\textdollar (or $) +dollar sign +currency, dollar Dollar sign: $. -\textemdash (or ---)\textemdash (or ---) -em-dash +\textemdash (or ---)\textemdash (or ---) +em-dash Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation). -\textendash (or --)\textendash (or --) -e-dash +\textendash (or --)\textendash (or --) +e-dash En-dash: &textmdash; (for ranges). -\texteuro\texteuro -euro symbol -currency, euro +\texteuro\texteuro +euro symbol +currency, euro The Euro symbol: €. -\textexclamdown (or !`)\textexclamdown (or !`) -exclamation point, upside-down +\textexclamdown (or !`)\textexclamdown (or !`) +exclamation point, upside-down Upside down exclamation point: ¡. -\textgreater\textgreater -greater than symbol, in text +\textgreater\textgreater +greater than symbol, in text Greater than: >. -\textless\textless -less than symbol, in text +\textless\textless +less than symbol, in text Less than: <. -\textleftarrow\textleftarrow -arrow, left, in text -left arrow, in text +\textleftarrow\textleftarrow +arrow, left, in text +left arrow, in text Left arrow. -\textordfeminine\textordfeminine -\textordmasculine\textordmasculine -feminine ordinal symbol -masculine ordinal symbol -ordinals, feminine and masculine -Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine +\textordfeminine\textordfeminine +\textordmasculine\textordmasculine +feminine ordinal symbol +masculine ordinal symbol +ordinals, feminine and masculine +Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. -\textperiodcentered\textperiodcentered -period, centered, in text -centered period, in text +\textperiodcentered\textperiodcentered +period, centered, in text +centered period, in text Centered period: \cdot. -\textquestiondown (or ?`)\textquestiondown (or ?`) -questionation point, upside-down +\textquestiondown (or ?`)\textquestiondown (or ?`) +questionation point, upside-down Upside down questionation point: ¿. -\textquotedblleft (or ``)\textquotedblleft (or ``) -left quote, double -double left quote +\textquotedblleft (or ``)\textquotedblleft (or ``) +left quote, double +double left quote Double left quote: &textldquo;. -\textquotedblright (or ')\textquotedblright (or ') -right quote, double -double right quote +\textquotedblright (or ')\textquotedblright (or ') +right quote, double +double right quote Double right quote: &textrdquo;. -\textquoteleft (or `)\textquoteleft (or `) -left quote, single -single left quote +\textquoteleft (or `)\textquoteleft (or `) +left quote, single +single left quote Single left quote: &textlsquo;. -\textquoteright (or ')\textquoteright (or ') -right quote, single -single right quote +\textquoteright (or ')\textquoteright (or ') +right quote, single +single right quote Single right quote: &textrsquo;. -\textquotestraightbase\textquotestraightbase -\textquotestraightdblbase\textquotestraightdblbase -quote, straight base -straight quote, base -double quote, straight base -straight double quote, base +\textquotestraightbase\textquotestraightbase +\textquotestraightdblbase\textquotestraightdblbase +quote, straight base +straight quote, base +double quote, straight base +straight double quote, base Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. -\textregistered\textregistered -registered symbol +\textregistered\textregistered +registered symbol Registered symbol: ®istered;. -\textrightarrow\textrightarrow -arrow, right, in text -right arrow, in text +\textrightarrow\textrightarrow +arrow, right, in text +right arrow, in text Right arrow. -\textthreequartersemdash\textthreequartersemdash -three-quarters em-dash -em-dash, three-quarters +\textthreequartersemdash\textthreequartersemdash +three-quarters em-dash +em-dash, three-quarters &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -\texttrademark\texttrademark -trademark symbol +\texttrademark\texttrademark +trademark symbol Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. -\texttwelveudash\texttwelveudash -two-thirds em-dash -em-dash, two-thirds +\texttwelveudash\texttwelveudash +two-thirds em-dash +em-dash, two-thirds &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -\textunderscore\textunderscore -underscore, in text +\textunderscore\textunderscore +underscore, in text Underscore: _. -\textvisiblespace\textvisiblespace -visible space symbol, in text +\textvisiblespace\textvisiblespace +visible space symbol, in text Visible space symbol.
    -AccentsNon-English charactersText symbolsSpecial insertions -
    Accents +AccentsNon-English charactersText symbolsSpecial insertions +
    Accents -accents -characters, accented -letters, accented +accents +characters, accented +letters, accented &latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages, through the babel package and related support. This @@ -6179,296 +6213,296 @@ the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters. The \capital... commands produce alternative forms for use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1. - -\" -\capitaldieresis -\" (umlaut accent) -\capitaldieresis -umlaut accent -dieresis accent +
