From c870315edd8c0e1b151cfb7410c1c4d673939e95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Karl Berry Date: Mon, 19 May 2014 22:08:29 +0000 Subject: latex2e-help-texinfo (19may14) git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@34128 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751 --- .../doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml | 2356 ++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 1216 insertions(+), 1140 deletions(-) (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml') diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml index cf7af065724..b83ec51dae9 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml @@ -3,22 +3,22 @@ \input texinfo - + latex2e.info -May 2013 -&latex;2e reference manual (May 2013) +May 2014 +&latex;2e reference manual (May 2014) - + @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2013. +document preparation system, version of May 2014. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -37,15 +37,16 @@ George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges -using Hypertext Help with &latex;, by Sheldon Green, and the +using Hypertext Help with &latex;, by Sheldon Green, and &latex; Command Summary (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as &tex;niques number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). -Copyright ©right; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Karl Berry.&linebreak; -Copyright ©right; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; -Copyright ©right; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. +Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, +2014 Karl Berry.&linebreak; +Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; +Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice @@ -77,9 +78,8 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -&latex;: Structured documents for &tex; -unofficial &latex; reference manual -May 2013 +&latex;: An unofficial reference manual +May 2014 http://home.gna.org/latexrefman 0pt plus 1filll @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. &latex;2e This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2013. It is +document preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of &latex; for many years. @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of Overview
What is &latex;?
 
Starting & ending
The standard beginning and end of a document.
 
Document classes
Some of the various classes available.
-
Typefaces
And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.
+
Fonts
Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
 
Layout
Controlling the page layout.
 
Sectioning
How to section properly.
 
Cross references
Automatic referencing.
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ and the \begin{document} commands (this area is calle
 
 
 
-Document classesTypefacesStarting & endingTop
+Document classesFontsStarting & endingTop
 Document classes
 
 document classes
@@ -458,8 +458,9 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
 
 
 
-TypefacesLayoutDocument classesTop
-Typefaces
+FontsLayoutDocument classesTop
+Fonts
+Typefaces
 
 typefaces
 fonts
@@ -474,7 +475,7 @@ and a style.  The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
 
-Font stylesFont sizesTypefaces +Font stylesFont sizesFonts
Font styles font styles @@ -483,21 +484,22 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. -This first group of commands is typically used like -\textit{italic text}. The corresponding command in -parenthesis is the &textldquo;declaration form&textrdquo;, which takes no arguments. The -scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command -or the end of the current group. +This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as in +\textit{italic text}. In the table below, the corresponding +command in parenthesis is the &textldquo;declaration form&textrdquo;, which takes no +arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type +style command or the end of the current group. -The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either -\sffamily\bfseries or \bfseries\sffamily to get bold -sans serif. +These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, +are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either \sffamily\bfseries or +\bfseries\sffamily to get bold sans serif. You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}. -These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the - +These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. + +
\textrm (\rmfamily) \textrm \rmfamily @@ -584,15 +586,17 @@ instance, \begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}
\mathversion +math, bold +bold math In addition, the command \mathversion{bold} can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default. \oldstylenums -numerals, old-style -old-style numerals -lining numerals -textcomp package +numerals, old-style +old-style numerals +lining numerals +textcomp package Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals} will typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; @@ -603,62 +607,70 @@ numerals also; sometimes the textcomp package must be loaded, and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf. -&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to -the given style, that is, are not cumulative. They are used -differently than the above commands, too: {\cmd ...} -instead of \cmd{...}. These are two very different -things. +&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally +switch to the given style, that is, are not cumulative. Also, +they are used differently than the above commands: {\cmd +...} instead of \cmd{...}. These are two very +different things. \bf\bf -bold font +bold font Switch to bold face. \cal\cal -script letters for math -calligraphic letters for math +script letters for math +calligraphic letters for math Switch to calligraphic letters for math. \em\em -emphasis +emphasis Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). \it\it -italic font +italic font Italics. \rm\rm -roman font +roman font Roman. \sc\sc -small caps font +small caps font Small caps. \sf\sf -sans serif font +sans serif font Sans serif. \sl\sl -slanted font -oblique font +slanted font +oblique font Slanted (oblique). \tt\tt -typewriter font -monospace font -fixed-width font +typewriter font +monospace font +fixed-width font Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). +Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such +as \tt, obsolete and only the cumulative commands +(\texttt) should be used. I (Karl) do not agree. There are +perfectly reasonable situations when an unconditional font switch is +precisely what you need to get the desired output; for one example, +descriptiondescription. Both sets of commands have +their place. +
-Font sizesLow-level font commandsFont stylesTypefaces +Font sizesLow-level font commandsFont stylesFonts
Font sizes -font sizes -typeface sizes -sizes of text +font sizes +typeface sizes +sizes of text The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font @@ -708,10 +720,10 @@ these commands; for instance, \begin{tiny}...\end{tin
-Low-level font commandsFont sizesTypefaces +Low-level font commandsFont sizesFonts
Low-level font commands -low-level font commands -font commands, low-level +low-level font commands +font commands, low-level These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available @@ -773,8 +785,8 @@ pt. The default \baselineskip for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the \fontsize. \baselinestretch -setspace package -double spacing +setspace package +double spacing The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the \baselinestretch parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to &textldquo;double space&textrdquo; a document, @@ -805,9 +817,9 @@ followed by \selectfont.
-LayoutSectioningTypefacesTop +LayoutSectioningFontsTop Layout -layout commands +layout commands Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. @@ -823,7 +835,7 @@ followed by \selectfont. \onecolumn\twocolumnLayout
\onecolumn \onecolumn -one-column output +one-column output The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default. @@ -833,8 +845,8 @@ single-column output. This is the default. \twocolumn\flushbottom\onecolumnLayout
\twocolumn \twocolumn -multicolumn text -two-column output +multicolumn text +two-column output Synopsis: @@ -904,7 +916,7 @@ page. \raggedbottomPage layout parameters\flushbottomLayout
\raggedbottom \raggedbottom -stretch, omitting vertical +stretch, omitting vertical The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be @@ -915,12 +927,12 @@ stretched. Page layout parameters\raggedbottomLayout
Page layout parameters -page layout parameters -parameters, page layout -layout, page parameters for -header, parameters for -footer, parameters for -running header and footer +page layout parameters +parameters, page layout +layout, page parameters for +header, parameters for +footer, parameters for +running header and footer \headheight\headheight @@ -1000,7 +1012,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., 10pt at 10pt. SectioningCross referencesLayoutTop Sectioning -sectioning +sectioning Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: @@ -1036,7 +1048,7 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument toctitle that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. -*-form of sectioning commands +*-form of sectioning commands Also, all sectioning commands have *-forms that print title as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: @@ -1046,7 +1058,7 @@ entry in the table of contents. For instance: \appendix -appendix, creating +appendix, creating The \appendix command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The \appendix command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this @@ -1060,7 +1072,7 @@ command is something like secnumdepth counter -section numbers, printing +section numbers, printing The secnumdepth counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting @@ -1076,7 +1088,7 @@ The setting Cross referencesEnvironmentsSectioningTop Cross references -cross references +cross references One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; @@ -1130,8 +1142,8 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: \pageref\ref\labelCross references
\pageref{key} \pageref -cross referencing with page number -page number, cross referencing +cross referencing with page number +page number, cross referencing Synopsis: @@ -1148,11 +1160,11 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding \ref\pagerefCross references
\ref{key} \ref -cross referencing, symbolic -section number, cross referencing -equation number, cross referencing -figure number, cross referencing -footnote number, cross referencing +cross referencing, symbolic +section number, cross referencing +equation number, cross referencing +figure number, cross referencing +footnote number, cross referencing Synopsis: @@ -1170,7 +1182,7 @@ such as the word &textlsquo;Section&textrsquo; or &textlsquo;Figure&textrsquo;, EnvironmentsLine breakingCross referencesTop Environments -environments +environments \begin \end @@ -1195,6 +1207,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: eqnarray
Sequences of aligned equations.
 
equation
Displayed equation.
 
figure
Floating figures.
+
filecontents
Writing multiple files from the source.
 
flushleft
Flushed left lines.
 
flushright
Flushed right lines.
 
itemize
Bulleted lists.
@@ -1220,7 +1233,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
 
abstract abstract environment -abstracts +abstracts Synopsis: @@ -1236,7 +1249,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: arraycenterabstractEnvironments
array array environment -arrays, math +arrays, math Synopsis: @@ -1297,7 +1310,7 @@ namely \arrayrulewidth and \arraystretch.
center center environment -centering text, environment for +centering text, environment for Synopsis: @@ -1323,7 +1336,7 @@ string \\. \centering \centering -centering text, declaration for +centering text, declaration for The \centering declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such @@ -1354,8 +1367,8 @@ second line \\
description description environment -labelled lists, creating -description lists, creating +labelled lists, creating +description lists, creating Synopsis: @@ -1372,8 +1385,8 @@ second line \\ label is typeset in bold, flush right. The item text may contain multiple paragraphs. -bold typewriter, avoiding -typewriter labels in lists +bold typewriter, avoiding +typewriter labels in lists Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in typewriter using \texttt, you&textrsquo;ll get bold typewriter: \item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]. This @@ -1428,7 +1441,7 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. <
enumerate enumerate environment -lists of items, numbered +lists of items, numbered Synopsis: @@ -1490,12 +1503,12 @@ letters:
eqnarray eqnarray environment -equations, aligning -aligning equations +equations, aligning +aligning equations -align environment, from amsmath -amsmath package, replacing eqnarray -Madsen, Lars +align environment, from amsmath +amsmath package, replacing eqnarray +Madsen, Lars First, a caveat: the eqnarray environment has some infelicities which cannot be overcome; the article &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen describes them in detail @@ -1524,7 +1537,7 @@ and consecutive items within a row separated by an &. meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. \nonumber -equation numbers, omitting +equation numbers, omitting An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command. Alternatively, The *-form of the environment (\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}) will @@ -1542,8 +1555,8 @@ zero width.
equation equation environment -equations, environment for -formulas, environment for +equations, environment for +formulas, environment for Synopsis: @@ -1559,11 +1572,11 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
-figureflushleftequationEnvironments +figurefilecontentsequationEnvironments
figure figure -inserting figures -figures, inserting +inserting figures +figures, inserting
\begin{figure[*]}[placement]
@@ -1580,8 +1593,8 @@ Figures will not be split between two pages.
 When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
 full-width figure (across both columns).
 
-placement of floats
-specifier, float placement
+placement of floats
+specifier, float placement
 The optional argument [placement] determines where &latex; will try
 to place your figure.  There are four places where &latex; can possibly
 put a float:
@@ -1598,13 +1611,13 @@ output.  To ameliorate this, use the stfloats or
 FAQ: http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat.
 
 h
-float package
+float package
 (Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the figure environment
 appears.  However, this is not allowed by itself; t is
 automatically added.
 
-here, putting floats
-float package
+here, putting floats
+float package
 To absolutely force a figure to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
 \usepackage{float} and use the H specifier which it
 defines.  For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
@@ -1694,11 +1707,69 @@ default 2.
 
