From 75f529a8c99a457b98e31992cb965bbc447813c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Karl Berry This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
typesetting program (see Overview). This document’s home page is
-http://home.gna.org/latexrefman. That page has links to the
+http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/. That page has links to the
current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than
‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was
-retired many years ago.
+frozen decades ago.
LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(http://latex-project.org). The official documentation written by
the LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
-maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this
-document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
-latexrefman-discuss@gna.org.
+maintainers.
+
+
+Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
+Instead, please send all comments to latexrefman@tug.org.
This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources
of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few
@@ -533,8 +560,9 @@ introductions.
The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX;
-there are plenty of others available elsewhere.
+ The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX.
+Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent
+of LaTeX itself; one such is the next item:
Next: Declaration, Up: LaTeX command syntax [Contents][Index] Synopsis:
LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)
+LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (August 2017)
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
@@ -158,14 +171,17 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
abstract
array
itemize
letter
environment: writing letterslist
list
+ math
minipage
picture
@@ -242,10 +261,11 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
\obeycr
& \restorecr
\newline
\-
(discretionary hyphen)\fussy
\sloppy
\hyphenation
\linebreak
& \nolinebreak
\discretionary
(generalized hyphenation point)\fussy
\sloppy
\hyphenation
\linebreak
& \nolinebreak
@@ -292,8 +312,8 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
\setlength{\len}{value}
\addtolength{\len}{amount}
\setlength
\addtolength
\settodepth
\settoheight
\settowidth{\len}{text}
+
\ensuremath
\maketitle
\hspace
\hfill
\(SPACE)
and \@\
after a control sequence\
after control sequence\frenchspacing
\thinspace
: Insert 1/6em\/
: Insert italic correction
@@ -875,13 +905,14 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
• About this document: Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -490,31 +517,31 @@ Next: Overview, Previous:
1 About this document
-
-
-
+
.ps
file with dvips
or to a
Portable Document Format .pdf
file with dvipdfmx
.
The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
dvitype
. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
-available (http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware).
+available (http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware).
.pdf
+• Declaration: Change the value or meaning of a command.
• \makeatletter and \makeatother: Change the status of the at-sign character.
+ Environment
+
+2.4.1 Environments
\begin{environment name}
- ..
+ ...
\end{environment name}
\begin{verse} - There once was a man from Nantucket \\ - .. + There once was a man from Nantucket \\ + ... \end{verse}
See Environments for a list of environments. +
The environment name at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end. This includes the case where environment name ends in a
star (*
); both the \begin
and \end
texts must
@@ -908,7 +941,7 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l} - .. rows of table .. + ... rows of table ... \end{tabular}
-Previous: Environment, Up: LaTeX command syntax [Contents][Index]
+Next: \makeatletter and \makeatother, Previous: Environment, Up: LaTeX command syntax [Contents][Index]A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
command or parameter. For instance, the \mainmatter
command
changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
+Previous: Declaration, Up: LaTeX command syntax [Contents][Index]
+\makeatletter
and \makeatother
Synopsis: +
+\makeatletter + ... definition of commands with @ in their name .. +\makeatother +
Used to redefine internal LaTeX commands. \makeatletter
makes
+the at-sign character @
have the category code of a letter,
+11. \makeatother
sets the category code of @
to 12,
+its original value.
+
As each character is read by TeX for LaTeX, it is assigned a
+character category code, or
+
+
+
+catcode for short. For instance, the backslash \
is
+assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two
+commands alter the catcode assigned to @
.
+
The alteration is needed because many of LaTeX’s commands use
+@
in their name, to prevent users from accidentally defining a
+command that replaces one of LaTeX’s own. Command names consist of a
+category 0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters,
+category 11 characters (except that a command name can also consist
+of a category 0 character followed by a single non-letter symbol).
+So under the default category codes, user-defined commands cannot
+contain an @
. But \makeatletter
and \makeatother
+allow users to define or redefine commands named with @
.
+
Use these two commands inside a .tex file, in the preamble, when
+defining or redefining a command with @
in its name. Don’t use
+them inside .sty or .cls files since the
+\usepackage
and \documentclass
commands set the at sign to
+have the character code of a letter.
+
For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign +in their names see http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. These macros are +mainly intended to package or class authors. +
+The example below is typical. In the user’s class file is a command
+\thesis@universityname
. The user wants to change the
+definition. These three lines should go in the preamble, before the
+\begin{document}
.
+
\makeatletter +\renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College} +\makeatother +
• \@ifstar: | Define your own commands with *-variants. + |
\@ifstar
Synopsis: +
+\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}} +\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[non-starred command number of args]{body of non-starred command} +\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[starred command number of args]{body of starred command} +
Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
+same name but ending with a star character *
, an asterisk.
+Examples are the table
and table*
environments and the
+\section
and \section*
commands.
+
When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
+because \newenvironment
and \renewenvironment
allow the
+environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more
+complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
+given above as \mycmd
, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
+by a star. For instance, LaTeX does not really have a
+\section*
command; instead, the \section
command peeks
+ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
+one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two
+are \mycmd@nostar
and \mycmd@star
. They could take the
+same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
+As always, in a LaTeX document a command using at-sign @
+must be enclosed inside a \makeatletter ... \makeatother
block
+(see \makeatletter and \makeatother).
+
This example of \@ifstar
defines the command \ciel
and a
+variant \ciel*
. Both have one required argument. A call to
+\ciel{night}
will return "starry night sky" while
+\ciel*{blue}
will return "starry not blue sky".
+
\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky} +\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky} +\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}} +
In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
+arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent
+007’s ``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
+\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''
is equivalent to ``My name is
+\textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''
+
\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}} +\newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}} +\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}} +
There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
+\@ifstar
. The suffix package allows the construct
+\newcommand\mycommand{unstarred version}
followed by
+\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{starred version}
. And
+LaTeX3 has the xparse package that allows this code.
+
\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1 + {starred version}% + {unstarred version}% + } +
• Document class options: | Global options. | |
• Additional packages: | Bring in packages. + | |
• Class and package construction: | Create new classes and packages. + |
-Up: Document classes [Contents][Index]
+Next: Additional packages, Up: Document classes [Contents][Index]a4paper
210 by 297 mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches) +
210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches) +
+a5paper
148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches)
b5paper
176 by 250 mm (about 7 by 9.875 inches) +
176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches)
executivepaper
7.25 by 10.5 inches +
7.25 by 10.5 inches
legalpaper
8.5 by 14 inches +
8.5 by 14 inches
letterpaper
8.5 by 11 inches (the default) +
8.5 by 11 inches (the default)
When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
(see TeX engines), options other than letterpaper
set
@@ -1113,7 +1304,10 @@ black box in the margin; default is final
.
titlepage
notitlepage
Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +
Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
+for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
+report
class is titlepage
, for the other classes it is
+notitlepage
.
\paperwidth
and
The slides
class offers the option clock
for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
+Next: Class and package construction, Previous: Document class options, Up: Document classes [Contents][Index]
+Additional packages are loaded like this: +
Load a package pkg, with the package options given in the comma-separated +list options, as here.
\usepackage[options]{pkg} +\usepackage[options]{pkg}.
To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +
To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in \usepackage{pkg1,pkg2,...}
, or use multiple
\usepackage
commands.
Any options given in the \documentclass
command that are unknown
-by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
+to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
\usepackage
.
+Previous: Additional packages, Up: Document classes [Contents][Index]
+You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
+your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
+standard header for each page, then you could create a new class
+smcmemo.cls
and begin your documents with
+\documentclass{smcmemo}
.
+
What separates a package from a document class is that the commands in a
+package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
+specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
+package while a command to make the page headers say Memo from the
+SMC Math Department
is for a class.
+
+
+
Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign @
as a
+character in command names without having to surround the code
+containing that command with \makeatletter
and
+\makeatother
. See \makeatletter and \makeatother. This allow
+you to create commands that users will not accidentally redefine.
+Another technique is to preface class- or package-specific commands with
+some string to prevent your class or package from interfering with
+others. For instance, the class smcmemo
might have commands
+\smc@tolist
, \smc@fromlist
, etc.
+
• Class and package structure: | Layout of the file. + | |
• Class and package commands: | List of commands. + |
+Next: Class and package commands, Up: Class and package construction [Contents][Index]
+A class file or package file typically has four parts. +
\NeedsTeXFormat
+and \ProvidesClass
or \ProvidesPackage
commands.
+smcmemo
+class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of
+people for the to-head, as \documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}
, and
+therefore needs to define a command
+\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}
used in that
+file.
+\documentclass[option list]{class
+name}
, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
+declare \documentclass[11pt]{article}
to set the default
+document font size.
+Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as stub.cls +where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the +.tex file. +
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from] +\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}} +\ProcessOptions\relax +\LoadClass{article} +
It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
+passing them all to the article
class, and then loads the
+article
class to provide the basis for this class’s code.
+
For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the +Class Guide, at +http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf (much +of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial +https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf. +
++Previous: Class and package structure, Up: Class and package construction [Contents][Index]
+These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages. +
+\AtBeginDvi{specials}
Save in a box register things that are written to the .dvi file +at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document. +
+\AtEndOfClass{code}
\AtEndOfPackage{code}
Hook to insert code to be executed when LaTeX finishes
+processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
+multiple times; the code
will be executed in the order that you
+called it. See also \AtBeginDocument.
+
\CheckCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition}
\CheckCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition}
Like \newcommand
(see \newcommand & \renewcommand) but does
+not define cmd; instead it checks that the current definition of
+cmd is exactly as given by definition and is or is not
+
+long as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
+\par
within an argument. The cmd command is expected to be
+long with the unstarred version of \CheckCommand
. Raises an
+error when the check fails. This allows you to check before you start
+redefining cmd
yourself that no other package has already
+redefined this command.
+
\ClassError{class name}{error text}{help text}
\PackageError{package name}{error text}{help text}
\ClassWarning{class name}{warning text}
\PackageWarning{package name}{warning text}
\ClassWarningNoLine{class name}{warning text}
\PackageWarningNoLine{package name}{warning text}
\ClassInfo{class name}{info text}
\PackageInfo{package name}{info text}
\ClassInfoNoLine{class name}{info text}
\PackageInfoNoLine{package name}{info text}
Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages. +
+For \ClassError
and \PackageError
the message is
+error text, followed by TeX’s ?
error prompt. If the
+user then asks for help by typing h
, they see the help
+text.
+
The four warning commands are similar except that they write
+warning text on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
+commands write info text only in the transcript file. The
+NoLine
versions do not show the number of the line generating the
+message, while the other versions do show that number.
+
To format the messages, including the help text: use
+\protect
to stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
+\MessageBreak
, and get a space with \space
when a space
+character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
+appends a period to the messages.
+
\CurrentOption
Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
+be used within the code argument of either \DeclareOption
+or \DeclareOption*
.
+
\DeclareOption{option}{code}
\DeclareOption*{code}
Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their
+\documentclass
command. For example, the smcmemo
class
+could have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the
+first page with \documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}
. The class file
+must contain \DeclareOption{logo}{code}
(and later,
+\ProcessOptions
).
+
If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
+will produce a warning like Unused global option(s): [badoption].
+Change this behaviour with the starred version
+\DeclareOption*{code}
. For example, many classes extend
+an existing class, using a declaration such as
+\LoadClass{article}
, and for passing extra options to the
+underlying class use code such as this.
+
\DeclareOption*{% +\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}% +} +
Another example is that the class smcmemo
may allow users to keep
+lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could invoke
+\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}
and it will read the file
+math.memo
. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
+passes the option to the article
class.
+
\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{% + \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}} +
\DeclareRobustCommand{cmd}[num][default]{definition}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{cmd}[num][default]{definition}
Like \newcommand
and \newcommand*
(see \newcommand & \renewcommand) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
+within the definition is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
+fragile commands see \protect.) Use this command to define new
+robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
+robust. Unlike \newcommand
these do not give an error if macro
+cmd already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+transcript file if a command is redefined.
+
Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those defined
+using \newcommand
so unless the command’s data is fragile and the
+command is used within a moving argument, use \newcommand
.
+
The etoolbox
package offers commands \newrobustcmd
,
+\newrobustcmd*
, \renewrobustcmd
, \renewrobustcmd*
,
+\providerobustcmd
, and \providerobustcmd*
which are similar
+to \newcommand
, \newcommand*
, \renewcommand
,
+\renewcommand*
, \providecommand
, and
+\providecommand*
, but define a robust cmd with two advantages
+as compared to \DeclareRobustCommand
:
+
\protect
mechanism, so they do not incur
+the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+\new…
,
+\renew…
, and \provide…
, as the standard
+commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
+cmd that already exists, in that case you need to use either
+\renew…
or \provide…
or you get an error.
+\IfFileExists{file name}{true code}{false code}
\InputIfFileExists{file name}{true code}{false code}
Execute true code if LaTeX can find the file file
+name and false code otherwise. In the second case it inputs the
+file immediately after executing true code. Thus
+\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING:
+img.pdf not found}}
will include the graphic img.pdf if it is
+found but otherwise just give a warning.
+
This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX uses,
+not only in the current directory. To look only in the current
+directory do something like \IfFileExists{./filename}{true
+code}{false code}
. If you ask for a filename without a
+.tex
extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by
+appending the .tex
; for more on how LaTeX handles file
+extensions see \input.
+
\LoadClass[options list]{class name}[release date]
\LoadClassWithOptions{class name}[release date]
Load a class, as with \documentclass[options
+list]{class name}[release info]
. An example is
+\LoadClass[twoside]{article}
.
+
The options list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The +release date is optional. If present it must have the form +YYYY/MM/DD. +
+If you request a release date and the date of
+the package installed on your system is earlier, then you get a warning
+on the screen and in the log like You have requested, on input
+line 4, version `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version
+`2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available.
+
The command version \LoadClassWithOptions
uses the list of
+options for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed
+to it via \PassOptionsToClass
. This is a convenience command
+that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
+article
class, without having to track which options were passed.
+
\ExecuteOptions{options-list}
For each option option in the options-list, in order, this command
+executes the command \ds@option
. If this command is not
+defined then that option is silently ignored.
+
It can be used to provide a default option list before
+\ProcessOptions
. For example, if in a class file you want the
+default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax
.
+
\NeedsTeXFormat{format}[format date]
Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
+as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
. When a document using that class is
+processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
+actually being run (including that the format string is case
+sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an error
+like ‘This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.’
+
To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
+features, include the optional format date on which those features
+were implemented. If present it must be in the form YYYY/MM/DD
.
+If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
+format date then you get a warning like ‘You have requested
+release `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is
+available.’
+
\OptionNotUsed
Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
+within the code argument of either \DeclareOption
or
+\DeclareOption*
.
+
\PassOptionsToClass{option list}{class name}
\PassOptionsToPackage{option list}{package name}
Adds the options in the comma-separated list option list to the
+options used by any future \RequirePackage
or \usepackage
+command for package package name or the class class name.
+
The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number of
+times with no options but if you want options then you may only supply
+them when you first load the package. Loading a package with options
+more than once will get you an error like Option clash for package
+foo.
(LaTeX throws an error even if there is no conflict between the
+options.)
+
If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can collapse
+that to once, for example replacing the two
+\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}
+with the single
+\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}
. But if you
+are loading a package that in turn loads another package then you need
+to queue up the options you desire for this other package. For
+instance, suppose the package foo
loads the package
+geometry
. Instead of
+\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics}
you must
+write \PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics}
+\RequirePackage{foo}
. (If foo.sty
loads an option in conflict
+with what you want then you may have to look into altering its source.)
+
These commands are useful for general users as well as class and package
+writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the graphicx
+package with the option draft
and also wants to use a class
+foo
that loads the graphicx
package, but without that
+option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
+\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}
.
+
\ProcessOptions
\ProcessOptions*\@options
Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
+in the class file as \ProcessOptions\relax
(because of the
+existence of the starred command).
+
Options come in two types. Local options have been specified for this
+particular package in the options argument of
+\PassOptionsToPackage{options}
,
+\usepackage[options]
, or
+\RequirePackage[options]
. Global options are those given
+by the class user in \documentclass[options]
(If an option
+is specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
+
When \ProcessOptions
is called for a package pkg.sty, the
+following happens:
+
\DeclareOption
, it looks to see if that option is either a
+global or a local option for pkg
. If so then it executes the
+declared code. This is done in the order in which these options were
+given in pkg.sty.
+\ds@
option if it has been defined somewhere (other than by
+a \DeclareOption
); otherwise, it executes the default option code
+given in \DeclareOption*
. If no default option code has been
+declared then it gives an error message. This is done in the order in
+which these options were specified.
+When \ProcessOptions
is called for a class it works in the same
+way except that all options are local, and the default code for
+\DeclareOption*
is \OptionNotUsed
rather than an error.
+
The starred version \ProcessOptions*
executes the
+options in the order specified in the calling commands, rather than in
+the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
+means that the global options are processed first.
+
\ProvidesClass{class name}[release date brief additional information]
\ProvidesClass{class name}[release date]
\ProvidesPackage{package name}[release date brief additional information]
\ProvidesPackage{package name}[release date]
Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and the log file. +
+When a user writes \documentclass{smcmemo}
then LaTeX loads
+the file smcmemo.cls. Similarly, a user writing
+\usepackage{test}
prompts LaTeX to load the file
+test.sty
. If the name of the file does not match the declared
+class or package name then you get a warning. Thus, if you invoke
+\documentclass{smcmemo}
, and the file smcmemo.cls has
+the statement \ProvidesClass{xxx}
then you get a warning like
+You have requested document class `smcmemo', but the document
+class provides 'xxx'.
