From f9ba1f4431124f48769a2666d5d9ec921345ca71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>
Date: Mon, 9 Jan 2006 00:43:17 +0000
Subject: doc 2

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+% tipaman2.tex
+% Copyright 2002 FUKUI Rei
+%
+% This program may be distributed and/or modified under the
+% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.2
+% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+% The latest version of this license is in
+%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX 
+% version 1999/12/01 or later.
+%
+% This program consists of all files listed in Manifest.txt.
+%
+
+\appendix
+\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Appendix}
+
+\begingroup
+\raggedbottom
+
+\chapter{Annotated List of TIPA Symbols}
+
+For each symbol, a large scale image of the symbol is displayed with a
+frame. Within the frame, horizontal lines that indicate
+\verb|x_height| and baseline are also shown. At the top left corner of
+a frame, a number indicating the octal code
+of the symbol is shown. In the case of a symbol from
+\texttt{tipx} fonts, the code number is underlined.
+
+Next, the following information is shown at the right of each symbol
+in this order: (1) the name of the symbol, (2) explanation on its
+usage with some examples (for non-IPA usages, an asterisk is put at the
+beginning), (3) input method in typewriter style, and finally (4)
+sources or references.
+
+Sometimes the input method is displayed in the form of \textit{Input1:
+  xxx, Input2: yyy\/}. In such cases \textit{Input1} indicates the one
+used in the normal text environment and \textit{Input2}, the one used
+in the IPA environment.
+
+The following abbreviations are used in the examples of usage and
+explanations in the footnote.
+
+\vspace{1cm}
+
+\emph{ExtIPA} = \emph{ExtIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech}
+
+\emph{VoQS} = \emph{Voice Quality Symbols}
+
+\PSG{} = \emph{Phonetic Symbol Guide} \citep{PSG:II}
+
+\emph{Handbook} = \emph{Handbook of the International Phonetic
+  Association} \citep{Handbook}
+
+\emph{Principles} = \emph{Principles of the International Phonetic
+  Association} \citep{Principles}
+
+\emph{JIPA} = \emph{Journal of the International Phonetic Association}
+
+\emph{IE} Indo-European
+
+\emph{OHG} Old High German
+
+\emph{OCS} Old Church Slavic
+
+
+\newpage
+\section{Vowels and Consonants}\label{list:symbols}
+
+\begingroup
+\setlength\parindent{0pt}
+
+\medskip
+
+\ipaitem{a}{Lower-case A}%
+  {open front unrounded vowel}%
+  {a}{}{\ipaall}{'141}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrhooka}{Right-hook A}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrhooka}{}{\PSG}{'040}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturna}{Turned A}%
+  {near-open central vowel}%
+  {\tbs textturna}{5}{\ipaall}{'065}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscripta}{Script A}%
+  {open back unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textscripta}{A}{\ipaall}{'101}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnscripta}{Turned script A}%
+  {open back rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textturnscripta}{6}{\ipaall}{'066}
+
+\ipxitem{\textinvscripta}{Inverted script A}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textinvscripta}{}{\PSG}{'041}
+
+\ipaitem{\ae}{Ash}%
+  {near-open front unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs ae}{}{\ipaall}{'346}
+
+\ipxitem{\textaolig}{A-O ligature }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textaolig}{}{\PSG}{'042}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsca}{Small capital A\footnotemark}%
+  {*open central unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textsca}{\tbs;A}{\PSG}{'300}%
+  \footnotetext{This symbol is fairly common among Chinese
+    phoneticians.}
+
+\ipxitem{\textlhookfour}{Left-hook four }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textlhookfour}{}{\PSG}{'043}
+
+\ipxitem{\textinvsca}{Inverted small capital A }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textinvsca}{}{\PSG}{'160}
+
+\ipxitem{\textscaolig}{Small capital A-O ligature }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textscaolig}{}{\PSG}{'161}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnv}{Turned V\footnotemark}%
+  {open-mid back unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textturnv}{2}{\ipaall}{'062}%
+  \footnotetext{In a previous version of \PSG{} this symbol was
+    called `Inverted V' but it was apparently a mistake.}
+
+\ipxitem{\textscdelta}{Small capital delta }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textscdelta}{}{\PSG}{'162}
+
+\ipaitem{b}{Lower-case B}%
+  {voiced bilabial plosive}%
+  {b}{}{\ipaall}{'142}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcrb}{Crossed B}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textcrb}{}{\PSG}{'240}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbarb}{Barred B}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textbarb}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsoftsign}{Soft sign}%
+  {*as in \emph{OCS} ogn\textsoftsign{} `fire'.}%
+  {\tbs textsoftsign}{}{\PSG}{'272}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthardsign}{Hard sign}%
+  {*as in \emph{OCS} grad\texthardsign{} `town'.}%
+  {\tbs texthardsign}{}{\PSG}{'273}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtb}{Hooktop B}%
+  {voiced bilabial implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtb}{\tbs!b}{\ipaall}{'341}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscb}{Small capital B}%
+  {voiced bilabial trill}%
+  {\tbs textscb}{\tbs;B}{\ipanew}{'340}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbeta}{Beta}%
+  {voiced bilabial fricative}%
+  {\tbs textbeta}{B}{\ipaall}{'102}
+
+\ipaitem{c}{Lower-case C}%
+  {voiceless palatal plosive}%
+  {c}{}{\ipaall}{'143}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbarc}{Barred C}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textbarc}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\v{c}}{Wedge C}%
+  {*equivalent to IPA \textipa{tS}}%
+  {\TD{v}{c}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\c{c}}{C Cedilla}%
+  {voiceless palatal fricative}%
+  {\TD{c}{c}}{}{\ipaall}{'347}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtc}{Hooktop C}%
+  {voiceless palatal implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtc}{}{IPA '89}{'301}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctc}{Curly-tail C}%
+  {voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative}%
+  {\tbs textctc}{C}{\ipaall}{'103}
+
+\ipaitem{\textstretchc}{Stretched C\footnotemark}%
+  {postalveolar click}%
+  {\tbs textstretchc}{}{\ipaold}{'302}%
+  \footnotetext{The shape of this symbol differs according to the
+    sources. In \PSG{} and recent articles in \emph{JIPA}, it is
+    `stretched' toward both the ascender and descender regions and the
+    whole shape looks like a thick staple. In the old days, however,
+    it was stretched only toward the descender and the whole shape
+    looked more like a stretched c, as is shown in the next item
+    (original form).}
+
+\ipxitem{\textstretchcvar}{Stretched C (original form) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textstretchcvar}{}{\cite{Hottentot}}{'044}
+
+\ipxitem{\textctstretchc}{Curly-tail stretched C }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textctstretchc}{}{\PSG}{'045}
+
+\ipxitem{\textctstretchcvar}{Curly-tail stretched C (original form) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textctstretchcvar}{}{\cite{Hottentot}}{'046}
+
+\ipaitem{d}{Lower-case D}%
+  {voiced dental or alveolar plosive}%
+  {d}{}{\ipaall}{'144}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcrd}{Crossed D}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textcrd}{}{\PSG}{'241}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbard}{Barred D}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textbard}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipxitem{\textfrhookd}{Front-hook D }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textfrhookd}{}{\PSG}{'047}
+
+\ipxitem{\textfrhookdvar}{Front-hook D (Original)\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textfrhookdvar}{}{}{'050}%
+  \footnotetext{This shape is used by \cite{Jones:Phoneme}.}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtd}{Hooktop D}%
+  {voiced dental or alveolar implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtd}{\tbs!d}{\ipaall}{'342}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrtaild}{Right-tail D}%
+  {voiced retroflex plosive}%
+  {\tbs textrtaild}{\tbs:d}{\ipaall}{'343}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtrtaild}{Hooktop right-tail D }%
+  {voiced retroflex implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtrtaild}{}{\PSG, \Handbook}{'243}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctd}{Curly-tail D}%
+  {*voiced alveolo-palatal plosive}%
+  {\tbs textctd}{}{}{'242}
+