 
 
-flushleftflushrightfigureEnvironments +filecontentsflushleftfigureEnvironments +
filecontents: Create external files +filecontents +external files, creating +writing external files + +Synopsis: + + +
\begin{filecontents}{filename}
+contents-of-file
+\end{filecontents}
+...
+\documentclass{my-document-class}
+
+ +initial command +\documentclass, commands before +The filecontents environment is an initial command, +meaning that it can be used only before the \documentclass +command, as in the synopsis above. + +&latex; will create a file named filename with the content +contents-of-file preceded by a header comment indicating how and +when the file was generated. If the file already exists then nothing will +happen. + +You can also use the filecontents package, which has the +following advantages: + + + +If the file already exists, then it will be overwritten. + + +You can use the filecontents environment at any point after the +declaration \usepackage{filecontents}, not just before +\documentclass. + + +The filecontents package also provides a filecontents* +environment which is used in the same way as the filecontents +environment except that it won&textrsquo;t insert any leading comment, so it is +better suited to create files which aren&textrsquo;t in &latex; format. + + + +The filecontents environment only creates the file, and is +unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for +instance, \input or \usepackage or \bibliography +or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. + +This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, for +example, for a bug report, or to keep a .bib file with the main +document. + + +
+flushleftflushrightfilecontentsEnvironments
flushleft -flushleft environment -left-justifying text, environment for -ragged right text, environment for +flushleft environment +left-justifying text, environment for +ragged right text, environment for
\begin{flushleft}
@@ -1708,7 +1779,7 @@ default 2.
 \end{flushleft}
 
-\\ for flushleft +\\ for flushleft The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string \\. @@ -1720,10 +1791,10 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string \\. \raggedrightflushleft \raggedright -\raggedright -ragged right text -left-justifying text -justification, ragged right +\raggedright +ragged right text +left-justifying text +justification, ragged right The \raggedright declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1740,9 +1811,9 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
flushrightitemizeflushleftEnvironments
flushright -flushright environment -ragged left text, environment for -right-justifying text, environment for +flushright environment +ragged left text, environment for +right-justifying text, environment for
\begin{flushright}
@@ -1752,7 +1823,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
 \end{flushright}
 
-\\ (for flushright) +\\ (for flushright) The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string \\. @@ -1764,10 +1835,10 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string \\. \raggedleftflushright \raggedleft -\raggedleft -ragged left text -justification, ragged left -right-justifying text +\raggedleft +ragged left text +justification, ragged left +right-justifying text The \raggedleft declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1784,11 +1855,11 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
itemizeletterflushrightEnvironments
itemize -itemize environment -\item -lists of items -unordered lists -bulleted lists +itemize environment +\item +lists of items +unordered lists +bulleted lists Synopsis: @@ -1817,10 +1888,10 @@ There must be at least one \item command within the environment. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) -\labelitemi -\labelitemii -\labelitemiii -\labelitemiv +\labelitemi +\labelitemii +\labelitemiii +\labelitemiv The itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi through \labelitemiv to produce the default label. So, you can use \renewcommand to change the labels. For instance, to have @@ -1830,13 +1901,13 @@ the first level use diamonds:
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
 
-\leftmargin -\leftmargini -\leftmarginii -\leftmarginiii -\leftmarginiv -\leftmarginv -\leftmarginvi +\leftmargin +\leftmargini +\leftmarginii +\leftmarginiii +\leftmarginiv +\leftmarginv +\leftmarginvi The \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, \leftmargin is set @@ -1855,20 +1926,20 @@ This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: Some parameters that affect list formatting: -\itemindent\itemindent +\itemindent\itemindent Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. -\labelsep\labelsep +\labelsep\labelsep Space between the label and text of an item; default .5em. -\labelwidth\labelwidth +\labelwidth\labelwidth Width of the label; default 2em, or 1.5em in two-column mode. -\listparindent\listparindent +\listparindent\listparindent Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default 0pt. -\rightmargin\rightmargin +\rightmargin\rightmargin Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default 0pt, except in the quote, quotation, and verse environments, where it is set equal @@ -1880,23 +1951,23 @@ to \leftmargin. loose, by default). -\itemsep\itemsep +\itemsep\itemsep Vertical space between items. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus2pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt for 12pt. -\parsep\parsep +\parsep\parsep Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as \itemsep. -\topsep\topsep +\topsep\topsep Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is 8pt plus2pt minus4pt for 10pt documents, 9pt plus3pt minus5pt for 11pt, and 10pt plus4pt minus6pt for 12pt. These are reduced for nested lists. -\partopsep\partopsep +\partopsep\partopsep Extra space added to \topsep when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is 2pt plus1pt minus1pt for 10pt documents, 3pt plus1pt minus1pt for 11pt, and 3pt @@ -1904,7 +1975,7 @@ plus2pt minus2pt for 12pt. -\parskip example +\parskip example Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an itemize* environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -1924,7 +1995,7 @@ within a single item (\parskip is not list-specific,
letterlistitemizeEnvironments
letter environment: writing letters -letter +letter This environment is used for creating letters. Letters. @@ -1932,8 +2003,8 @@ within a single item (\parskip is not list-specific,
listmathletterEnvironments
list -list -lists of items, generic +list +lists of items, generic The list environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in @@ -1964,8 +2035,8 @@ empty, i.e., {}, which leaves the default spacing. mathminipagelistEnvironments
math -math environment -in-line formulas +math environment +in-line formulas Synopsis: @@ -1984,8 +2055,8 @@ running text. \(...\)) and $...$ are synonyms. minipagepicturemathEnvironments
minipage -minipage environment -minipage, creating a +minipage environment +minipage, creating a
\begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}
@@ -2001,15 +2072,15 @@ other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
 
 The arguments are the same as for \parbox (\parbox).
 
-indentation of paragraphs, in minipage
-paragraph indentation, in minipage
-\parindent
+indentation of paragraphs, in minipage
+paragraph indentation, in minipage
+\parindent
 By default, paragraphs are not indented in the minipage
 environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
 \setlength{\parindent}{1pc} command.
 
-footnotes in figures
-figures, footnotes in
+footnotes in figures
+figures, footnotes in
 Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
 particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
 \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at
@@ -2025,9 +2096,9 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
 picturequotationminipageEnvironments
 
picture -picture -creating pictures -pictures, creating +picture +creating pictures +pictures, creating
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
@@ -2035,7 +2106,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
 \end{picture}
 
-\unitlength +\unitlength The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying @@ -2099,7 +2170,7 @@ command. The command picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various objects will be described below. -lR box +lR box The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything that can go in an \mbox (\mbox) in the text argument of the \put command. When you do this, the reference point will @@ -2127,7 +2198,7 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. \circle\makebox (picture)picture \circle -\circle +\circle
\circle[*]{diameter}
@@ -2143,7 +2214,7 @@ draws a solid circle.
 
 \makebox (picture)\framebox (picture)\circlepicture
 \makebox
-\makebox (picture)
+\makebox (picture)
 
 \makebox(width,height)[position]{...}
 
@@ -2175,7 +2246,7 @@ your text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:
 
 \framebox (picture)\dashbox\makebox (picture)picture
 \framebox
-\framebox
+\framebox
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -2187,8 +2258,8 @@ your text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:
 section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
 that it creates.
 
-\fboxrule
-\fboxsep
+\fboxrule
+\fboxsep
 The \framebox command produces a rule of thickness
 \fboxrule, and leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule
 and the contents of the box.
@@ -2198,7 +2269,7 @@ and the contents of the box.
 \dashbox\frame\framebox (picture)picture
 \dashbox
 
-\dashbox
+\dashbox
 
 Draws a box with a dashed line.  Synopsis:
 
@@ -2218,7 +2289,7 @@ multiples of the dlen.
 
 \frame\line\dashboxpicture
 \frame
-\frame
+\frame
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -2234,7 +2305,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
 
 \line\linethickness\framepicture
 \line
-\line
+\line
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -2254,7 +2325,7 @@ see the curve2e and many many other packages on CTAN.
 
 \linethickness\thicklines\linepicture
 \linethickness
-\linethickness
+\linethickness
 
 The \linethickness{dim} command declares the thickness
 of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
@@ -2267,7 +2338,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval.
 
 \thicklines\thinlines\linethicknesspicture
 \thicklines
-\thicklines
+\thicklines
 
 The \thicklines command is an alternate line thickness for
 horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -2277,7 +2348,7 @@ cf. \linethickness
 \thinlines\multiput\thicklinespicture
 \thinlines
-\thinlines
+\thinlines
 
 The \thinlines command is the default line thickness for
 horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -2287,7 +2358,7 @@ cf. \linethickness
 \multiput\oval\thinlinespicture
 \multiput
-\multiput
+\multiput
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -2303,7 +2374,7 @@ pattern across a picture.  obj is first placed at position
 
 \oval\put\multiputpicture
 \oval
-\oval
+\oval
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -2335,7 +2406,7 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
 \put\shortstack\ovalpicture
 \put
 
-\put
+\put
 
 \put(x coord,y coord){ ...  }
 
@@ -2346,7 +2417,7 @@ argument at the given coordinates.
 
 \shortstack\vector\putpicture
 \shortstack
-\shortstack
+\shortstack
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -2366,14 +2437,14 @@ positions are:
 Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
 
 
-\\ (for \shortstack objects)
+\\ (for \shortstack objects)
 Objects are separated with \\.
 
 
 
 \vector\shortstackpicture
 \vector
-\vector
+\vector
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -2391,10 +2462,10 @@ length and slope.  The x and y values must lie between
 quotationquotepictureEnvironments
 