    +\" +\capitaldieresis +\" (umlaut accent) +\capitaldieresis +umlaut accent +dieresis accent Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o. -\' -\capitalacute -\&textrsquo; (acute accent) -\capitalacute -acute accent +\' +\capitalacute +\&textrsquo; (acute accent) +\capitalacute +acute accent Produces an acute accent, as in o. In the tabbing environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column -(tabbing). +(tabbing). -\. -\. (dot-over accent) -dot accent -dot-over accent +\. +\. (dot-over accent) +dot accent +dot-over accent Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o. -\= -\capitalmacron -\= (macron accent) -\capitalmacron -macron accent -overbar accent -bar-over accent +\= +\capitalmacron +\= (macron accent) +\capitalmacron +macron accent +overbar accent +bar-over accent Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o. -\^ -\capitalcircumflex -\^ (circumflex accent) -\capitalcircumflex -circumflex accent -hat accent +\^ +\capitalcircumflex +\^ (circumflex accent) +\capitalcircumflex +circumflex accent +hat accent Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o. -\` -\capitalgrave -\&textlsquo; (grave accent) -\capitalgrave -grave accent +\` +\capitalgrave +\&textlsquo; (grave accent) +\capitalgrave +grave accent Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o. In the tabbing environment, move following text to the right margin -(tabbing). +(tabbing). -\~ -\capitaltilde -\~ (tilde accent) -\capitaltilde -tilde accent +\~ +\capitaltilde +\~ (tilde accent) +\capitaltilde +tilde accent Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n. -\b -\b (bar-under accent) -bar-under accent +\b +\b (bar-under accent) +bar-under accent Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o. -\c -\capitalcedilla -\c (cedilla accent) -\capitalcedilla -cedilla accent +\c +\capitalcedilla +\c (cedilla accent) +\capitalcedilla +cedilla accent Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c. -\d -\capitaldotaccent -\d (dot-under accent) -\capitaldotaccent -dot-under accent +\d +\capitaldotaccent +\d (dot-under accent) +\capitaldotaccent +dot-under accent Produces a dot accent under the following, as in o. -\H -\capitalhungarumlaut -\H (Hungarian umlaut accent) -\capitalhungarumlaut -hungarian umlaut accent +\H +\capitalhungarumlaut +\H (Hungarian umlaut accent) +\capitalhungarumlaut +hungarian umlaut accent Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o. -\i -\i (dotless i) -dotless i +\i +\i (dotless i) +dotless i Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;. -\j -\j (dotless j) -dotless j +\j +\j (dotless j) +dotless j Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;j&textrsquo;. -\k -\capitalogonek -\k (ogonek) -\capitalogonek -ogonek +\k +\capitalogonek +\k (ogonek) +\capitalogonek +ogonek Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. Not available in the OT1 encoding. -\r -\capitalring -\r (ring accent) -\capitalring -ring accent +\r +\capitalring +\r (ring accent) +\capitalring +ring accent Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. -\t -\capitaltie -\newtie -\capitalnewtie -\t (tie-after accent) -\capitaltie -\newtie -\capitalnewtie -tie-after accent +\t +\capitaltie +\newtie +\capitalnewtie +\t (tie-after accent) +\capitaltie +\newtie +\capitalnewtie +tie-after accent Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;oo&textrsquo;. The \newtie form is centered in its box. -\u -\capitalbreve -\u (breve accent) -\capitalbreve -breve accent +\u +\capitalbreve +\u (breve accent) +\capitalbreve +breve accent Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. -\underbar -\underbar -underbar +\underbar +\underbar +underbar Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through -descenders. See also \underline in Math miscellany. +descenders. See also \underline in Math miscellany. -\v -\capitalcaron -\v (breve accent) -\capitalcaron -hacek accent -check accent -caron accent -Produces a hacek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. +\v +\capitalcaron +\v (breve accent) +\capitalcaron +hacek accent +check accent +caron accent +Produces a hacek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;.
    -Non-English characters\ruleAccentsSpecial insertions -
    Non-English characters +Non-English characters\ruleAccentsSpecial insertions +
    Non-English characters -special characters -non-English characters -characters, non-English -letters, non-English +special characters +non-English characters +characters, non-English +letters, non-English Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly used in languages other than English. - +
    -\aa -\AA -\aa (å) -\AA (Å) -aring +\aa +\AA +\aa (å) +\AA (Å) +aring å and Å. -\ae -\AE -\ae (æ) -\AE (Æ) -ae ligature +\ae +\AE +\ae (æ) +\AE (Æ) +ae ligature æ and Æ. -\dh -\DH -\dh (æ) -\DH (Æ) -Icelandic eth -eth, Icelandic letter +\dh +\DH +\dh (æ) +\DH (Æ) +Icelandic eth +eth, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. -\dj -\DJ -\dj -\DJ +\dj +\DJ +\dj +\DJ xxxx -\ij -\IJ -\ij (ij) -\IJ (IJ) -ij letter, Dutch +\ij +\IJ +\ij (ij) +\IJ (IJ) +ij letter, Dutch ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). -\l -\L -\l (&lslash;) -\L (&Lslash;) -polish l +\l +\L +\l (&lslash;) +\L (&Lslash;) +polish l &lslash; and &Lslash;. -\ng -\NG -\ng -\NG +\ng +\NG +\ng +\NG xxxx -\o -\O -\o (ø) -\O (Ø) -oslash +\o +\O +\o (ø) +\O (Ø) +oslash ø and Ø. -\oe -\OE -\oe (œ) -\OE (Œ) -oe ligature +\oe +\OE +\oe (œ) +\OE (Œ) +oe ligature œ and Œ. -\ss -\SS -\ss (ß) -\SS (SS) -es-zet German letter -sharp S letters +\ss +\SS +\ss (ß) +\SS (SS) +es-zet German letter +sharp S letters ß and SS. -\th -\TH -\th (þ) -\TH (Þ) -Icelandic thorn -thorn, Icelandic letter +\th +\TH +\th (þ) +\TH (Þ) +Icelandic thorn +thorn, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ.
    -\rule\todayNon-English charactersSpecial insertions -
    \rule -\rule +\rule\todayNon-English charactersSpecial insertions +
    \rule +\rule Synopsis: - +
    \rule[raise]{width}{thickness}
     