+\ipxitem{\textdblig}{D-B ligature }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textdblig}{}{\PSG}{'051}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdzlig}{D-Z ligature}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textdzlig}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdctzlig}{D-Curly-tail Z ligature}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textdctzlig}{}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdyoghlig}{D-Yogh ligature}%
+  {voiced postalveolar affricate}%
+  {\tbs textdyoghlig}{}{\ipaall}{'303}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctdctzlig}{Curly-tail D-Curly-tail Z ligature}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textctdctzlig}{}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\dh}{Eth}%
+  {voiced dental fricative}%
+  {\tbs dh}{D}{\ipaall}{'104}
+
+\ipaitem{e}{Lower-case E}%
+  {close-mid front unrounded vowel}%
+  {e}{}{\ipaall}{'145}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrhooke}{Right-hook E }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrhooke}{}{\PSG}{'052}
+
+\ipaitem{\textschwa}{Schwa}%
+  {mid central vowel}%
+  {\tbs textschwa}{@}{\ipaall}{'100}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrhookschwa}{Right-hook schwa}%
+  {r-colored \textschwa}%
+  {\tbs textrhookschwa}{}{\ipaold}{'304}
+
+\ipaitem{\textreve}{Reversed E}%
+  {close-mid central unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textreve}{9}{\ipaall}{'071}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsce}{Small capital E}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textsce}{\tbs;E}{\PSG}{'244}
+
+\ipaitem{\textepsilon}{Epsilon}%
+  {open-mid front unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textepsilon}{E}{\ipaall}{'105}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrhookepsilon}{Right-hook epsilon }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrhookepsilon}{}{\PSG}{'053}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcloseepsilon}{Closed epsilon\footnotemark}%
+  {(obsolete) open-mid central rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textcloseepsilon}{}{IPA '93}{'305}%
+  \footnotetext{In the 1993 version of IPA, this symbol was used as
+  the symbol for the open-mid central rounded vowel. However, in the
+  1996 version, this symbol was replaced by Closed reversed epsilon,
+  i.e., \textcloserevepsilon. In fact, it was a typographical error, as 
+  was anounced in \citet[p.\ 48]{IPA:Preview}.}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrevepsilon}{Reversed epsilon}%
+  {open-mid central unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textrevepsilon}{3}{\ipaall}{'063}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrhookrevepsilon}{Right-hook reversed epsilon}%
+  {r colored \textrevepsilon}%
+  {\tbs textrhookrevepsilon}{}{\PSG}{'307}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcloserevepsilon}{Closed reversed epsilon\footnotemark}%
+  {open-mid central rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textcloserevepsilon}{}{\Handbook}{'306}%
+  \footnotetext{See the footnote above.}
+
+\ipaitem{f}{Lower-case F}%
+  {voiceless labiodental fricative}%
+  {f}{}{\ipaall}{'146}
+
+\ipxitem{\textscf}{Small capital F }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textscf}{}{\PSG}{'163}
+
+\ipaitem{g}{Lower-case G}%
+  {voiced velar plosive}%
+  {\tbs textscriptg}{g}{\ipaall}{'147}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbarg}{Barred G}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textbarg}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcrg}{Crossed G}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textcrg}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtg}{Hooktop G}%
+  {voiced velar implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtg}{\tbs!g}{\ipaall}{'344}
+
+\ipaitem{\textg}{Looptail G}%
+  {equivalent to \textscriptg}%
+  {g}{\tbs textg}{}{'245}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscg}{Small capital G}%
+  {voiced uvular plosive}%
+  {\tbs textscg}{\tbs;G}{\ipaall}{'345}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtscg}{Hooktop small capital G}%
+  {voiced uvular implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtscg}{\tbs!G}{\ipanew}{'311}
+
+\ipaitem{\textgamma}{Gamma}%
+  {voiced velar fricative}%
+  {\tbs textgamma}{G}{\ipaall}{'107}
+
+\ipxitem{\textgrgamma}{Greek gamma\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textgrgamma}{}{\PSG}{'054}%
+  \footnotetext{It is not my intention to include all the Greek letters 
+  appearing in \PSG. The reason for including this symbol is to
+  assure typographical consistency with the next two symbols derived from
+  Greek gamma.}
+
+\ipxitem{\textfrtailgamma}{Front-tail gamma }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textfrtailgamma}{}{\PSG}{'055}
+
+\ipxitem{\textbktailgamma}{Back-tail gamma }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textbktailgamma}{}{\PSG}{'056}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbabygamma}{Baby gamma}%
+  {(obsolete) close-mid back unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textbabygamma}{}{\ipaold}{'310}
+
+\ipaitem{\textramshorns}{Ram's horns}%
+  {close-mid back unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textramshorns}{7}{\ipanew}{'067}
+
+\ipaitem{h}{Lower-case H}%
+  {voiceless glottal fricative}%
+  {h}{}{\ipaall}{'150}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthvlig}{H-V ligature}%
+  {*as in \emph{Gothic} \texthvlig{}as `what'.}%
+  {\tbs texthvlig}{}{\PSG}{'377}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcrh}{Crossed H\footnotemark}%
+  {voiceless pharyngeal fricative}%
+  {\tbs textcrh}{}{\ipaall}{'350}%
+  \footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbol is called `Barred H'.}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthth}{Hooktop H}%
+  {voiced glottal fricative}%
+  {\tbs texthth}{H}{\ipaall}{'110}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrtailhth}{Right-tail hooktop H }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrtailhth}{}{\PSG}{'057}
+
+\ipxitem{\textheng}{Heng }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textheng}{}{\PSG}{'060}
+
+\ipaitem{\texththeng}{Hooktop heng}%
+  {simultaneous \textesh\ and x}%
+  {\tbs texththeng}{}{\ipaall}{'312}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnh}{Turned H}%
+  {voiced labial-palatal approximant}%
+  {\tbs textturnh}{4}{\ipaall}{'064}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsch}{Small capital H}%
+  {voiceless epiglottal fricative}%
+  {\tbs textsch}{\tbs;H}{\ipanew}{'313}
+
+\ipaitem{i}{Lower-case I}%
+  {close front unrounded vowel}%
+  {i}{}{\ipaall}{'151}
+
+\ipaitem{\i}{Undotted I}%
+  {*used in Turkish orthography}%
+  {\tbs i}{}{\PSG}{'031}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbari}{Barred I}%
+  {close central unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textbari}{1}{\ipaall}{'061}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsci}{Small capital I}%
+  {near-close near-front unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textsci}{I}{\ipanew}{'111}
+
+\ipaitem{\textiota}{Iota}%
+  {(obsolete) near-close near-front unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textiota}{}{\ipaold}{'314}
+
+\ipxitem{\textlhti}{Left-hooktop I\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textlhti}{}{}{'061}%
+  \footnotetext{This symbol is sometimes found instead of
+    \textlhtlongi\ (next item) in textbooks of Chinese in Japan.}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlhtlongi}{Left-hooktop Long I\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textlhtlongi}{}{\PSG}{'246}%
+  \footnotetext{The two symbols \textlhtlongi{} and \textvibyi{}
+    are mainly used among Chinese linguists. These
+    symbols are based on ``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet'' and
+    introduced to China by Bernhard Karlgren. The original shapes of
+    these symbols were in italic as was always the case with 
+    ``det svenska landsm\aa{}lsalfabetet''. It seems that the Chinese
+    linguists who wanted to continue to use these symbols in IPA
+    changed their shapes upright. \PSG's descriptions to the origin of
+    these symbols are inaccurate.}
+
+\ipaitem{\textvibyi}{Viby I\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textvibyi}{}{\PSG}{'247}%
+  \footnotetext{I call this symbol `Viby I', based on the
+    following description by Bernhard Karlgren: ``Une voyelle tr\`es
+    analogue \`a \textvibyi{} se rencontre dans certains dial.\ su\'edois;
+    on l'appelle `i de Viby'.'' \citep[p.\ 295]{Karlgren}\label{vibyi}}
+
+\ipaitem{\textraisevibyi}{Raised Viby I}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textraisevibyi}{}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{j}{Lower-case J}%
+  {voiced palatal approximant}%
+  {j}{}{\ipaall}{'152}
+
+\ipaitem{\j}{Undotted J}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs j}{}{}{'032}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctj}{Curly-tail J\footnotemark}%
+  {voiced palatal fricative}%
+  {\tbs textctj}{J}{\ipanew}{'112}%
+  \footnotetext{In the official IPA charts of '89 through '96, this symbol 
+    has a dish serif on top of the stem, rather than the normal sloped 
+    serif found in the letter j. I found no reason why it should have
+    a dish serif here, so I changed it to a normal sloped serif.