quotation -quotation -quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying -displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation -paragraph indentations in quoted text +quotation +quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying +displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation +paragraph indentations in quoted text Synopsis: @@ -2416,10 +2487,10 @@ normally. quotetabbingquotationEnvironments
quote -quote -quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying -displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation -paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting +quote +quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying +displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation +paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting Snyopsis: @@ -2440,10 +2511,10 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. tabbingtablequoteEnvironments
tabbing -tabbing environment -tab stops, using -lining text up using tab stops -alignment via tabbing +tabbing environment +tab stops, using +lining text up using tab stops +alignment via tabbing Synopsis: @@ -2466,37 +2537,37 @@ environment. The following commands can be used inside a tabbing enviroment: -\\ (tabbing)\\ (tabbing) +\\ (tabbing)\\ (tabbing) End a line. -\= (tabbing)\= (tabbing) +\= (tabbing)\= (tabbing) Sets a tab stop at the current position. -\> (tabbing)\> (tabbing) -\> +\> (tabbing)\> (tabbing) +\> Advances to the next tab stop. -\<\< +\<\< Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. -\+\+ +\+\+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -\-\- +\-\- Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. -\&textrsquo; (tabbing)\' (tabbing) +\&textrsquo; (tabbing)\' (tabbing) Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop. -\&textlsquo; (tabbing)\` (tabbing) +\&textlsquo; (tabbing)\` (tabbing) Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The \` command moves all the @@ -2505,29 +2576,29 @@ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that ends the line. -\a (tabbing)\a (tabbing) -\a&textrsquo; (acute accent in tabbing) -\a&textlsquo; (grave accent in tabbing) -\a= (macron accent in tabbing) +\a (tabbing)\a (tabbing) +\a&textrsquo; (acute accent in tabbing) +\a&textlsquo; (grave accent in tabbing) +\a= (macron accent in tabbing) In a tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and \` do not produce accents as usual (Accents). Instead, the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used. -\kill\kill +\kill\kill Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like \\ except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in effect. -\poptabs\poptabs -\poptabs +\poptabs\poptabs +\poptabs Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last \pushtabs. -\pushtabs\pushtabs +\pushtabs\pushtabs Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing environment. -\tabbingsep\tabbingsep +\tabbingsep\tabbingsep Distance to left of tab stop moved by \'. @@ -2551,9 +2622,9 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ tabletabulartabbingEnvironments
table -table -tables, creating -creating tables +table +tables, creating +creating tables Synopsis: @@ -2585,9 +2656,9 @@ you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table.
tabularthebibliographytableEnvironments
tabular -tabular environment -lines in tables -lining text up in tables +tabular environment +lines in tables +lining text up in tables Synopsis: @@ -2611,7 +2682,7 @@ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. -\\ for tabular +\\ for tabular \\ must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is optional&textmdash;unless an \hline command (to put a rule below the table) follows. @@ -2664,7 +2735,7 @@ column, you have to load the array package and use the >{...} specifier. -\extracolsep +\extracolsep An \extracolsep{wd} command in an &arobase;-expression causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep command. @@ -2701,20 +2772,20 @@ which may contain another *-expression. -\arrayrulewidth\arrayrulewidth +\arrayrulewidth\arrayrulewidth Thickness of the rule created by |, \hline, and \vline in the tabular and array environments; the default is .4pt. -\arraystretch\arraystretch +\arraystretch\arraystretch Scaling of spacing between rows in the tabular and array environments; default is 1, for no scaling. -\doublerulesep\doublerulesep +\doublerulesep\doublerulesep Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by || in the tabular and array environments; default is 2pt. -\tabcolsep\tabcolsep +\tabcolsep\tabcolsep Half the width of the space between columns; default is 6pt. @@ -2732,7 +2803,7 @@ environment: \multicolumn\clinetabular \multicolumn -\multicolumn +\multicolumn Synopsis: @@ -2762,7 +2833,7 @@ for flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory argument, \cline\hline\multicolumntabular \cline -\cline +\cline Synopsis: @@ -2778,7 +2849,7 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument. \hline\vline\clinetabular \hline -\hline +\hline The \hline command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing tabular or array environment. It&textrsquo;s most @@ -2789,7 +2860,7 @@ of a table. \vline\hlinetabular \vline -\vline +\vline The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to @@ -2802,8 +2873,8 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an thebibliographytheoremtabularEnvironments
thebibliography -thebibliography -bibliography, creating (manually) +thebibliography +bibliography, creating (manually) Synopsis: @@ -2843,7 +2914,7 @@ less than 10 references, 99 for ones with less than 100, etc. \bibitem\citethebibliography \bibitem -\bibitem +\bibitem Synopsis: @@ -2868,7 +2939,7 @@ associated label. \cite\nocite\bibitemthebibliography \cite -\cite +\cite Synopsis: @@ -2889,7 +2960,7 @@ citation. For example, \cite[p.~314]{knuth} might pr \nociteUsing BibTeX\citethebibliography \nocite -\nocite +\nocite \nocite{key_list} @@ -2901,11 +2972,11 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the .aux file. Using BibTeX\nocitethebibliography Using Bib&tex; -using Bib&tex; -bib&tex;, using -bibliography, creating (automatically) -\bibliographystyle -\bibliography +using Bib&tex; +bib&tex;, using +bibliography, creating (automatically) +\bibliographystyle +\bibliography If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of @@ -2952,8 +3023,8 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via \cite and theoremtitlepagethebibliographyEnvironments
theorem -theorem environment -theorems, typesetting +theorem environment +theorems, typesetting Synopsis: @@ -2973,9 +3044,9 @@ possibilities for n are described under \newtheorem titlepageverbatimtheoremEnvironments
titlepage -titlepage environment -making a title page -title pages, creating +titlepage environment +making a title page +title pages, creating Synopsis: @@ -2999,12 +3070,12 @@ produce a standard title page without a titlepage environment. verbatimversetitlepageEnvironments
verbatim -verbatim environment -verbatim text -simulating typed text -typed text, simulating -code, typesetting -computer programs, typesetting +verbatim environment +verbatim text +simulating typed text +typed text, simulating +code, typesetting +computer programs, typesetting Synopsis: @@ -3029,8 +3100,8 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter. \verbverbatim \verb -\verb -verbatim text, inline +\verb +verbatim text, inline Synopsis: @@ -3045,7 +3116,7 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter \verb* and the delimiter char, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in literal-text. -visible space +visible space The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a &textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character. @@ -3058,8 +3129,8 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in literal-text. verseverbatimEnvironments
verse -verse environment -poetry, an environment for +verse environment +poetry, an environment for Synopsis: @@ -3074,7 +3145,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in literal-text. The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. -\\ for verse +\\ for verse The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with \\, and use one or more blank lines to separate the @@ -3085,8 +3156,8 @@ stanzas. Line breakingPage breakingEnvironmentsTop Line breaking -line breaking -breaking lines +line breaking +breaking lines The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To @@ -3111,9 +3182,9 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the \\\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking
\\[*][morespace] -\\ force line break -new line, starting -line break, forcing +\\ force line break +new line, starting +line break, forcing The \\ command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an optional argument, morespace, that specifies how much extra @@ -3127,9 +3198,9 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.
\obeycr & \restorecr\newline\\Line breaking
\obeycr & \restorecr -\obeycr -\restorecr -new line, output as input +\obeycr +\restorecr +new line, output as input The \obeycr command makes a return in the input file (^^M, internally) the same as \\ (followed by @@ -3142,8 +3213,8 @@ in the output.
\newline\- (hyphenation)\obeycr & \restorecrLine breaking
\newline -\newline -new line, starting (paragraph mode) +\newline +new line, starting (paragraph mode) The \newline command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph @@ -3153,8 +3224,8 @@ mode.
\- (hyphenation)\fussy\newlineLine breaking
\- (discretionary hyphen) -\- (hyphenation) -hyphenation, forcing +\- (hyphenation) +hyphenation, forcing The \- command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually @@ -3171,7 +3242,7 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
\fussy\sloppy\- (hyphenation)Line breaking
\fussy -\fussy +\fussy The declaration \fussy (which is the default) makes &tex; picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between @@ -3195,8 +3266,8 @@ interword spacing.
\hyphenation\linebreak & \nolinebreak\sloppyLine breaking
\hyphenation -\hyphenation -hyphenation, defining +\hyphenation +hyphenation, defining Synopsis: @@ -3219,10 +3290,10 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words):
\linebreak & \nolinebreak\hyphenationLine breaking
\linebreak & \nolinebreak -\linebreak -\nolinebreak -line breaks, forcing -line breaks, preventing +\linebreak +\nolinebreak +line breaks, forcing +line breaks, preventing Synopses: @@ -3245,8 +3316,8 @@ from a demand to a request. The priority must be a number from Page breakingFootnotesLine breakingTop Page breaking -page breaking -breaking pages +page breaking +breaking pages &latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, @@ -3264,8 +3335,8 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. \cleardoublepage\clearpagePage breaking
\cleardoublepage -\cleardoublepage -starting on a right-hand page +\cleardoublepage +starting on a right-hand page The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. @@ -3276,9 +3347,9 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
\clearpage\newpage\cleardoublepagePage breaking
\clearpage -\clearpage -flushing floats and starting a page -starting a new page and clearing floats +\clearpage +flushing floats and starting a page +starting a new page and clearing floats The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. @@ -3287,9 +3358,9 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
\newpage\enlargethispage\clearpagePage breaking
\newpage -\newpage -new page, starting -starting a new page +\newpage +new page, starting +starting a new page The \newpage command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see \clearpage above). @@ -3298,8 +3369,8 @@ floats (see \clearpage above).
\enlargethispage\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\newpagePage breaking
\enlargethispage -\enlargethispage -enlarge current page +\enlargethispage +enlarge current page \enlargethispage{size} @@ -3317,10 +3388,10 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\enlargethispagePage breaking
\pagebreak & \nopagebreak -\pagebreak -\nopagebreak -page break, forcing -page break, preventing +\pagebreak +\nopagebreak +page break, forcing +page break, preventing Synopses: @@ -3344,7 +3415,7 @@ insistent the request is. FootnotesDefinitionsPage breakingTop Footnotes -footnotes, creating +footnotes, creating Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be @@ -3362,7 +3433,7 @@ produced with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnote\footnotemarkFootnotes
\footnote -\footnote +\footnote Synopsis: @@ -3383,7 +3454,7 @@ tables or in a tabular environment. (See following sections.)
\footnotemark\footnotetext\footnoteFootnotes
\footnotemark -\footnotemark +\footnotemark With no optional argument, the \footnotemark command puts the current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in @@ -3404,7 +3475,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with
\footnotetextSymbolic footnotes\footnotemarkFootnotes
\footnotetext -\footnotetext +\footnotetext Synopsis: @@ -3424,7 +3495,7 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode. Symbolic footnotesFootnote parameters\footnotetextFootnotes
Symbolic footnotes -footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered +footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing numbers, redefine \thefootnote like this: @@ -3432,8 +3503,8 @@ numbers, redefine \thefootnote like this:
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
 
-\fnsymbol, and footnotes -\&arobase;fnsymbol +\fnsymbol, and footnotes +\&arobase;fnsymbol The \fnsymbol command produces a predefined series of symbols (\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol). If you want to use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you&textrsquo;ll need to also @@ -3444,17 +3515,17 @@ redefine \&arobase;fnsymbol. Footnote parametersSymbolic footnotesFootnotes
Footnote parameters -footnote parameters -parameters, for footnotes +footnote parameters +parameters, for footnotes -\footnoterule\footnoterule +\footnoterule\footnoterule Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s footnotes. Default dimensions: 0.4pt thick (or wide), and 0.4\columnwidth long in the standard document classes (except slides, where it does not appear). -\footnotesep\footnotesep +\footnotesep\footnotesep The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for \footnotesize fonts (Font sizes), therefore there is no extra space between @@ -3468,7 +3539,7 @@ footnotes. This is 6.65pt for 10pt, 7.7pt DefinitionsCountersFootnotesTop Definitions -definitions +definitions &latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. @@ -3488,10 +3559,10 @@ footnotes. This is 6.65pt for 10pt, 7.7pt\newcommand & \renewcommand\newcounterDefinitions
\newcommand & \renewcommand -\newcommand -commands, defining new ones -defining a new command -new commands, defining +\newcommand +commands, defining new ones +defining a new command +new commands, defining \newcommand and \renewcommand define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: @@ -3503,7 +3574,7 @@ command, respectively. Synopses: * -*-form of defining new commands +*-form of defining new commands The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not \long, in plain &tex; terms). @@ -3536,8 +3607,8 @@ text of the nth argument. \newcounter\newlength\newcommand & \renewcommandDefinitions
\newcounter -\newcounter -counters, defining new +\newcounter +counters, defining new Synopsis: @@ -3557,8 +3628,8 @@ will be reset whenever countername is incremented.
\newlength\newsavebox\newcounterDefinitions
\newlength -\newlength -lengths, defining new +\newlength +lengths, defining new Synopsis: @@ -3578,7 +3649,7 @@ for more information about lengths in general.
\newsavebox\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newlengthDefinitions
\newsavebox -\newsavebox +\newsavebox Synopsis: @@ -3593,11 +3664,11 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newtheorem\newsaveboxDefinitions
\newenvironment & \renewenvironment -\newenvironment -\renewenvironment -environments, defining -defining new environments -redefining environments +\newenvironment +\renewenvironment +environments, defining +defining new environments +redefining environments Synopses: @@ -3611,7 +3682,7 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
* -*-form of environment commands +*-form of environment commands The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. @@ -3644,9 +3715,9 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. \newtheorem\newfont\newenvironment & \renewenvironmentDefinitions
\newtheorem -\newtheorem -theorems, defining -defining new theorems +\newtheorem +theorems, defining +defining new theorems
\newtheorem{newenv}{label}[within]
@@ -3682,9 +3753,9 @@ not both.
 