This warning does not prevent LaTeX from
+processing the rest of the class file normally.
+
If you include the optional argument, then you must include the date, before
+the first space if any, and it must have the form YYYY/MM/DD
. The rest
+of the optional argument is free-form, although it traditionally identifies
+the class, and is written to the screen during compilation and to the
+log file. Thus, if your file smcmemo.cls contains the line
+\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]
and your
+document’s first line is \documentclass{smcmemo}
then you will
+see Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class
.
+
The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to ask
+to be warned if the version of the class or package installed on their
+system is earlier than release date, by using the optional arguments
+such as \documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]
or
+\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]
. (Note that package users only
+rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+
\ProvidesFile{file name}[additional information]
Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
+configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
+file and you get in the log a string like File: test.config
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls
for file name equal to
+‘test.config’ and additional information equal to
+‘2017/10/12 config file for test.cls’.
+
\RequirePackage[option list]{package name}[release date]
\RequirePackageWithOptions{package name}[release date]
Load a package, like the document author command \usepackage
.
+See Additional packages. An example is
+\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}
. Note that the
+LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these commands over
+Plain TeX’s \input
; see the Class Guide.
+
The option list, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+release date, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If
+the release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
+than release date then you get a warning like You have
+requested, on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but
+only version `2000/01/01' is available
.
+
The \RequirePackageWithOptions
version uses the list of options
+for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to it
+via \PassOptionsToClass
. This is a convenience command to allow
+easily building classes on existing ones without having to track which
+options were passed.
+
The difference between \usepackage
and \RequirePackage
is
+small. The \usepackage
command is intended for the document file
+while \RequirePackage
is intended for package and class files.
+Thus, using \usepackage
before the \documentclass
command
+causes LaTeX to give error like \usepackage before
+\documentclass
, but you can use \RequirePackage
there.
+
\mathversion{normal}
restores the default.
+
Finally, the command \oldstylenums{numerals}
will typeset
so-called “old-style” numerals, which have differing heights and
@@ -1661,6 +2395,7 @@ takes effect when \selectfont
(see below) is called. You can
make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}
in the preamble.
However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the @@ -1744,9 +2479,9 @@ Next: \twocolumn, Up: -
The \onecolumn
declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output. If the document is given the class option
-onecolumn
then this is the default behavior (see Document class options).
+
Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
+given the class option onecolumn
then this is the default
+behavior (see Document class options).
This command is fragile (see \protect).
@@ -1764,15 +2499,16 @@ Next: \flushbottom, -Synopsis: +
Synopses:
\twocolumn[prelim one column text] +\twocolumn +\twocolumn[prelim one column text]
The \twocolumn
declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the document is given the class option
-twocolumn
then this is the default (see Document class options).
+
Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is given
+the class option twocolumn
then this is the default
+(see Document class options).
If the optional prelim one column text argument
is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
@@ -1827,7 +2563,7 @@ The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a table*
or figure*
environment must not
exceed 0.7\textheight
. If the height of your starred float
-environment exceeeds this then you can take one of the following actions
+environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
2
.
-This example shows the use of the optional argument of \twocolumn
-to create a title that spans the two-column article:
+
This example uses \twocolumn
’s optional argument of to create a
+title that spans the two-column article:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article} \newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}} \begin{document} \twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text - \centering - \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em] - \large Author One\authormark{1}, - Author Two\authormark{2}, - Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em] - \normalsize - \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}} - \authormark{1}Department one &\authormark{2}Department two \\ - School one &School two - \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part -}] + \centering + \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em] + \large Author One\authormark{1}, + Author Two\authormark{2}, + Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em] + \normalsize + \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}} + \authormark{1}Department one &\authormark{2}Department two \\ + School one &School two + \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part + }] Two column text here.
The \flushbottom
command can go at any point in the document
-body. It makes all later pages the same height, stretching the vertical
-space where necessary to fill out the page.
+
Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same +height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the +page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the +differences in facing pages can be glaring.
If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
then you get a message like ‘Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active’. You can change to
-\raggedbottom
(see below). Alternatively, you can try to adjust
-the textheight
to be compatible, or you can add some vertical
-stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in
-\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}
. In a final editing
-stage you can adjust the height of individual pages
+occurred while \output is active’. If you get that, one option is to
+change to \raggedbottom
(see \raggedbottom). Alternatively,
+you can adjust the textheight
to make compatible pages, or you
+can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs,
+as in \setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}
. Your last option
+is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
(see \enlargethispage).
This is the default only if you select the twoside
document class
-option (see Document class options).
+
The \flushbottom
state is the default only if you select the
+twoside
document class option (see Document class options).
The \raggedbottom
command can go at any point in the document
-body. It makes all later pages the natural height of the material on
-that page; no rubber lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
-document the facing pages may be different heights. See also
-\flushbottom
above.
+
Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no +rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided +document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go +at any point in the document body. See \flushbottom.
This is the default unless you select the twoside
document class
option (see Document class options).
@@ -2198,14 +2934,14 @@ while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it
appears in the output after it.
The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that -limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and the -bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued up that the limits prevent +limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and +the bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued that the limits prevent them all from fitting on a page then LaTeX places what it can and -defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may be typset far -from their place in the source. In particular, a float that is big can -migrate to the end of the document. But then because all floats in a -class must appear in sequential order, every subsequent float in that -class also appears at the end. +defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may end up +being typeset far from their place in the source. In particular, a +float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which +event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order, +every following float in that class also appears at the end.
@@ -2234,6 +2970,7 @@ appears. However,h
is not allowed by itself; t
is
automatically added.
+
To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can
\usepackage{float}
and use the H
specifier which it
@@ -2272,12 +3009,14 @@ use the afterpage package and issue
\afterpage{\clearpage}
. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
-(although on the same output page) if there is a t
specifier in the
-placement paramater. If this is not desired, and deleting the
-t
is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at
-the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using the
-flafter package or using the command
+(although on the same output page) if there is a t
specifier in
+the placement parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
+the t
is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
+at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
+the flafter package or using the command
\suppressfloats[t]
, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
@@ -2390,10 +3129,11 @@ default 2.
The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats contains suggestions for relaxing LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the -problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explaination of the -float placement algorithm is Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to -infuence the position of float environments like figure and table in -LaTeX?” http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf. +problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the +float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to +influence the position of float environments like figure and table in +LaTeX?” +(http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf).
The secnumdepth
counter controls printing of section numbers.
+
The secnumdepth
counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
suppresses heading numbers at any depth > level, where
chapter
is level zero. (See \setcounter.)
• \@startsection: | Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc. + |
+Up: Sectioning [Contents][Index]
+\@startsection
Synopsis: +
+\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style} +
Redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning divisions such
+as \section
or \subsection
.
+
Note that the titlesec package makes manipulation of sectioning
+easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
+satisfied with \@startsection
, some cannot. For instance, in
+the standard LaTeX book
and report
classes the commands
+\chapter
and \report
are not constructed in this way. To
+make such a command you may want to use the \secdef
command.
+
Technically, this command has the form: +
\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style} + *[toctitle]{title} +
so that issuing: +
\renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{name}{level}{indent}% + {beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}} +
redefine \section
while keeping its standard calling form
+\section*[toctitle]{title}
. See Sectioning and
+the examples below.
+
Name of the counter (which must be defined
+separately) used to number for the sectioning header. Most commonly
+either section
, subsection
, or paragraph
. Although
+in those three cases the name of the counter is also the name of the
+sectioning command itself, using the same name is not required.
+
Then \the
name displays the title number and
+\
namemark
is for the page headers.
+
An integer giving the depth of the
+sectioning command: 0 for chapter
(only applies to the standard
+book
and report
classes), 1 for section
, 2 for
+subsection
, 3 for subsubsection
, 4 for paragraph
,
+and 5 for subparagraph
. In the book
and report
+classes part
has level -1, while in the article
class
+part
has level 0.
+
If level is less than or equal to the value of secnumdepth
+then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For
+instance, in an article
, if secnumdepth
is 1 then a
+\section{Introduction}
command will produce output like 1
+Introduction
while \subsection{History}
will produce output
+like History
, without the number
+prefix. See Sectioning/secnumdepth.
+
If level is less than or equal to the value of tocdepth then
+the table of contents will have an entrie for this sectioning unit.
+For instance, in an article
, if tocdepth is 1 then the table of
+contents will list sections but not subsections.
+
A length giving the indentation of all
+of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the
+title flush with the margin use 0pt
. A negative indentation
+such as -1em
will move the title into the left margin.
+
The absolute value of this length is
+the amount of vertical space that is inserted before this sectioning
+unit’s title. This space will be discarded if the sectioning unit
+happens to start at the top of a fresh page. If this number is negative
+then the first paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
+non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
+negative of 1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt
is -1pt plus -2pt minus
+-3pt
.)
+
For example, if beforeskip is -3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex
+then to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
+the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in
+the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with
+plus
and minus
, is good practice here since it gives
+LaTeX more flexibility in making up the page.
+
The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the
+line prior to this sectioning unit’s header and the baseline of the
+header is that it is the sum of the \parskip
of the text font,
+the \baselineskip
of the title font, and the absolute value of
+the beforeskip. This space is typically rubber so it may stretch
+or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page so that the
+vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the header text will be
+where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first text line on that
+page.)
+
This is a length. If afterskip
+is non-negative then this is the vertical space inserted after the
+sectioning unit’s title header. If it is negative then the title header
+becomes a run-in header, so that it becomes part of the next paragraph.
+In this case the absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space
+between the end of the title and the beginning of the following
+paragraph. (Note that the negative of 1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt
is
+-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt
.)
+
As with beforeskip, using a rubber length with plus
and
+minus
components is good practice here since it gives LaTeX
+more flexibility in putting the page together.
+
If afterskip
is non-negative then the full accounting of the
+vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit’s header and
+the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is that it is
+the sum of the \parskip
of the title font, the
+\baselineskip
of the text font, and the value of after.
+That space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
+because the sign of afterskip
changes the sectioning unit
+header’s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
+afterskip
to cancel part of the \parskip
.)
+
Controls the styling of the title. See
+the examples below. Typical commands to use here are \centering
,
+\raggedright
, \normalfont
, \hrule
, or
+\newpage
. The last command in style may be one such as
+\MakeUppercase
or \fbox
that takes one argument. The
+section title will be supplied as the argument to this command. For
+instance, setting style to \bfseries\MakeUppercase
would
+produce titles that are bold and upper case.
+
Here are examples. To use them, either put them in a package or class
+file, or put them in the preamble of a LaTeX document between a
+\makeatletter
command and a \makeatother
. (Probably the
+error message You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.
+means that you forgot this.) See \makeatletter and \makeatother.
+
This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. +
+\renewcommand\section{% + \@startsection{section}% name. + {1}% level. + {0pt}% indent. + {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% beforeskip. + {2.3ex plus.2ex}% afterskip. + {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% style. + } +
This will put subsection
titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph.
+
\renewcommand\subsection{% + \@startsection{subsection}% name. + {2}% level. + {0em}% indent. + {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% beforeskip. + {-1em plus 0.2em}% afterskip. + {\scshape}% style. + } +
The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands. This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to display that counter. +
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down +\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering +\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display + {\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c@subsubparagraph}% numbering +\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsection + {subsubparagraph}% + {6}% + {0em}% + {\baselineskip}% + {0.5\baselineskip}% + {\normalfont\normalsize}} +\newcommand*\l@subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc +\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers +
One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer -the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” +
One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to +refer the reader to them, as in “See Figure~3 for more details.” +
+ +Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if that
+number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to update
+this reference by hand. Instead, LaTeX has you write a label
+like \label{eq:GreensThm}
and refer to it with See
+equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}
.
+
LaTeX writes the information from the labels to a file with the same
+name as the file containing the \label{...}
but with an
+.aux extension. (The information has the format
+\newlabel{label}{{currentlabel}{pagenumber}}
+where currentlabel is the current value of the macro
+\@currentlabel
that is usually updated whenever you call
+\refstepcounter{counter}
.)
+
The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your
+document has a forward reference, a \ref{key}
that
+appears earlier than the associated \label{key}
; see the
+example in the \pageref{...}
description. LaTeX gets the
+information for references from the .aux file. If this is the
+first time you are compiling the document then you will get a message
+LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get
+cross references right.
and in the output the reference will appear as
+two question marks ‘??’, in boldface. Or, if you change some
+things so the references change then you get the same warning and the
+output contains the old reference information. The solution in either
+case is just to compile the document a second time.
• \label: | Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
@@ -2531,37 +3506,22 @@ Next: \pageref, Up: \label{key}
- A Thus, in the example below the key Assign a reference number to key. In ordinary text
+
-
-
\section{section name} -\label{sec:test} -This is Section~\ref{sec:test}. -\begin{figure} - ... - \caption{caption text} - \label{fig:test} -\end{figure} -See Figure~\ref{fig:test}. - A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished, as usual. -Although the name can be more or less anything, a common convention is -to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon -or period. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels with -the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes: + A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix +separated by a colon or period. This helps to avoid accidentally +creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more +readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
Thus, a label for a figure would look like Thus, In this example below the key
+
+
\section{section name} +\label{sec:test} +This is Section~\ref{sec:test}. +\begin{figure} + ... + \caption{caption text} + \label{fig:test} +\end{figure} +See Figure~\ref{fig:test}. + @@ -2604,10 +3581,22 @@ Next: \ref, Previous: \pageref{key} - The Produce the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding
In this example the
+
+
The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}. + ... +\begin{equation} \label{eq:main} + \mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP} +\end{equation} + @@ -2631,11 +3620,24 @@ Previous: \pageref, Up: \ref{key}- The Produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, …, of the corresponding
In this example, the
+
+
The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}. +\begin{enumerate} +\item Plain \TeX +\item \label{popular} \LaTeX +\item Con\TeX t +\end{enumerate} + @@ -2643,22 +3645,32 @@ such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare nu Next: Line breaking, Previous: Cross references, Up: Top [Contents][Index] - +8 Environments-LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. -Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: + LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
+An environment begins with
-
+\begin{envname} -... -\end{envname} +\begin{environment-name} + ... +\end{environment-name} The environment-name at the beginning must exactly match that at
+the end. For instance, the input
+ Environments are executed within a group. +
tabular or array environment.
-Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a Inside a -Next: \fussy, Previous: \newline, Up: Line breaking [Contents][Index] +Next: \discretionary, Previous: \newline, Up: Line breaking [Contents][Index]9.4
@@ -5621,15 +6772,32 @@ cases.
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
+ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \usecounter: | Use a specified counter in a list environment. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \value: | Use the value of a counter in an expression. + | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \value: | Use the value of a counter in an expression. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \setcounter: | Set the value of a counter. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \addtocounter: | Add a quantity to a counter. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \refstepcounter: | Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. + | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \refstepcounter: | Add to a counter. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \stepcounter: | Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. + | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \stepcounter: | Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• \day \month \year: | Numeric date values. |
Name | Command | Equivalent Unicode symbol and/or numeric code point |
---|---|---|
asterisk | \ast | * |
dagger | \dagger | † |
ddagger | \ddagger | ‡ |
section-sign | \S | § |
paragraph-sign | \P | ¶ |
double-vert | \parallel | ‖ |
double-asterisk | \ast\ast | ** |
double-dagger | \dagger\dagger | †† |
double-ddagger | \ddagger\ddagger | ‡‡ |
In this example the section value appears as ‘V’. +
+\setcounter{section}{5} +Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. +
The \addtocounter
command globally increments counter by
the amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative.
In this example the section value appears as ‘VII’. +
+\setcounter{section}{5} +\addtocounter{section}{2} +Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. +
Next: \addtolength, Previous: Units of length, Up: Lengths [Contents][Index]
- -\setlength{\len}{value}
\setlength
The \setlength
sets the value of \len to the value
-argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX
-understands, i.e., inches (in
), millimeters (mm
), points
-(pt
), big points (bp
, etc.
+
Synopsis: +
+\setlength{\len}{amount} +
The \setlength
sets the value of length command
+
+\len
to the value argument which can be expressed in any
+units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (in
), millimeters
+(mm
), points (pt
), big points (bp
), etc.
in
), millimeters (mm
), poin
Next: \settodepth, Previous: \setlength, Up: Lengths [Contents][Index]
- -\addtolength{\len}{amount}
\addtolength
The \addtolength
command increments a “length command”
-\len by the amount specified in the amount argument, which
-may be negative.
+
Synopsis: +
+\addtolength{\len}{amount} +
The \addtolength
command increments a length command \len
+by the amount specified in the amount argument, which may be
+negative.
\settodepth{\gnat}{text}
+
Synopsis:
-The \settodepth
command sets the value of a length
command
-equal to the depth of the text
argument.
+
\settodepth{\len}{text} +
The \settodepth
command sets the value of a length command
+\len
equal to the depth of the text argument.
\settoheight{\gnat}{text}
+
Synopsis:
-The \settoheight
command sets the value of a length
command
+
\settoheight{\len}{text} +
The \settoheight
command sets the value of a length command \len
equal to the height of the text
argument.
Synopsis: +
+\settowidth{\len}{text} +
The \settowidth
command sets the value of the command \len
to the width of the text argument.