+    The official (?) IPA shape can be used by the \texttt{\tbs textctjvar}
+    command. (\textctjvar)}
+
+\ipxitem{\textctjvar}{Curly-tail J (a variety found in 1996 IPA) }%
+  {same as the above}%
+  {\tbs textctjvar}{}{\ipanew}{'062}
+
+\ipaitem{\v{\j}}{Wedge J}%
+  {*equivalent to IPA \textipa{dZ}}%
+  {\TD{v}{\tbs j}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbardotlessj}{Barred dotless J}%
+  {voiced palatal plosive}%
+  {\tbs textbardotlessj}{}{\ipanew}{'351}
+
+\ipaitem{\textObardotlessj}{Old barred dotless J}%
+  {voiced palatal plosive}%
+  {\tbs textObardotlessj}{}{\ipaold}{'315}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtbardotlessj}{Hooktop barred dotless J\footnotemark}%
+  {voiced palatal implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtbardotlessj}{\tbs!j}{\Handbook}{'352}%
+  \footnotetext{In \PSG{} the shape of this symbol slightly
+    differs. Here I followed the shape found in IPA '89--'96.}
+
+\ipxitem{\texthtbardotlessjvar}{Hooktop barred dotless J (a variety) }%
+  {same as the above}%
+  {\tbs texthtbardotlessjvar}{}{IPA '89--'93, \PSG}{'063}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscj}{Small capital J}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textscj}{\tbs;J}{\PSG}{'250}
+
+\ipaitem{k}{Lower-case K}%
+  {voiceless velar plosive}%
+  {k}{}{\ipaall}{'153}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtk}{Hooktop K}%
+  {voiceless velar implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtk}{}{IPA '89}{'316}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnk}{Turned K}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textturnk}{\tbs*k}{\PSG}{'251}
+
+\ipxitem{\textsck}{Small capital K }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textsck}{}{\PSG}{'164}
+
+\ipxitem{\textturnsck}{Turned small capital K }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textturnsck}{}{\PSG}{'165}
+
+\ipaitem{l}{Lower-case L}%
+  {alveolar lateral approximant}%
+  {l}{}{\ipaall}{'154}
+
+\ipaitem{\textltilde}{L with tilde}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textltilde}{\tbs|\ttilde l}{\ipaall}{'353}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbarl}{Barred L}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textbarl}{}{\PSG}{'252}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbeltl}{Belted L}%
+  {voiceless dental or alveolar lateral fricative}%
+  {\tbs textbeltl}{}{\ipaall}{'354}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrtaill}{Right-tail L}%
+  {retroflex lateral approximant}%
+  {\tbs textrtaill}{\tbs:l}{\ipaall}{'355}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlyoghlig}{L-Yogh ligature}%
+  {voiced alveolar lateral fricative}%
+  {\tbs textlyoghlig}{}{\ipanew}{'320}
+
+\ipaitem{\textOlyoghlig}{Old L-Yogh ligature}%
+  {voiced alveolar lateral fricative}%
+  {\tbs textOlyoghlig}{}{\ipaold}{'255}
+
+\ipxitem{\textlfishhookrlig}{L-Fish-hook R ligature}%
+  {alveolar lateral flap}%
+  {\tbs textlfishhookrlig}{}{}{'111}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscl}{Small capital L}%
+  {velar lateral approximant}%
+  {\tbs textscl}{\tbs;L}{\ipanew}{'317}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrevscl}{Reversed small capital L }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrevscl}{}{\PSG}{'166}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlambda}{Lambda}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textlambda}{}{\PSG}{'253}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcrlambda}{Crossed lambda}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textcrlambda}{}{\PSG}{'254}
+
+\ipaitem{m}{Lower-case M}%
+  {bilabial nasal}%
+  {m}{}{\ipaall}{'155}
+
+\ipaitem{\textltailm}{Left-tail M (at right)\footnotemark}%
+  {labiodental nasal}%
+  {\tbs textltailm}{M}{\ipaall}{'115}%
+  \footnotetext{\PSG\ calls this symbol `Meng'.}
+
+\ipxitem{\texthmlig}{H-M ligature }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs texthmlig}{}{\PSG}{'064}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnm}{Turned M}%
+  {close back unrounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textturnm}{W}{\ipaall}{'127}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnmrleg}{Turned M, right leg}%
+  {voiced velar approximant}%
+  {\tbs textturnmrleg}{}{IPA '79--'93}{'356}
+
+\ipxitem{\textscm}{Small capital M }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textscm}{}{\PSG}{'167}
+
+\ipaitem{n}{Lower-case N}%
+  {dental or alveolar nasal}%
+  {n}{}{\ipaall}{'156}
+
+\ipxitem{\textfrbarn}{Front-bar N\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textfrbarn}{}{\PSG}{'065}%
+  \footnotetext{This shape is based on \PSG\ (p.~119). However, its
+  original shape looks a little different. Here I simply followed 
+  the shape found in \PSG\ because in its source \citep{Trager} the
+  shape of this symbol is unclear (typewritten, modified by handwriting).}
+
+\ipxitem{\textnrleg}{N, right leg\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textnrleg}{}{IPA '49}{'066}%
+  \footnotetext{In \PSG, this symbol is called `Long-Leg N'.}
+
+\ipaitem{\~n}{N with tilde}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs\ttilde n}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textltailn}{Left-tail N (at left)}%
+  {palatal nasal}%
+  {\tbs textltailn}{}{\ipaall}{'361}
+
+\ipaitem{\ng}{Eng}%
+  {velar nasal}%
+  {\tbs ng}{N}{\ipaall}{'116}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrtailn}{Right-tail N}%
+  {retroflex nasal}%
+  {\tbs textrtailn}{\tbs:n}{\ipaall}{'357}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctn}{Curly-tail N}%
+  {*alveolo-palatal nasal}%
+  {\tbs textctn}{}{}{'256}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscn}{Small capital N}%
+  {uvular nasal}%
+  {\tbs textscn}{\tbs;N}{\ipaall}{'360}
+
+\ipaitem{o}{Lower-case O}%
+  {close-mid back rounded vowel}%
+  {o}{}{\ipaall}{'157}
+
+\ipxitem{\textfemale}{Female sign }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textfemale}{}{\PSG}{'067}
+
+\ipxitem{\textuncrfemale}{Uncrossed female sign }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textuncrfemale}{}{\PSG}{'070}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbullseye}{Bull's eye\footnotemark}%
+  {bilabial click}%
+  {\tbs textbullseye}{\tbs!o}{IPA '93, '96}{'362}%
+  \footnotetext{In \PSG\ this name is spelled `Bullseye'.}
+
+\ipxitem{\textObullseye}{Bull's eye (an old version) }%
+  {bilabial click}%
+  {\tbs textObullseye}{}{IPA '79, '89}{'071}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbaro}{Barred O}%
+  {close-mid central rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textbaro}{8}{\ipaall}{'070}
+
+\ipaitem{\o}{Slashed O}%
+  {close-mid front rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs o}{}{\ipaall}{'370}
+
+\ipaitem{\oe}{O-E ligature}%
+  {open-mid front rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs oe}{}{\ipaall}{'367}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscoelig}{Small capital O-E ligature}%
+  {open front rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textscoelig}{\tbs OE}{IPA '79--'96}{'327}
+
+\ipaitem{\textopeno}{Open O}%
+  {open-mid back rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textopeno}{O}{\ipaall}{'117}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrhookopeno}{Right-hook open O }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrhookopeno}{}{\PSG}{'072}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturncelig}{Turned C (Open O)-E ligature}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textturncelig}{}{\PSG}{'257}
+
+\ipaitem{\textomega}{Omega}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textomega}{}{\PSG}{'260}
+
+\ipxitem{\textinvomega}{Inverted omega }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textinvomega}{}{\PSG}{'073}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcloseomega}{Closed omega}%
+  {(obsolete) near-close near-back rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textcloseomega}{}{\ipaold}{'321}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscomega}{Small capital omega}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textscomega}{}{\PSG}{'261}
+
+\ipaitem{p}{Lower-case P}%
+  {voiceless bilabial plosive}%
+  {p}{}{\ipaall}{'160}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtp}{Hooktop P}%