\newfont\protect\newtheoremDefinitions
\newfont -\newfont -fonts, new commands for -defining new fonts +\newfont +fonts, new commands for +defining new fonts Synopsis: @@ -3703,10 +3774,10 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through .fd files.
\protect\newfontDefinitions
\protect -\protect +\protect -fragile commands -moving arguments +fragile commands +moving arguments Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-called fragile commands. When a fragile command is used in certain contexts, called moving arguments, it @@ -3718,7 +3789,7 @@ commands within the arguments must have their own \protect. &hyphenbreak;expressions in tabular and array environments (tabular). -robust commands +robust commands Commands which are not fragile are called robust. They must not be preceded by \protect. @@ -3736,8 +3807,8 @@ be preceded by \protect. CountersLengthsDefinitionsTop Counters -counters, a list of -variables, a list of +counters, a list of +variables, a list of Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment @@ -3773,22 +3844,22 @@ subsubsection instance, \alph{enumi}. -\alph\alph +\alph\alph prints counter using lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\Alph\Alph +\Alph\Alph uses uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\arabic\arabic +\arabic\arabic uses Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\roman\roman +\roman\roman uses lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\roman\roman +\roman\roman uses uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; -\fnsymbol\fnsymbol +\fnsymbol\fnsymbol prints the value of counter in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of counter must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. @@ -3800,8 +3871,8 @@ $\ast\ast$ $\dagger\dagger$ $\ddagger\ddagger$ The symbols mostly aren&textrsquo;t supported in Info, but here are the names: -
asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
-double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
+
asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
+double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
 
@@ -3810,9 +3881,9 @@ double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
\usecounter\value\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbolCounters
\usecounter{counter} -\usecounter -list items, specifying counter -numbered items, specifying counter +\usecounter +list items, specifying counter +numbered items, specifying counter Synopsis: @@ -3828,8 +3899,8 @@ the list items.
\value\setcounter\usecounterCounters
\value{counter} -\value -counters, getting value of +\value +counters, getting value of Synopsis: @@ -3850,9 +3921,9 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
\setcounter\addtocounter\valueCounters
\setcounter{counter}{value} -\setcounter -counters, setting -setting counters +\setcounter +counters, setting +setting counters Synopsis: @@ -3867,7 +3938,7 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
\addtocounter\refstepcounter\setcounterCounters
\addtocounter{counter}{value} -\addtocounter +\addtocounter The \addtocounter command increments counter by the amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative. @@ -3876,7 +3947,7 @@ amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative.
\refstepcounter\stepcounter\addtocounterCounters
\refstepcounter{counter} -\refstepcounter +\refstepcounter The \refstepcounter command works in the same way as \stepcounter \stepcounter, except it also defines the @@ -3886,7 +3957,7 @@ current \ref value to be the result of \thecounter.
\stepcounter\day \month \year\refstepcounterCounters
\stepcounter{counter} -\stepcounter +\stepcounter The \stepcounter command adds one to counter and resets all subsidiary counters. @@ -3895,9 +3966,9 @@ resets all subsidiary counters.
\day \month \year\stepcounterCounters
\day \month \year: Predefined counters -\day -\month -\year +\day +\month +\year &latex; defines counters for the day of the month (\day, 1&textndash;31), month of the year (\month, 1&textndash;12), and year @@ -3913,7 +3984,7 @@ current day (\today LengthsMaking paragraphsCountersTop Lengths -lengths, defining and using +lengths, defining and using A length is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument. @@ -3930,8 +4001,8 @@ length as an argument. \setlength\addtolengthLengths
\setlength{\len}{value} -\setlength -lengths, setting +\setlength +lengths, setting The \setlength sets the value of \len to the value argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex; @@ -3942,8 +4013,8 @@ understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), poin
\addtolength\settodepth\setlengthLengths
\addtolength{\len}{amount} -\addtolength -lengths, adding to +\addtolength +lengths, adding to The \addtolength command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo; \len by the amount specified in the amount argument, which @@ -3953,7 +4024,7 @@ may be negative.
\settodepth\settoheight\addtolengthLengths
\settodepth -\settodepth +\settodepth \settodepth{\gnat}{text} @@ -3964,7 +4035,7 @@ equal to the depth of the text argument.
\settoheight\settowidth\settodepthLengths
\settoheight -\settoheight +\settoheight \settoheight{\gnat}{text} @@ -3976,7 +4047,7 @@ equal to the height of the text argument.
\settowidthPredefined lengths\settoheightLengths
\settowidth{\len}{text} -\settowidth +\settowidth The \settowidth command sets the value of the command \len to the width of the text argument. @@ -3985,20 +4056,20 @@ to the width of the text argument.
Predefined lengths\settowidthLengths
Predefined lengths -lengths, predefined -predefined lengths +lengths, predefined +predefined lengths \width -\width +\width \height -\height +\height \depth -\depth +\depth \totalheight -\totalheight +\totalheight These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (Boxes). They specify the natural width, etc., of @@ -4013,8 +4084,8 @@ natural size, e.g., say Making paragraphsMath formulasLengthsTop Making paragraphs -making paragraphs -paragraphs +making paragraphs +paragraphs A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not containing even a %. A blank line should not appear where a new @@ -4031,9 +4102,9 @@ a sectioning command. \indent\noindentMaking paragraphs
\indent -\indent -\parindent -indent, forcing +\indent +\parindent +indent, forcing \indent produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the \parindent length, the normal paragraph @@ -4048,8 +4119,8 @@ mode, otherwise 15pt for 10pt documents, 17pt \noindent\parskip\indentMaking paragraphs
\noindent -\noindent -indent, suppressing +\noindent +indent, suppressing When used at the beginning of the paragraph, \noindent suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in @@ -4059,8 +4130,8 @@ the middle of a paragraph.
\parskipMarginal notes\noindentMaking paragraphs
\parskip -\parskip -vertical space before paragraphs +\parskip +vertical space before paragraphs \parskip is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is 0pt plus1pt. @@ -4069,10 +4140,10 @@ before each paragraph. The default is 0pt plus1pt.
Marginal notes\parskipMaking paragraphs
Marginal notes -marginal notes -notes in the margin -remarks in the margin -\marginpar +marginal notes +notes in the margin +remarks in the margin +\marginpar Synopsis: @@ -4096,8 +4167,8 @@ will be placed in the nearest margin for two-column layout. -\reversemarginpar -\normalmarginpar +\reversemarginpar +\normalmarginpar The command \reversemarginpar places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. \normalmarginpar places them in the default position. @@ -4111,15 +4182,15 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with \hspace{0pt}These parameters affect the formatting of the note: -\marginparpush\marginparpush +\marginparpush\marginparpush Minimum vertical space between notes; default 7pt for 12pt documents, 5pt else. -\marginparsep\marginparsep +\marginparsep\marginparsep Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default 11pt for 10pt documents, 10pt else. -\marginparwidth\marginparwidth +\marginparwidth\marginparwidth Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided 10pt document is 90pt, 83pt for 11pt, and 68pt for 12pt; 17pt more in each case for a two-sided document. @@ -4138,13 +4209,13 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. Math formulasModesMaking paragraphsTop Math formulas -math formulas -formulas, math -math mode, entering +math formulas +formulas, math +math mode, entering -math environment -displaymath environment -equation environment +math environment +displaymath environment +equation environment There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:
@@ -4157,10 +4228,10 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. number in the right margin.
-\( -\) -\[ -\] +\( +\) +\[ +\] The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The math and displaymath @@ -4171,7 +4242,7 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
-$ +$ In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: @@ -4179,15 +4250,15 @@ shorter form:
$ ... $   instead of   \(...\)
 