    The \rule command produces rules, that is, lines or rectangles. The arguments are: - -raise +
    +raise How high to raise the rule (optional). -width +width The length of the rule (mandatory). -thickness +thickness The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
    -\today\ruleSpecial insertions -
    \today -\today +\today\ruleSpecial insertions +
    \today +\today The \today command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format month dd, yyyy; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;. It uses the predefined counters \day, \month, and -\year (\day \month \year) to do this. It is not +\year (\day \month \year) to do this. It is not updated as the program runs. -datetime package +datetime package The datetime package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats.
    -Splitting the inputFront/back matterSpecial insertionsTop -Splitting the input -splitting the input file -input file +Splitting the inputFront/back matterSpecial insertionsTop +Splitting the input +splitting the input file +input file A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into @@ -6476,45 +6510,45 @@ several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run &latex;. - -\include
    Conditionally include a file.
    -
    \includeonly
    Determine which files are included.
    -
    \input
    Unconditionally include a file.
    +
    +\include
    Conditionally include a file.
    +
    \includeonly
    Determine which files are included.
    +
    \input
    Unconditionally include a file.
     
    -\include\includeonlySplitting the input -
    \include -\include +\include\includeonlySplitting the input +
    \include +\include Synopsis: - +
    \include{file}
     
    If no \includeonly command is present, the \include command executes \clearpage to start a new page -(\clearpage), then reads file, then does another +(\clearpage), then reads file, then does another \clearpage. Given an \includeonly command, the \include actions are only run if file is listed as an argument to \includeonly. See the next section. -nested \include, not allowed +nested \include, not allowed The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command.
    -\includeonly\input\includeSplitting the input -
    \includeonly -\includeonly +\includeonly\input\includeSplitting the input +
    \includeonly +\includeonly Synopsis: - +
    \includeonly{file1,file2,...}
     
    @@ -6528,13 +6562,13 @@ effective.
    -\input\includeonlySplitting the input -
    \input -\input +\input\includeonlySplitting the input +
    \input +\input Synopsis: - +
    \input{file}
     
    @@ -6550,23 +6584,23 @@ is tried (foo or foo.bar).
    -Front/back matterLettersSplitting the inputTop -Front/back matter +Front/back matterLettersSplitting the inputTop +Front/back matter - -Tables of contents
    -
    Glossaries
    -
    Indexes
    +
    +Tables of contents
    +
    Glossaries
    +
    Indexes
     