+  {voiceless bilabial implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtp}{}{IPA '89}{'322}
+
+\ipxitem{\textlhookp}{Left-hook P }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textlhookp}{}{\PSG}{'074}
+
+\ipxitem{\textscp}{Small capital P }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textscp}{}{\PSG}{'170}
+
+\ipaitem{\textwynn}{Wynn}%
+  {*labiovelar approximant}%
+  {\tbs textwynn}{}{Old English}{'337}
+
+\ipaitem{\textthorn}{Thorn}%
+  {*interdental fricative}%
+  {\tbs textthorn}{\tbs th}{Old English}{'376}
+
+\ipxitem{\textthornvari}{A variety of thorn (1) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textthornvari}{}{\PSG}{'120}
+
+\ipxitem{\textthornvarii}{A variety of thorn (2) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textthornvarii}{}{\PSG}{'121}
+
+\ipxitem{\textthornvariii}{A variety of thorn (3) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textthornvariii}{}{\PSG}{'122}
+
+\ipxitem{\textthornvariv}{A variety of thorn (4) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textthornvariv}{}{\PSG}{'123}
+
+\ipaitem{\textphi}{Phi}%
+  {voiceless bilabial fricative}%
+  {\tbs textphi}{F}{\ipaall}{'106}
+
+\ipaitem{q}{Lower-case Q}%
+  {voiceless uvular plosive}%
+  {q}{}{\ipaall}{'161}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtq}{Hooktop Q}%
+  {voiceless uvular implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtq}{}{IPA '89}{'323}
+
+\ipxitem{\textqplig}{Q-P ligature }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textqplig}{}{\PSG}{'075}
+
+\ipxitem{\textscq}{Small capital Q\footnotemark}%
+  {*voiceless pharyngeal plosive}%
+  {\tbs textscq}{\tbs;Q}{}{'171}%
+  \footnotetext{Suggested by Prof S. Tsuchida for Austronesian
+    languages in Taiwan. In \PSG{} `Female Sign' and `Uncrossed Female
+    Sign'(pp.~110--111) are noted for pharyngeal stops, as proposed by
+    Trager (1964). Also, I'm not sure about the difference between an
+    epiglottal plosive and a pharyngeal stop.}
+
+\ipaitem{r}{Lower-case R}%
+  {alveolar trill}%
+  {r}{}{\ipaall}{'162}
+
+\ipaitem{\textfishhookr}{Fish-hook R}%
+  {alveolar tap or flap}%
+  {\tbs textfishhookr}{R}{\ipaall}{'122}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlonglegr}{Long-leg R}%
+  {alveolar fricative trill}%
+  {\tbs textlonglegr}{}{\ipaold}{'324}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrtailr}{Right-tail R}%
+  {retroflex tap or flap}%
+  {\tbs textrtailr}{\tbs:r}{\ipaall}{'363}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnr}{Turned R}%
+  {alveolar approximant}%
+  {\tbs textturnr}{\tbs*r}{\ipaall}{'364}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnrrtail}{Turned R, right tail}%
+  {retroflex approximant}%
+  {\tbs textturnrrtail}{\tbs:R}{\ipaall}{'365}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnlonglegr}{Turned long-leg R}%
+  {alveolar lateral flap}%
+  {\tbs textturnlonglegr}{}{\ipaall}{'325}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscr}{Small capital R}%
+  {uvular trill}%
+  {\tbs textscr}{\tbs;R}{\ipaall}{'366}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrevscr}{Reversed small capital R }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrevscr}{}{\PSG}{'172}
+
+\ipaitem{\textinvscr}{Inverted small capital R}%
+  {voiced uvular fricative}%
+  {\tbs textinvscr}{K}{\ipaall}{'113}
+
+\ipaitem{s}{Lower-case S}%
+  {voiceless alveolar fricative}%
+  {s}{}{\ipaall}{'163}
+
+\ipaitem{\v{s}}{Wedge S}%
+  {*equivalent to IPA \textesh}%
+  {\TD{v}{s}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrtails}{Right-tail S (at left)}%
+  {voiceless retroflex fricative}%
+  {\tbs textrtails}{\tbs:s}{\ipaall}{'371}
+
+\ipaitem{\textesh}{Esh}%
+  {voiceless postalveolar fricative}%
+  {\tbs textesh}{S}{\ipaall}{'123}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdoublebaresh}{Double-barred esh}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textdoublebaresh}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipxitem{\textlooptoprevesh}{Reversed esh with top loop }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textlooptoprevesh}{}{IPA '49}{'076}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctesh}{Curly-tail esh}%
+  {palatalized \textesh}%
+  {\tbs textctesh}{}{\ipaold}{'262}
+
+\ipaitem{t}{Lower-case T}%
+  {voiceless dental or alveolar plosive}%
+  {t}{}{\ipaall}{'164}
+
+\ipxitem{\textfrhookt}{Front-hook T }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textfrhookt}{}{\PSG}{'077}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlhookt}{Left-hook T}%
+  {palatalized t}%
+  {\tbs textlhookt}{}{\PSG}{'263}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrtailt}{Right-tail T}%
+  {voiceless retroflex plosive}%
+  {\tbs textrtailt}{\tbs:t}{\ipaall}{'372}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthtt}{Hooktop T}%
+  {voiceless dental or alveolar implosive}%
+  {\tbs texthtt}{}{IPA '89}{'326}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnt}{Turned T}%
+  {dental click}%
+  {\tbs textturnt}{\tbs*t}{\ipaold}{'330}
+
+\ipxitem{\textctturnt}{Curly-tail turned T }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textctturnt}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{'100}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctt}{Curly-tail T}%
+  {*voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive}%
+  {\tbs textctt}{}{}{'264}
+
+\ipaitem{\texttctclig}{T-Curly-tail C ligature}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs texttctclig}{}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcttctclig}{Curly-tail T-Curly-tail C ligature}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textcttctclig}{}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\texttslig}{T-S ligature}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs texttslig}{}{\ipaold}{'265}
+
+\ipaitem{\textteshlig}{T-Esh ligature}%
+  {voiceless postalveolar affricate}%
+  {\tbs textteshlig}{}{\ipaall}{'331}
+
+\ipaitem{\texttheta}{Theta}%
+  {voiceless dental fricative}%
+  {\tbs texttheta}{T}{\ipaall}{'124}
+
+\ipaitem{u}{Lower-case U}%
+  {close back rounded vowel}%
+  {u}{}{\ipaall}{'165}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbaru}{Barred U}%
+  {close central rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textbaru}{0}{\ipaall}{'060}
+
+\ipaitem{\textupsilon}{Upsilon}%
+  {near-close near-back rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textupsilon}{U}{\ipanew}{'125}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscu}{Small capital U}%
+  {*equivalent to IPA \textupsilon}%
+  {\tbs textscu}{\tbs;U}{\ipaall}{'366}
+
+\ipxitem{\textturnscu}{Turned small capital U }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textturnscu}{}{\PSG}{'173}
+
+\ipaitem{v}{Lower-case V}%
+  {voiced labiodental fricative}%
+  {v}{}{\ipaall}{'166}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscriptv}{Script V\footnotemark}%
+  {voiced labiodental approximant}%
+  {\tbs textscriptv}{V}{\ipaall}{'126}%
+  \footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbols is called `Cursive V'.}
+
+\ipaitem{w}{Lower-case W}%
+  {voiced labio-velar approximant}%
+  {w}{}{\ipaall}{'167}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturnw}{Turned W}%
+  {voiceless labio-velar fricative}%
+  {\tbs textturnw}{\tbs*w}{\ipaall}{'373}
+
+\ipaitem{x}{Lower-case X}%
+  {voiceless velar fricative}%
+  {x}{}{\ipaall}{'170}
+
+\ipaitem{\textchi}{Chi}%
+  {voiceless uvular fricative}%
+  {\tbs textchi}{X}{\ipaall}{'130}
+
+\ipaitem{y}{Lower-case Y}%
+  {close front rounded vowel}%
+  {y}{}{\ipaall}{'171}
+
+\ipaitem{\textturny}{Turned Y}%
+  {palatal lateral approximant}%
+  {\tbs textturny}{L}{\ipaall}{'114}
+
+\ipaitem{\textscy}{Small capital Y}%
+  {near-close near-front rounded vowel}%
+  {\tbs textscy}{Y}{\ipaall}{'131}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlhtlongy}{Left-hooktop long Y\footnotemark\ }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textlhtlongy}{}{\PSG}{'266}%
+  \footnotetext{See explanations in footnote~\ref{vibyi}.}
+
+\ipaitem{\textvibyy}{Viby Y\footnotemark}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textvibyy}{}{\PSG}{'267}%
+  \footnotetext{See explanations in footnote~\ref{vibyi}.}
+
+\ipaitem{z}{Lower-case Z}%
+  {voiced alveolar fricative}%
+  {z}{}{\ipaall}{'172}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcommatailz}{Comma-tail Z}%