-\boldmath -\unboldmath +\boldmath +\unboldmath The \boldmath command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used outside of math mode. Conversely, the \unboldmath command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used outside of math mode. -\displaystyle +\displaystyle The \displaystyle declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of displaymath, e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example @@ -4209,11 +4280,11 @@ below summations. For example Subscripts & superscriptsMath symbolsMath formulas
Subscripts & superscripts -superscript -subscript -exponent -_ -^ +superscript +subscript +exponent +_ +^ To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a @@ -4226,9 +4297,9 @@ superscript.
Math symbolsMath functionsSubscripts & superscriptsMath formulas
Math symbols -math symbols -symbols, math -greek letters +math symbols +symbols, math +greek letters &latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. @@ -4236,635 +4307,635 @@ For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. -\|\| +\|\| \| -\aleph\aleph +\aleph\aleph \aleph -\alpha\alpha +\alpha\alpha \alpha -\amalg\amalg +\amalg\amalg \amalg (binary operation) -\angle\angle +\angle\angle \angle -\approx\approx +\approx\approx \approx (relation) -\ast\ast +\ast\ast \ast (binary operation) -\asymp\asymp +\asymp\asymp \asymp (relation) -\backslash\backslash +\backslash\backslash \ (delimiter) -\beta\beta +\beta\beta \beta -\bigcap\bigcap +\bigcap\bigcap \bigcap -\bigcirc\bigcirc +\bigcirc\bigcirc \bigcirc (binary operation) -\bigcup\bigcup +\bigcup\bigcup \bigcup -\bigodot\bigodot +\bigodot\bigodot \bigodot -\bigoplus\bigoplus +\bigoplus\bigoplus \bigoplus -\bigotimes\bigotimes +\bigotimes\bigotimes \bigotimes -\bigtriangledown\bigtriangledown +\bigtriangledown\bigtriangledown \bigtriangledown (binary operation) -\bigtriangleup\bigtriangleup +\bigtriangleup\bigtriangleup \bigtriangleup (binary operation) -\bigsqcup\bigsqcup +\bigsqcup\bigsqcup \bigsqcup -\biguplus\biguplus +\biguplus\biguplus \biguplus -\bigcap\bigcap +\bigcap\bigcap \bigvee -\bigwedge\bigwedge +\bigwedge\bigwedge \bigwedge -\bot\bot +\bot\bot \bot -\bowtie\bowtie +\bowtie\bowtie \bowtie (relation) -\Box\Box +\Box\Box (square open box symbol) -\bullet\bullet -bullet symbol +\bullet\bullet +bullet symbol \bullet (binary operation) -\cap\cap +\cap\cap \cap (binary operation) -\cdot\cdot +\cdot\cdot \cdot (binary operation) -\chi\chi +\chi\chi \chi -\circ\circ +\circ\circ \circ (binary operation) -\clubsuit\clubsuit +\clubsuit\clubsuit \clubsuit -\cong\cong +\cong\cong \cong (relation) -\coprod\coprod +\coprod\coprod \coprod -\cup\cup +\cup\cup \cup (binary operation) -\dagger\dagger +\dagger\dagger \dagger (binary operation) -\dashv\dashv +\dashv\dashv \dashv (relation) -\ddagger\ddagger +\ddagger\ddagger \dagger (binary operation) -\Delta\Delta +\Delta\Delta \Delta -\delta\delta +\delta\delta \delta -\Diamond\Diamond +\Diamond\Diamond bigger \diamond -\diamond\diamond +\diamond\diamond \diamond (binary operation) -\diamondsuit\diamondsuit +\diamondsuit\diamondsuit \diamondsuit -\div\div +\div\div \div (binary operation) -\doteq\doteq +\doteq\doteq \doteq (relation) -\downarrow\downarrow +\downarrow\downarrow \downarrow (delimiter) -\Downarrow\Downarrow +\Downarrow\Downarrow \Downarrow (delimiter) -\ell\ell +\ell\ell \ell -\emptyset\emptyset +\emptyset\emptyset \emptyset -\epsilon\epsilon +\epsilon\epsilon \epsilon -\equiv\equiv +\equiv\equiv \equiv (relation) -\eta\eta +\eta\eta \eta -\exists\exists +\exists\exists \exists -\flat\flat +\flat\flat \flat -\forall\forall +\forall\forall \forall -\frown\frown +\frown\frown \frown (relation) -\Gamma\Gamma +\Gamma\Gamma \Gamma -\gamma\gamma +\gamma\gamma \gamma -\ge\ge +\ge\ge \ge -\geq\geq +\geq\geq \geq (relation) -\gets\gets +\gets\gets \gets -\gg\gg +\gg\gg \gg (relation) -\hbar\hbar +\hbar\hbar \hbar -\heartsuit\heartsuit +\heartsuit\heartsuit \heartsuit -\hookleftarrow\hookleftarrow +\hookleftarrow\hookleftarrow \hookleftarrow -\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow +\hookrightarrow\hookrightarrow \hookrightarrow -\iff\iff +\iff\iff \iff -\Im\Im +\Im\Im \Im -\in\in +\in\in \in (relation) -\infty\infty +\infty\infty \infty -\int\int +\int\int \int -\iota\iota +\iota\iota \iota -\Join\Join +\Join\Join condensed bowtie symbol (relation) -\kappa\kappa +\kappa\kappa \kappa -\Lambda\Lambda +\Lambda\Lambda \Lambda -\lambda\lambda +\lambda\lambda \lambda -\land\land +\land\land \land -\langle\langle +\langle\langle \langle (delimiter) -\lbrace\lbrace +\lbrace\lbrace \lbrace (delimiter) -\lbrack\lbrack +\lbrack\lbrack \lbrack (delimiter) -\lceil\lceil +\lceil\lceil \lceil (delimiter) -\le\le +\le\le \le -\leadsto\leadsto +\leadsto\leadsto -\Leftarrow\Leftarrow +\Leftarrow\Leftarrow \Leftarrow -\leftarrow\leftarrow +\leftarrow\leftarrow \leftarrow -\leftharpoondown\leftharpoondown +\leftharpoondown\leftharpoondown \leftharpoondown -\leftharpoonup\leftharpoonup +\leftharpoonup\leftharpoonup \leftharpoonup -\Leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow +\Leftrightarrow\Leftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow -\leftrightarrow\leftrightarrow +\leftrightarrow\leftrightarrow \leftrightarrow -\leq\leq +\leq\leq \leq (relation) -\lfloor\lfloor +\lfloor\lfloor \lfloor (delimiter) -\lhd\lhd +\lhd\lhd (left-pointing arrow head) -\ll\ll +\ll\ll \ll (relation) -\lnot\lnot +\lnot\lnot \lnot -\longleftarrow\longleftarrow +\longleftarrow\longleftarrow \longleftarrow -\longleftrightarrow\longleftrightarrow +\longleftrightarrow\longleftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow -\longmapsto\longmapsto +\longmapsto\longmapsto \longmapsto -\longrightarrow\longrightarrow +\longrightarrow\longrightarrow \longrightarrow -\lor\lor +\lor\lor \lor -\mapsto\mapsto +\mapsto\mapsto \mapsto -\mho\mho +\mho\mho -\mid\mid +\mid\mid \mid (relation) -\models\models +\models\models \models (relation) -\mp\mp +\mp\mp \mp (binary operation) -\mu\mu +\mu\mu \mu -\nabla\nabla +\nabla\nabla \nabla -\natural\natural +\natural\natural \natural -\ne\ne +\ne\ne \ne -\nearrow\nearrow +\nearrow\nearrow \nearrow -\neg\neg +\neg\neg \neg -\neq\neq +\neq\neq \neq (relation) -\ni\ni +\ni\ni \ni (relation) -\not\not +\not\not Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. -\notin\notin +\notin\notin \ni -\nu\nu +\nu\nu \nu -\nwarrow\nwarrow +\nwarrow\nwarrow \nwarrow -\odot\odot +\odot\odot \odot (binary operation) -\oint\oint +\oint\oint \oint -\Omega\Omega +\Omega\Omega \Omega -\omega\omega +\omega\omega \omega -\ominus\ominus +\ominus\ominus \ominus (binary operation) -\oplus\oplus +\oplus\oplus \oplus (binary operation) -\oslash\oslash +\oslash\oslash \oslash (binary operation) -\otimes\otimes +\otimes\otimes \otimes (binary operation) -\owns\owns +\owns\owns \owns -\parallel\parallel +\parallel\parallel \parallel (relation) -\partial\partial +\partial\partial \partial -\perp\perp +\perp\perp \perp (relation) -\phi\phi +\phi\phi \phi -\Pi\Pi +\Pi\Pi \Pi -\pi\pi +\pi\pi \pi -\pm\pm +\pm\pm \pm (binary operation) -\prec\prec +\prec\prec \prec (relation) -\preceq\preceq +\preceq\preceq \preceq (relation) -\prime\prime +\prime\prime \prime -\prod\prod +\prod\prod \prod -\propto\propto +\propto\propto \propto (relation) -\Psi\Psi +\Psi\Psi \Psi -\psi\psi +\psi\psi \psi -\rangle\rangle +\rangle\rangle \rangle (delimiter) -\rbrace\rbrace +\rbrace\rbrace \rbrace (delimiter) -\rbrack\rbrack +\rbrack\rbrack \rbrack (delimiter) -\rceil\rceil +\rceil\rceil \rceil (delimiter) -\Re\Re +\Re\Re \Re -\rfloor\rfloor +\rfloor\rfloor \rfloor -\rhd\rhd +\rhd\rhd (binary operation) -\rho\rho +\rho\rho \rho -\Rightarrow\Rightarrow +\Rightarrow\Rightarrow \Rightarrow -\rightarrow\rightarrow +\rightarrow\rightarrow \rightarrow -\rightharpoondown\rightharpoondown +\rightharpoondown\rightharpoondown \rightharpoondown -\rightharpoonup\rightharpoonup +\rightharpoonup\rightharpoonup \rightharpoonup -\rightleftharpoons\rightleftharpoons +\rightleftharpoons\rightleftharpoons \rightleftharpoons -\searrow\searrow +\searrow\searrow \searrow -\setminus\setminus +\setminus\setminus \setminus (binary operation) -\sharp\sharp +\sharp\sharp \sharp -\Sigma\Sigma +\Sigma\Sigma \Sigma -\sigma\sigma +\sigma\sigma \sigma -\sim\sim +\sim\sim \sim (relation) -\simeq\simeq +\simeq\simeq \simeq (relation) -\smallint\smallint +\smallint\smallint \smallint -\smile\smile +\smile\smile \smile (relation) -\spadesuit\spadesuit +\spadesuit\spadesuit \spadesuit -\sqcap\sqcap +\sqcap\sqcap \sqcap (binary operation) -\sqcup\sqcup +\sqcup\sqcup \sqcup (binary operation) -\sqsubset\sqsubset +\sqsubset\sqsubset (relation) -\sqsubseteq\sqsubseteq +\sqsubseteq\sqsubseteq \sqsubseteq (relation) -\sqsupset\sqsupset +\sqsupset\sqsupset (relation) -\sqsupseteq\sqsupseteq +\sqsupseteq\sqsupseteq \sqsupseteq (relation) -\star\star +\star\star \star (binary operation) -\subset\subset +\subset\subset \subset (relation) -\subseteq\subseteq +\subseteq\subseteq \subseteq (relation) -\succ\succ +\succ\succ \succ (relation) -\succeq\succeq +\succeq\succeq \succeq (relation) -\sum\sum +\sum\sum \sum -\supset\supset +\supset\supset \supset (relation) -\supseteq\supseteq +\supseteq\supseteq \supseteq (relation) -\surd\surd +\surd\surd \surd -\swarrow\swarrow +\swarrow\swarrow \swarrow -\tau\tau +\tau\tau \tau -\theta\theta +\theta\theta \theta -\times\times +\times\times \times (binary operation) -\to\to +\to\to \to -\top\top +\top\top \top -\triangle\triangle +\triangle\triangle \triangle -\triangleleft\triangleleft +\triangleleft\triangleleft \triangleleft (binary operation) -\triangleright\triangleright +\triangleright\triangleright \triangleright (binary operation) -\unlhd\unlhd +\unlhd\unlhd left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -\unrhd\unrhd +\unrhd\unrhd right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -\Uparrow\Uparrow +\Uparrow\Uparrow \Uparrow (delimiter) -\uparrow\uparrow +\uparrow\uparrow \uparrow (delimiter) -\Updownarrow\Updownarrow +\Updownarrow\Updownarrow \Updownarrow (delimiter) -\updownarrow\updownarrow +\updownarrow\updownarrow \updownarrow (delimiter) -\uplus\uplus +\uplus\uplus \uplus (binary operation) -\Upsilon\Upsilon +\Upsilon\Upsilon \Upsilon -\upsilon\upsilon +\upsilon\upsilon \upsilon -\varepsilon\varepsilon +\varepsilon\varepsilon \varepsilon -\varphi\varphi +\varphi\varphi \varphi -\varpi\varpi +\varpi\varpi \varpi -\varrho\varrho +\varrho\varrho \varrho -\varsigma\varsigma +\varsigma\varsigma \varsigma -\vartheta\vartheta +\vartheta\vartheta \vartheta -\vdash\vdash +\vdash\vdash \vdash (relation) -\vee\vee +\vee\vee \vee (binary operation) -\Vert\Vert +\Vert\Vert \Vert (delimiter) -\vert\vert +\vert\vert \vert (delimiter) -\wedge\wedge +\wedge\wedge \wedge (binary operation) -\wp\wp +\wp\wp \wp -\wr\wr +\wr\wr \wr (binary operation) -\Xi\Xi +\Xi\Xi \Xi -\xi\xi +\xi\xi \xi -\zeta\zeta +\zeta\zeta \zeta @@ -4873,113 +4944,113 @@ the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.
Math functionsMath accentsMath symbolsMath formulas
Math functions -math functions -functions, math +math functions +functions, math These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. -\arccos\arccos +\arccos\arccos \arccos -\arcsin\arcsin +\arcsin\arcsin \arcsin -\arctan\arctan +\arctan\arctan \arctan -\arg\arg +\arg\arg \arg -\bmod\bmod +\bmod\bmod Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) -\cos\cos +\cos\cos \cos -\cosh\cosh +\cosh\cosh \cosh -\cot\cot +\cot\cot \cos -\coth\coth +\coth\coth \cosh -\csc\csc +\csc\csc \csc -\deg\deg +\deg\deg \deg -\det\det +\det\det \deg -\dim\dim +\dim\dim \dim -\exp\exp +\exp\exp \exp -\gcd\gcd +\gcd\gcd \gcd -\hom\hom +\hom\hom \hom -\inf\inf +\inf\inf \inf -\ker\ker +\ker\ker \ker -\lg\lg +\lg\lg \lg -\lim\lim +\lim\lim \lim -\liminf\liminf +\liminf\liminf \liminf -\limsup\limsup +\limsup\limsup \limsup -\ln\ln +\ln\ln \ln -\log\log +\log\log \log -\max\max +\max\max \max -\min\min +\min\min \min -\pmod\pmod +\pmod\pmod parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) -\Pr\Pr +\Pr\Pr \Pr -\sec\sec +\sec\sec \sec -\sin\sin +\sin\sin \sin -\sinh\sinh +\sinh\sinh \sinh -\sup\sup +\sup\sup \sup -\tan\tan +\tan\tan \tan -\tanh\tanh +\tanh\tanh \tanh @@ -4988,76 +5059,76 @@ spacing.
Math accentsSpacing in math modeMath functionsMath formulas