These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (see Boxes). They specify the natural width, etc., of
-the text in the box. \totalheight
equals \height
+
-\depth
. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
+the text in the box. \totalheight
equals \height
+
+\depth
. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
-
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher} +
.. end of the prior paragraph. +... end of the prior paragraph. \noindent This paragraph is not indented.
There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: @@ -7759,7 +9010,7 @@ Next: Math symbols, Up:
In math mode, use the caret character ^
to make the
-exp appear as a superscript, ie. type ^{exp}
.
+exp appear as a superscript: ^{exp}
.
Similarly, in math mode, underscore _{exp}
makes a
subscript out of exp.
Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in -parenthesis. The commands for these symbols can be used only in math -mode. +parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can +be used only in math mode. +
+To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode, +see \ensuremath.
+\|
@@ -7870,7 +9125,7 @@ sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
\asymp
≍ Asymptomatically equivalent (relation). +
≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
\backslash
@@ -7966,8 +9221,8 @@ union \cup
.
\bot
⊥ Up tack, bottom, least element of a poset, or a contradiction
-(ordinary). See also \top
.
+
⊥ Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
+set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also \top
.
\bowtie
@@ -7979,9 +9234,8 @@ union \cup
.
\Box
□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). This -is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the -amssymb package. +
□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box +(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
\bullet
@@ -8029,8 +9283,7 @@ variable-sized operator \bigcirc
.
∁ Set complement, used as a superscript as in
-$S^\complement$
(ordinary). This is not available in Plain
-TeX. In LaTeX you should load the amssymb package. Also
+$S^\complement$
(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package. Also
used: $S^{\mathsf{c}}$
or $\bar{S}$
.
\vdash
.
\Diamond
◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). This is not available in -Plain TeX. In LaTeX you must load the amssymb package. +
◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
\diamond
@@ -8140,17 +9392,17 @@ arrow \downarrow
.
\emptyset
∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). Similar: reversed empty
-set \varnothing
.
-
∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
+\varnothing
.
+
\epsilon
ϵ Lower case Greek-text letter (ordinary). More widely used in
-mathematics is the curly epsilon
-\varepsilon
ε. Related: the set membership relation
-\in
∈.
+
ϵ Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
+Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
+letter epsilon \varepsilon
ε. Related:
+the set membership relation \in
∈.
\equiv
@@ -8269,8 +9521,8 @@ with a \thickmuskip
on either side.
\in
∈ Set element (relation). See also: lower case Greek letter
-epsilon \epsilon
ϵ and rounded small
+
∈ Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
+epsilon \epsilon
ϵ and small letter script
epsilon \varepsilon
.
\leq
.
\leadsto
⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation). This is not available in -Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the amssymb package. +
⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}
in the
preamble and then use \Leadsto
instead.
@@ -8420,15 +9671,14 @@ for \le
.
\lfloor
⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). +
⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: \floor
.
\lhd
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). This is -not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the -amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load +
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
amssymb and use \vartriangleleft
(which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
\longmapsto
.
℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary). -This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the -amssymb package. +Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
\mid
@@ -8711,27 +9960,27 @@ ordinary.
\prec
≺ Preceeds (relation). Similar: less than <
.
+
≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than <
.
\preceq
⪯ Preceeds or equals (relation). Similar: less than or +
⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals \leq
.
\prime
′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically
-used as a superscript $A^\prime$
. Note that $f^\prime$
-and $f'$
produce the same result. An advantage of the second is
-that $f'''$
produces the the desired symbol, that is, the same
-result as $f^{\prime\prime\prime}$
, but uses somewhat less
-typing. Note that you can only use \prime
in math mode but you
-can type right single quote '
in text mode also, although it
-resuts in a different look than in math mode.
+
′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
+Typically used as a superscript: $f^\prime$
; $f^\prime$
+and $f'$
produce the same result. An advantage of the second
+is that $f'''$
produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
+result as $f^{\prime\prime\prime}$
, but uses rather less
+typing. You can only use \prime
in math mode. Using the right
+single quote '
in text mode produces a different character
+(apostrophe).
\prod
@@ -8761,7 +10010,7 @@ resuts in a different look than in math mode.
\rangle
➹ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater +
⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
than >
. Matches:\langle
.
↾ Restriction of a function
-(relation). Synonym: \upharpoonright
. Not available in
-Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the amssymb package.
+(relation). Synonym: \upharpoonright
. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
+
\revemptyset
+
+⦰ Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+\varnothing
. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the stix package.
\rfloor
@@ -8811,10 +10066,9 @@ off (closing). Matches \lfloor
.
\rhd
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). This is
-not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
-amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should
-instead load amssymb and use \vartriangleright
(which
+
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
+Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
+load amssymb and use \vartriangleright
(which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
\smile
⌣ Upward curving arc (ordinary). +
⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
\spadesuit
@@ -8939,8 +10193,7 @@ operator \bigsqcup
.
⊏ Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
-subset \subset
. This is not available in Plain TeX. In
-LaTeX you should load the amssymb package.
+subset \subset
. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
\sqsubseteq
@@ -8954,8 +10207,7 @@ equal to \subseteq
.
⊐ Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
-superset \supset
. This is not available in Plain TeX. In
-LaTeX you should load the amssymb package.
+superset \supset
. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
\sqsupseteq
@@ -9024,7 +10276,7 @@ sigma \Sigma
.
√ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command
-\sqrt{..}
typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
+\sqrt{...}
typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
\rightarrow
.
\top
⊤ Top, greatest element of a poset (ordinary). See
-also \bot
.
+
⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
+(ordinary). See also \bot
.
\triangle
@@ -9086,51 +10338,54 @@ is a relation and so gives better spacing).
\triangleright
▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal
-subgroup symbol you should instead load amssymb and
-use \vartriangleright
(which is a relation and so gives
-better spacing).
+
▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right
+(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
+amssymb and use \vartriangleright
(which is a
+relation and so gives better spacing).
\unlhd
⊴ Left-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
-line under (binary). This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX
-you should load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup
-symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglelefteq
(which
-is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+
⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
+is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package. For
+the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and
+use \vartrianglelefteq
(which is a relation and so gives
+better spacing).
\unrhd
⊵ Right-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
-line under (binary). This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX
-you should load the amssymb package. For the normal subgroup
-symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglerighteq
-(which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+
⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that
+is, triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package. For
+the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and
+use \vartrianglerighteq
(which is a relation and so gives
+better spacing).
\Uparrow
⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-single-line up-pointing arrow \uparrow
.
+
⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
+arrow \uparrow
.
\uparrow
↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar:
-double-line up-pointing arrow \Uparrow
.
+
↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
+(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
+arrow \Uparrow
.
\Updownarrow
⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
-single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \updownarrow
.
+
⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
+(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
+arrow \updownarrow
.
\updownarrow
@@ -9144,16 +10399,15 @@ double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \Updownarrow
.
↾ Up harpoon, with barb on right side
-(relation). Synonym: \restriction
. Not available in Plain
-TeX. In LaTeX you should load the amssymb package.
+(relation). Synonym: \restriction
. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
\uplus
⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle
-(binary). Similar: union \cup
. Related: variable-sized
-operator \biguplus
.
+
⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
+the middle (binary). Similar: union \cup
. Related:
+variable-sized operator \biguplus
.
\Upsilon
@@ -9171,58 +10425,69 @@ operator \biguplus
.
\varepsilon
ε Rounded small epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in
-mathematics than the non-variant lower case Greek-text letter form
-\epsilon
ϵ. Related: set membership \in
.
+
ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
+more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
+\epsilon
ϵ. Related: set
+membership \in
.
+
\vanothing
+
+∅ Empty set symbol. Similar:
+\emptyset
. Related: \revemptyset
. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
\varphi
φ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is \phi
ϕ.
+
φ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is \phi
ϕ.
\varpi
ϖ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is \pi
π.
+
ϖ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is \pi
π.
\varrho
ϱ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is \rho
ρ.
+
ϱ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+The non-variant form is \rho
ρ.
\varsigma
ς Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is \sigma
σ.
+
ς Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+(ordinary). The non-variant form is
+\sigma
σ.
\vartheta
ϑ Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
-non-variant form is \theta
θ.
+
ϑ Variant on the lower case Greek letter
+(ordinary). The non-variant form is
+\theta
θ.
\vdash
⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar:
-turnstile rotated a half-circle \dashv
.
+
⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
+(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
+half-circle \dashv
.
\vee
∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical
-and \wedge
. Similar: variable-sized
+
∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
+logical and \wedge
. Similar: variable-sized
operator \bigvee
.
\bigvee
.
‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
bar \vert
.
For a norm you can use the mathtools package and add +
For a norm symbol, you can use the mathtools package and add
\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}
to your
-preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line vertical
-bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
-write the starred version $\norm*{M^\perp}$
then the height of
-the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-\norm{M^\perp}
the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and \norm[size
-command]{M^\perp}
also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the size command, e.g., \Bigg
.
+preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line
+vertical bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the
+document body you write the starred version $\norm*{M^\perp}$
+then the height of the vertical bars will match the height of the
+argument, whereas with \norm{M^\perp}
the bars do not grow
+with the height of the argument but instead are the default height,
+and \norm[size command]{M^\perp}
also gives bars that
+do not grow but are set to the size given in the size command,
+e.g., \Bigg
.
\vert
@@ -9510,7 +10776,7 @@ spacing.
\sup
sup +
\sup
\tan
@@ -9698,7 +10964,7 @@ LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode:
Normally 3mu
. The longer name is \thinspace
. This can
-be used in both math mode and text mode.
+be used in both math mode and text mode. See \thinspace.
\!
A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is -allowed. +
A discretionary multiplication symbol, at which a line break is +allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated by a +space, while in the case of a break a × symbol is +printed immediately before the break. So
+\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +Now \(A_3 = 0\), hence the product of all terms \(A_1\) +through \(A_4\), that is \(A_1\* A_2\* A_3 \* A_4\), is +equal to zero. +\end{document} +
will make that sort of output (the ellipsis ‘[…]’ is here to show the line break at +the same place as in a TeX output): +
+++Now A_3 = 0, +[…] +A_1 +through A_4, that is A_1 A_2 \times
A_3 A_4, is +equal to zero. +
\cdots
@@ -9763,11 +11051,11 @@ allowed.
A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
\frac{num}{den}
+\frac{num}{den}
Produces the fraction num
divided by den
.
+
Produces the fraction num divided by den.
The two delimiters need not match; ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter, +
The two delimiters need not match; ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter,
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
-in between. Example: \left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]
.
+in between. Example: \left( \sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i \right]
.
\overbrace{text}
-
+\mathdollar
+
Generates a brace over text. -For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. +
Dollar sign in math mode: $.
\mathellipsis
+
+Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: …. +
+\mathparagraph
+
+Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: ¶. +
+\mathsection
+
+Section sign in math mode. +
+\mathsterling
+
+Sterling sign in math mode: £. +
+\mathunderscore
+
+Underscore in math mode: _. +
+\overbrace{math}
+
+Generates a brace over math.
+For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \;\textrm{times}}
.
+
\overline{text}
Generates a horizontal line over tex.
-For example, \overline{x+y}.
+For example, \overline{x+y}
.
\sqrt[root]{arg}
+\sqrt[root]{arg}
Produces the representation of the square root of arg. The
optional argument root determines what root to produce. For
example, the cube root of x+y
would be typed as
-$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$
.
+\sqrt[3]{x+y}
.
\stackrel{text}{relation}
@@ -9811,13 +11135,13 @@ example, the cube root of x+y
would be typed as
\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}
.
-\underbrace{math}
+\underbrace{math}
Generates math with a brace underneath. +
Generates math with a brace underneath. For example, \underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}
\underline{text}
+\underline{text}
Causes text, which may be either math mode or not, to be @@ -9828,8 +11152,7 @@ descenders.
\vdots
Produces a vertical ellipsis. +
Produces a vertical ellipsis.
• \ensuremath: | Ensure that math mode is active + |
\ensuremath
Synopsis: +
+\ensuremath{formula} +
The \ensuremath
command ensures that formula is typeset in
+math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+
For instance: +
+\documentclass{report} +\newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}} +\begin{document} +Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ... +\end{document} +
One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
+they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
+\leadsto
:
+
\documentclass{report} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{} +\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto +\renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}} +\begin{document} +All roads \leadsto\ Rome. +\end{document} +
+ Vertical space
Normally when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
-command’s starred version \hspace*{..}
puts a non-discardable
+command’s starred version \hspace*{...}
puts a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
output.
-Next: \(SPACE) after CS, Previous: \hfill, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index]
+Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Previous: \hfill, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index]\(SPACE)
and \@If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a
@@ -10246,38 +11618,39 @@ sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (\
) or
a tie (~
). Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ Science
, and
Mr.~Bean
, and (manure, etc.)\ for sale
.
For other use of \
, see also \(SPACE) after CS.
+
For another use of \
, see \(SPACE) after control sequence.
In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that ends the sentence, then put \@
on the left of that
-period. For example, book by the MAA\@.
will have intersentence
+period that ends the sentence, then put \@
before that period.
+For example, book by the MAA\@.
will have inter-sentence
spacing after the period.
In contrast, putting \@
on the right of a period tells TeX
-that the period does not end the sentence. In the example
-reserved words (if, then, etc.\@) are different
, TeX will put
-interword space after the closing parenthesis (note that \@
is
-before the parenthesis).
+
In contrast, putting \@
after a period tells TeX that the
+period does not end the sentence. In the example reserved words
+(if, then, etc.\@) are different
, TeX will put interword space
+after the closing parenthesis (note that \@
is before the
+parenthesis).
Next: \frenchspacing, Previous: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index]
\
after a control sequence\
after control sequenceThe \
command is often used after control sequences to keep them
-from gobbling the space that follows, as in \TeX\ is a nice
-system.
And, under normal circumstances \
tab and
-\
newline are equivalent to \
. For other use of
+
The \
command is often used after control sequences to keep
+them from gobbling the space that follows, as in ‘\TeX\ is nice’.
+And, under normal circumstances, \
tab and
+\
newline are equivalent to \
. For another use of
\
, see also \(SPACE) and \@.
Some people prefer to use {}
for the same purpose, as in
-\TeX{} is a nice system.
This has the advantage that you can
-always write it the same way, like \TeX{}
, whether it is
-followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare:
+\TeX{} is nice
. This has the advantage that you can always
+write it the same way, namely \TeX{}
, whether it is followed
+by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:
\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system. @@ -10285,48 +11658,27 @@ followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare: \TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.
When you define user commands (see \newcommand & \renewcommand) you
-can prevent the space gobbling after the command by using the package
-xspace
and inserting \xspace
at the end of the definition
-For instance:
-
\documentclass{minimal} -\usepackage{xspace} -\newcommand*{\Loup}{Grand Cric\xspace} -\begin{document} -Que le \Loup me croque ! -\end{document} -
A quick hack to use \xspace
for existing command is as follows:
-
\documentclass{minimal} -\usepackage{xspace} -\newcommand*{\SansXspaceTeX}{} -\let\SansXspaceTeX\TeX -\renewcommand{\TeX}{\SansXspaceTeX\xspace} -\begin{document} -\TeX is a nice system. -\end{document} -
Some individual commands, notably those defined with the xspace
,
+package do not follow the standard behavior.
+
-Next: \thinspace, Previous: \(SPACE) after CS, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index]
+Next: \thinspace, Previous: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces [Contents][Index]\frenchspacing
This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat -intersentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. +inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other @@ -10446,10 +11798,10 @@ then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to length.
Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
-environment that starts a new paragraph. (For instance, a Theorem
-environment is defined to begin and end in \addvspace{..}
so
-that two consecutive Theorem’s are separated by one vertical space, not
-two.)
+environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
+environment is defined to begin and end with \addvspace{...}
+so that two consecutive Theorem’s are separated by one vertical space,
+not two.
This command is fragile (see \protect).
@@ -10471,25 +11823,28 @@ Next: \vfill, Previous:\bigskip
\bigskip
+
+The same as \vspace{\bigskipamount}
, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the book
and
article
classes is 12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt
).
\medskip
\medskip
+
+The same as \vspace{\medskipamount}
, ordinarily about half of
a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the book
and article
classes is 6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt
).
\smallskip
\smallskip
+
+The same as \vspace{\smallskipamount}
, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
book
and article
classes is 3pt plus 1pt minus
@@ -10561,9 +11916,13 @@ Previous: \vfill, Up: Add the vertical space length. This can be negative or positive,
and is a rubber length (see Lengths).
LaTeX removes the vertical space from \vfill
at a page break,
-that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
-\vspace*{..}
causes the space to stay.
+
LaTeX removes the vertical space from \vspace
at a page
+break, that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
+\vspace*{...}
causes the space to stay.
+
If \vspace
is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
+horizontal mode), the space is inserted after the line with
+the \vspace
command. A new paragraph is not started.
In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on the page, with at least one inch of space below each. @@ -10679,12 +12038,18 @@ Next: \makebox, Previous -
\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}
+
Synopsis:
-This is the environment form of \sbox
.
+
\begin{lrbox}{\cmd} + text +\end{lrbox} +
This is the environment form of \sbox
.
The text inside the environment is saved in the box cmd
, which
-must have been declared with \newsavebox
.
+
The text inside the environment is saved in the box \cmd
,
+which must have been declared with \newsavebox
.
