From 3c2f50b92407533aabaef1823006032eedd6ef90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 22:32:09 +0000
Subject: l3

git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@34268 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
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-% \iffalse meta-comment
-%
-%% File: source3body.tex Copyright (C) 1990-2012 The LaTeX3 Project
-%%
-%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the
-%% LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL), either version 1.3c of this
-%% license or (at your option) any later version.  The latest version
-%% of this license is in the file
-%%
-%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
-%%
-%% This file is part of the "l3kernel bundle" (The Work in LPPL)
-%% and all files in that bundle must be distributed together.
-%%
-%% The released version of this bundle is available from CTAN.
-%%
-%% -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-%%
-%% The development version of the bundle can be found at
-%%
-%%    http://www.latex-project.org/svnroot/experimental/trunk/
-%%
-%% for those people who are interested.
-%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%
-%% NOTE: %%
-%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%
-%%   Snapshots taken from the repository represent work in progress and may
-%%   not work or may contain conflicting material!  We therefore ask
-%%   people _not_ to put them into distributions, archives, etc. without
-%%   prior consultation with the LaTeX3 Project.
-%%
-%% -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-%
-% \fi
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%
-% This file is used by
-%
-%  source3.tex            % documentation including implementation
-%
-%  interface3.tex         % only interface documentation
-%
-%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-\begin{abstract}
-
-\setlength\parindent{0pt}
-\setlength\parskip{\baselineskip}
-
-\noindent
-This is the reference documentation for the \pkg{expl3}
-programming environment. The \pkg{expl3} modules set up an experimental
-naming scheme for \LaTeX{} commands, which allow the \LaTeX{} programmer
-to systematically name functions and variables, and specify the argument
-types of functions.
-
-The \TeX{} and \eTeX{} primitives are all given a new name according to
-these conventions. However, in the main direct use of the primitives is
-not required or encouraged: the \pkg{expl3} modules define an
-independent low-level \LaTeX3 programming language.
-
-At present, the \pkg{expl3} modules are designed to be loaded on top of
-\LaTeXe{}. In time, a \LaTeX3 format will be produced based on this code.
-This allows the code to be used in \LaTeXe{} packages \emph{now} while a
-stand-alone \LaTeX3 is developed.
-
-\begin{bfseries}
-  While \pkg{expl3} is still experimental, the bundle is now regarded as
-  broadly stable. The syntax conventions and functions provided are now
-  ready for wider use. There may still be changes to some functions, but
-  these will be minor when compared to the scope of \pkg{expl3}.
-
-  New modules will be added to the distributed version of \pkg{expl3} as
-  they reach maturity.
-\end{bfseries}
-
-\end{abstract}
-
-\clearpage
-
-{%
-  \def\\{:}% fix "newlines" in the ToC
-  \tableofcontents
-}
-
-\clearpage
-\pagenumbering{arabic}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%
-% Each of the following \DocInput lines includes a file with extension
-% .dtx. Each of these files may be typeset separately. For instance
-%   pdflatex l3box.dtx
-% will typeset the source of the LaTeX3 box commands. If you use the
-% Makefile, the index will be generated automatically; e.g.,
-%   make doc F=l3box
-%
-% If this file is processed, each of these separate dtx files will be
-% contained as a part of a single document.
-%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\makeatletter
-\def\partname{Part}
-\def\maketitle{\clearpage\part{\@title}}
-\let\thanks\@gobble
-\let\DelayPrintIndex\PrintIndex
-\let\PrintIndex\@empty
-\makeatother
-
-\part{Introduction to \pkg{expl3} and this document}
-
-This document is intended to act as a comprehensive reference manual
-for the \pkg{expl3} language. A general guide to the \LaTeX3
-programming language is found in \href{expl3.pdf}{expl3.pdf}.
-
-\section{Naming functions and variables}
-
-\LaTeX3 does not use \texttt{@} as a \enquote{letter} for defining
-internal macros.  Instead, the symbols |_| and \texttt{:}
-are used in internal macro names to provide structure. The name of
-each \emph{function} is divided into logical units using \texttt{_},
-while \texttt{:} separates the \emph{name} of the function from the
-\emph{argument specifier} (\enquote{arg-spec}). This describes the arguments
-expected by the function. In most cases, each argument is represented
-by a single letter. The complete list of arg-spec letters for a function
-is referred to as the \emph{signature} of the function.
-
-Each function name starts with the \emph{module} to which it belongs.
-Thus apart from a small number of very basic functions, all \pkg{expl3}
-function names contain at least one underscore to divide the module
-name from the descriptive name of the function. For example, all
-functions concerned with comma lists are in module \texttt{clist} and
-begin \cs{clist_}.