Math accents -math accents -accents, mathematical +math accents +accents, mathematical &latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (Accents). -\acute\acute -acute accent, math +\acute\acute +acute accent, math Math acute accent: \acute{x}. -\bar\bar -bar-over accent, math -macron accent, math +\bar\bar +bar-over accent, math +macron accent, math Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}. -\breve\breve -breve accent, math +\breve\breve +breve accent, math Math breve accent: \breve{x}. -\check\check -check accent, math -hacek accent, math +\check\check +check accent, math +hacek accent, math Math hacek (check) accent: \check{x}. -\ddot\ddot -double dot accent, math +\ddot\ddot +double dot accent, math Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}. -\dot\dot -overdot accent, math -dot over accent, math +\dot\dot +overdot accent, math +dot over accent, math Math dot accent: \dot{x}. -\grave\grave -grave accent, math +\grave\grave +grave accent, math Math grave accent: \grave{x}. -\hat\hat -hat accent, math -circumflex accent, math +\hat\hat +hat accent, math +circumflex accent, math Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}. -\imath\imath -dotless i, math +\imath\imath +dotless i, math Math dotless i. -\jmath\jmath -dotless j, math +\jmath\jmath +dotless j, math Math dotless j. -\mathring\mathring -ring accent, math +\mathring\mathring +ring accent, math Math ring accent: x. -\tilde\tilde -tilde accent, math +\tilde\tilde +tilde accent, math Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}. -\vec\vec -vector symbol, math +\vec\vec +vector symbol, math Math vector symbol: \vec{x}. -\widehat\widehat -wide hat accent, math +\widehat\widehat +wide hat accent, math Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}. -\widehat\widehat -wide tile accent, math +\widehat\widehat +wide tile accent, math Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}. @@ -5066,8 +5137,8 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
Spacing in math modeMath miscellanyMath accentsMath formulas
Spacing in math mode -spacing within math mode -math mode, spacing +spacing within math mode +math mode, spacing In a math environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics @@ -5076,15 +5147,15 @@ commands for use in math mode: \; -\; +\; A thick space (5\over18\,quad). \: \> -\: -\> +\: +\> Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). \, -\, +\, A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. \! A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad). @@ -5094,46 +5165,46 @@ commands for use in math mode: Math miscellanySpacing in math modeMath formulas
Math miscellany -math miscellany +math miscellany -\*\* -discretionary multiplication -multiplication symbol, discretionary line break +\*\* +discretionary multiplication +multiplication symbol, discretionary line break A &textldquo;discretionary&textrdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. -\cdots\cdots +\cdots\cdots A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;. -\ddots\ddots +\ddots\ddots A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. -\frac{num}{den}\frac{num}{den} -\frac +\frac{num}{den}\frac{num}{den} +\frac Produces the fraction num divided by den. -\left delim1 ... \right delim2\left delim1 ... \right delim2 -\right -null delimiter +\left delim1 ... \right delim2\left delim1 ... \right delim2 +\right +null delimiter The two delimiters need not match; . acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: \left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]. -\overbrace{text}\overbrace{text} +\overbrace{text}\overbrace{text} Generates a brace over text. For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. -\overline{text}\overline{text} +\overline{text}\overline{text} Generates a horizontal line over tex. For exampe, \overline{x+y}. -\sqrt[root]{arg}\sqrt[root]{arg} +\sqrt[root]{arg}\sqrt[root]{arg} Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The optional argument root determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of x+y would be typed as @@ -5143,7 +5214,7 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\root 3 \of x+y$. -\stackrel{text}{relation}\stackrel{text}{relation} +\stackrel{text}{relation}\stackrel{text}{relation} Puts text above relation. For example, \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}. @@ -5151,14 +5222,14 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow$. -\underbrace{math}\underbrace{math} +\underbrace{math}\underbrace{math} Generates math with a brace underneath. In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$. -\underline{text}\underline{text} +\underline{text}\underline{text} Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders. @@ -5167,8 +5238,8 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underline{xyz}$ -\vdots\vdots -\vdots +\vdots\vdots +\vdots Produces a vertical ellipsis. In &tex;, the result looks like this: @@ -5182,11 +5253,11 @@ $\vdots$. ModesPage stylesMath formulasTop Modes -modes -paragraph mode -math mode -left-to-right mode -lR mode +modes +paragraph mode +math mode +left-to-right mode +lR mode When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three @@ -5232,8 +5303,8 @@ in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdquo;. Page stylesSpacesModesTop Page styles -styles, page -page styles +styles, page +page styles The \documentclass command determines the size and position of the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. @@ -5248,8 +5319,8 @@ the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them \maketitle\pagenumberingPage styles
\maketitle -titles, making -\maketitle +titles, making +\maketitle The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page&textmdash;except in the article class, where the title is placed @@ -5257,30 +5328,30 @@ at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: -\author{name \and name2}\author{name \and name2} -author, for titlepage -\\ for \author -\and for \author +\author{name \and name2}\author{name \and name2} +author, for titlepage +\\ for \author +\and for \author The \author command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address. -\date{text}\date{text} -date, for titlepage +\date{text}\date{text} +date, for titlepage The \date command declares text to be the document&textrsquo;s date. With no \date command, the current date (\today) is used. -\thanks{text}\thanks{text} -thanks, for titlepage -credit footnote +\thanks{text}\thanks{text} +thanks, for titlepage +credit footnote The \thanks command produces a \footnote to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. -\title{text}\title{text} -title, for titlepage -\\ for \title +\title{text}\title{text} +title, for titlepage +\\ for \title The \title command declares text to be the title of the document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual. @@ -5290,8 +5361,8 @@ document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual.
\pagenumbering\pagestyle\maketitlePage styles
\pagenumbering -\pagenumbering -page numbering style +\pagenumbering +page numbering style Synopsis: @@ -5304,13 +5375,17 @@ document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual.
arabic arabic numerals -roman + +roman lowercase Roman numerals -Roman + +Roman uppercase Roman numerals -alph + +alph lowercase letters -Alph + +Alph uppercase letters
@@ -5318,10 +5393,10 @@ document. Use \\ to force a line break, as usual.
\pagestyle\thispagestyle\pagenumberingPage styles
\pagestyle -\pagestyle -header style -footer style -running header and footer style +\pagestyle +header style +footer style +running header and footer style Synopsis: @@ -5352,15 +5427,15 @@ goes in the headers. Here are the descriptions of \markboth and \markright: -\markboth{left}{right}\markboth{left}{right} +\markboth{left}{right}\markboth{left}{right} Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo; (left) is generated by the last \markboth command before -the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (right is +the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (right) is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. -\markright{right}\markright{right} +\markright{right}\markright{right} Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. @@ -5369,7 +5444,7 @@ the page.
\thispagestyle\pagestylePage styles
\thispagestyle{style} -\thispagestyle +\thispagestyle The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle command (see previous section) except that it @@ -5380,7 +5455,7 @@ changes to style for the current page only. SpacesBoxesPage stylesTop Spaces -spaces +spaces &latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. @@ -5409,7 +5484,7 @@ Vertical space \hspace\hfillSpaces
\hspace -\hspace +\hspace Synopsis: @@ -5432,12 +5507,12 @@ form. \hfill\SPACE\hspaceSpaces
\hfill -\hfill +\hfill The \hfill fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. -\fill +\fill The \fill parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the glue value 0pt plus1fill); thus, \hspace\fill is equivalent to \hfill. @@ -5446,9 +5521,9 @@ equivalent to \hfill.
\SPACE\AT\hfillSpaces
\SPACE -\SPACE -\TAB -\NEWLINE +\SPACE +\TAB +\NEWLINE The \ (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&textrsquo;s useful after punctuation which shouldn&textrsquo;t end a sentence. For example @@ -5463,7 +5538,7 @@ are equivalent to \ .
\AT\thinspace\SPACESpaces
\&arobase; -\&arobase; +\&arobase; The \&arobase; command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after @@ -5487,7 +5562,7 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
\thinspace\/\ATSpaces
\thinspace -\thinspace +\thinspace \thinspace produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as @@ -5497,7 +5572,7 @@ in &textrsquo;&textrdquo;.
\/\hrulefill\thinspaceSpaces
\/ -\/ +\/ The \/ command produces an italic correction. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -5526,7 +5601,7 @@ with pdf&tex;.
\hrulefill\dotfill\/Spaces
\hrulefill -\hrulefill +\hrulefill The \hrulefill fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal @@ -5537,7 +5612,7 @@ rule. \dotfill\addvspace\hrulefillSpaces
\dotfill -\dotfill +\dotfill The \dotfill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; that fills with dots instead of just white space. @@ -5547,9 +5622,9 @@ with dots instead of just white space.
\addvspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskip\dotfillSpaces
\addvspace -\addvspace -vertical space -space, inserting vertical +\addvspace +vertical space +space, inserting vertical \addvspace{length} @@ -5568,20 +5643,20 @@ of the total vertical space equal to length. \bigskip -\bigskip -\bigskipamount +\bigskip +\bigskipamount The same as \vspace{bigskipamount}, ordinarily about one line space (with stretch and shrink). \medskip -\medskip -\medskipamount +\medskip +\medskipamount The same as \vspace{medskipamount}, ordinarily about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). \smallskip -\smallskip -\smallskipamount +\smallskip +\smallskipamount The same as \vspace{smallskipamount}, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). @@ -5593,7 +5668,7 @@ quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). \vfill\vspace\bigskip \medskip \smallskipSpaces
\vfill -\vfill +\vfill The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to @@ -5603,7 +5678,7 @@ can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to
\vspace\vfillSpaces
\vspace[*]{length} -\vspace +\vspace Synopsis: @@ -5624,7 +5699,7 @@ space is not removed. BoxesSpecial insertionsSpacesTop Boxes -boxes +boxes All the predefined length parameters (Predefined lengths) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. @@ -5644,9 +5719,9 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. \mbox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes
\mbox{text} -\mbox +\mbox -hyphenation, preventing +hyphenation, preventing The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The text is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. @@ -5656,8 +5731,8 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. \fbox and \frameboxlrbox\mboxBoxes
\fbox and \framebox -\fbox -\framebox +\fbox +\framebox Synopses: @@ -5674,8 +5749,8 @@ specification of the box width with the optional width argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional position argument. -\fboxrule -\fboxsep +\fboxrule +\fboxsep Both commands produce a rule of thickness \fboxrule (default .4pt), and leave a space of \fboxsep (default 3pt) between the rule and the contents of the box. @@ -5687,7 +5762,7 @@ argument.
lrbox\makebox\fbox and \frameboxBoxes
lrbox -lrbox +lrbox \begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox} @@ -5700,7 +5775,7 @@ must have been declared with \newsavebox.
\makebox\parboxlrboxBoxes
\makebox -\makebox +\makebox Synopsis: @@ -5733,7 +5808,7 @@ stretchable space for this to work.
\parbox\raisebox\makeboxBoxes
\parbox -\parbox +\parbox Synopsis: @@ -5783,7 +5858,7 @@ for this to work.
\raisebox\savebox\parboxBoxes
\raisebox -\raisebox +\raisebox Synopsis: @@ -5805,7 +5880,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.
\savebox\sbox\raiseboxBoxes
\savebox -\savebox +\savebox Synopsis: @@ -5822,7 +5897,7 @@ declared with \newsavebox ( \sbox\usebox\saveboxBoxes
\sbox{\boxcmd}{text} -\sbox +\sbox Synopsis: @@ -5840,7 +5915,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
\usebox\sboxBoxes
\usebox{\boxcmd -\usebox +\usebox Synopsis: @@ -5848,7 +5923,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
\usebox{\boxcmd}
 