\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}+
The \parbox
command produces a box whose contents are created
-in paragraph
mode. It should be used to make a box small
+in paragraph mode. It should be used to make a box small
pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
shouldn’t use any paragraph-making environments inside a
\parbox
argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
@@ -10766,9 +12132,13 @@ containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
The optional position argument allows you to align either the -top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding -text (default is top). +
By default LaTeX will position vertically a parbox so its center +lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the +optional position argument is present and equal either to ‘t’ +or ‘b’, this allows you respectively to align either the top or +bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You +may also specify ‘m’ for position to get the default +behaviour.
The optional height argument overrides the natural height of the box.
@@ -10806,7 +12176,7 @@ Next: \savebox, PreviousSynopsis:
\raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text} +\raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text}
The \raisebox
command raises or lowers text. The first
@@ -10814,9 +12184,9 @@ mandatory argument specifies how high text is to be raised (or
lowered if it is a negative amount). text itself is processed
in LR mode.
The optional arguments height and depth are dimensions. -If they are specified, LaTeX treats text as extending a -certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), +
The optional arguments height and depth are dimensions. If +they are specified, LaTeX treats text as extending a certain +distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and depth.
@@ -10904,17 +12274,21 @@ Next: Splitting the inpu special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.• Reserved characters: | Inserting ‘# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }’ + | |
• Reserved characters: | Inserting ‘# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \’ + | |
• Upper and lower case: | Make text upper or lower case. | |
• Text symbols: | Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. + | |
• Symbols by font position: | Inserting font symbols by number. | |
• Accents: | Inserting accents. + | |
• Text symbols: | Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. | |
• Non-English characters: | Inserting other non-English characters. + | |
• Accents: | Inserting accents. | |
• \rule: | Inserting lines and rectangles. + | |
• Additional Latin letters: | Inserting other non-English characters. | |
• \today: | Inserting today’s date. + | |
• \rule: | Inserting lines and rectangles. + | |
• \today: | Inserting today’s date. |
-Next: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]
+Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called -“reserved characters” or “special characters”. + + +
LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
+example, the percent sign %
is for comments) so they are
+called reserved characters or special characters.
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX
-will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
-printed as itself, include a \
in front of the character. For
-example, \$
will produce $
in your output.
-
One exception to this rule is \
itself, because \\
has
-its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
-typing $\backslash$
in your file, and a typewriter \
is
-produced by using ‘\’ in a verbatim command (see verbatim).
+
If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
+body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
+put a backslash \
in front of the character. Thus,
+\$1.23
will produce $1.23
in your output.
Also, \~
and \^
place tilde and circumflex accents over
-the following letter, as in õ and ô (see Accents); to get
-a standalone ~
or ^
, you can again use a verbatim
-command.
+
+
As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
+use \~{}
(omitting the curly braces would result in the next
+character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
+body font circumflex use \^{}
. A text body font backslash
+results from \textbackslash{}
.
+
To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
+\verb!!
, as below.
+
\begin{center} + \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\ + \verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \! +\end{center} +
In that example the double backslash \\
is only there to
+split the lines.
+Next: Symbols by font position, Previous: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]
+Synopsis: +
+\uppercase{text} +\lowercase{text} +\MakeUppercase{text} +\MakeLowercase{text} +
Change the case of characters. The TeX primitives commands
+\uppercase
and \lowercase
only work for American
+characters. The LaTeX commands \MakeUppercase
and
+\MakeLowercase
commands also change characters accessed by
+commands such as \ae
or \aa
. The commands
+\MakeUppercase
and \MakeLowercase
are robust but they have
+moving arguments (see \protect).
+
These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
+command within text. But they do change the case of every other
+latin character inside the argument text. Thus,
+\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$
} produces “LET Y=F(X)”. Another
+example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that
+\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}
will
+produce an error because the first half is changed to
+\begin{TABULAR}
.
+
LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a +document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this +works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but +will cause problems when using other alphabets. +
+To change the case of text that results from a command inside text
+you need to do expansion. Here the \Schoolname
produces
+“COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS”.
+
\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} +\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}} +
To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package +mfirstuc. +
+ ++Next: Text symbols, Previous: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]
+Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
-know its number by using the \symbol
command. For example, the
-visible space character used in the \verb*
command has the code
-decimal 32, so it can be typed as \symbol{32}
.
+
You can access any character of the current font using its number with
+the \symbol
command. For example, the visible space character
+used in the \verb*
command has the code decimal 32, so it can be
+typed as \symbol{32}
.
You can also specify octal numbers with '
or hexadecimal numbers
-with "
, so the previous example could also be written as
-\symbol{'40}
or \symbol{"20}
.
+
You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a '
+prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a "
prefix, so the previous
+example could also be written as \symbol{'40}
or
+\symbol{"20}
.
-Next: Accents, Previous: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]
+Next: Accents, Previous: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]\dots
also work in math mode.
Paragraph sign (pilcrow). +
Paragraph sign (pilcrow): ¶.
\pounds
@@ -11126,8 +12580,9 @@ and \dots
also work in math mode.
\S
Section symbol. +
\TeX
@@ -11163,7 +12618,7 @@ and \dots
also work in math mode.
\textbackslash
-
+
Backslash: \.
@@ -11227,11 +12682,11 @@ and \dots
also work in math mode.
\textcompwordmark
\textcapitalwordmark
-
+\textcapitalcompwordmark
+
\textascenderwordmark
-
+\textascendercompwordmark
+
Double dagger: \ddag.
\textdollar (or $
)
-
+\textdollar (or \$
)
+
Centered period: \cdot. +
Centered period: ·.
\textquestiondown (or ?`
)
@@ -11351,8 +12806,8 @@ has the ascender height.
Double left quote: “.
-\textquotedblright (or '
)
-
+\textquotedblright (or ''
)
+
Single right quote: ’.
\textquotesingle
+
+Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.) +
+\textquotestraightbase
Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. +
Trademark symbol: ™.
\texttwelveudash
@@ -11447,15 +12911,16 @@ has the ascender height.
-Next: Non-English characters, Previous: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]
+Next: Additional Latin letters, Previous: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and
@@ -11635,21 +13100,24 @@ See also \b
above.
Next: \rule, Previous: Accents, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]
Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly -used in languages other than English. +
Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond +A–Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other +than English.
\aa
Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. +
Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with OT1 +encoding, you need the fontenc package to select an alternate +font encoding, such as T1.
\dj
\DJ
Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. +
Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not +available with OT1 encoding, you need the fontenc package to +select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.
\ij
\NG
Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. +
Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
\o
Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. +
Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with OT1 +encoding, you need the fontenc package to select an alternate +font encoding, such as T1.
-Next: \today, Previous: Non-English characters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]
+Next: \today, Previous: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions [Contents][Index]\rule
\rule
\today
\today
The \today
command produces today’s date, in the format
-‘month dd, yyyy’; for example, ‘July 4, 1976’.
+‘month dd, yyyy’; for example, ‘July 4, 1976’.
It uses the predefined counters \day
, \month
, and
\year
(see \day \month \year) to do this. It is not
updated as the program runs.
Multilingual packages like babel or classes like lettre,
+among others, will localize \today
. For example, the following
+will output ‘4 juillet 1976’:
+
\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4 +\documentclass{minimal} +\usepackage[french]{babel} +\begin{document} +\today +\end{document} +
The A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it’s more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+there is one that is the
+
+
+root file; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.
See filecontents, for an environment that allows bundling an
@@ -11857,7 +13348,7 @@ command executes Given an datetime
package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
@@ -11817,7 +13305,10 @@ Next: Front/back matte
\clearpage
to start a new page
\includeonly
command, the \include
actions are
only run if file is listed as an argument to
-\includeonly
. See the next section.
+\includeonly
. See \includeonly.
The \include
command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
@@ -11871,7 +13362,7 @@ read by another \include
command.
Next: \input, Previous: \include, Up: Splitting the input [Contents][Index]
includeonly
\includeonly
\includeonly
command controls which files will be read by
subsequent \include
commands. The list of filenames is
-comma-separated. Each file must exactly match a filename
-specified in a \include
command for the selection to be
-effective.
+comma-separated. Each element file1, file2, … must
+exactly match a filename specified in a \include
command for the
+selection to be effective.
This command can only appear in the preamble.
@@ -11989,15 +13480,21 @@ Next: \addtocontents\addcontentsline
The \addcontentsline
{ext}{unit}{text}
-command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
+
Synopsis: +
+\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} +
The \addcontentsline
command adds an entry to the specified list
+or table where:
The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +
The filename extension of the file on which information is to be written,
typically one of: toc
(table of contents), lof
(list of
figures), or lot
(list of tables).
section
, subsection
, subsubsection
.
lof
For the list of figures. +
For the list of figures: figure
.
lot
For the list of tables. +
For the list of tables: table
.
The text of the entry.
What is written to the .ext file is the
-command \contentsline{unit}{name}
.
+
What is written to the .ext file is the command
+\contentsline{unit}{text}{num}
, where
+num
is the current value of counter unit
.
The command \index{text}
writes an index entry for
-text to an auxiliary file with the .idx extension.
+text to an auxiliary file named with the .idx extension.
Specifically, what gets written is the command
@@ -12135,22 +13633,25 @@ multi-lingual) xindy
(http:/
This results in a .ind file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
The index is usually generated with the \printindex
command.
This is defined in the makeidx
package, so
\usepackage{makeidx}
needs to be in the preamble.
The rubber length \indexspace
is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is ‘10pt plus5pt
minus3pt’.
The showidx
package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
The multind
package supports multiple indexes. See also the
TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
@@ -12181,7 +13682,7 @@ Next: Terminal inp
letter body
\closing{closing text}
\end{letter}
- ... more letters ...
+... more letters ...
\end{document}
@@ -12210,13 +13711,13 @@ backslash (\\
). LaTeX will put the sender name
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
Each letter environment begins with a required \opening
command
+
Each letter
environment body begins with a required \opening
command
such as \opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}
. The letter body
-text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from from
+text is ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from
enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
\chapter
that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each
-letter environment typically ends with a \closing
command such as
-\closing{Yours,}
.
+letter
environment body typically ends with a \closing
+command such as \closing{Yours,}
.
Additional material may come after the \closing
. You can say who
@@ -12335,13 +13836,13 @@ Next: \closing, Previous
\cc{first name \\ - .. } + ... }
Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This
command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
\closing
. Separate multiple lines with a double
-backslash \\
.
+backslash \\
, as in:
\cc{President \\ @@ -12365,7 +13866,7 @@ Next: \encl, Previous: Synopsis:-\closing{text} +\closing{text}Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there @@ -12392,7 +13893,7 @@ Next: \location, Previo
\encl{first enclosed object \\ - .. } + ... }Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is @@ -12459,6 +13960,7 @@ address). The sender address is the value returned by the macro in the argument to the
+letter
environment. By default\mlabel
ignores the first argument, the sender address.
@@ -12499,7 +14001,7 @@ Next: \ps, Previous:This command is required. It starts a letter, following the -
\begin{letter}{..}
. The mandatory argument text is the +\begin{letter}{...}
. The mandatory argument text is the text that starts your letter. For instance:@@ -12528,7 +14030,7 @@ Next: \signature, Prev\closing
.-@@ -12545,7 +14047,7 @@ Next: \telephone, Prev\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.} +\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}@@ -12637,14 +14139,14 @@ Next: \typeout, Up: Synopsis:\signature{first line \\ - .. } + ... }-\typein[\cmd]{msg} +\typein[\cmd]{msg}@@ -12829,6 +14331,7 @@ Previous: book template, U http://tug.org/TUGboat.
\typein
prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If -the optional \cmd argument is omitted, the typed input is +the optional\cmd
argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the -\typein
command. If the \cmd argument is present, it +\typein
command. If the\cmd
argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.\documentclass{ltugboat} + \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf @@ -12837,6 +14340,8 @@ Previous: book template, U \usepackage{url} \fi +%%% Start of metadata %%% + \title{Example \TUB\ article} % repeat info for each author. @@ -12845,51 +14350,56 @@ Previous: book template, U \netaddress{user (at) example dot org} \personalURL{http://example.org/~user/} +%%% End of metadata %%% + \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{abstract} This is an example article for \TUB{}. +Please write an abstract. \end{abstract} \section{Introduction} -This is an example article for \TUB, from +This is an example article for \TUB, linked from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the -\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. -Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. - -The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: +\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF} +output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. +The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more): % verbatim blocks are often better in \small \begin{verbatim}[\small] \AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW \BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML \ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX -\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP +\mf \MFB +\plain \POBox \PS +\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug -\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE +\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE -\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag -\careof \thinskip +\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph \acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use! \cs{fred} -> \fred -\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} \meta{fred} -> <fred> \nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... \sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 \booktitle{Book of Fred} \end{verbatim} -For more information, see the ltubguid document at: -\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat} -(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references). +For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format +\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue. + +This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the +\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For +\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using +\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location, +\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.) Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. @@ -12971,7 +14481,9 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ* + ‘*’ prompt: Command line *
-form of environment commands:\newenvironment & \renewenvironment + *
-form of sectioning commands:Sectioning *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand . @@ -12985,17 +14497,19 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ .glo file: Glossaries abstracts: abstract accents: Accents - accents, mathematical: Math accents + accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters accessing any character of a font: Symbols by font position acute accent: Accents - acute accent, math: Math accents - additional packages, loading: Document class options + ae ligature: Non-English characters + additional packages, loading: Additional packages ae ligature: Additional Latin letters align environment, from amsmath
:eqnarray aligning equations: eqnarray + alignment via tabbing: tabbing + amsmath
package:array amsmath
package:displaymath amsmath package, replacing eqnarray
:eqnarray - appendix, creating: Sectioning + aring: Non-English characters aring: Additional Latin letters arrays, math: array arrow, left, in text: Text symbols @@ -13008,7 +14522,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ arrow, right, in text: Text symbols auxiliary file: Output files - B + babel
package:Accents babel
package:Accents backslash, in text: Text symbols bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols @@ -13045,6 +14559,8 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols calligraphic letters for math: Font styles cap height: Text symbols + caron accent: Accents + catcode: \makeatletter and \makeatother category code, character: \makeatletter and \makeatother cc list, in letters: \cc cedilla accent: Accents @@ -13053,9 +14569,12 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols centering text, declaration for: \centering centering text, environment for: center + Centimeter: Units of length character category code: \makeatletter and \makeatother - characters, accented: Accents + characters, non-English: Non-English characters + characters, case: Upper and lower case characters, non-English: Additional Latin letters + characters, reserved: Reserved characters characters, special: Reserved characters check accent: Accents check accent, math: Math accents @@ -13064,16 +14583,27 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ Cicero: Units of length circumflex accent: Accents circumflex accent, math: Math accents + circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols + citation key: \bibitem + class and package commands: Class and package commands + class and package difference: Class and package construction + class and package structure: Class and package structure + class file example: Class and package structure class file layout: Class and package structure + class options: Document class options + class options: Class and package structure class options: Class and package commands classes of documents: Document classes closing letters: \closing closing quote: Text symbols code, typesetting: verbatim command line: Command line + command syntax: LaTeX command syntax commands, class and package: Class and package commands commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand + commands, defining new ones: \providecommand commands, document class: Class and package construction + commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand commands, star-variants: \@ifstar composite word mark, in text: Text symbols computer programs, typesetting: verbatim @@ -13099,7 +14629,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ contents file: Output files dagger, in text: Text symbols date, for titlepage: \maketitle - date, today’s: \today + datetime