    -Tables of contentsGlossariesFront/back matter -
    Tables of contents +Tables of contentsGlossariesFront/back matter +
    Tables of contents -table of contents, creating +table of contents, creating -\tableofcontents -.toc file +\tableofcontents +.toc file A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must @@ -6577,96 +6611,96 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command. -\listoffigures -\listoftables +\listoffigures +\listoftables The analogous commands \listoffigures and \listoftables produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. -\nofiles +\nofiles The command \nofiles overrides these commands, and prevents any of these lists from being generated. - -\addcontentsline
    Add an entry to table of contents etc.
    -
    \addtocontents
    Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
    +
    +\addcontentsline
    Add an entry to table of contents etc.
    +
    \addtocontents
    Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
     
    -\addcontentsline\addtocontentsTables of contents -\addcontentsline -\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} -table of contents entry, manually adding +\addcontentsline\addtocontentsTables of contents +\addcontentsline +\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} +table of contents entry, manually adding The \addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: - -ext +
    +ext The extension of the file on which information is to be written, typically one of: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables). -unit +unit The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the following, matching the value of the ext argument: -
    -toc +
    +toc The name of the sectional unit: part, chapter, section, subsection, subsubsection. -lof +lof For the list of figures. -lot +lot For the list of tables.
    -entry +entry The actual text of the entry. -\contentsline +\contentsline What is written to the .ext file is the command \contentsline{unit}{name}. - +
    -\addtocontents\addcontentslineTables of contents -\addtocontents -\addtocontents{ext}{text} +\addtocontents\addcontentslineTables of contents +\addtocontents +\addtocontents{ext}{text} The \addtocontents{ext}{text} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the .ext file that generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. - -ext +
    +ext The extension of the file on which information is to be written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables). -text +text The text to be written.
    -GlossariesIndexesTables of contentsFront/back matter -
    Glossaries -glossaries +GlossariesIndexesTables of contentsFront/back matter +
    Glossaries +glossaries -\makeglossary +\makeglossary The command \makeglossary enables creating glossaries. -\glossary -.glo file +\glossary +.glo file The command \glossary{text} writes a glossary entry for text to an auxiliary file with the .glo extension. -\glossaryentry +\glossaryentry Specifically, what gets written is the command \glossaryentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno is the current \thepage value. @@ -6676,38 +6710,38 @@ glossaries.
    -IndexesGlossariesFront/back matter -
    Indexes -indexes +IndexesGlossariesFront/back matter +
    Indexes +indexes -\makeindex +\makeindex The command \makeindex enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble. -\index -.idx file +\index +.idx file The command \index{text} writes an index entry for text to an auxiliary file with the .idx extension. -\indexentry +\indexentry Specifically, what gets written is the command \indexentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno is the current \thepage value. -&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries +&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a vertical bar: \index{bar|see{foo}}. Use seealso instead of see to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry. -\seename -\alsoname +\seename +\alsoname The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro \seename, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; by the macro \alsoname. These can be redefined for other languages. -makeindex program -xindy program -.ind file +makeindex program +xindy program +.ind file The generated .idx file is then sorted with an external command, usually either makeindex (http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex) or (the @@ -6715,23 +6749,23 @@ multi-lingual) xindy (http://xindy.sourceforge. This results in a .ind file, which can then be read to typeset the index. -printindex -makeidx package +printindex +makeidx package The index is usually generated with the \printindex command. This is defined in the makeidx package, so \usepackage{makeidx} needs to be in the preamble. -indexspace +indexspace The rubber length \indexspace is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is 10pt plus5pt minus3pt. -showidx package +showidx package The showidx package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. -multind package +multind package The multind package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind. @@ -6739,10 +6773,10 @@ preparing the index.
    -LettersTerminal input/outputFront/back matterTop -Letters -letters -creating letters +LettersTerminal input/outputFront/back matterTop +Letters +letters +creating letters You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The letter document class is designed to make a number of letters at @@ -6752,7 +6786,7 @@ once, although you can make just one if you so desire. document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum: - +
     \documentclass{letter}
      \begin{document}
       ... letters ...
    @@ -6762,7 +6796,7 @@ minimum:
     Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name
     and address of the recipient.  For example, you might have:
     
    -
    +
     
     \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
           \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
        ...
    @@ -6774,7 +6808,7 @@ the letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary &latex; input.  Commands that
     make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, do not work.  The letter
     closes with a \closing command.
     