+  {*as in \emph{OHG} \"e\textcommatailz\textcommatailz an `to eat'.}%
+  {\tbs textcommatailz}{}{OHG, \PSG}{'336}
+
+\ipaitem{\v{z}}{Wedge Z}%
+  {*equivalent to IPA \textyogh}%
+  {\TD{v}{z}}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctz}{Curly-tail Z}%
+  {voiced alveolo-palatal fricative}%
+  {\tbs textctz}{}{\ipaall}{'375}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrtailz}{Right-tail Z}%
+  {voiced retroflex fricative}%
+  {\tbs textrtailz}{\tbs:z}{\ipaall}{'374}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcrtwo}{Crossed two}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textcrtwo}{}{IPA '49}{Macro}
+
+\ipxitem{\textturntwo}{Turned two }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textturntwo}{}{IPA '49}{'101}
+
+\ipaitem{\textyogh}{Yogh\footnotemark}%
+  {voiced postalveolar fricative}%
+  {\tbs textyogh}{Z}{\ipaall}{'132}%
+  \footnotetext{In \Handbook, this symbols is called `Ezh'.}
+
+\ipxitem{\textbenttailyogh}{Bent-tail yogh }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textbenttailyogh}{}{IPA '49}{'102}
+
+\ipaitem{\textctyogh}{Curly-tail yogh}%
+  {palatalized \textyogh}%
+  {\tbs textctyogh}{}{\ipaold}{'270}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrevyogh}{Reversed yogh}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrevyogh}{}{\PSG}{'271}
+
+\ipxitem{\textturnthree}{Turned three }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textturnthree}{}{IPA '49}{'103}
+
+\ipaitem{\textglotstop}{Glottal stop}%
+  {glottal plosive}%
+  {\tbs textglotstop}{P}{\ipaall}{'120}
+
+\ipxitem{\textglotstopvari}{A variety of glottal stop (1) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textglotstopvari}{}{\PSG}{'124}
+
+\ipxitem{\textglotstopvarii}{A variety of glottal stop (2) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textglotstopvarii}{}{\PSG}{'125}
+
+\ipxitem{\textglotstopvariii}{A variety of glottal stop (3) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textglotstopvariii}{}{\PSG}{'126}
+
+\ipaitem{\textraiseglotstop}{Superscript glottal stop}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textraiseglotstop}{}{}{'274}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbarglotstop}{Barred glottal stop}%
+  {epiglottal plosive}%
+  {\tbs textbarglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'334}
+
+\ipaitem{\textinvglotstop}{Inverted glottal stop}%
+  {alveolar lateral click}%
+  {\tbs textinvglotstop}{}{\ipaold}{'333}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcrinvglotstop}{Crossed inverted glottal stop}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textcrinvglotstop}{}{IPA '49}{Macro}
+
+\ipxitem{\textctinvglotstop}{Curly-tail inverted glottal stop }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textctinvglotstop}{}{\cite{Hottentot}, \PSG}{'104}
+
+\ipxitem{\textturnglotstop}{Turned glottal stop (PSG 1996:211) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textturnglotstop}{}{\PSG}{'105}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrevglotstop}{Reversed glottal stop}%
+  {voiced pharyngeal fricative}%
+  {\tbs textrevglotstop}{Q}{\ipaall}{'121}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbarrevglotstop}{Barred reversed glottal stop}%
+  {voiced epiglottal fricative}%
+  {\tbs textbarrevglotstop}{}{\ipanew}{'335}
+
+\ipaitem{\textpipe}{Pipe}%
+  {dental click}%
+  {\tbs textpipe}{|}{\ipanew}{'174}
+
+\ipxitem{\textpipevar}{Pipe (a variety with no descender) }%
+  {dental click}%
+  {\tbs textpipevar}{}{\PSG}{'106}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdoublebarpipe}{Double-barred pipe}%
+  {palatoalveolar click}%
+  {\tbs textdoublebarpipe}{}{\ipanew}{'175}
+
+\ipxitem{\textdoublebarpipevar}{Double-barred pipe (a variety with no descender) }%
+  {same as the above}%
+  {\tbs textdoublebarpipevar}{}{\PSG}{'110}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdoublebarslash}{Double-barred slash}%
+  {*a variant of \textdoublebarpipe}%
+  {\tbs textdoublebarslash}{}{\PSG}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdoublepipe}{Double pipe}%
+  {alveolar lateral click}%
+  {\tbs textdoublepipe}{||}{\ipanew}{'177}
+
+\ipxitem{\textdoublepipevar}{Double pipe (a variety with no descender) }%
+  {same as the above}%
+  {\tbs textdoublepipevar}{}{\PSG}{'107}
+
+\ipaitem{!}{Exclamation point}%
+  {(post)alveolar click}%
+  {!}{}{\ipanew}{'041}
+
+
+\section{Suprasegmentals}
+
+\ipaitem{\textprimstress}{Vertical stroke (Superior)}%
+  {primary stress}%
+  {\tbs textprimstress}{"}{\ipaall}{'042}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsecstress}{Vertical stroke (Inferior)}%
+  {secondary stress}%
+  {\tbs textsecstress}{""}{\ipaall}{'177}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlengthmark}{Length mark}%
+  {long}%
+  {\tbs textlengthmark}{:}{\ipaall}{'072}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthalflength}{Half-length mark}%
+  {half-long}%
+  {\tbs texthalflength}{;}{\ipaall}{'073}
+
+\ipaitem{\textvertline}{Vertical line}%
+  {minor (foot) group}%
+  {\tbs textvertline}{}{\ipanew}{'222}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdoublevertline}{Double vertical line}%
+  {major (intonation) group}%
+  {\tbs textdoublevertline}{}{\ipanew}{'223}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbottomtiebar{  }}{Bottom tie bar}%
+  {linking (absence of a break)}%
+  {\tbs textbottomtiebar}{\tbs t*\TT{}}{\ipanew}{'074}
+  \label{bottomtiebar}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdownstep}{Down arrow\footnotemark}%
+  {downstep}%
+  {\tbs textdownstep}{}{\ipanew}{'224}%
+  \footnotetext{The shapes of \tbs\texttt{textdownstep} and
+    \tbs\texttt{textupstep} differ according to sources. Here I followed
+    the shapes found in the recent IPA charts.}
+
+\ipaitem{\textupstep}{Up arrow}%
+  {upstep}%
+  {\tbs textupstep}{}{\ipanew}{'225}
+
+\ipaitem{\textglobfall}{Downward diagonal arrow}%
+  {global fall}%
+  {\tbs textglobfall}{}{\ipanew}{'226}
+
+\ipaitem{\textglobrise}{Upward diagonal arrow}%
+  {global rise}%
+  {\tbs textglobrise}{}{\ipanew}{'227}
+
+\ipxitem{\textspleftarrow}{Superscript left arrow }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textspleftarrow}{}{\PSG, p.~243}{'005}
+
+\ipxitem{\textdownfullarrow}{Down full arrow }%
+  {ingressive airflow}%
+  {\tbs textdownfullarrow}{}{ExtIPA, \Handbook}{'007}
+
+\ipxitem{\textupfullarrow}{Up full arrow }%
+  {egressive airflow}%
+  {\tbs textupfullarrow}{}{ExtIPA, \Handbook}{'010}
+
+\ipxitem{\textsubrightarrow}{Subscript right arrow }%
+  {sliding articulation}%
+  {\tbs textsubrightarrow}{}{ExtIPA}{'011}
+
+\ipxitem{\textsubdoublearrow}{Subscript double arrow }%
+  {labial spreading}%
+  {\tbs textsubdoublearrow}{}{ExtIPA}{'012}
+
+
+\subsection{Tone letters}
+
+The tones illustrated here are only a representative sample of what is
+possible.  For more details see section~\ref{sec:tone}.
+
+\bigskip
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{55}}{Extra high tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{55}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{44}}{High tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{44}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{33}}{Mid tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{33}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{22}}{Low tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{22}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{11}}{Extra low tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{11}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{51}}{Falling tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{51}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{15}}{Rising tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{15}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{45}}{High rising tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{45}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{12}}{Low rising tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{12}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\tone{454}}{High rising falling tone}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{tone}{454}}{}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+
+\subsection{Diacritical Tone Marks}
+
+Some symbols included in the next section are also used as diacritical 
+tone marks.