package:\today datetime
package:\today defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand defining a new command: \providecommand @@ -13110,9 +14640,12 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment design size, in font definitions: \newfont Didot point: Units of length + dieresis accent: Accents + difference between class and package: Class and package construction discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation and quote + displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation and quote document class commands: Class and package construction document class options: Document class options document class, defined: Starting and ending @@ -13162,12 +14695,14 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ document classes: Document classes equations, aligning: eqnarray equations, environment for: equation - equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options - es-zet German letter: Non-English characters + eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters + es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters + eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters etoolbox
package:Class and package commands euro symbol: Text symbols ex: Units of length exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols + exponent: Subscripts & superscripts extended Latin: Additional Latin letters external files, writing: filecontents @@ -13176,8 +14711,10 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ F figure number, cross referencing: \ref figures, footnotes in: minipage + figures, inserting: figure file, root: Splitting the input - fixed-width font: Font styles + float
package:Floats + flafter
package:Floats float
package:Floats float page: Floats flush left equations: Document class options @@ -13186,28 +14723,32 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage font size: Low-level font commands font sizes: Font sizes + font styles: Font styles font symbols, by number: Symbols by font position fonts: Fonts fonts, new commands for: \newfont footer style: \pagestyle + footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters footmisc
package:Footnotes in section headings footnote number, cross referencing: \ref footnote parameters: Footnote parameters footnotes in figures: minipage footnotes, creating: Footnotes Footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote + Footnotes, in a table: Footnotes in a table footnotes, in section headings: Footnotes in section headings footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote formulas, environment for: equation + formulas, math: Math formulas forward reference: Cross references forward references, resolving: Output files fragile commands: \protect French quotation marks: Text symbols functions, math: Math functions - G + geometry
package:Document class options geometry
package:Document class options - global options: Document class options + global options: Document class options global options: Additional packages glossaries: Glossaries glossary package: Glossaries @@ -13216,6 +14757,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ glue register, plain TeX: \newlength grave accent, math: Math accents greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols + greek letters: Math symbols group, and environments: Environments H @@ -13228,13 +14770,14 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ háček accent, math: Math accents here, putting floats: Floats hungarian umlaut accent: Accents + hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation) hyphenation, preventing: \mbox - I - Icelandic eth: Non-English characters - Icelandic thorn: Non-English characters + ij letter, Dutch: Non-English characters + Icelandic eth: Additional Latin letters + Icelandic thorn: Additional Latin letters ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters implementations of TeX: TeX engines in-line formulas: math @@ -13259,6 +14802,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ indent, forcing: \indent Knuth, Donald E.: Overview + L label: Cross references labelled lists, creating: description Lamport TeX: Overview @@ -13268,6 +14812,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ Lamport, Leslie: Overview LaTeX Project team: About this document LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e: About this document + LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols Latin letters, additional: Additional Latin letters layout commands: Layout layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters @@ -13280,6 +14825,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ left angle quotation marks: Text symbols left-justifying text: \raggedright left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft + left-to-right mode: Modes length command: \setlength lengths, adding to: \addtolength lengths, allocating new: \newlength @@ -13287,8 +14833,8 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ lengths, defining and using: Lengths lengths, setting: \setlength less than symbol, in text: Text symbols + letters, accented: Accents letters, additional Latin: Additional Latin letters - letters, ending: \closing letters, non-English: Non-English characters letters, starting: \opening letters, writing: Letters @@ -13305,13 +14851,15 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ line break, forcing: \\ lists of items: itemize lists of items, generic: list - lists of items, numbered: enumerate + loading additional packages: Document class options loading additional packages: Additional packages log file: Output files logo, LaTeX: Text symbols logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols + logo, TeX: Text symbols long command: Class and package commands low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols + low-level font commands: Low-level font commands Lower case: Upper and lower case LR mode: Modes ltugboat
class:tugboat template @@ -13321,8 +14869,9 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ LuaTeX: TeX engines macro package, LaTeX as: Overview macron accent: Accents + macron accent, math: Math accents macros2e
package:\makeatletter and \makeatother - Madsen, Lars: eqnarray + makeidx
package:Indexes makeidx
package:Indexes makeindex
program:Indexes making a title page: titlepage @@ -13346,18 +14895,21 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ making paragraphs: Making paragraphs mu, math unit: Units of length multicolumn text: \twocolumn - multilingual support: Accents + multind
package:Indexes multind
package:Indexes multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany N + nested \include
, not allowed:\include + new class commands: Class and package construction + new command, check: Class and package commands new command, definition: Class and package commands new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand new commands, defining: \providecommand new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr new line, starting: \\ new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline - new page, starting: \newpage + non-English characters: Non-English characters non-English characters: Additional Latin letters notes in the margin: Marginal notes null delimiter: Math miscellany @@ -13365,22 +14917,46 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter O - oblique font: Font styles + oe ligature: Non-English characters oe ligature: Additional Latin letters ogonek: Accents old-style numerals: Font styles one-column output: \onecolumn opening quote: Text symbols + OpenType fonts: TeX engines options, class: Class and package commands - options, document class: Document class options + options, global: Document class options + options, document class: Class and package structure + options, global: Additional packages + options, package: Class and package structure options, package: Class and package commands - ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols + oslash: Non-English characters oslash: Additional Latin letters overbar accent: Accents overdot accent, math: Math accents overview of LaTeX: Overview - P + packages, loading additional: Document class options + package file layout: Class and package structure + package options: Class and package structure + package options: Class and package commands + package, amsmath
:array + package, amsmath
:displaymath + package, babel
:Accents + package, datetime
:\today + package, etoolbox
:Class and package commands + package, flafter
:Floats + package, float
:Floats + package, footmisc
:Footnotes in section headings + package, geometry
:Document class options + package, macros2e
:\makeatletter and \makeatother + package, makeidx
:Indexes + package, multind
:Indexes + package, picture
:picture + package, setspace
:Low-level font commands + package, showidx
:Indexes + package, textcomp
:Font styles + package, xspace
:\(SPACE) after control sequence packages, loading additional: Additional packages page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak @@ -13392,6 +14968,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ page breaking: Page breaking paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation and quote paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation and quote + paragraph mode: Modes paragraph mode: \parbox paragraph symbol: Text symbols paragraphs: Making paragraphs @@ -13401,14 +14978,16 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters period, centered, in text: Text symbols pica: Units of length + pict2e
package:\line picture
package:picture pictures, creating: picture pilcrow: Text symbols placement of floats: Floats poetry, an environment for: verse - Point: Units of length + polish l: Non-English characters polish l: Additional Latin letters portrait orientation: Document class options + position, in picture: picture positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand postscript, in letters: \ps pounds symbol: Text symbols @@ -13420,6 +14999,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ preamble, defined: Starting and ending quad: Spacing in math mode question mark, upside-down: Text symbols + quotation marks, French: Text symbols quote, single straight: Text symbols quote, straight base: Text symbols quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote @@ -13430,6 +15010,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote ragged right text: \raggedright ragged right text, environment for: flushleft + redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment reference, forward: Cross references references, resolving forward: Output files registered symbol: Text symbols @@ -13448,6 +15029,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ remarks in the margin: Marginal notes ring accent, math: Math accents robust commands: \protect + roman font: Font styles root file: Splitting the input rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength running header and footer: Page layout parameters @@ -13459,18 +15041,20 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ running header and footer style: \pagestyle section number, cross referencing: \ref section numbers, printing: Sectioning + section symbol: Text symbols section, redefining: \@startsection sectioning commands: Sectioning - series, of fonts: Low-level font commands + setspace
package:Low-level font commands setspace
package:Low-level font commands setting counters: \setcounter - shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands - sharp S letters: Non-English characters + showidx
package:Indexes + sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters showidx
package:Indexes simulating typed text: verbatim single angle quotation marks: Text symbols single guillemets: Text symbols single left quote: Text symbols + single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols single quote, straight: Text symbols single right quote: Text symbols sizes of text: Font sizes @@ -13480,12 +15064,16 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ skip register, plain TeX: \newlength space, vertical: \vspace spaces: Spaces - spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode + spacing, intersentence: \frenchspacing spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing - Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols + special characters: Non-English characters + special characters: Reserved characters special characters: Additional Latin letters special insertions: Special insertions specifier, float placement: Floats + splitting the input file: Splitting the input + stable
option tofootmisc
package:Footnotes in section headings + star-variants, commands: \@ifstar starred form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand starting a new page: \newpage starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage @@ -13493,6 +15081,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ starting and ending: Starting and ending sterling symbol: Text symbols straight double quote, base: Text symbols + straight quote, base: Text symbols straight single quote: Text symbols stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill @@ -13507,6 +15096,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom tab stops, using: tabbing table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline + table of contents file: Output files table of contents, avoiding footnotes: Footnotes in section headings table of contents, creating: Tables of contents tables, creating: table @@ -13516,12 +15106,12 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ template, beamer
:beamer template terminal input/output: Terminal input/output TeX logo: Text symbols - text symbols: Text symbols + textcomp
package:Font styles textcomp
package:Font styles thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle theorem-like environment: \newtheorem theorems, defining: \newtheorem - theorems, typesetting: theorem + thorn, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols tie-after accent: Accents @@ -13552,6 +15142,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ tilde accent: Accents units, of length: Units of length unofficial nature of this manual: About this document + unordered lists: itemize Upper case: Upper and lower case using BibTeX: Using BibTeX UTF-8: TeX engines @@ -13581,6 +15172,7 @@ Next: Command Index, Previ x-height: Units of length XeTeX: TeX engines + xindy
program:Indexes xspace
package:\(SPACE) after control sequence
Jump to: | * @@ -13776,32 +15368,34 @@ Previous: Concept Index, U | ||
---|---|---|---|
\> (tabbing) : | tabbing | ||
\@ : | \(SPACE) and \@ | ||
\@fnsymbol : | \footnote | ||
\@ifstar : | \@ifstar | ||
\@startsection : | \@startsection | ||
\a (tabbing) : | tabbing | ||
\a' (acute accent in tabbing) : | tabbing | ||
\a= (macron accent in tabbing) : | tabbing | ||
\aa (å) : | Non-English characters | ||
\AA (Å) : | Non-English characters | ||
\aa (å) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\AA (Å) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\acute : | Math accents | ||
\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} : | \addcontentsline | ||
\addcontentsline : | \addcontentsline | ||
\address : | \address | ||
\addtocontents{ext}{text} : | \addtocontents | ||
\addtocounter : | \addtocounter | ||
\addtolength : | \addtolength | ||
\addvspace : | \addvspace | ||
\ae (æ) : | Non-English characters | ||
\AE (Æ) : | Non-English characters | ||
\ae (æ) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\AE (Æ) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\aleph : | Math symbols | ||
\alph : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\Alph : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\Alph example : | enumerate | ||
\alpha : | Math symbols | ||
\alph{counter} : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\Alph{counter} : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\alsoname : | Indexes | ||
\amalg : | Math symbols | ||
\and for : | \maketitle | ||
\angle : | Math symbols | ||
\appendix : | Sectioning | ||
\approx : | Math symbols | ||
\arabic : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\arabic{counter} : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\arccos : | Math functions | ||
\arcsin : | Math functions | ||
\arctan : | Math functions | ||
\ast : | Math symbols | ||
\asymp : | Math symbols | ||
\AtBeginDocument : | \AtBeginDocument | ||
\AtBeginDvi : | Class and package commands | ||
\AtEndDocument : | \AtEndDocument | ||
\AtEndOfClass : | Class and package commands | ||
\AtEndOfPackage : | Class and package commands | ||
\author{name \and name2} : | \maketitle | ||
\a` (grave accent in tabbing) : | tabbing | ||
\b (bar-under accent) : | Accents | ||
\backslash : | Math symbols | ||
\backslash : | Reserved characters | ||
\bar : | Math accents | ||
\baselineskip : | Low-level font commands | ||
\baselinestretch : | Low-level font commands | ||
\centering : | \centering | ||
\chapter : | Sectioning | ||
\check : | Math accents | ||
\CheckCommand : | Class and package commands | ||
\CheckCommand* : | Class and package commands | ||
\chi : | Math symbols | ||
\circ : | Math symbols | ||
\circle : | \circle | ||
\cite : | \cite | ||
\ClassError : | Class and package commands | ||
\ClassInfo : | Class and package commands | ||
\ClassInfoNoLine : | Class and package commands | ||
\ClassWarning : | Class and package commands | ||
\ClassWarningNoLine : | Class and package commands | ||
\cleardoublepage : | \cleardoublepage | ||
\clearpage : | \clearpage | ||
\cline : | \cline | ||
\coth : | Math functions | ||
\csc : | Math functions | ||
\cup : | Math symbols | ||
\CurrentOption : | Class and package commands | ||
\d (dot-under accent) : | Accents | ||
\dag : | Text symbols | ||
\dagger : | Math symbols | ||
\ddagger : | Math symbols | ||
\ddot : | Math accents | ||
\ddots : | Math miscellany | ||
\DeclareOption : | Class and package commands | ||
\DeclareOption* : | Class and package commands | ||
\DeclareRobustCommand : | Class and package commands | ||
\DeclareRobustCommand* : | Class and package commands | ||
\deg : | Math functions | ||
\Delta : | Math symbols | ||
\delta : | Math symbols | ||
\depth : | Predefined lengths | ||
\det : | Math functions | ||
\dh (ð) : | Non-English characters | ||
\DH (Ð) : | Non-English characters | ||
\dh (ð) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\DH (Ð) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\Diamond : | Math symbols | ||
\diamond : | Math symbols | ||
\diamondsuit : | Math symbols | ||
\dim : | Math functions | ||
\displaystyle : | Math formulas | ||
\div : | Math symbols | ||
\dj : | Non-English characters | ||
\DJ : | Non-English characters | ||
\dj : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\DJ : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\documentclass : | Document classes | ||
\dot : | Math accents | ||
\doteq : | Math symbols | ||
\evensidemargin : | Document class options | ||
\evensidemargin : | Page layout parameters | ||
\evensidemargin : | Page layout parameters | ||
\ExecuteOptions : | Class and package commands | ||
\exists : | Math symbols | ||
\exp : | Math functions | ||
\extracolsep : | tabular | ||
\floatsep : | Floats | ||
\floatsep : | Floats | ||
\flushbottom : | \flushbottom | ||
\fnsymbol : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\fnsymbol, and footnotes : | \footnote | ||
\fnsymbol{counter} : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\fontencoding : | Low-level font commands | ||
\fontfamily : | Low-level font commands | ||
\fontseries : | Low-level font commands | ||
\footskip : | Page layout parameters | ||
\forall : | Math symbols | ||
\frac : | Math miscellany | ||
\frac{num}{den} : | Math miscellany | ||
\frac{num}{den} : | Math miscellany | ||
\frame : | \frame | ||
\framebox : | \framebox (picture) | ||
\framebox : | \fbox and \framebox | ||
\hyphenation : | \hyphenation | ||
\i (dotless i) : | Accents | ||
\iff : | Math symbols | ||
\ij (ij) : | Non-English characters | ||
\IJ (IJ) : | Non-English characters | ||
\IfFileExists : | Class and package commands | ||
\ij (ij) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\IJ (IJ) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\Im : | Math symbols | ||
\imath : | Math accents | ||
\in : | Math symbols | ||
\indent : | \indent | ||
\index : | Indexes | ||
\indexentry : | Indexes | ||
\indexspace : | Indexes | ||
\inf : | Math functions | ||
\infty : | Math symbols | ||
\input : | \input | ||
\InputIfFileExists : | Class and package commands | ||
\int : | Math symbols | ||
\intextsep : | Floats | ||
\intextsep : | Floats | ||
\iota : | Math symbols | ||
\it : | Font styles | ||
\item : | description | ||
\item : | description | ||
\item : | enumerate | ||
\item : | itemize | ||
\item : | enumerate | ||
\item : | itemize | ||
\itemindent : | itemize | ||
\itemsep : | itemize | ||
\itshape : | Font styles | ||
\kappa : | Math symbols | ||
\ker : | Math functions | ||
\kill : | tabbing | ||
\l (ł) : | Non-English characters | ||
\L (Ł) : | Non-English characters | ||
\l (ł) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\L (Ł) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\label : | \label | ||
\labelenumi : | enumerate | ||
\labelenumii : | enumerate | ||
\ll : | Math symbols | ||
\ln : | Math functions | ||
\lnot : | Math symbols | ||
\LoadClass : | Class and package commands | ||
\LoadClassWithOptions : | Class and package commands | ||
\location : | \location | ||
\log : | Math functions | ||
\longleftarrow : | Math symbols | ||
\markright{right} : | \pagestyle | ||
\mathbf : | Font styles | ||
\mathcal : | Font styles | ||
\mathdollar : | Math miscellany | ||
\mathellipsis : | Math miscellany | ||
\mathnormal : | Font styles | ||
\mathparagraph : | Math miscellany | ||
\mathring : | Math accents | ||
\mathrm : | Font styles | ||
\mathsection : | Math miscellany | ||
\mathsf : | Font styles | ||
\mathsterling : | Math miscellany | ||
\mathtt : | Font styles | ||
\mathunderscore : | Math miscellany | ||
\mathversion : | Font styles | ||
\max : | Math functions | ||
\mbox : | \mbox | ||
\natural : | Math symbols | ||
\ne : | Math symbols | ||
\nearrow : | Math symbols | ||
\NeedsTeXFormat : | Class and package commands | ||
\neg : | Math symbols | ||