-
-Every function must include an argument specifier. For functions which
-take no arguments, this will be blank and the function name will end
-\texttt{:}. Most functions take one or more arguments, and use the
-following argument specifiers:
-\begin{description}
-  \item[\texttt{D}] The \texttt{D} specifier means \emph{do not use}.
-    All of the \TeX{} primitives are initially \cs{let} to a \texttt{D}
-    name, and some are then given a second name.  Only the kernel
-    team should use anything with a \texttt{D} specifier!
-  \item[\texttt{N} and \texttt{n}] These mean \emph{no manipulation},
-    of a single token for \texttt{N} and of a set of tokens given in
-    braces for \texttt{n}. Both pass the argument through exactly as
-    given. Usually, if you use a single token for an \texttt{n} argument,
-    all will be well.
-  \item[\texttt{c}] This means \emph{csname}, and indicates that the
-    argument will be turned into a csname before being used. So
-    So \cs{foo:c} |{ArgumentOne}| will act in the same way as \cs{foo:N}
-    \cs{ArgumentOne}.
-  \item[\texttt{V} and \texttt{v}] These mean \emph{value
-    of variable}. The \texttt{V} and \texttt{v} specifiers are used to
-    get the content of a variable without needing to worry about the
-    underlying \TeX{} structure containing the data. A \texttt{V}
-    argument will be a single token (similar to \texttt{N}), for example
-    \cs{foo:V} \cs{MyVariable}; on the other hand, using \texttt{v} a
-    csname is constructed first, and then the value is recovered, for
-    example \cs{foo:v} |{MyVariable}|.
-  \item[\texttt{o}] This means \emph{expansion once}. In general, the
-    \texttt{V} and \texttt{v} specifiers are favoured over \texttt{o}
-    for recovering stored information. However, \texttt{o} is useful
-    for correctly processing information with delimited arguments.
-  \item[\texttt{x}] The \texttt{x} specifier stands for \emph{exhaustive
-    expansion}: every token in the argument is fully expanded until only
-    unexpandable ones remain. The \TeX{} \tn{edef} primitive carries out
-    this type of expansion. Functions which feature an \texttt{x}-type
-    argument are in general \emph{not} expandable, unless specifically
-    noted.
-  \item[\texttt{f}] The \texttt{f} specifier stands for \emph{full
-    expansion}, and in contrast to \texttt{x} stops at the first
-    non-expandable item (reading the argument from left to right) without
-    trying to expand it. For example, when setting a token list
-    variable (a macro used for storage), the sequence
-    \begin{verbatim}
-      \tl_set:Nn \l_mya_tl { A }
-      \tl_set:Nn \l_myb_tl { B }
-      \tl_set:Nf \l_mya_tl { \l_mya_tl \l_myb_tl }
-    \end{verbatim}
-    will leave |\l_mya_tl| with the content |A\l_myb_tl|, as |A| cannot
-    be expanded and so terminates expansion before |\l_myb_tl| is considered.
-  \item[\texttt{T} and \texttt{F}] For logic tests, there are the branch
-    specifiers \texttt{T} (\emph{true}) and \texttt{F} (\emph{false}).
-    Both specifiers treat the input in the same way as \texttt{n} (no
-    change), but make the logic much easier to see.
-  \item[\texttt{p}] The letter \texttt{p} indicates \TeX{}
-    \emph{parameters}. Normally this will be used for delimited
-    functions as \pkg{expl3} provides better methods for creating simple
-    sequential arguments.
-  \item[\texttt{w}] Finally, there is the \texttt{w} specifier for
-    \emph{weird} arguments. This covers everything else, but mainly
-    applies to delimited values (where the argument must be terminated
-    by some arbitrary string).
-\end{description}
-Notice that the argument specifier describes how the argument is
-processed prior to being passed to the underlying function. For example,
-\cs{foo:c} will take its argument, convert it to a control sequence and
-pass it to \cs{foo:N}.
-
-Variables are named in a similar manner to functions, but begin with
-a single letter to define the type of variable:
-\begin{description}
-  \item[\texttt{c}] Constant: global parameters whose value should not
-    be changed.
-  \item[\texttt{g}] Parameters whose value should only be set globally.
-  \item[\texttt{l}] Parameters whose value should only be set locally.
-\end{description}
-Each variable name is then build up in a similar way to that of a
-function, typically starting with the module\footnote{The module names are
-  not used in case of generic scratch registers defined in the data
-  type modules, e.g., the
-  \texttt{int} module contains some scratch variables called \cs{l_tmpa_int},
-  \cs{l_tmpb_int}, and so on. In such a case adding the module name up front
-  to denote the module
-  and in the back to indicate the type, as in
-  \cs{l_int_tmpa_int} would be very unreadable.}  name
-and then a descriptive part.