+
+\bigskip
+
+\ipaitem{\texthighrise{a}}{Macron plus acute accent}%
+  {high rising tone}%
+  {\TD{texthighrise}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'230}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlowrise{a}}{Grave accent plus macron}%
+  {low rising tone}%
+  {\TD{textlowrise}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'231}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrisefall{a}}{Grave plus acute plus grave accent}%
+  {rising-falling tone}%
+  {\TD{textrisefall}{a}}{}{\ipanew}{'232}
+
+\ipaitem{\textfallrise{a}}{Acute plus grave plus acute accent}%
+  {falling-rising tone}%
+  {\TD{textfallrise}{a}}{}{}{'233}
+
+
+\section{Accents and Diacritics}\label{list:diacritics}
+
+\ipaitem{\`e}{Grave accent}%
+  {low tone}%
+  {\tbs`e}{}{\ipaall}{'000}
+
+\ipaitem{\'e}{Acute accent}%
+  {high tone}%
+  {\tbs'e}{}{\ipaall}{'001}
+
+\ipaitem{\^e}{Circumflex accent}%
+  {falling tone}%
+  {\tbs\tcircum e}{}{\ipaall}{'002}
+
+\ipaitem{\~e}{Tilde}%
+  {nasalized}%
+  {\tbs\ttilde e}{}{\ipaall}{'003}
+
+\ipaitem{\"e}{Umlaut}%
+  {centralized}%
+  {\tbs"e}{}{\ipaall}{'004}
+
+\ipaitem{\H{e}}{Double acute accent}%
+  {extra high tone}%
+  {\TD{H}{e}}{}{\ipanew}{'005}
+
+\ipaitem{\r{e}}{Ring}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{r}{e}}{}{}{'006}
+
+\ipaitem{\v{e}}{Wedge}%
+  {rising tone}%
+  {\TD{v}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'007}
+
+\ipaitem{\u{e}}{Breve}%
+  {extra short}%
+  {\TD{u}{e}}{}{\ipaall}{'010}
+
+\ipaitem{\=e}{Macron}%
+  {mid tone}%
+  {\tbs=e}{}{}{'011}
+
+\ipaitem{\.e}{Dot}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs.e}{}{}{'012}
+
+\ipaitem{\c{e}}{Cedilla}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{c}{e}}{}{}{'013}
+
+\ipaitem{\textpolhook{e}}{Polish hook (Ogonek accent)}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textpolhook}{e}}{\TD{k}{e}}{}{'014}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrevpolhook{o}}{Reversed Polish hook }%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textrevpolhook}{o}}{}{\PSG, p.~129}{'000}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdoublegrave{e}}{Double grave accent}%
+  {extra low tone}%
+  {\TD{textdoublegrave}{e}}{\tbs H*e}{\ipanew}{'015}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubgrave{e}}{Subscript grave accent}%
+  {low falling tone}%
+  {\TD{textsubgrave}{e}}{\tbs`*e}{\ipaold}{'016}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubacute{e}}{Subscript acute accent}%
+  {low rising tone}%
+  {\TD{textsubacute}{e}}{\tbs'*e}{\ipaold}{'017}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubcircum{e}}{Subscript circumflex accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textsubcircum}{e}}{\tbs\tcircum*e}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textroundcap{g}}{Round cap}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textroundcap}{g}}{\tbs|c\TT{g}}{}{'020}
+
+\ipaitem{\textacutemacron{a}}{Acute accent with macron}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textacutemacron\TT{a}}{\tbs'=a}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textgravemacron{a}}{Grave accent with macron}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textgravemacron\TT{a}}{}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textvbaraccent{a}}{Vertical bar accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textvbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'234}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdoublevbaraccent{a}}{Double vertical bar accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textdoublevbaraccent\TT{a}}{}{}{'235}
+
+\ipaitem{\textgravedot{e}}{Grave dot accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textgravedot}{e}}{\tbs`.e}{}{'236}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdotacute{e}}{Dot acute accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textdotacute}{e}}{\tbs'.e}{}{'237}
+
+\ipaitem{\textcircumdot{a}}{Circumflex dot accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textcircumdot}{a}}{\tbs\tcircum.a}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\texttildedot{a}}{Tilde dot accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{texttildedot}{a}}{\tbs \ttilde.a}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textbrevemacron{a}}{Breve macron accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textbrevemacron}{a}}{\tbs u=a}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textringmacron{a}}{Ring macron accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textringmacron}{a}}{\tbs r=a}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textacutewedge{s}}{Acute wedge accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textacutewedge}{s}}{\tbs v's}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textdotbreve{a}}{Dot breve accent}%
+  {}%
+  {\TD{textdotbreve}{a}}{}{}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubbridge{t}}{Subscript bridge}%
+  {dental}%
+  {\TD{textsubbridge}{t}}{\tbs|[t}{\ipaall}{'021}
+