\neq : | Math symbols | ||
\newcommand : | \newcommand & \renewcommand | ||
\newsavebox : | \newsavebox | ||
\newtheorem : | \newtheorem | ||
\newtie : | Accents | ||
\ng : | Non-English characters | ||
\NG : | Non-English characters | ||
\ng : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\NG : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\ni : | Math symbols | ||
\nocite : | \nocite | ||
\nocorr : | Font styles | ||
\notin : | Math symbols | ||
\nu : | Math symbols | ||
\nwarrow : | Math symbols | ||
\o (ø) : | Non-English characters | ||
\O (Ø) : | Non-English characters | ||
\o (ø) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\O (Ø) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\obeycr : | \obeycr & \restorecr | ||
\oddsidemargin : | Document class options | ||
\oddsidemargin : | Page layout parameters | ||
\oddsidemargin : | Page layout parameters | ||
\odot : | Math symbols | ||
\oe (œ) : | Non-English characters | ||
\OE (Œ) : | Non-English characters | ||
\oe (œ) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\OE (Œ) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\oint : | Math symbols | ||
\oldstylenums : | Font styles | ||
\Omega : | Math symbols | ||
\onecolumn : | \onecolumn | ||
\opening : | \opening | ||
\oplus : | Math symbols | ||
\OptionNotUsed : | Class and package commands | ||
\oslash : | Math symbols | ||
\otimes : | Math symbols | ||
\oval : | \oval | ||
\overbrace{text} : | Math miscellany | ||
\overbrace{math} : | Math miscellany | ||
\overline{text} : | Math miscellany | ||
\owns : | Math symbols | ||
\P : | Text symbols | ||
\PackageError : | Class and package commands | ||
\PackageInfo : | Class and package commands | ||
\PackageInfoNoLine : | Class and package commands | ||
\PackageWarning : | Class and package commands | ||
\PackageWarningNoLine : | Class and package commands | ||
\pagebreak : | \pagebreak & \nopagebreak | ||
\pagenumbering : | \pagenumbering | ||
\pageref : | \pageref | ||
\part : | Sectioning | ||
\partial : | Math symbols | ||
\partopsep : | itemize | ||
\PassOptionsToClass : | Class and package commands | ||
\PassOptionsToPackage : | Class and package commands | ||
\pdfpageheight : | Document class options | ||
\pdfpagewidth : | Document class options | ||
\perp : | Math symbols | ||
\prec : | Math symbols | ||
\preceq : | Math symbols | ||
\prime : | Math symbols | ||
\printindex : | Indexes | ||
\ProcessOptions : | Class and package commands | ||
\ProcessOptions* : | Class and package commands | ||
\prod : | Math symbols | ||
\propto : | Math symbols | ||
\protect : | \protect | ||
\providecommand : | \providecommand | ||
\ProvidesClass : | Class and package commands | ||
\ProvidesFile : | Class and package commands | ||
\ProvidesPackage : | Class and package commands | ||
\ps : | \ps | ||
\Psi : | Math symbols | ||
\psi : | Math symbols | ||
\ref : | \ref | ||
\refstepcounter : | \refstepcounter | ||
\renewenvironment : | \newenvironment & \renewenvironment | ||
\RequirePackage : | Class and package commands | ||
\RequirePackageWithOptions : | Class and package commands | ||
\restorecr : | \obeycr & \restorecr | ||
\restriction : | Math symbols | ||
\revemptyset : | Math symbols | ||
\reversemarginpar : | Marginal notes | ||
\rfloor : | Math symbols | ||
\rhd : | Math symbols | ||
\rightmargin : | itemize | ||
\rm : | Font styles | ||
\rmfamily : | Font styles | ||
\roman : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\Roman : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\roman{counter} : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\Roman{counter} : | \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol | ||
\rq : | Text symbols | ||
\rule : | \rule | ||
\S : | Text symbols | ||
\spadesuit : | Math symbols | ||
\sqcap : | Math symbols | ||
\sqcup : | Math symbols | ||
\sqrt[root]{arg} : | Math miscellany | ||
\sqrt[root]{arg} : | Math miscellany | ||
\sqsubset : | Math symbols | ||
\sqsubseteq : | Math symbols | ||
\sqsupset : | Math symbols | ||
\sqsupseteq : | Math symbols | ||
\ss (ß) : | Non-English characters | ||
\SS (SS) : | Non-English characters | ||
\ss (ß) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\SS (SS) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\stackrel{text}{relation} : | Math miscellany | ||
\star : | Math symbols | ||
\stepcounter : | \stepcounter | ||
\supseteq : | Math symbols | ||
\surd : | Math symbols | ||
\swarrow : | Math symbols | ||
\symbol : | Reserved characters | ||
\symbol : | Symbols by font position | ||
\t (tie-after accent) : | Accents | ||
\TAB : | \(SPACE) and \@ | ||
\tabbingsep : | tabbing | ||
\tau : | Math symbols | ||
\telephone : | \telephone | ||
\TeX : | Text symbols | ||
\textascenderwordmark : | Text symbols | ||
\textascendercompwordmark : | Text symbols | ||
\textasciicircum : | Text symbols | ||
\textasciitilde : | Text symbols | ||
\textasteriskcentered : | Text symbols | ||
\textbackslash : | Text symbols | ||
\textbackslash : | Reserved characters | ||
\textbackslash : | Text symbols | ||
\textbar : | Text symbols | ||
\textbardbl : | Text symbols | ||
\textbf : | Font styles | ||
\textbraceleft : | Text symbols | ||
\textbraceright : | Text symbols | ||
\textbullet : | Text symbols | ||
\textcapitalwordmark : | Text symbols | ||
\textcapitalcompwordmark : | Text symbols | ||
\textcircled{letter} : | Text symbols | ||
\textcompwordmark : | Text symbols | ||
\textcopyright : | Text symbols | ||
\textdagger : | Text symbols | ||
\textdaggerdbl : | Text symbols | ||
\textdollar (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textdollar (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textellipsis : | Text symbols | ||
\textemdash (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textendash (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textperiodcentered : | Text symbols | ||
\textquestiondown (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textquotedblleft (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textquotedblright (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textquotedblright (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textquoteleft (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textquoteright (or : | Text symbols | ||
\textquotesingle : | Text symbols | ||
\textquotestraightbase : | Text symbols | ||
\textquotestraightdblbase : | Text symbols | ||
\textregistered : | Text symbols | ||
\textvisiblespace : | Text symbols | ||
\textwidth : | Page layout parameters | ||
\textwidth : | Page layout parameters | ||
\th (þ) : | Non-English characters | ||
\TH (Þ) : | Non-English characters | ||
\th (þ) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\TH (Þ) : | Additional Latin letters | ||
\thanks{text} : | \maketitle | ||
\theta : | Math symbols | ||
\thicklines : | \thicklines | ||
\u (breve accent) : | Accents | ||
\unboldmath : | Math formulas | ||
\underbar : | Accents | ||
\underbrace{math} : | Math miscellany | ||
\underline{text} : | Math miscellany | ||
\underbrace{math} : | Math miscellany | ||
\underline{text} : | Math miscellany | ||
\unitlength : | picture | ||
\unlhd : | Math symbols | ||
\unrhd : | Math symbols | ||
\usebox : | \usebox | ||
\usecounter : | \usecounter | ||
\usefont : | Low-level font commands | ||
\usepackage : | Document class options | ||
\usepackage : | Additional packages | ||
\v (breve accent) : | Accents | ||
\value : | \value | ||
\vanothing : | Math symbols | ||
\varepsilon : | Math symbols | ||
\varphi : | Math symbols | ||
\varpi : | Math symbols | ||
\vartheta : | Math symbols | ||
\vdash : | Math symbols | ||
\vdots : | Math miscellany | ||
\vdots : | Math miscellany | ||
\vec : | Math accents | ||
\vector : | \vector | ||
\vee : | Math symbols | ||
A | |||
a4paper option : | Document class options | ||
a5paper option : | Document class options | ||
abstract environment : | abstract | ||
array environment : | array | ||
: | abstract | ||
: | array | ||
article class : | Document classes | ||
| |||
B | |||
| |||
C | |||
cc : | Units of length | ||
center environment : | center | ||
: | center | ||
clock option to : | Document class options | ||
cm : | Units of length | ||
| |||
dbltopnumber : | Floats | ||
dbltopnumber : | Floats | ||
dd : | Units of length | ||
description environment : | description | ||
displaymath environment : | displaymath | ||
displaymath environment : | Math formulas | ||
document environment : | document | ||
: | description | ||
: | displaymath | ||
: | Math formulas | ||
: | document | ||
draft option : | Document class options | ||
dvipdfmx command : | Output files | ||
dvips command : | Output files | ||
| |||
E | |||
em : | Units of length | ||
enumerate environment : | enumerate | ||
eqnarray environment : | eqnarray | ||
equation environment : | equation | ||
equation environment : | Math formulas | ||
: | enumerate | ||
environment, : | abstract | ||
environment, : | array | ||
environment, : | center | ||
environment, : | description | ||
environment, : | displaymath | ||
environment, : | Math formulas | ||
environment, : | document | ||
environment, : | enumerate | ||
environment, : | eqnarray | ||
environment, : | equation | ||
environment, : | Math formulas | ||
environment, : | figure | ||
environment, : | filecontents | ||
environment, : | filecontents | ||
environment, : | flushleft | ||
environment, : | flushright | ||
environment, : | itemize | ||
environment, : | letter | ||
environment, : | list | ||
environment, : | math | ||
environment, : | Math formulas | ||
environment, : | minipage | ||
environment, : | picture | ||
environment, : | quotation and quote | ||
environment, : | quotation and quote | ||
environment, : | tabbing | ||
environment, : | table | ||
environment, : | tabular | ||
environment, : | thebibliography | ||
environment, : | theorem | ||
environment, : | titlepage | ||
environment, : | verbatim | ||
environment, : | verse | ||
: | eqnarray | ||
: | equation | ||
: | Math formulas | ||
etex command : | TeX engines | ||
ex : | Units of length | ||
executivepaper option : | Document class options | ||
| |||
F | |||
figure : | figure | ||
filecontents : | filecontents | ||
: | figure | ||
: | filecontents | ||
: | filecontents | ||
final option : | Document class options | ||
first-latex-doc document : | About this document | ||
fleqn option : | Document class options | ||
flushleft environment : | flushleft | ||
flushright environment : | flushright | ||
: | flushleft | ||
: | flushright | ||
| |||
H | |||
http://home.gna.org/latexrefman home page : | About this document | ||
http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/ home page : | About this document | ||
| |||
I | |||
in : | Units of length | ||
inch : | Units of length | ||
indexspace : | Indexes | ||
itemize environment : | itemize | ||
: | itemize | ||
| |||
L | |||
landscape option : | Document class options | ||
latex command : | Output files | ||
latex-doc-ptr document : | About this document | ||
latexrefman-discuss@gna.org email address : | About this document | ||
latexrefman@tug.org email address : | About this document | ||
legalpaper option : | Document class options | ||
leqno option : | Document class options | ||
letter class : | Document classes | ||
letter environment : | letter | ||
: | letter | ||
letterpaper option : | Document class options | ||
list : | list | ||
: | list | ||
lR box : | picture | ||
lrbox : | lrbox | ||
lshort document : | About this document | ||
lualatex command : | TeX engines | ||
| |||
M | |||
math environment : | math | ||
math environment : | Math formulas | ||
minipage environment : | minipage | ||
: | math | ||
: | Math formulas | ||
: | minipage | ||
mm : | Units of length | ||
mu : | Units of length | ||
| |||
P | |||
pc : | Units of length | ||
pdflatex command : | Output files | ||
picture : | picture | ||
printindex : | Indexes | ||
: | picture | ||
pt : | Units of length | ||
| |||
Q | |||
quotation : | quotation and quote | ||
quote : | quotation and quote | ||
: | quotation and quote | ||
: | quotation and quote | ||
| |||
R | |||
report class : | Document classes | ||
sp : | Units of length | ||
| |||
T | |||
tabbing environment : | tabbing | ||
table : | table | ||
tabular environment : | tabular | ||
: | tabbing | ||
: | table | ||
: | tabular | ||
textcomp package : | Text symbols | ||
thebibliography environment : | thebibliography | ||
theorem environment : | theorem | ||
titlepage environment : | titlepage | ||
: | thebibliography | ||
: | theorem | ||
: | titlepage | ||
titlepage option : | Document class options | ||
topmargin : | Page layout parameters | ||
topnumber : | Floats | ||
usrguide official documentation : | About this document | ||
| |||
V | |||
verbatim environment : | verbatim | ||
verse environment : | verse | ||
: | verbatim | ||
: | verse | ||
| |||
X | |||
xdvi command : | Output files |
*-expression
.
|
,
\hline
, and \vline
in the tabular
and array
environments. The default is .4pt. Change it as in
\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}
.
tabular
and
array
environments is multiplied. The default is 1, for
no scaling. Change it as \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
.
||
specifier. The default is 2pt.
\setlength
.
\multicolumn
\begin{tabular}{lccl} \textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\ \hline % row one 978-0-393-03701-2 &O'Brian &Patrick &55 \\ % row two - .. + ... \end{tabular}@@ -3914,7 +4615,7 @@ and
p{1.5in}|
.
array
or tabular
environment&textrsquo;s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn
entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars
-|
indicating the placement of vertical rules, and &arobase;{..}
+|
indicating the placement of vertical rules, and &arobase;{...}
expressions. Thus if cols is |c| then this multicolumn
entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn
area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
@@ -3927,6 +4628,7 @@ area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
&z % entry four
\end{tabular}
+
\multicolumn
has the cols specifier r with no
initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a
@@ -3974,14 +4676,14 @@ vertical bar in the cols of either of the first row&textrsquo;s
\vline
tabular
or array
environment
-extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be used
-in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical bar |
is
-more common. This command is rarely used; typically a table&textrsquo;s vertical
-lines are specified in tabular
&textrsquo;s cols argument and
-overriden as needed with \multicolumn
.
+extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be
+used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical
+bar |
is more common. This command is rarely used in the
+body of a table; typically a table&textrsquo;s vertical lines are specified in
+tabular
&textrsquo;s cols argument and overridden as needed with
+\multicolumn
.
\hfill
moves the \vline
to the left edge of the
@@ -4007,7 +4709,7 @@ to the g
, with no whitespace.
\cline
\hline
tabular
or
array
environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -4062,8 +4764,9 @@ is required.
thebibliography
thebibliography
thebibliography
99
for ones with less than 100, etc.
\bibitem
99
for ones with less than 100, etc.
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}-
\bibitem
command generates an entry labelled by
-label. If the label argument is missing, a number is
-automatically generated using the enumi
counter. The
-cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
-symbols not containing a comma.
+\bibitem
command generates an entry labelled by label.
+If the label argument is missing, a number is automatically
+generated using the enumi
counter. The cite_key is a
+\begin{document}
command, the item&textrsquo;s label
is
+item&textrsquo;s cite_key and label. When the \begin{document}
command, the item&textrsquo;s label is
associated with cite_key
, causing references to cite_key
-with a \cite
command (see next section) to produce the
-associated label.
+with a \cite
command (\cite
\cite[subcite]{keys}-
\cite[p.~314]{knuth}
might produce
-&textlsquo;[Knuth, p. 314]&textrsquo;.
+[Knuth, p. 314].
\nocite
\nocite{keys}
+\nocite{keys}
+
\nocite
command produces no text, but writes keys,
which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the {}
after the
-command and before the space.
+{}
after the command (\cmd{} ;
+another solution is to use an explicit control space (\cmd\ ).
\newcommand{\JH}{Jim Hef{}feron}
causes the abbreviation
-\JH
to be replaced by the longer text.
+\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}
results in
+\RS
being replaced by the longer text.
\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}
.
\newcommand{\defreference}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}} +\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
\defreference{def:basis}
will expand to
+\defref{def:basis}
expands to
+Definition~\ref{def:basis}
, which will ultimately expand to
something like Definition~3.14.
\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{#1\!\times\!#2}
is invoked as
+\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$}
is invoked as
\nbym{2}{k}
.
\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:} @@ -5084,27 +5847,29 @@ something like Definition~3.14.\salutation[John]
gives Dear John:. And\salutation[]
gives Dear :.
\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}
-is wrong since in the sentence
+\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}
is problematic; in this
+sentence,
The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Virginia}. +The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}
-fixes it.
+\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}
. Those braces are
+part of the definition and thus do define a group.
\providecommand
\newcounter
: Allocating a counter\newcounter{countername}[supercounter] +\newcounter{countername} +\newcounter{countername}[supercounter]
\newcounter
command globally defines a new counter named
-countername. The name consists of letters only and does not begin
-with a backslash (\). The name must not already be used by
-another counter. The new counter is initialized to zero.
+[supercounter]
appears, then
+[supercounter]
then
countername will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the
existing counter supercounter. For example, ordinarily
-subsection
is numbered within section
. Any time
+subsection
is numbered within section
so that any time
supercounter is incremented with \stepcounter
(\refstepcounter
(\newlength
: Allocating a length\arg
must not already be defined.
\newsavebox
: Allocating a box\newenvironment
& \renewenvironment
\begin{env} &dots; \end{env}
. Synopses:
+\begin{env} body \end{env}
. Synopses:
\newenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdefn}{enddefn} +\newenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdefn}{enddefn} \newenvironment*{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdefn}{enddefn} -\renewenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdefn}{enddefn} + \renewenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdefn}{enddefn} \renewenvironment*{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdefn}{enddefn}
\newcommand
and \renewcommand
, the *
-forms
-\newenvironment*
and \renewcommand*
have the same effect
-as the forms with no *
.
+*
-form of environment commands\small
is limited to the quote and does not extend
-to material following the environment.
+\small
is limited to
+the quote and does not extend to material following the environment.
quotation
except that
-it will be set in smaller type.
+quotation
+except that it will be set in smaller type:
\newenvironment{smallquote}{% @@ -5290,8 +6062,8 @@ it will be set in smaller type. }
\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{% @@ -5302,17 +6074,17 @@ cites the author. }
\begin{citequote}[Lincoln] - .. + ... \end{citequote}
\newsavebox{\quoteauthor} @@ -5330,48 +6102,44 @@ In the document, use the environment as here:\newtheorem \newfont \newenvironment & \renewenvironment Definitions - \newtheorem
- \newtheorem - theorems, defining + defining new theorems + \newtheorem + theorems, defining - defining new theorems - theorem-like environment - environment, theorem-like Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses: + + theorem-like environment + environment, theorem-like Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses: - -\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within] +\newtheorem{name}{title} +\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within] \newtheorem{name}[numbered_like]{title}Both create a theorem-like environment name. Using the first -form, + Using the first form, -\newtheorem{name}{title}
+creates an environment that will be labelled with title. See the +first example below.- - -\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within] -with the optional argument after the second required argument, + The second form + -\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within]
creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing -counter numbered_within: it will be reset when +counter numbered_within (its counter will be reset when numbered_within is reset).Using the second form, - -- -\newtheorem{name}[numbered_like]{title} -with the optional argument between the two required -arguments, will create an environment whose counter will share the -previously defined counter numbered_like. + The third form + \newtheorem{name}[numbered_like]{title}
, +with optional argument between the two required arguments, will create +an environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter +numbered_like.You can specify one of numbered_within and numbered_like, or neither, but not both. This command creates a counter named name. In addition, unless -the optional argument numbered_like is used, the current - \ref
value will be that of\thenumbered_within
-(). +the optional argument numbered_like is used, inside of the +theorem-like environment the current \ref \ref
value will be that of +\thenumbered_within
(). \ref This declaration is global. It is fragile ( @@ -5403,8 +6171,9 @@ new environment will be numbered in sequence with numbered_like.). \protect
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition} @@ -5420,7 +6189,7 @@ results in Definition 1 and Definition 2 in \end{defn}
\newtheorem
as section
, the
example, with the same document body, gives Definition 1.1
and Definition 2.1.