    -\\ for letters
    +\\ for letters
     After the closing, you can have additional material.  The
     \cc command produces the usual &textldquo;cc: &dots;&textrdquo;.  There&textrsquo;s also a
     similar \encl command for a list of enclosures. With both these
    @@ -6782,26 +6816,26 @@ commands, use \\ to separate the items.
     
     These commands are used with the letter class.
     
    -
    -\address
    Your return address.
    -
    \cc
    Cc list.
    -
    \closing
    Saying goodbye.
    -
    \encl
    List of enclosed material.
    -
    \location
    Your organisation&textrsquo;s address.
    -
    \makelabels
    Making address labels.
    -
    \name
    Your name, for the return address.
    -
    \opening
    Saying hello.
    -
    \ps
    Adding a postscript.
    -
    \signature
    Your signature.
    -
    \startbreaks
    Allow page breaks.
    -
    \stopbreaks
    Disallow page breaks.
    -
    \telephone
    Your phone number.
    +
    +\address
    Your return address.
    +
    \cc
    Cc list.
    +
    \closing
    Saying goodbye.
    +
    \encl
    List of enclosed material.
    +
    \location
    Your organisation&textrsquo;s address.
    +
    \makelabels
    Making address labels.
    +
    \name
    Your name, for the return address.
    +
    \opening
    Saying hello.
    +
    \ps
    Adding a postscript.
    +
    \signature
    Your signature.
    +
    \startbreaks
    Allow page breaks.
    +
    \stopbreaks
    Disallow page breaks.
    +
    \telephone
    Your phone number.
     
    -\address\ccLetters -
    \address{return-address} -\address +\address\ccLetters +
    \address{return-address} +\address The \address specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the @@ -6809,21 +6843,21 @@ address should be separated by \\ commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your organisation&textrsquo;s standard -letterhead. (Overview, for details on your local +letterhead. (Overview, for details on your local implementation). If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
    -\cc\closing\addressLetters -
    \cc +\cc\closing\addressLetters +
    \cc -\cc -cc list, in letters +\cc +cc list, in letters Synopsis: - +
    \cc{name1\\name2}
     
    @@ -6832,35 +6866,35 @@ printed on a separate line.
    -\closing\encl\ccLetters -
    \closing +\closing\encl\ccLetters +
    \closing -\closing -letters, ending -closing letters +\closing +letters, ending +closing letters Synopsis: - +
    \closing{text}
     
    A letter closes with a \closing command, for example, - +
    \closing{Best Regards,}
     
    -\encl\location\closingLetters -
    \encl +\encl\location\closingLetters +
    \encl -\encl -enclosure list +\encl +enclosure list Synopsis: - +
    \encl{line1\\line2}
     
    @@ -6868,9 +6902,9 @@ printed on a separate line.
    -\location\makelabels\enclLetters -
    \location -\location +\location\makelabels\enclLetters +
    \location +\location \location{address} @@ -6879,9 +6913,9 @@ if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
    -\makelabels\name\locationLetters -
    \makelabels -\makelabels +\makelabels\name\locationLetters +
    \makelabels +\makelabels \makelabels{number} @@ -6891,9 +6925,9 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
    -\name\opening\makelabelsLetters -
    \name -\name +\name\opening\makelabelsLetters +
    \name +\name \name{June Davenport} @@ -6902,14 +6936,14 @@ address.
    -\opening\ps\nameLetters -
    \opening{text} -\opening -letters, starting +\opening\ps\nameLetters +
    \opening{text} +\opening +letters, starting Synopsis: - +
    \opening{text}
     
    @@ -6917,25 +6951,25 @@ address. argument, text, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance: - +
    \opening{Dear Joe,}
     