+\ipaitem{\textinvsubbridge{d}}{Inverted subscript bridge}%
+  {apical}%
+  {\TD{textinvsubbridge}{d}}{\tbs|]t}{\ipanew}{'022}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubsquare{n}}{Subscript square}%
+  {laminal}%
+  {\TD{textsubsquare}{n}}{}{\ipanew}{'023}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubrhalfring{o}}{Subscript right half-ring\footnotemark}%
+  {more rounded}%
+  {\TD{textsubrhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|)o}{\ipaall}{'024}%
+  \footnotetext{Diacritics {\tt\tbs textsubrhalfring} and
+    {\tt\tbs textsublhalfring} can be placed after a symbol by inputting,
+    for example, {\tt[e\tbs textsubrhalfring\tbi\tbii]}
+    \textipa{[e\textsubrhalfring{}]}.}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsublhalfring{o}}{Subscript left half-ring}%
+  {less rounded}%
+  {\TD{textsublhalfring}{o}}{\tbs|(o}{\ipaall}{'025}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubw{k}}{Subscript W}%
+  {labialized}%
+  {\TD{textsubw}{k}}{\tbs|w\TT{k}}{IPA '79}{'026}
+
+\ipaitem{\textoverw{g}}{Over W}%
+  {*labialized}%
+  {\TD{textoverw}{g}}{}{}{'026}
+
+\ipaitem{\textseagull{t}}{Subscript seagull}%
+  {linguolabial}%
+  {\TD{textseagull}{t}}{\tbs|m\TT{t}}{\ipanew}{'027}
+
+\ipaitem{\textovercross{e}}{Over-cross}%
+  {mid-centralized}%
+  {\TD{textovercross}{e}}{\tbs|x\TT{e}}{\ipaall}{'030}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubplus{\textopeno}}{Subscript plus\footnotemark}%
+  {advanced}%
+  {\TD{textsubplus}{\tbs textopeno}}{\tbs|+O}{\ipaall}{'033}%
+  \footnotetext{The diacritics such as
+    {\tt\tbs textsubplus}, {\tt\tbs textraising}, {\tt\tbs textlowering}
+    {\tt\tbs textadvancing} and {\tt\tbs textretracting}
+    can be placed after a symbol  by inputting
+    {\tt[e\tbs textsubplus\tbi\tbii]} \textipa{[e\textsubplus{}]},
+    for example. }
+
+\ipaitem{\textraising{\textepsilon}}{Raising sign}%
+  {raised}%
+  {\TD{textraising}{\tbs textepsilon}}{\tbs|'E}{\ipaall}{'034}
+
+\ipaitem{\textlowering{e}}{Lowering sign}%
+  {lowered}%
+  {\TD{textlowering}{e}}{\tbs|`e}{\ipaall}{'035}
+
+\ipaitem{\textadvancing{u}}{Advancing sign}%
+  {advanced tongue root}%
+  {\TD{textadvancing}{u}}{\tbs|<u}{\ipaall}{'036}
+
+\ipaitem{\textretracting{\textschwa}}{Retracting sign}%
+  {retracted tongue root}%
+  {\TD{textretracting}{\tbs textschwa}}{\tbs|>@}{\ipaall}{'037}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubtilde{e}}{Subscript tilde}%
+  {creaky voiced}%
+  {\TD{textsubtilde}{e}}{\tbs\ttilde*e}{\ipanew}{'003}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubumlaut{e}}{Subscript umlaut}%
+  {breathy voiced}%
+  {\TD{textsubumlaut}{e}}{\tbs"*e}{IPA '79, '89, '93}{'004}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubring{u}}{Subscript ring}%
+  {voiceless}%
+  {\TD{textsubring}{u}}{\tbs r*u}{\ipaall}{'006}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubwedge{e}}{Subscript wedge}%
+  {voiced}%
+  {\TD{textsubwedge}{e}}{\tbs v*e}{\ipaall}{'007}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubbar{e}}{Subscript bar}%
+  {retracted}%
+  {\TD{textsubbar}{e}}{\tbs=*e}{\ipaall}{'011}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubdot{e}}{Subscript dot}%
+  {*retroflex}%
+  {\TD{textsubdot}{e}}{\tbs.*e}{}{'012}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsubarch{e}}{Subscript arch}%
+  {non-syllabic}%
+  {\TD{textsubarch}{e}}{}{}{'020}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsyllabic{m}}{Syllabicity mark}%
+  {syllabic}%
+  {\TD{textsyllabic}{m}}{\TD{s}{m}}{\ipaall}{'042}
+
+\ipaitem{\textsuperimposetilde{t}}{Superimposed tilde}%
+  {velarized or pharyngealized}%
+  {\TD{textsuperimposetilde}%
+  {t}}{\tbs|\ttilde\TT{t}}{\ipaall}{'046}
+
+\ipaitem{t\textcorner}{Corner}%
+  {no audible release}%
+  {t\tbs textcorner}{}{\ipanew}{'136}
+
+\ipaitem{t\textopencorner}{Open corner}%
+  {*release/burst}%
+  {t\tbs textopencorner}{}{}{'137}
+
+\ipaitem{\textschwa\textrhoticity}{Rhoticity}%
+  {rhoticity}%
+  {\tbs textschwa\tbs textrhoticity}{}{\ipanew}{'176}
+
+\ipaitem{b\textceltpal}{Celtic palatalization mark}%
+  {*as in \emph{Irish} b\textceltpal an `woman'.}%
+  {b\tbs textceltpal}{}{}{'040}
+
+\ipaitem{k\textlptr}{Left pointer}%
+  {}%
+  {k\tbs textlptr}{}{}{'275}
+
+\ipaitem{k\textrptr}{Right pointer}%
+  {}%
+  {k\tbs textrptr}{}{}{'276}
+
+\ipxitem{p\textrectangle}{Rectangle\footnotemark}%
+  {*equivalent to IPA \textcorner\ (Corner)}%
+  {p\tbs textrectangle}{}{}{'004}%
+  \footnotetext{This symbol is used among Japanese linguists as a
+    diacritical symbol indicating no audible release (IPA \textcorner),
+    because the symbol \textcorner{} is used to indicate pitch accent in
+    Japanese.}
+
+\ipxitem{\textretractingvar}{Retracting sign (a variety) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textretractingvar}{}{IPA '49}{'006}
+
+\ipaitem{\texttoptiebar{gb}}{Top tie bar}%
+  {affricates and double articulations}%
+  {\TD{texttoptiebar}{gb}}{\TD{t}{gb}}{}{'076}
+
+\hspace*{2em}\emph{See} page~\pageref{bottomtiebar} for `Bottom tie bar'.