-\usebox producesthe box most recently saved in the bin +\usebox produces the box most recently saved in the bin \boxcmd by a \savebox command (\savebox). @@ -5872,8 +5947,8 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. Reserved charactersText symbolsSpecial insertions
Reserved characters -reserved characters -characters, reserved +reserved characters +characters, reserved The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called &textldquo;reserved characters&textrdquo; or &textldquo;special characters&textrdquo;. @@ -5882,33 +5957,33 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
 
-\# -\$ -\% -\& -\_ -\{ -\} +\# +\$ +\% +\& +\_ +\{ +\} Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a \ in front of the character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output. -\backslash +\backslash One exception to this rule is \ itself, because \\ has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file, and a typewriter \ is produced by using \ in a verbatim command (verbatim). -\~ -\^ +\~ +\^ Also, \~ and \^ place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in o and o (Accents); to get a standalone ~ or ^, you can again use a verbatim command. -\symbol -accessing any character of a font +\symbol +accessing any character of a font Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the \symbol command. For example, the @@ -5924,274 +5999,274 @@ with ", so the previous example could also be written as Text symbolsAccentsReserved charactersSpecial insertions
Text symbols -text symbols -textcomp package +text symbols +textcomp package &latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the textcomp package. -\copyright\copyright -\textcopyright\textcopyright -copyright symbol +\copyright\copyright +\textcopyright\textcopyright +copyright symbol The copyright symbol, ©right;. -\dag\dag -dagger, in text +\dag\dag +dagger, in text The dagger symbol (in text). -\ddag\ddag -double dagger, in text +\ddag\ddag +double dagger, in text The double dagger symbol (in text). -\LaTeX\LaTeX -&latex; logo -logo, &latex; +\LaTeX\LaTeX +&latex; logo +logo, &latex; The &latex; logo. -\guillemotleft («)\guillemotleft («) -\guillemotright (»)\guillemotright (») -\guilsinglleft (‹)\guilsinglleft (‹) -\guilsinglright (›)\guilsinglright (›) -double guillemets -single guillemets -left angle quotation marks -right angle quotation marks -double angle quotation marks -single angle quotation marks -French quotation marks -quotation marks, French +\guillemotleft («)\guillemotleft («) +\guillemotright (»)\guillemotright (») +\guilsinglleft (‹)\guilsinglleft (‹) +\guilsinglright (›)\guilsinglright (›) +double guillemets +single guillemets +left angle quotation marks +right angle quotation marks +double angle quotation marks +single angle quotation marks +French quotation marks +quotation marks, French Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›. -\ldots\ldots -\dots\dots -\textellipsis\textellipsis -ellipsis +\ldots\ldots +\dots\dots +\textellipsis\textellipsis +ellipsis An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. \ldots and \dots also work in math mode. -\lq\lq -left quote -opening quote +\lq\lq +left quote +opening quote Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;. -\P\P -\textparagraph\textparagraph -paragraph symbol -pilcrow +\P\P +\textparagraph\textparagraph +paragraph symbol +pilcrow Paragraph sign (pilcrow). -\pounds\pounds -\textsterling\textsterling -pounds symbol -sterling symbol +\pounds\pounds +\textsterling\textsterling +pounds symbol +sterling symbol English pounds sterling: £. -\quotedblbase („)\quotedblbase („) -\quotesinglbase (‚)\quotesinglbase (‚) -double low-9 quotation mark -single low-9 quotation mark -low-9 quotation marks, single and double +\quotedblbase („)\quotedblbase („) +\quotesinglbase (‚)\quotesinglbase (‚) +double low-9 quotation mark +single low-9 quotation mark +low-9 quotation marks, single and double Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. -\rq\rq -right quote -closing quote +\rq\rq +right quote +closing quote Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;. -\S\S -section symbol +\S\S +section symbol Section symbol. -\TeX\TeX -&tex; logo -logo, &tex; +\TeX\TeX +&tex; logo +logo, &tex; The &tex; logo. -\textasciicircum\textasciicircum -circumflex, ASCII, in text -ASCII circumflex, in text +\textasciicircum\textasciicircum +circumflex, ASCII, in text +ASCII circumflex, in text ASCII circumflex: ^. -\textasciitilde\textasciitilde -tilde, ASCII, in text -ASCII tilde, in text +\textasciitilde\textasciitilde +tilde, ASCII, in text +ASCII tilde, in text ASCII tilde: ~. -\textasteriskcentered\textasteriskcentered -asterisk, centered, in text -centered asterisk, in text +\textasteriskcentered\textasteriskcentered +asterisk, centered, in text +centered asterisk, in text Centered asterisk: *. -\textbackslash\textbackslash -backslash, in text +\textbackslash\textbackslash +backslash, in text Backslash: \. -\textbar\textbar -vertical bar, in text -bar, vertical, in text +\textbar\textbar +vertical bar, in text +bar, vertical, in text Vertical bar: |. -\textbardbl\textbardbl -vertical bar, double, in text -bar, double vertical, in text -double vertical bar, in text +\textbardbl\textbardbl +vertical bar, double, in text +bar, double vertical, in text +double vertical bar, in text Double vertical bar. -\textbigcircle\textbigcircle -big circle symbols, in text -circle symbol, big, in text +\textbigcircle\textbigcircle +big circle symbols, in text +circle symbol, big, in text Big circle symbol. -\textbraceleft\textbraceleft -left brace, in text -brace, left, in text +\textbraceleft\textbraceleft +left brace, in text +brace, left, in text Left brace: {. -\textbraceright\textbraceright -right brace, in text -brace, right, in text +\textbraceright\textbraceright +right brace, in text +brace, right, in text Right brace: }. -\textbullet\textbullet -bullet, in text +\textbullet\textbullet +bullet, in text Bullet: •. -\textcircled{letter}\textcircled{letter} -circled letter, in text +\textcircled{letter}\textcircled{letter} +circled letter, in text letter in a circle, as in ®istered;. -\textcompwordmark\textcompwordmark -\textcapitalwordmark\textcapitalwordmark -\textascenderwordmark\textascenderwordmark -composite word mark, in text -cap height -ascender height +\textcompwordmark\textcompwordmark +\textcapitalwordmark\textcapitalwordmark +\textascenderwordmark\textascenderwordmark +composite word mark, in text +cap height +ascender height Composite word mark (invisible). The \textcapital... form has the cap height of the font, while the \textascender... form has the ascender height. -\textdagger\textdagger -dagger, in text +\textdagger\textdagger +dagger, in text Dagger: \dag. -\textdaggerdbl\textdaggerdbl -dagger, double, in text -double dagger, in text +\textdaggerdbl\textdaggerdbl +dagger, double, in text +double dagger, in text Double dagger: \ddag. -\textdollar (or $)\textdollar (or $) -dollar sign -currency, dollar +\textdollar (or $)\textdollar (or $) +dollar sign +currency, dollar Dollar sign: $. -\textemdash (or ---)\textemdash (or ---) -em-dash +\textemdash (or ---)\textemdash (or ---) +em-dash Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation). -\textendash (or --)\textendash (or --) -e-dash +\textendash (or --)\textendash (or --) +e-dash En-dash: &textmdash; (for ranges). -\texteuro\texteuro -euro symbol -currency, euro +\texteuro\texteuro +euro symbol +currency, euro The Euro symbol: €. -\textexclamdown (or !`)\textexclamdown (or !`) -exclamation point, upside-down +\textexclamdown (or !`)\textexclamdown (or !`) +exclamation point, upside-down Upside down exclamation point: ¡. -\textgreater\textgreater -greater than symbol, in text +\textgreater\textgreater +greater than symbol, in text Greater than: >. -\textless\textless -less than symbol, in text +\textless\textless +less than symbol, in text Less than: <. -\textleftarrow\textleftarrow -arrow, left, in text -left arrow, in text +\textleftarrow\textleftarrow +arrow, left, in text +left arrow, in text Left arrow. -\textordfeminine\textordfeminine -\textordmasculine\textordmasculine -feminine ordinal symbol -masculine ordinal symbol -ordinals, feminine and masculine -Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine +\textordfeminine\textordfeminine +\textordmasculine\textordmasculine +feminine ordinal symbol +masculine ordinal symbol +ordinals, feminine and masculine +Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. -\textperiodcentered\textperiodcentered -period, centered, in text -centered period, in text +\textperiodcentered\textperiodcentered +period, centered, in text +centered period, in text Centered period: \cdot. -\textquestiondown (or ?`)\textquestiondown (or ?`) -questionation point, upside-down +\textquestiondown (or ?`)\textquestiondown (or ?`) +questionation point, upside-down Upside down questionation point: ¿. -\textquotedblleft (or ``)\textquotedblleft (or ``) -left quote, double -double left quote +\textquotedblleft (or ``)\textquotedblleft (or ``) +left quote, double +double left quote Double left quote: &textldquo;. -\textquotedblright (or ')\textquotedblright (or ') -right quote, double -double right quote +\textquotedblright (or ')\textquotedblright (or ') +right quote, double +double right quote Double right quote: &textrdquo;. -\textquoteleft (or `)\textquoteleft (or `) -left quote, single -single left quote +\textquoteleft (or `)\textquoteleft (or `) +left quote, single +single left quote Single left quote: &textlsquo;. -\textquoteright (or ')\textquoteright (or ') -right quote, single -single right quote +\textquoteright (or ')\textquoteright (or ') +right quote, single +single right quote Single right quote: &textrsquo;. -\textquotestraightbase\textquotestraightbase -\textquotestraightdblbase\textquotestraightdblbase -quote, straight base -straight quote, base -double quote, straight base -straight double quote, base +\textquotestraightbase\textquotestraightbase +\textquotestraightdblbase\textquotestraightdblbase +quote, straight base +straight quote, base +double quote, straight base +straight double quote, base Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. -\textregistered\textregistered -registered symbol +\textregistered\textregistered +registered symbol Registered symbol: ®istered;. -\textrightarrow\textrightarrow -arrow, right, in text -right arrow, in text +\textrightarrow\textrightarrow +arrow, right, in text +right arrow, in text Right arrow. -\textthreequartersemdash\textthreequartersemdash -three-quarters em-dash -em-dash, three-quarters +\textthreequartersemdash\textthreequartersemdash +three-quarters em-dash +em-dash, three-quarters &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -\texttrademark\texttrademark -trademark symbol +\texttrademark\texttrademark +trademark symbol Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. -\texttwelveudash\texttwelveudash -two-thirds em-dash -em-dash, two-thirds +\texttwelveudash\texttwelveudash +two-thirds em-dash +em-dash, two-thirds &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -\textunderscore\textunderscore -underscore, in text +\textunderscore\textunderscore +underscore, in text Underscore: _. -\textvisiblespace\textvisiblespace -visible space symbol, in text +\textvisiblespace\textvisiblespace +visible space symbol, in text Visible space symbol. @@ -6201,9 +6276,9 @@ has the ascender height. AccentsNon-English charactersText symbolsSpecial insertions
Accents -accents -characters, accented -letters, accented +accents +characters, accented +letters, accented &latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages, through the babel package and related support. This @@ -6216,133 +6291,133 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
\" \capitaldieresis -\" (umlaut accent) -\capitaldieresis -umlaut accent -dieresis accent +\" (umlaut accent) +\capitaldieresis +umlaut accent +dieresis accent Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o. \' \capitalacute -\&textrsquo; (acute accent) -\capitalacute -acute accent +\&textrsquo; (acute accent) +\capitalacute +acute accent Produces an acute accent, as in o. In the tabbing environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (tabbing). \. -\. (dot-over accent) -dot accent -dot-over accent +\. (dot-over accent) +dot accent +dot-over accent Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o. \= \capitalmacron -\= (macron accent) -\capitalmacron -macron accent -overbar accent -bar-over accent +\= (macron accent) +\capitalmacron +macron accent +overbar accent +bar-over accent Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o. \^ \capitalcircumflex -\^ (circumflex accent) -\capitalcircumflex -circumflex accent -hat accent +\^ (circumflex accent) +\capitalcircumflex +circumflex accent +hat accent Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o. \` \capitalgrave -\&textlsquo; (grave accent) -\capitalgrave -grave accent +\&textlsquo; (grave accent) +\capitalgrave +grave accent Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o. In the tabbing environment, move following text to the right margin (tabbing). \~ \capitaltilde -\~ (tilde accent) -\capitaltilde -tilde accent +\~ (tilde accent) +\capitaltilde +tilde accent Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n. \b -\b (bar-under accent) -bar-under accent +\b (bar-under accent) +bar-under accent Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o. \c \capitalcedilla -\c (cedilla accent) -\capitalcedilla -cedilla accent +\c (cedilla accent) +\capitalcedilla +cedilla accent Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c. \d \capitaldotaccent -\d (dot-under accent) -\capitaldotaccent -dot-under accent +\d (dot-under accent) +\capitaldotaccent +dot-under accent Produces a dot accent under the following, as in o. \H \capitalhungarumlaut -\H (Hungarian umlaut accent) -\capitalhungarumlaut -hungarian umlaut accent +\H (Hungarian umlaut accent) +\capitalhungarumlaut +hungarian umlaut accent Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o. \i -\i (dotless i) -dotless i +\i (dotless i) +dotless i Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;. \j -\j (dotless j) -dotless j +\j (dotless j) +dotless j Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;j&textrsquo;. \k \capitalogonek -\k (ogonek) -\capitalogonek -ogonek +\k (ogonek) +\capitalogonek +ogonek Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. Not available in the OT1 encoding. \r \capitalring -\r (ring accent) -\capitalring -ring accent +\r (ring accent) +\capitalring +ring accent Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. \t \capitaltie \newtie \capitalnewtie -\t (tie-after accent) -\capitaltie -\newtie -\capitalnewtie -tie-after accent +\t (tie-after accent) +\capitaltie +\newtie +\capitalnewtie +tie-after accent Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;oo&textrsquo;. The \newtie form is centered in its box. \u \capitalbreve -\u (breve accent) -\capitalbreve -breve accent +\u (breve accent) +\capitalbreve +breve accent Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;. \underbar -\underbar -underbar +\underbar +underbar Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through @@ -6350,11 +6425,11 @@ descenders. See also \underline in \v \capitalcaron -\v (breve accent) -\capitalcaron -hacek accent -check accent -caron accent +\v (breve accent) +\capitalcaron +hacek accent +check accent +caron accent Produces a hacek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;o&textrsquo;.
@@ -6364,10 +6439,10 @@ descenders. See also \underline in Non-English characters\ruleAccentsSpecial insertions
Non-English characters -special characters -non-English characters -characters, non-English -letters, non-English +special characters +non-English characters +characters, non-English +letters, non-English Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly used in languages other than English. @@ -6376,80 +6451,80 @@ used in languages other than English. \aa \AA -\aa (å) -\AA (Å) -aring +\aa (å) +\AA (Å) +aring å and Å. \ae \AE -\ae (æ) -\AE (Æ) -ae ligature +\ae (æ) +\AE (Æ) +ae ligature æ and Æ. \dh \DH -\dh (æ) -\DH (Æ) -Icelandic eth -eth, Icelandic letter +\dh (æ) +\DH (Æ) +Icelandic eth +eth, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. \dj \DJ -\dj -\DJ +\dj +\DJ xxxx \ij \IJ -\ij (ij) -\IJ (IJ) -ij letter, Dutch +\ij (ij) +\IJ (IJ) +ij letter, Dutch ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). \l \L -\l (&lslash;) -\L (&Lslash;) -polish l +\l (&lslash;) +\L (&Lslash;) +polish l &lslash; and &Lslash;. \ng \NG -\ng -\NG +\ng +\NG xxxx \o \O -\o (ø) -\O (Ø) -oslash +\o (ø) +\O (Ø) +oslash ø and Ø. \oe \OE -\oe (œ) -\OE (Œ) -oe ligature +\oe (œ) +\OE (Œ) +oe ligature œ and Œ. \ss \SS -\ss (ß) -\SS (SS) -es-zet German letter -sharp S letters +\ss (ß) +\SS (SS) +es-zet German letter +sharp S letters ß and SS. \th \TH -\th (þ) -\TH (Þ) -Icelandic thorn -thorn, Icelandic letter +\th (þ) +\TH (Þ) +Icelandic thorn +thorn, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. @@ -6458,7 +6533,7 @@ used in languages other than English.
\rule\todayNon-English charactersSpecial insertions
\rule -\rule +\rule Synopsis: @@ -6484,7 +6559,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:
\today\ruleSpecial insertions
\today -\today +\today The \today command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format month dd, yyyy; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;. @@ -6492,7 +6567,7 @@ It uses the predefined counters \day, \month, and \year (\day \month \year) to do this. It is not updated as the program runs. -datetime package +datetime package The datetime package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. @@ -6501,8 +6576,8 @@ of other date formats. Splitting the inputFront/back matterSpecial insertionsTop Splitting the input -splitting the input file -input file +splitting the input file +input file A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into @@ -6510,6 +6585,9 @@ several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run &latex;. +filecontents, for an environment that allows bundling an +external file to be created with the main document. + \include
Conditionally include a file.
 