-Variables end with a short identifier to show the variable type:
-\begin{description}
-  \item[\texttt{bool}] Either true or false.
-  \item[\texttt{box}] Box register.
-  \item[\texttt{clist}] Comma separated list.
-  \item[\texttt{coffin}] a \enquote{box with handles} --- a higher-level data
-     type for carrying out |box| alignment operations.
-  \item[\texttt{dim}] \enquote{Rigid} lengths.
-  \item[\texttt{fp}] floating-point values;
-  \item[\texttt{int}] Integer-valued count register.
-  \item[\texttt{prop}] Property list.
-  \item[\texttt{seq}] \enquote{Sequence}: a data-type used to implement lists
-    (with access at both ends) and stacks.
-  \item[\texttt{skip}] \enquote{Rubber} lengths.
-  \item[\texttt{stream}] An input or output stream (for reading from or
-    writing to, respectively).
-  \item[\texttt{tl}] Token list variables: placeholder for a token list.
-\end{description}
-
-\subsection{Terminological inexactitude}
-
-A word of warning. In this document, and others referring to the \pkg{expl3}
-programming modules, we often refer to \enquote{variables} and
-\enquote{functions} as if they
-were actual constructs from a real programming language.  In truth, \TeX{}
-is a macro processor, and functions are simply macros that may or may not take
-arguments and expand to their replacement text.  Many of the common variables
-are \emph{also} macros, and if placed into the input stream will simply expand
-to their definition as well~--- a \enquote{function} with no arguments and a
-\enquote{token list variable} are in truth one and the same.  On the other
-hand, some \enquote{variables} are actually registers that must be
-initialised and their values set and retrieved with specific functions.
-
-The conventions of the \pkg{expl3} code are designed to clearly separate the
-ideas of \enquote{macros that contain data} and
-\enquote{macros that contain code}, and a
-consistent wrapper is applied to all forms of \enquote{data} whether they be
-macros or
-actually registers.  This means that sometimes we will use phrases like
-\enquote{the function returns a value}, when actually we just mean
-\enquote{the macro expands to something}. Similarly, the term
-\enquote{execute} might be used in place of \enquote{expand}
-or it might refer to the more specific case of
-\enquote{processing in \TeX's stomach}
-(if you are familiar with the \TeX{}book parlance).
-
-If in doubt, please ask; chances are we've been hasty in writing certain
-definitions and need to be told to tighten up our terminology.
-
-\section{Documentation conventions}
-
-This document is typeset with the experimental \pkg{l3doc} class;
-several conventions are used to help describe the features of the code.
-A number of conventions are used here to make the documentation clearer.
-
-Each group of related functions is given in a box. For a function with
-a \enquote{user} name, this might read:
-\begin{function}{\ExplSyntaxOn, \ExplSyntaxOff}
-  \begin{syntax}
-    \cs{ExplSyntaxOn} \dots{} \cs{ExplSyntaxOff}
-  \end{syntax}
-  The textual description of how the function works would appear here. The
-  syntax of the function is shown in mono-spaced text to the right of
-  the box. In this example, the function takes no arguments and so the
-  name of the function is simply reprinted.
-\end{function}
-
-For programming functions, which use \texttt{_} and \texttt{:} in their name
-there are a few additional conventions: If two related functions are given
-with identical names but different argument specifiers, these are termed
-\emph{variants} of each other, and the latter functions are printed in grey to
-show this more clearly. They will carry out the same function but will take
-different types of argument:
-\begin{function}{\seq_new:N, \seq_new:c}
-  \begin{syntax}
-    \cs{seq_new:N} \meta{sequence}
-  \end{syntax}
-  When a number of variants are described, the arguments are usually
-  illustrated only for the base function. Here, \meta{sequence} indicates
-  that \cs{seq_new:N} expects the name of a sequence. From the argument
-  specifier, \cs{seq_new:c} also expects a sequence name, but as a
-  name rather than as a control sequence. Each argument given in the
-  illustration should be described in the following text.
-\end{function}
-
-\paragraph{Fully expandable functions}
-\hypertarget{expstar}{Some functions are fully expandable},
-which allows it to be used within
-an \texttt{x}-type argument (in plain \TeX{} terms, inside an \cs{edef}),
-as well as within an \texttt{f}-type argument.
-These fully expandable functions are indicated in the documentation by
-a star:
-\begin{function}[EXP]{\cs_to_str:N}
-  \begin{syntax}
-    \cs{cs_to_str:N} \meta{cs}
-  \end{syntax}
-  As with other functions, some text should follow which explains how
-  the function works. Usually, only the star will indicate that the
-  function is expandable. In this case, the function expects a \meta{cs},
-  shorthand for a \meta{control sequence}.