+\par\bigskip
+
+\ipaitem{'}{Apostrophe}%
+  {ejective}%
+  {'}{}{\ipaall}{'047}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrevapostrophe}{Reversed apostrophe}%
+  {(obsolete) week aspiration}%
+  {\tbs textrevapostrophe}{}{\ipaold}{'134}
+
+\ipaitem{.}{Period}%
+  {syllable break as in [\textturnr{}i.\ae{}kt]}%
+  {.}{}{\ipanew}{'056}
+
+\ipaitem{\texthooktop}{Hooktop}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs texthooktop}{}{}{'043}
+
+\ipaitem{\textrthook}{Right hook}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrthook}{}{}{'044}
+
+\ipxitem{\textrthooklong}{Right hook (long) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textrthooklong}{}{}{'001}
+
+\ipaitem{\textpalhook}{Palatalization hook}%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textpalhook}{}{}{'045}
+
+\ipxitem{\textpalhooklong}{Palatalization hook (long) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textpalhooklong}{}{}{'002}
+
+\ipxitem{\textpalhookvar}{Palatalization hook (a variety) }%
+  {}%
+  {\tbs textpalhookvar}{}{}{'003}
+
+\ipaitem{p\super{h}}{Superscript H}%
+  {aspirated}%
+  {p\TD{textsuperscript}{h}}{p\tbs super h}{\ipaall}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{k\super{w}}{Superscript W}%
+  {labialized}%
+  {k\TD{textsuperscript}{w}}{k\tbs super w}{\ipaall}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{t\super{j}}{Superscript J}%
+  {palatalized}%
+  {t\TD{textsuperscript}{j}}{t\tbs super j}{\ipaall}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{t\super{\textgamma}}{Superscript gamma}%
+  {velarized}%
+  {t\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textgamma}}{t\tbs super G}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{d\super{\textrevglotstop}}{Superscript reversed glottal stop}%
+  {pharyngealized}%
+  {d\TD{textsuperscript}{\tbs textrevglotstop}}{d\tbs super Q}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{d\super{n}}{Superscript N}%
+  {nasal release}%
+  {d\TD{textsuperscript}{n}}{d\tbs super n}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{d\super{l}}{Superscript L}%
+  {lateral release}%
+  {d\TD{textsuperscript}{l}}{d\tbs super l}{\ipanew}{Macro}
+
+
+
+\section{Diacritics for ExtIPA, VoQS}
+
+In order to use diacritics listed in this section, it is necessary to
+specify the option `\texttt{extra}' at the preamble (See the section
+entitled ``Other options'' on section~\ref{sec:otheroptions}). Note
+also that some of the diacritics are defined by using symbols from
+fonts other than \tipa{} so that they may not look quite satisfactory
+and/or may not be slanted (e.g. \verb|\whistle{s}| \whistle{s}).
+
+\bigskip
+
+\ipxitem{\spreadlips{s}}{Subscript double arrow}%
+  {*labial spreading}%
+  {\TD{spreadlips}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{'011}
+
+\ipaitem{\overbridge{v}}{Overbridge}%
+  {*dentolabial}%
+  {\TD{overbridge}{v}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\bibridge{n}}{Bibridge}%
+  {*interdental/bidental}%
+  {\TD{bibridge}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\subdoublebar{t}}{Subscript double bar}%
+  {*alveolar}%
+  {\TD{subdoublebar}{t}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\subdoublevert{f}}{Subscript double vertical line}%
+  {*strong articulation}%
+  {\TD{subdoublevert}{f}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\subcorner{v}}{Subscript corner}%
+  {*weak articulation}%
+  {\TD{subcorner}{v}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\whistle{s}}{Up arrow}%
+  {*whistled articulation}%
+  {\TD{whistle}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipxitem{\sliding{Ts}}{Subscript right arrow}%
+  {*sliding articulation}%
+  {\TD{sliding}{\TD{textipa}{Ts}}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{'012}
+
+\ipaitem{\crtilde{m}}{Crossed tilde}%
+  {*denasal}%
+  {\TD{crtilde}{m}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\dottedtilde{a}}{Dotted tilde}%
+  {*nasal escape}%
+  {\TD{dottedtilde}{a}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\doubletilde{s}}{Double tilde}%
+  {*velopharyngeal friction}%
+  {\TD{doubletilde}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\partvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}%
+  {*partial voiceless}%
+  {\TD{partvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\inipartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}%
+  {*initial partial voiceless}%
+  {\TD{inipartvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\finpartvoiceless{n}}{Parenthesis plus ring}%
+  {*final partial voiceless}%
+  {\TD{finpartvoiceless}{n}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\partvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}%
+  {*partial voicing}%
+  {\TD{partvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\inipartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}%
+  {*initial partial voicing}%
+  {\TD{inipartvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\finpartvoice{s}}{Parenthesis plus subwedge}%
+  {*final partial voicing}%
+  {\TD{finpartvoice}{s}}{}{ExtIPA '94}{Macro}
+
+\ipaitem{\sublptr{\*J}}{Subscript left pointer}%
+  {*right offset jaw voice}%
+  {\TD{sublptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'275}
+
+\ipaitem{\subrptr{\*J}}{Subscript right pointer}%
+  {*left offset jaw voice}%
+  {\TD{subrptr}{J}}{}{VoQS '94}{'276}
+
+\endgroup % end of \setlength\parindent{0pt}
+
+\endgroup % end of \raggedbottom
+
+\endinput
+
+%%% Local Variables: 
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-master: "tipaman"
+%%% End: 
-- 
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