\includeonly
Determine which files are included.
@@ -6519,7 +6597,7 @@ when you run &latex;.
 
 \include\includeonlySplitting the input
 
\include -\include +\include Synopsis: @@ -6536,7 +6614,7 @@ command executes \clearpage to start a new page only run if file is listed as an argument to \includeonly. See the next section. -nested \include, not allowed +nested \include, not allowed The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command. @@ -6544,7 +6622,7 @@ read by another \include command.
\includeonly\input\includeSplitting the input
\includeonly -\includeonly +\includeonly Synopsis: @@ -6564,7 +6642,7 @@ effective.
\input\includeonlySplitting the input
\input -\input +\input Synopsis: @@ -6581,7 +6659,6 @@ file at that point. or foo.bar.tex). If that is not found, the original file is tried (foo or foo.bar). -
Front/back matterLettersSplitting the inputTop @@ -6597,10 +6674,10 @@ is tried (foo or foo.bar). Tables of contentsGlossariesFront/back matter
Tables of contents -table of contents, creating +table of contents, creating -\tableofcontents -.toc file +\tableofcontents +.toc file A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must @@ -6611,13 +6688,13 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command. -\listoffigures -\listoftables +\listoffigures +\listoftables The analogous commands \listoffigures and \listoftables produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. -\nofiles +\nofiles The command \nofiles overrides these commands, and prevents any of these lists from being generated. @@ -6629,8 +6706,8 @@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. \addcontentsline\addtocontentsTables of contents \addcontentsline -\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} -table of contents entry, manually adding +\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} +table of contents entry, manually adding The \addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: @@ -6659,7 +6736,7 @@ following, matching the value of the ext argument: The actual text of the entry. -\contentsline +\contentsline What is written to the .ext file is the command \contentsline{unit}{name}. @@ -6669,7 +6746,7 @@ command \contentsline{unit}{name \addtocontents\addcontentslineTables of contents \addtocontents -\addtocontents{ext}{text} +\addtocontents{ext}{text} The \addtocontents{ext}{text} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the .ext file that @@ -6690,17 +6767,17 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
GlossariesIndexesTables of contentsFront/back matter
Glossaries -glossaries +glossaries -\makeglossary +\makeglossary The command \makeglossary enables creating glossaries. -\glossary -.glo file +\glossary +.glo file The command \glossary{text} writes a glossary entry for text to an auxiliary file with the .glo extension. -\glossaryentry +\glossaryentry Specifically, what gets written is the command \glossaryentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno is the current \thepage value. @@ -6712,36 +6789,36 @@ glossaries.
IndexesGlossariesFront/back matter
Indexes -indexes +indexes -\makeindex +\makeindex The command \makeindex enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble. -\index -.idx file +\index +.idx file The command \index{text} writes an index entry for text to an auxiliary file with the .idx extension. -\indexentry +\indexentry Specifically, what gets written is the command \indexentry{text}{pageno}, where pageno is the current \thepage value. -&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries +&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a vertical bar: \index{bar|see{foo}}. Use seealso instead of see to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry. -\seename -\alsoname +\seename +\alsoname The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro \seename, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; by the macro \alsoname. These can be redefined for other languages. -makeindex program -xindy program -.ind file +makeindex program +xindy program +.ind file The generated .idx file is then sorted with an external command, usually either makeindex (http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex) or (the @@ -6749,23 +6826,23 @@ multi-lingual) xindy (http://xindy.sourceforge. This results in a .ind file, which can then be read to typeset the index. -printindex -makeidx package +printindex +makeidx package The index is usually generated with the \printindex command. This is defined in the makeidx package, so \usepackage{makeidx} needs to be in the preamble. -indexspace +indexspace The rubber length \indexspace is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is 10pt plus5pt minus3pt. -showidx package +showidx package The showidx package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. -multind package +multind package The multind package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind. @@ -6775,8 +6852,8 @@ preparing the index. LettersTerminal input/outputFront/back matterTop Letters -letters -creating letters +letters +creating letters You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The letter document class is designed to make a number of letters at @@ -6808,7 +6885,7 @@ the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, do not work. The letter closes with a \closing command. -\\ for letters +\\ for letters After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command produces the usual &textldquo;cc: &dots;&textrdquo;. There&textrsquo;s also a similar \encl command for a list of enclosures. With both these @@ -6835,7 +6912,7 @@ commands, use \\ to separate the items. \address\ccLetters
\address{return-address} -\address +\address The \address specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the @@ -6852,8 +6929,8 @@ letter will be formatted as a personal letter. \cc\closing\addressLetters
\cc -\cc -cc list, in letters +\cc +cc list, in letters Synopsis: @@ -6869,9 +6946,9 @@ printed on a separate line. \closing\encl\ccLetters
\closing -\closing -letters, ending -closing letters +\closing +letters, ending +closing letters Synopsis: @@ -6889,8 +6966,8 @@ printed on a separate line. \encl\location\closingLetters
\encl -\encl -enclosure list +\encl +enclosure list Synopsis: @@ -6904,7 +6981,7 @@ printed on a separate line.
\location\makelabels\enclLetters
\location -\location +\location \location{address} @@ -6915,7 +6992,7 @@ if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
\makelabels\name\locationLetters
\makelabels -\makelabels +\makelabels \makelabels{number} @@ -6927,7 +7004,7 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
\name\opening\makelabelsLetters
\name -\name +\name \name{June Davenport} @@ -6938,8 +7015,8 @@ address.
\opening\ps\nameLetters
\opening{text} -\opening -letters, starting +\opening +letters, starting Synopsis: @@ -6959,8 +7036,8 @@ For instance:
\ps\signature\openingLetters
\ps -\ps -postscript, in letters +\ps +postscript, in letters Use the \ps command to start a postscript in a letter, after \closing. @@ -6969,7 +7046,7 @@ For instance:
\signature\startbreaks\psLetters
\signature{text} -\signature +\signature Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within @@ -6979,7 +7056,7 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within
\startbreaks\stopbreaks\signatureLetters
\startbreaks -\startbreaks +\startbreaks \startbreaks @@ -6990,7 +7067,7 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within
\stopbreaks\telephone\startbreaksLetters
\stopbreaks -\stopbreaks +\stopbreaks \stopbreaks @@ -7001,7 +7078,7 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within
\telephone\stopbreaksLetters
\telephone -\telephone +\telephone \telephone{number} @@ -7013,8 +7090,8 @@ space for your signature. \\ starts a new line within Terminal input/outputCommand lineLettersTop Terminal input/output -input/output -terminal input/output +input/output +terminal input/output \typein
Read text from the terminal.
@@ -7024,7 +7101,7 @@ space for your signature.  \\ starts a new line within
 
 \typein\typeoutTerminal input/output
 
\typein[cmd]{msg} -\typein +\typein Synopsis: @@ -7044,7 +7121,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
\typeout\typeinTerminal input/output
\typeout{msg} -\typeout +\typeout Synopsis: @@ -7068,7 +7145,7 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A ^^J in Command lineDocument templatesTerminal input/outputTop Command line -command line +command line The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses .tex as a default file extension. If you omit the @@ -7083,9 +7160,9 @@ command; e.g. will process foo.tex without pausing after every error. -* prompt -prompt, * -\stop +* prompt +prompt, * +\stop If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a * prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type \stop (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. @@ -7095,7 +7172,7 @@ command; e.g. Document templatesConcept IndexCommand lineTop Document templates -document templates +document templates Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed @@ -7177,8 +7254,7 @@ The end. \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf -\usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black, - urlcolor=black]{hyperref} +\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref} \else \usepackage{url} \fi -- cgit v1.2.3