    -\ps\signature\openingLetters -
    \ps -\ps -postscript, in letters +\ps\signature\openingLetters +
    \ps +\ps +postscript, in letters Use the \ps command to start a postscript in a letter, after \closing.
    -\signature\startbreaks\psLetters -
    \signature{text} -\signature +\signature\startbreaks\psLetters +
    \signature{text} +\signature Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within @@ -6943,9 +6977,9 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within
    -\startbreaks\stopbreaks\signatureLetters -
    \startbreaks -\startbreaks +\startbreaks\stopbreaks\signatureLetters +
    \startbreaks +\startbreaks \startbreaks @@ -6954,9 +6988,9 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within
    -\stopbreaks\telephone\startbreaksLetters -
    \stopbreaks -\stopbreaks +\stopbreaks\telephone\startbreaksLetters +
    \stopbreaks +\stopbreaks \stopbreaks @@ -6965,9 +6999,9 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within
    -\telephone\stopbreaksLetters -
    \telephone -\telephone +\telephone\stopbreaksLetters +
    \telephone +\telephone \telephone{number} @@ -6977,24 +7011,24 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within
    -Terminal input/outputCommand lineLettersTop -Terminal input/output -input/output -terminal input/output - - -\typein
    Read text from the terminal.
    -
    \typeout
    Write text to the terminal.
    +Terminal input/outputCommand lineLettersTop
    +Terminal input/output
    +input/output
    +terminal input/output
    +
    +
    +\typein
    Read text from the terminal.
    +
    \typeout
    Write text to the terminal.
     
    -\typein\typeoutTerminal input/output -
    \typein[cmd]{msg} -\typein +\typein\typeoutTerminal input/output +
    \typein[cmd]{msg} +\typein Synopsis: - +
    \typein[\cmd]{msg}
     
    @@ -7008,13 +7042,13 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
    -\typeout\typeinTerminal input/output -
    \typeout{msg} -\typeout +\typeout\typeinTerminal input/output +
    \typeout{msg} +\typeout Synopsis: - +
    \typeout{msg}
     
    @@ -7032,9 +7066,9 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A ^^J in
    -Command lineDocument templatesTerminal input/outputTop -Command line -command line +Command lineDocument templatesTerminal input/outputTop +Command line +command line The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses .tex as a default file extension. If you omit the @@ -7042,16 +7076,16 @@ input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. - +
    latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
     
    will process foo.tex without pausing after every error. -* prompt -prompt, * -\stop +* prompt +prompt, * +\stop If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a * prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type \stop (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. @@ -7059,23 +7093,23 @@ command; e.g.
    -Document templatesConcept IndexCommand lineTop -Document templates -document templates +Document templatesConcept IndexCommand lineTop +Document templates +document templates Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates. - -book template
    -
    beamer template
    -
    tugboat template
    +
    +book template
    +
    beamer template
    +
    tugboat template
     