-\end{function}
-
-\paragraph{Restricted expandable functions}
-\hypertarget{rexpstar}{A few functions are fully expandable} but cannot be fully expanded within
-an \texttt{f}-type argument. In this case a hollow star is used to indicate
-this:
-\begin{function}[rEXP]{\seq_map_function:NN}
-  \begin{syntax}
-    \cs{seq_map_function:NN} \meta{seq} \meta{function}
-  \end{syntax}
-\end{function}
-
-\paragraph{Conditional functions}
-\hypertarget{explTF}{Conditional (\texttt{if}) functions}
-are normally defined in three variants, with
-\texttt{T}, \texttt{F} and \texttt{TF} argument specifiers. This allows
-them to be used for different \enquote{true}/\enquote{false} branches,
-depending on
-which outcome the conditional is being used to test. To indicate this
-without repetition, this information is given in a shortened form:
-\begin{function}[EXP,TF]{\xetex_if_engine:}
-  \begin{syntax}
-    \cs{xetex_if_engine:TF} \Arg{true code} \Arg{false code}
-  \end{syntax}
-  The underlining and italic of \texttt{TF} indicates that
-  \cs{xetex_if_engine:T}, \cs{xetex_if_engine:F} and
-  \cs{xetex_if_engine:TF} are all available. Usually, the illustration
-  will use the \texttt{TF} variant, and so both \meta{true code}
-  and \meta{false code} will be shown. The two variant forms \texttt{T} and
-  \texttt{F} take only \meta{true code} and \meta{false code}, respectively.
-  Here, the star also shows that this function is expandable.
-  With some minor exceptions, \emph{all} conditional functions in the
-  \pkg{expl3} modules should be defined in this way.
-\end{function}
-
-Variables, constants and so on are described in a similar manner:
-\begin{variable}{\l_tmpa_tl}
-  A short piece of text will describe the variable: there is no
-  syntax illustration in this case.
-\end{variable}
-
-In some cases, the function is similar to one in \LaTeXe{} or plain \TeX{}.
-In these cases, the text will include an extra \enquote{\textbf{\TeX{}hackers
-note}} section:
-\begin{function}[EXP]{\token_to_str:N}
-  \begin{syntax}
-    \cs{token_to_str:N} \meta{token}
-  \end{syntax}
-  The normal description text.
-  \begin{texnote}
-    Detail for the experienced \TeX{} or \LaTeXe\ programmer. In this
-    case, it would point out that this function is the \TeX{} primitive
-    \cs{string}.
-  \end{texnote}
-\end{function}
-
-\section{Formal language conventions which apply generally}
-
-As this is a formal reference guide for \LaTeX3 programming, the descriptions
-of functions are intended to be reasonably \enquote{complete}. However, there
-is also a need to avoid repetition. Formal ideas which apply to general
-classes of function are therefore summarised here.
-
-For tests which have a \texttt{TF} argument specification, the test if
-evaluated to give a logically \texttt{TRUE} or \texttt{FALSE} result.
-Depending on this result, either the \meta{true code} or the \meta{false code}
-will be left in the input stream. In the case where the test is expandable,
-and a predicate (|_p|) variant is available, the logical value determined by
-the test is left in the input stream: this will typically be part of a larger
-logical construct.
-
-\section{\TeX{} concepts not supported by \LaTeX3{}}
-
-The \TeX{} concept of an \enquote{\cs{outer}} macro is \emph{not supported}
-at all by \LaTeX3{}. As such, the functions provided here may break when
-used on top of \LaTeXe{} if \cs{outer} tokens are used in the arguments.
-
-\DisableImplementation
-
-\DocInput{l3bootstrap.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3names.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3basics.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3expan.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3prg.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3quark.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3token.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3int.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3skip.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3tl.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3seq.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3clist.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3prop.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3box.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3coffins.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3color.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3msg.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3keys.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3file.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3fp.dtx}
-% To get the various submodules of l3fp to appear in the implementation
-% part only, they have to be added to the documentation list after typesetting
-% the 'user' part just for the main module.
-\ExplSyntaxOn
-\clist_gput_right:Nn \g_docinput_clist
-  {
-    l3fp-aux.dtx ,
-    l3fp-traps.dtx ,
-    l3fp-round.dtx ,
-    l3fp-parse.dtx ,
-    l3fp-logic.dtx ,
-    l3fp-basics.dtx ,
-    l3fp-extended.dtx ,
-    l3fp-expo.dtx ,
-    l3fp-trig.dtx ,
-    l3fp-convert.dtx ,
-    l3fp-assign.dtx ,
-    l3fp-old.dtx ,
-  }
-\ExplSyntaxOff
-\DocInput{l3luatex.dtx}
-
-\DocInput{l3candidates.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3drivers.dtx}
-
-\endinput
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