    -book templatebeamer templateDocument templates -
    book template +book templatebeamer templateDocument templates +
    book template \documentclass{book} @@ -7097,10 +7131,9 @@ The end. -
    -beamer templatetugboat templatebook templateDocument templates -
    beamer template +beamer templatetugboat templatebook templateDocument templates +
    beamer template The beamer class creates slides presentations. @@ -7126,14 +7159,15 @@ The end. \end{frame} \end{document} - - +One web resource for this: +http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/. +
    -tugboat templatebeamer templateDocument templates -
    tugboat template +tugboat templatebeamer templateDocument templates +
    tugboat template TUGboat is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, http://tug.org/TUGboat. @@ -7214,20 +7248,19 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. -
    -Concept IndexCommand IndexDocument templatesTop -Concept Index +Concept IndexCommand IndexDocument templatesTop +Concept Index - + - + -Command IndexConcept IndexTop -Command Index +Command IndexConcept IndexTop +Command Index - + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el index 89175d29637..9fefecb88c1 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ ;;; ltx-help.el --- Lookup latex commands in info pages. -;; Author: Peter Galbraith or -;; Christian Lynbech -;; Martin Sjolin -;; Boris Goldowsky -;; Maintainer: Torsten Martinsen -;; Updated: 12 June 2008 +;; Authors: Peter Galbraith or +;; Christian Lynbech +;; Martin Sjolin +;; Boris Goldowsky +;; Maintainer: as part of latexrefman, http://home.gna.org/latexrefman/ +;; Updated: 25 April 2013 ;; Keywords: help, latex, info @@ -15,10 +15,12 @@ ;; environment in the latex online manual. If point is at such a ;; command, this will be the default. +;; The Texinfo document that this code works with is at +;; http://ctan.org/pkg/latex2e-help-texinfo. + ;; Installation: ;; ;; Add the following piece of code to your .emacs -;; ;; (define-key help-map "\C-l" 'latex-help) ;; ;; to bind latex-help to C-h C-l. To load latex-help when loading AUC-TeX or @@ -27,19 +29,16 @@ ;; ;; (add-hook 'Latex-mode-hook ;; (function (lambda () -;; (define-key LaTeX-mode-map "\C-ci" 'latex-help)))) +;; (define-key LaTeX-mode-map "\C-ci" 'latex-help)))) ;; ;; or if you do not have add-hook (a very nice package): ;; ;; (setq Latex-mode-hook -;; (function (lambda () -;; (define-key LaTeX-mode-map "\C-ci" 'latex-help)))) +;; (function (lambda () +;; (define-key LaTeX-mode-map "\C-ci" 'latex-help)))) ;; ;; -;; The info document that this code works with is at -;; http://ctan.org/get/info/latex2e-help-texinfo. - ;;; Change Log: ;;Mar 4, 1994 : @@ -79,22 +78,22 @@ ;; ;;Mar 29, 1994 : ;; * made it working under epoch/emacs-18 by calling -;; completion-read without the last argument. +;; completion-read without the last argument. ;; * made prompting similar to emacs help ;; * moved add-hook and define keys to installation section, since -;; the settings conflict with my own keybindings. Also, the key -;; binding should be chosen by the end user. +;; the settings conflict with my own keybindings. Also, the key +;; binding should be chosen by the end user. ;; -;; Wed Mar 30 08:45:50 1994 LYNBECH -;; * Changed file layout to conform to FSF's standards -;; * Tweaked latex-help-guess to include any leading backslashes -;; * Inversed the meaning of the prefix argument. Now default is +;; Wed Mar 30 08:45:50 1994 LYNBECH +;; * Changed file layout to conform to FSF's standards +;; * Tweaked latex-help-guess to include any leading backslashes +;; * Inversed the meaning of the prefix argument. Now default is ;; to switch buffers. Also added new variable `latex-help-split-window' ;; to allow window splitting always. ;; * Minor doc fixes ;; -;; Wed Apr 6 08:34:08 1994 LYNBECH -;; * fixed latex-help-guess to be more faithful to the lexical rules +;; Wed Apr 6 08:34:08 1994 LYNBECH +;; * fixed latex-help-guess to be more faithful to the lexical rules ;; of TeX. The result is not especially elegant. ;; ;;Apr 16, 1994 : @@ -122,7 +121,14 @@ ;; Thu Jun 12 2008 Karl Berry (karl@freefriends.org) ;; Change latex-help-file to "(latex2e)", so our names are consistent. ;; Doc updates. -;; +;; +;; Thu Apr 25 2013 Karl Berry (karl@freefriends.org) +;; Doc updates, and install these changes: +;; +;; Thu Apr 25 2013 Mandar Mitra (mandar.mitra@gmail.com) +;; Using with (for example) "array" goes to the top node +;; of latex2e.info instead of the intended node. + ;;; Code: (require 'info) @@ -157,30 +163,36 @@ variable `latex-help-split-window'." (interactive (list (let* ((cw (latex-help-guess)) - (cww (concat "\\" cw)) - (cmd-alist (latex-help-get-cmd-alist)) - (guess (cond ((try-completion cw cmd-alist) cw) - ((try-completion cww cmd-alist) cww) - (t nil))) - (val (completing-read (if guess - (format "Describe LaTeX command (default %s): " guess) - "Describe LaTeX command: ") - cmd-alist nil t nil - 'latex-help-hist))) + (cww (concat "\\" cw)) + (cmd-alist (latex-help-get-cmd-alist)) + (node (try-completion cw cmd-alist)) + ; try-completion returns actual string in case of partial match + ; but returns t in case of exact match + (nodename1 (if (equal node t) cw node)) + (nodename2 (if (equal nodename1 nil) + (try-completion cww cmd-alist) nodename1)) + (guess (cond ((equal nodename2 t) cww) + ((equal nodename2 nil) nil) + (t nodename2))) + (val (completing-read (if guess + (format "Describe LaTeX command (default %s): " guess) + "Describe LaTeX command: ") + cmd-alist nil t nil + 'latex-help-hist))) (cdr (assoc (if (equal val "") - guess - val) cmd-alist))) + guess + val) cmd-alist))) current-prefix-arg)) (if (not (or split latex-help-split-window)) (Info-goto-node (concat latex-help-file cmd)) (save-excursion (let ((pop-up-windows t) - (buffer (current-buffer))) - (pop-to-buffer nil) - (Info-goto-node (concat latex-help-file cmd)) - (if (fboundp 'show-temp-buffer) - (show-temp-buffer (current-buffer) t) - (pop-to-buffer buffer)))))) + (buffer (current-buffer))) + (pop-to-buffer nil) + (Info-goto-node (concat latex-help-file cmd)) + (if (fboundp 'show-temp-buffer) + (show-temp-buffer (current-buffer) t) + (pop-to-buffer buffer)))))) (defun latex-help-guess () "Return the word point is on as a string, if it's between two @@ -197,44 +209,44 @@ Return the LaTeX command point is on as a string. ;; cl: I am not claiming this to be neither elegant nor fast. (save-excursion (let ((oldpoint (point)) (start (point)) (end (point)) - (wc "A-Za-z") (nwc "^A-Za-z")) + (wc "A-Za-z") (nwc "^A-Za-z")) (cond ((looking-at "\\\\[^A-Za-z]") - (setq start (point) - end (+ 2 (point)))) + (setq start (point) + end (+ 2 (point)))) ((looking-at "\\\\[A-Za-z]+") - (setq start (match-beginning 0) - end (match-end 0))) + (setq start (match-beginning 0) + end (match-end 0))) (t - (skip-chars-backward wc) - (skip-chars-backward "\\\\" (1- (point))) - (setq start (point)) + (skip-chars-backward wc) + (skip-chars-backward "\\\\" (1- (point))) + (setq start (point)) - (goto-char oldpoint) + (goto-char oldpoint) - (skip-chars-forward "\\\\" (1+ (point))) - (skip-chars-forward wc) - (setq end (point)) + (skip-chars-forward "\\\\" (1+ (point))) + (skip-chars-forward wc) + (setq end (point)) - (if (and (eq start oldpoint) (eq end oldpoint)) - (progn - (skip-chars-backward nwc - (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) (point))) - (if (eq (preceding-char) ?\n) - (progn - (skip-chars-forward nwc) - (setq start (point)) - (skip-chars-forward "\\\\" (1+ (point))) - (skip-chars-forward wc) - (setq end (point))) - (setq end (point)) - (skip-chars-backward wc) - (skip-chars-backward "\\\\" (1- (point))) - (setq start (point))))) - ) + (if (and (eq start oldpoint) (eq end oldpoint)) + (progn + (skip-chars-backward nwc + (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) (point))) + (if (eq (preceding-char) ?\n) + (progn + (skip-chars-forward nwc) + (setq start (point)) + (skip-chars-forward "\\\\" (1+ (point))) + (skip-chars-forward wc) + (setq end (point))) + (setq end (point)) + (skip-chars-backward wc) + (skip-chars-backward "\\\\" (1- (point))) + (setq start (point))))) + ) ) (ltxh-buffer-substring start end))) ) @@ -245,22 +257,22 @@ The values are saved in `latex-help-cmd-alist' for speed." ;; mm, does it contain any cached entries (if (not (assoc "\\begin" latex-help-cmd-alist)) (save-window-excursion - (setq latex-help-cmd-alist nil) - (Info-goto-node (concat latex-help-file "Command Index")) - (if (search-forward "::" nil t) - (progn - (end-of-buffer) - (while (re-search-backward "^\\* \\(.+\\)::$" nil t) - (setq key (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))) - (setq latex-help-cmd-alist - (cons (cons key key) latex-help-cmd-alist)))) - (end-of-buffer) - (while (re-search-backward "^\\* \\(.+\\): *\\(.+\\)\\.$" nil t) - (setq key (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))) - (setq value (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2))) - (setq latex-help-cmd-alist - (cons (cons key value) latex-help-cmd-alist)))) - )) + (setq latex-help-cmd-alist nil) + (Info-goto-node (concat latex-help-file "Command Index")) + (if (search-forward "::" nil t) + (progn + (end-of-buffer) + (while (re-search-backward "^\\* \\(.+\\)::$" nil t) + (setq key (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))) + (setq latex-help-cmd-alist + (cons (cons key key) latex-help-cmd-alist)))) + (end-of-buffer) + (while (re-search-backward "^\\* \\(.+\\): *\\(.+\\)\\.$" nil t) + (setq key (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))) + (setq value (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2))) + (setq latex-help-cmd-alist + (cons (cons key value) latex-help-cmd-alist)))) + )) ;; and return the alist. latex-help-cmd-alist ) -- cgit v1.2.3