@@ -5439,8 +6208,8 @@ and Definition 2.1.
\end{defn}
-thm
environment to use the same
+thm
environment to use the same
counter as defn
. It gives Definition 1.1, followed
by Theorem 2.1 and Definition 2.2.
\newfont
: Define a new font (obsolete)\newfont
, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts.
Synopsis:
@@ -5484,7 +6253,7 @@ current font. &latex; will look on your system for a file named
at dimen
@@ -5508,7 +6277,7 @@ characters in each:
\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt} -\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 11pt} +\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 1100} \testfontat abc \testfontscaled abc
\protect
\protect
.
+breaking one solution is to have them preceded by the command
+\protect
.
\section{section
name}
command it writes the section name text to the
\caption{..}
-command (\thanks{..}
command
+moving arguments are those that appear in the \caption{...}
+command (\thanks{...}
command
(tabular
and
array
environments (\protect
command. Nor can a \protect
command be used in the argument to
\addtocounter
or \setcounter
command.
caption
command gives a mysterious error
+\caption
command gives a mysterious error
about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
\raisebox
command with \protect
.
\begin{figure} - .. + ... \caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}} \end{figure}
\protect\(..\protect\)
.
\begin{document} \tableofcontents - .. +... \section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)} - .. +...
\protect\(..\protect\)
.
\
). Thus the \chapter
command starts a
-chapter and the chapter
counter keeps track of the chapter
-number. Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard
-document classes to control numbering.
+environment or command associated with the number, except that the
+counter&textrsquo;s name has no backslash \
. Thus, associated with
+the \chapter
command is the chapter
counter that keeps
+track of the chapter number.
+part paragraph figure enumi @@ -5600,64 +6373,83 @@ subsubsection
mpfootnote
counter is used by the \footnote
command
-inside of a minipage (enumi
through enumiv
counters are used in the
-enumerate
environment, for up to four nested levels
-(enumi
+through enumiv
are used in the enumerate
environment, for
+up to four levels of nesting (\newcounter
. Print value of a counter. -
Use a specified counter in a list environment. -
Use the value of a counter in an expression. -
Set the value of a counter. -
Add a quantity to a counter. -
Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. -
Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. -
Numeric date values. +\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol Print value of a counter. +\usecounter Use a specified counter in a list environment. +\value Use the value of a counter in an expression. +\setcounter Set the value of a counter. +\addtocounter Add a quantity to a counter. +\refstepcounter Add to a counter. +\stepcounter Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +\day \month \year Numeric date values.
\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol
: Printing counters\alph{counter}
in your source will result in a lower case
+letter a appearing in the output.
+\alph{enumi}
. Note that the counter name does not
start with a backslash.
asterisk(*) dagger(2021) ddagger(2021) -section-sign(00A7) paragraph-sign(00B6) parallel(2225) -double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(20202020) double-ddagger(20212021) -
\ast
\dagger
\ddagger
\S
\P
\parallel
\ast\ast
\dagger\dagger
\ddagger\ddagger
\usecounter{counter}
\value{counter}
\setcounter{counter}{value}
\setcounter{section}{5} +Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. +
\addtocounter{counter}{value}
\addtocounter
command globally increments counter by
the amount specified by the value argument, which may be negative.
\setcounter{section}{5} +\addtocounter{section}{2} +Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}. +
\refstepcounter{counter}
\refstepcounter
command works in the same way as
\stepcounter
(\stepcounter{counter}
\stepcounter
command globally adds one to counter and
resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
@@ -5802,9 +6609,9 @@ resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
\day \month \year
: Predefined counters\day
,
1&textndash;31), month of the year (\month
, 1&textndash;12), and year
@@ -5821,7 +6628,7 @@ current day (\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength}
the
\setlength{\len}{value}
\setlength
\setlength
sets the value of \len to the value
-argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex;
-understands, i.e., inches (in
), millimeters (mm
), points
-(pt
), big points (bp
, etc.
+\setlength{\len}{amount} +
\setlength
sets the value of length command
+\len
to the value argument which can be expressed in any
+units that &latex; understands, i.e., inches (in
), millimeters
+(mm
), points (pt
), big points (bp
), etc.
\addtolength{\len}{amount}
\addtolength
\addtolength{\len}{amount} +
\addtolength
command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo;
-\len by the amount specified in the amount argument, which
-may be negative.
+\addtolength
command increments a length command \len
+by the amount specified in the amount argument, which may be
+negative.
\settodepth
\settodepth{\gnat}{text}
+\settodepth
command sets the value of a length
command
-equal to the depth of the text
argument.
+\settodepth{\len}{text} +
\settodepth
command sets the value of a length command
+\len
equal to the depth of the text argument.
\settoheight
\settoheight{\gnat}{text}
+\settoheight
command sets the value of a length
command
+\settoheight{\len}{text} +
\settoheight
command sets the value of a length command \len
equal to the height of the text
argument.
text
argument.
\settowidth{\len}{text}
\settowidth{\len}{text} +
\settowidth
command sets the value of the command \len
to the width of the text argument.
@@ -6008,37 +6843,39 @@ to the width of the text argument.
\width
-\height
-\depth
-\totalheight
-\totalheight
equals \height
+
-\depth
. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
+the text in the box. \totalheight
equals . To make a box with the text stretched to double the
natural size, e.g., say
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
-\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher} +
%
. A blank line should not appear where a new
@@ -6056,9 +6893,9 @@ a sectioning command.
\indent
\indent
produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
\parindent
length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
@@ -6073,14 +6910,14 @@ mode, otherwise 15pt
for 10pt
documents, 17pt\noindent \parskip \indent Making paragraphs
\noindent
-\noindent
-indent, suppressing
+\noindent
+indent, suppressing
When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
paragraph indentation, as in this example.
-.. end of the prior paragraph.
+... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
@@ -6095,8 +6932,8 @@ paragraph indentation, as in this example.
\parskip Marginal notes \noindent Making paragraphs
\parskip
-\parskip
-vertical space before paragraphs
+\parskip
+vertical space before paragraphs
\parskip
is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph. The default is 0pt plus1pt
.
@@ -6106,10 +6943,10 @@ before each paragraph. The default is 0pt plus1pt
.
Marginal notes \parskip Making paragraphs
Marginal notes
-marginal notes
-notes in the margin
-remarks in the margin
-\marginpar
+marginal notes
+notes in the margin
+remarks in the margin
+\marginpar
Synopsis:
@@ -6133,8 +6970,8 @@ will be placed
in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option twocolumn
, see Document class options ).
-\reversemarginpar
-\normalmarginpar
+\reversemarginpar
+\normalmarginpar
The command \reversemarginpar
places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin. \normalmarginpar
places them
in the default position.
@@ -6148,15 +6985,15 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with \hspace{0pt}These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
-\marginparpush \marginparpush
+\marginparpush \marginparpush
Minimum vertical space between notes; default 7pt for
12pt documents, 5pt else.
-\marginparsep \marginparsep
+
math
math
displaymath
displaymath
equation
equation
math
environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the displaymath
and equation
environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The math
and displaymath
@@ -6209,7 +7049,7 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
\[...\] math
environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
$ ... $-instead of \(...\)
\boldmath
command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font. It is used \unboldmath
command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used \displaystyle
declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of displaymath
, e.g., with limits above and
below summations. For example:
@@ -6249,14 +7089,14 @@ below summations. For example:
^
to make the
-exp appear as a superscript, ie.&noeos; type ^{exp}
.
+exp appear as a superscript: ^{exp}
.
Similarly, in math mode, underscore _{exp}
makes a
subscript out of exp.
$\pi$
in your source, you will get
@@ -6308,393 +7148,391 @@ the pi symbol 03C0.
\parallel
.
<
and angle bracket \langle
.
*
, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: \star
, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
\setminus
, and
\textbackslash
for backslash outside of math mode.
\cap
.
\circ
.
\cup
.
\top
.
+\top
.
\cdot
.
\bigcap
.
\bullet
.
\bigcirc
.
$S^\complement$
(ordinary). This is not available in Plain
-&tex;. In &latex; you should load the $S^\complement$
(ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the $S^{\mathsf{c}}$
or $\bar{S}$
.
\bigcup
.
\vdash
.
\Diamond
, circle bullet \bullet
.
\Doteq
.
\Downarrow
.
\downarrow
.
\varnothing
.
+\varnothing
.
-\varepsilon
03B5. Related: the set membership relation
-\in
2208.
+\varepsilon
03B5. Related:
+the set membership relation \in
2208.
\geq
.
\ge
.
\leftarrow
.
\ll
.
\Longleftrightarrow
with a \thickmuskip
on either side.
\Re
.
\epsilon
03F5 and rounded small
+\epsilon
03F5 and small letter script
epsilon \varepsilon
.
\wedge
.
See also logical or \lor
.
<
. Matches \rangle
.
\{
. Matches \rbrace
.
[
. Matches \rbrack
.
\rceil
.
\leq
.
\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}
in the
preamble and then use \Leadsto
instead.
\leftarrow
.
\gets
. Similar: double-line left
arrow \Leftarrow
.
\leftrightarrow
.
\Leftrightarrow
.
\le
.
\floor
.
\vartriangleleft
(which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
\gg
.
\neg
.
\Longleftarrow
.
\Longleftrightarrow
.
\mapsto
.
\Longrightarrow
.
\wedge
.
\longmapsto
.
\mid
is for a set \{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}
.
\vert
and for norm see the entry for \Vert
.
\vDash
.
\neq
.
\lnot
. Sometimes instead used for
negation: \sim
.
\ne
.
\owns
. Similar: is a member
of \in
.
\notin
is probably typographically preferable to \not\in
.
\nsubseteq
.
\bigodot
.
\bigoplus
.
\bigotimes
.
\ni
. Similar: is a member
of \in
.
\|
.
\bot
uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
\varphi
03C6.
\varpi
03D6.
<
.
+<
.
\leq
.
$A^\prime$
. Note that $f^\prime$
-and $f'$
produce the same result. An advantage of the second is
-that $f'''$
produces the the desired symbol, that is, the same
-result as $f^{\prime\prime\prime}$
, but uses somewhat less
-typing. Note that you can only use \prime
in math mode but you
-can type right single quote '
in text mode also, although it
-resuts in a different look than in math mode.
-$f^\prime$
; $f^\prime$
+and $f'$
produce the same result. An advantage of the second
+is that $f'''$
produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
+result as $f^{\prime\prime\prime}$
, but uses rather less
+typing. You can only use \prime
in math mode. Using the right
+single quote '
in text mode produces a different character
+(apostrophe).
+>
. Matches:\langle
.
\}
. Matches \lbrace
.
]
. Matches \lbrack
.
\lceil
.
\mathbb{R}
; to access
this, load the \upharpoonright
. Not available in
-Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the \upharpoonright
. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the \varnothing
. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the \lfloor
.
\vartriangleright
(which
+\vartriangleright
(which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
\varrho
03F1.
\rightarrow
.
\to
. Similar: right double line arrow \Rightarrow
.
\backslash
and also
\textbackslash
outside of math mode.
\varsigma
03C2.
cap
.
cup
. Related: variable-sized
operator \bigsqcup
.
\subset
. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In
-&latex; you should load the \subset
. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the \subseteq
.
\supset
. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In
-&latex; you should load the \supset
. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the \supseteq
.
*
and \ast
, which are six-pointed,
and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
star.
>
.
\leq
.
\Sigma
.
\sqrt{..}
typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
+\sqrt{...}
typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
\vartheta
03D1.
\cdot
.
\rightarrow
.
\bot
.
+\bot
.
\lhd
. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load \vartriangleleft
(which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
\vartriangleright
(which is a relation and so gives
+\vartriangleright
(which is a
+relation and so gives better spacing).
+\vartrianglelefteq
(which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
\vartrianglelefteq
(which
-is a relation and so gives better spacing).
-\vartrianglerighteq
-(which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+\vartrianglerighteq
(which is a relation and so gives
+better spacing).
\uparrow
.
+\uparrow
.
\Uparrow
.
+\Uparrow
.
\updownarrow
.
+\updownarrow
.
\Updownarrow
.
&backslashchar;restriction
. Not available in Plain
-&tex;. In &latex; you should load the &backslashchar;restriction
. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the \cup
. Related: variable-sized
-operator \biguplus
.
+\cup
. Related:
+variable-sized operator \biguplus
.
\epsilon
03F5. Related: set membership \in
.
-\phi
03D5.
-\pi
03C0.
-\rho
03C1.
-\sigma
03C3.
-\theta
03B8.
-\dashv
.
-\wedge
. Similar: variable-sized
+\epsilon
03F5. Related: set
+membership \in
.
+\emptyset
. Related: \revemptyset
. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the \phi
03D5.
+\pi
03C0.
+\rho
03C1.
+\sigma
03C3.
+\theta
03B8.
+\dashv
.
+\wedge
. Similar: variable-sized
operator \bigvee
.
\vert
.
\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}
to your
-preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line vertical
-bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
-write the starred version $\norm*{M^\perp}$
then the height of
-the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-\norm{M^\perp}
the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and \norm[size
-command]{M^\perp}
also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the size command, e.g., \Bigg
.
-$\norm*{M^\perp}$
+then the height of the vertical bars will match the height of the
+argument, whereas with \norm{M^\perp}
the bars do not grow
+with the height of the argument but instead are the default height,
+and \norm[size command]{M^\perp}
also gives bars that
+do not grow but are set to the size given in the size command,
+e.g., \Bigg
.
+
+\Vert
. For such that, as in the definition of a
set, use \mid
because it is a relation.
@@ -7146,24 +7995,24 @@ the height of the argument but instead are the default height, and
that do not grow but are set to the size given in the size
command, e.g., \Bigg
.
\land
. See also
logical or \vee
. Similar: variable-sized
operator \bigwedge
.
\bigwedge
.
math
environment, &latex; ignores the spaces that you use
in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
@@ -7385,39 +8234,39 @@ math symbols family (\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +Now \(A_3 = 0\), hence the product of all terms \(A_1\) +through \(A_4\), that is \(A_1\* A_2\* A_3 \* A_4\), is +equal to zero. +\end{document} +
num
divided by den
.
+\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]
.
+in between. Example: \left( \sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i \right]
.
+\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \;\textrm{times}}
.
+\overline{x+y}
.
x+y
would be typed as
-$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$
.
-\sqrt[3]{x+y}
.
\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}
.
-\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}
Ensure that math mode is active +
\ensuremath
\ensuremath{formula} +
\ensuremath
command ensures that formula is typeset in
+math mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+\documentclass{report} +\newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}} +\begin{document} +Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ... +\end{document} +
\leadsto
:
+\documentclass{report} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{} +\let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto +\renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}} +\begin{document} +All roads \leadsto\ Rome. +\end{document} +
\documentclass
command determines the size and position of
the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
@@ -7592,8 +8507,8 @@ the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them
\maketitle
\maketitle
command generates a title on a separate title
page&textmdash;except in the article
class, where the title is placed
@@ -7601,30 +8516,30 @@ at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
\author
\author
\author
\author
\author
command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by \and
commands. Use
\\
to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for
example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address.
\date
command declares text to be the document&textrsquo;s
date. With no \date
command, the current date (\thanks
command produces a \footnote
to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
\title
\title
\title
command declares text to be the title of the
document. Use \\
to force a line break, as usual.
\\
to force a line break, as usual.
\pagenumbering
\pagestyle
\markboth
and \markright
:
\markboth
command before
the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (right) is
@@ -7712,7 +8627,7 @@ generated by the first \markboth
or \markright
that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
\thispagestyle{style}
\thispagestyle
command works in the same manner as the
\pagestyle
command (see previous section) except that it
@@ -7734,8 +8649,8 @@ changes to style for the current page only.
Horizontal space
Fixed horizontal space.
Stretchable horizontal space. -
Space after a period. -
Controlling space gobbling after a control sequence. -
Make interword and intersentence space equal. +
Space after a period. +
Space (gobbling) after a control sequence. +
Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
One-sixth of an em. -
Insert italic correction. +
Insert italic correction.
Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
Vertical space @@ -7761,7 +8676,7 @@ Vertical space@@ -9372,15 +10342,15 @@ backslash (\hspace \hfill Spaces - \hspace
+ \hspace \hspace Synopsis: @@ -7780,7 +8695,7 @@ space is like backspacing.Normally when &tex; breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This -command&textrsquo;s starred version @@ -7796,28 +8711,28 @@ from the right margin.\hspace*{..}
puts a non-discardable +command&textrsquo;s starred version\hspace*{...}
puts a non-discardable invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the output.\hfill \(SPACE) and \&arobase; \hspace Spaces - - \hfill
+ \hfill - \hfill - stretch, infinite horizontal + infinite horizontal stretch + stretch, infinite horizontal infinite horizontal stretch Produce a rubber length which has no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as needed ( -). Lengths + \fill \fill The command \hfill
is equivalent to\hspace{\fill}
. For space that does not disappear at line breaks use\hspace*{\fill}
instead (). \hspace + \(SPACE) and \&arobase; \(SPACE) after CS \hfill Spaces \(SPACE) and \&arobase; \(SPACE) after control sequence \hfill Spaces - - \(SPACE)
and \&arobase;- \(SPACE) - \TAB - \NEWLINE + \&arobase; + \(SPACE) + \TAB + \NEWLINE \&arobase; \AT Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a @@ -7830,7 +8745,7 @@ colon) more than the space between words sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or -bracket, or right single or double quote, then the intersentence space +bracket, or right single or double quote, then the inter-sentence space follows that parenthesis or quote. If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a @@ -7839,76 +8754,56 @@ sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space ( -\
) or a tie (~
). Examples areNat.\ Acad.\ Science
, andMr.~Bean
, and(manure, etc.)\ for sale
.For other use of \
, see also\(SPACE) after CS . +For another use of \
,. \(SPACE) after control sequence In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put -\&arobase;
on the left of that -period. For example,book by the MAA\&arobase;.
will have intersentence +period that ends the sentence, then put\&arobase;
before that period. +For example,book by the MAA\&arobase;.
will have inter-sentence spacing after the period.In contrast, putting \&arobase;
on the right of a period tells &tex; -that the period does not end the sentence. In the example -reserved words (if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different
, &tex; will put -interword space after the closing parenthesis (note that\&arobase;
is -before the parenthesis). +In contrast, putting +\&arobase;
after a period tells &tex; that the +period does not end the sentence. In the examplereserved words +(if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different
, &tex; will put interword space +after the closing parenthesis (note that\&arobase;
is before the +parenthesis).- \(SPACE) after CS \frenchspacing \(SPACE) and \&arobase; Spaces + \
after a control sequence+ \(SPACE) after control sequence \frenchspacing \(SPACE) and \&arobase; Spaces - - \
after control sequenceThe \
command is often used after control sequences to keep them -from gobbling the space that follows, as in\TeX\ is a nice -system.
And, under normal circumstances\
tab and -\
newline are equivalent to\
. For other use of +The \
command is often used after control sequences to keep +them from gobbling the space that follows, as in \TeX\ is nice. +And, under normal circumstances,\
tab and +\
newline are equivalent to\
. For another use of\
, see also\(SPACE) and \&arobase; .Some people prefer to use {}
for the same purpose, as in -\TeX{} is a nice system.
This has the advantage that you can -always write it the same way, like\TeX{}
, whether it is -followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare: +\TeX{} is nice
. This has the advantage that you can always +write it the same way, namely\TeX{}
, whether it is followed +by a space or by a punctuation mark. Compare:- - \TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.&linebreak; \TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.When you define user commands ( ) you -can prevent the space gobbling after the command by using the package - \newcommand & \renewcommand xspace
and inserting\xspace
at the end of the definition -For instance: -- - -\documentclass{minimal} -\usepackage{xspace} -\newcommand*{\Loup}{Grand Cric\xspace} -\begin{document} -Que le \Loup me croque ! -\end{document} -A quick hack to use \xspace
for existing command is as follows: -- - +\documentclass{minimal} -\usepackage{xspace} -\newcommand*{\SansXspaceTeX}{} -\let\SansXspaceTeX\TeX -\renewcommand{\TeX}{\SansXspaceTeX\xspace} -\begin{document} -\TeX is a nice system. -\end{document} -+ package ,xspace
+ xspace
package Some individual commands, notably those defined with the xspace
, +package do not follow the standard behavior. ++ \frenchspacing \thinspace \(SPACE) after CS Spaces \frenchspacing \thinspace \(SPACE) after control sequence Spaces - \frenchspacing
- \frenchspacing - \nonfrenchspacing + spacing, intersentence + \frenchspacing + \nonfrenchspacing spacing, inter-sentence This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat -intersentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. +inter-sentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing. In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other @@ -7922,7 +8817,7 @@ declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. \thinspace \/ \frenchspacing Spaces - \thinspace
: Insert 1/6em + \thinspace \thinspace - \thinspace
produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested @@ -7933,8 +8828,8 @@ quotes, as in &textrsquo;&textrdquo;. - \fboxrule + \fboxsep + \fboxrule \fboxsep Both commands produce a rule of thickness \fboxrule
(default .4pt), and leave a space of\fboxsep
(default 3pt) between the rule and the contents of the box. @@ -8201,21 +9097,27 @@ argument.lrbox \makebox \fbox and \framebox Boxes - lrbox
+ lrbox - lrbox \begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}
+Synopsis: -This is the environment form of \sbox
. ++ + +\begin{lrbox}{\cmd} + text +\end{lrbox} +This is the environment form of -\sbox . \sbox
The text inside the environment is saved in the box cmd
, which -must have been declared with\newsavebox
. +The text inside the environment is saved in the box \cmd
, +which must have been declared with\newsavebox
.\makebox \parbox lrbox Boxes - \makebox
+ \makebox \makebox Synopsis: @@ -8249,7 +9151,7 @@ stretchable space for this to work.\parbox \raisebox \makebox Boxes - \parbox
+ \parbox \parbox Synopsis: @@ -8274,9 +9176,13 @@ containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a- the text that goes inside the parbox. The optional position argument allows you to align either the -top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding -text (default is top). + By default &latex; will position vertically a parbox so its center +lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the +optional position argument is present and equal either to t +or b, this allows you respectively to align either the top or +bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You +may also specify m for position to get the default +behaviour. The optional height argument overrides the natural height of the box. @@ -8300,12 +9206,12 @@ for this to work.\raisebox \savebox \parbox Boxes - \raisebox
+ \raisebox \raisebox Synopsis: - \raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text} +\raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text}The -\raisebox
command raises or lowers text. The first @@ -8313,9 +9219,9 @@ mandatory argument specifies how high text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). text itself is processed in LR mode.The optional arguments height and depth are dimensions. -If they are specified, &latex; treats text as extending a -certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), + The optional arguments height and depth are dimensions. If +they are specified, &latex; treats text as extending a certain +distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and depth. @@ -8323,7 +9229,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.\savebox \sbox \raisebox Boxes - \savebox
+ \savebox \savebox Synopsis: @@ -8341,7 +9247,7 @@ declared with\newsavebox
(\sbox \usebox \savebox Boxes - \sbox{\boxcmd}{text}
+ \sbox \sbox Synopsis: @@ -8360,7 +9266,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled\usebox \sbox Boxes - \usebox{\boxcmd}
+ \usebox \usebox Synopsis: @@ -8377,366 +9283,393 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeledSpecial insertions Splitting the input Boxes Top Special insertions -- special insertions + insertions of special characters + special insertions insertions of special characters &latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. - -Reserved characters Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } -Text symbols Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. -Accents Inserting accents. -Non-English characters Inserting other non-English characters. -\rule Inserting lines and rectangles. -\today Inserting today&textrsquo;s date. +Reserved characters Inserting # $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \ +Symbols by font position Inserting font symbols by number. +Text symbols Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. +Accents Inserting accents. +Additional Latin letters Inserting other non-English characters. +\rule Inserting lines and rectangles. +\today Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.+ Reserved characters Text symbols Special insertions Reserved characters Symbols by font position Special insertions + Reserved characters -- reserved characters - - characters, reserved The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called -&textldquo;reserved characters&textrdquo; or &textldquo;special characters&textrdquo;. + + reserved characters + characters, reserved + special characters + characters, special &latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for +example, the percent sign %
is for comments) so they are +called reserved characters or special characters.- -# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \- \# - \$ - \% - \& - \_ - \{ - \} Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; -will do something special. If you simply want the character to be -printed as itself, include a \
in front of the character. For -example,\$
will produce$
in your output. ++ \# + \$ + \% + \& + \_ + \{ + \} If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text +body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply +put a backslash +\
in front of the character. Thus, +\$1.23
will produce$1.23
in your output. ++ \~ + \^ + \textbackslash As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font +use -\~{}
(omitting the curly braces would result in the next +character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text +body font circumflex use\^{}
. A text body font backslash +results from\textbackslash{}
.- \backslash One exception to this rule is \
itself, because\\
has -its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by -typing$\backslash$
in your file, and a typewriter\
is -produced by using \ in a verbatim command (). + verbatim To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use + -\verb!!
, as below.- \~ - \^ Also, \~
and\^
place tilde and circumflex accents over -the following letter, as ino ando (); to get -a standalone Accents ~
or^
, you can again use a verbatim -command. ++ + +\begin{center} + \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\ + \verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \! +\end{center} +In that example the double backslash -\\
is only there to +split the lines.- \symbol - accessing any character of a font Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you -know its number by using the \symbol
command. For example, the -visible space character used in the\verb*
command has the code -decimal 32, so it can be typed as\symbol{32}
. ++ Symbols by font position Text symbols Reserved characters Special insertions - Symbols by font position + ++ \symbol + accessing any character of a font + + font symbols, by number You can access any character of the current font using its number with +the -\symbol
command. For example, the visible space character +used in the\verb*
command has the code decimal 32, so it can be +typed as\symbol{32}
.You can also specify octal numbers with '
or hexadecimal numbers -with"
, so the previous example could also be written as -\symbol{'40}
or\symbol{"20}
. +You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a '
+prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a"
prefix, so the previous +example could also be written as\symbol{'40}
or +\symbol{"20}
.+ Text symbols Accents Reserved characters Special insertions Text symbols Accents Symbols by font position Special insertions - Text symbols -- text symbols + symbols, text + text symbols - symbols, text + textcomp package textcomp package &latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the textcomp
package.- - -
\copyright \copyright- \textcopyright \textcopyright+ copyright symbol - +
\copyright \copyright+ \textcopyright \textcopyrightcopyright symbol The copyright symbol, ©right;. -- -
\dag \dag+ dagger, in text - +
\dag \dagdagger, in text The dagger symbol (in text). -- -
\ddag \ddag+ double dagger, in text - +
\ddag \ddagdouble dagger, in text The double dagger symbol (in text). -- -
\LaTeX \LaTeX- &latex; logo + logo, &latex; - +
\LaTeX \LaTeX+ &latex; logo logo, &latex; The &latex; logo. -- -
\LaTeXe \LaTeXe- &latex;2e logo + logo, &latex;2e - +
\LaTeXe \LaTeXe+ &latex;2e logo logo, &latex;2e The &latex;2e logo. -- -
\guillemotleft \guillemotleft(«) («) - \guillemotright \guillemotright(») (») - \guilsinglleft \guilsinglleft(‹) (‹) - \guilsinglright \guilsinglright(›) (›) - double guillemets - single guillemets - left angle quotation marks - right angle quotation marks - double angle quotation marks - single angle quotation marks - French quotation marks + quotation marks, French - +
\guillemotleft \guillemotleft(«) («) + \guillemotright \guillemotright(») (») + \guilsinglleft \guilsinglleft(‹) (‹) + \guilsinglright \guilsinglright(›) (›) + double guillemets + single guillemets + left angle quotation marks + right angle quotation marks + double angle quotation marks + single angle quotation marks + French quotation marks quotation marks, French Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›. -- -
\ldots \ldots- \dots \dots- \textellipsis \textellipsis+ ellipsis - +
\ldots \ldots+ \dots \dots+ \textellipsis \textellipsisellipsis An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. -\ldots
and\dots
also work in math mode.- -
\lq \lq- left quote + opening quote - +
\lq \lq+ left quote opening quote Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;. -- -
\P \P- \textparagraph \textparagraph- paragraph symbol - pilcrow Paragraph sign (pilcrow). + - +
\P \P+ \textparagraph \textparagraph+ paragraph symbol + pilcrow Paragraph sign (pilcrow): 00B6. -- -
\pounds \pounds- \textsterling \textsterling- pounds symbol + sterling symbol - +
\pounds \pounds+ \textsterling \textsterling+ pounds symbol sterling symbol English pounds sterling: £. -- -
\quotedblbase \quotedblbase(„) („) - \quotesinglbase \quotesinglbase(‚) (‚) - double low-9 quotation mark - single low-9 quotation mark + low-9 quotation marks, single and double - +
\quotedblbase \quotedblbase(„) („) + \quotesinglbase \quotesinglbase(‚) (‚) + double low-9 quotation mark + single low-9 quotation mark low-9 quotation marks, single and double Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. -- -
\rq \rq- right quote + closing quote - +
\rq \rq+ right quote closing quote Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;. -- -
\S \S- section symbol Section symbol. + - +
\S \S\itemx \textsection + -+Section sign: 00A7. section symbol - -
\TeX \TeX- &tex; logo + logo, &tex; - +
\TeX \TeX+ &tex; logo logo, &tex; The &tex; logo. -- -
\textasciicircum \textasciicircum- circumflex, ASCII, in text + ASCII circumflex, in text - +
\textasciicircum \textasciicircum+ circumflex, ASCII, in text ASCII circumflex, in text ASCII circumflex: ^. -- -
\textasciitilde \textasciitilde- tilde, ASCII, in text + ASCII tilde, in text - +
\textasciitilde \textasciitilde+ tilde, ASCII, in text ASCII tilde, in text ASCII tilde: ~. -- -
\textasteriskcentered \textasteriskcentered- asterisk, centered, in text + centered asterisk, in text - +
\textasteriskcentered \textasteriskcentered+ asterisk, centered, in text centered asterisk, in text Centered asterisk: *. -- -
\textbackslash \textbackslash+ backslash, in text - +
\textbackslash \textbackslashbackslash, in text Backslash: \. -- -
\textbar \textbar- vertical bar, in text + bar, vertical, in text - +
\textbar \textbar+ vertical bar, in text bar, vertical, in text Vertical bar: |. -- -
\textbardbl \textbardbl- vertical bar, double, in text - bar, double vertical, in text + double vertical bar, in text - +
\textbardbl \textbardbl+ vertical bar, double, in text + bar, double vertical, in text double vertical bar, in text Double vertical bar. -- -
\textbigcircle \textbigcircle- big circle symbols, in text + circle symbol, big, in text - +
\textbigcircle \textbigcircle+ big circle symbols, in text circle symbol, big, in text Big circle symbol. -- -
\textbraceleft \textbraceleft- left brace, in text + brace, left, in text - +
\textbraceleft \textbraceleft+ left brace, in text brace, left, in text Left brace: {. -- -
\textbraceright \textbraceright- right brace, in text + brace, right, in text - +
\textbraceright \textbraceright+ right brace, in text brace, right, in text Right brace: }. -- -
\textbullet \textbullet+ bullet, in text - +
\textbullet \textbulletbullet, in text Bullet: •. -- -
\textcircled{letter} \textcircled{letter}+ circled letter, in text - +
\textcircled{letter} \textcircled{letter}circled letter, in text letter in a circle, as in ®istered;. -- -
\textcompwordmark \textcompwordmark- \textcapitalwordmark \textcapitalwordmark- \textascenderwordmark \textascenderwordmark- composite word mark, in text - cap height + ascender height - +
\textcompwordmark \textcompwordmark+ \textcapitalcompwordmark \textcapitalcompwordmark+ \textascendercompwordmark \textascendercompwordmark+ composite word mark, in text + cap height ascender height Composite word mark (invisible). The -\textcapital...
form has the cap height of the font, while the\textascender...
form has the ascender height.- -
\textdagger \textdagger+ dagger, in text - +
\textdagger \textdaggerdagger, in text Dagger: . -- -
\textdaggerdbl \textdaggerdbl- dagger, double, in text + double dagger, in text - +
\textdaggerdbl \textdaggerdbl+ dagger, double, in text double dagger, in text Double dagger: . -- -
\textdollar \textdollar(or $
)(or $
)- dollar sign + currency, dollar - +
\textdollar \textdollar(or \$
)(or \$
)+ dollar sign currency, dollar Dollar sign: $. -- -
\textemdash \textemdash(or ---
)(or ---
)+ em-dash - +
\textemdash \textemdash(or ---
)(or ---
)em-dash Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation). -- -
\textendash \textendash(or --
)(or --
)+ e-dash - +
\textendash \textendash(or --
)(or --
)e-dash En-dash: &textndash; (for ranges). -- -
\texteuro \texteuro- euro symbol + currency, euro - +
\texteuro \texteuro+ euro symbol currency, euro The Euro symbol: €. -- -
\textexclamdown \textexclamdown(or !`
)(or !`
)+ exclamation point, upside-down - +
\textexclamdown \textexclamdown(or !`
)(or !`
)exclamation point, upside-down Upside down exclamation point: ¡. -- -
\textgreater \textgreater+ greater than symbol, in text - +
\textgreater \textgreatergreater than symbol, in text Greater than: >. -- -
\textless \textless+ less than symbol, in text - +
\textless \textlessless than symbol, in text Less than: <. -- -
\textleftarrow \textleftarrow- arrow, left, in text + left arrow, in text - +
\textleftarrow \textleftarrow+ arrow, left, in text left arrow, in text Left arrow. -- -
\textordfeminine \textordfeminine- \textordmasculine \textordmasculine- feminine ordinal symbol - masculine ordinal symbol - ordinals, feminine and masculine + Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine - +
\textordfeminine \textordfeminine+ \textordmasculine \textordmasculine+ feminine ordinal symbol + masculine ordinal symbol + ordinals, feminine and masculine Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. -- -
\textperiodcentered \textperiodcentered- period, centered, in text - centered period, in text Centered period: . + - +
\textperiodcentered \textperiodcentered+ period, centered, in text + centered period, in text Centered period: 00B7. -- -
\textquestiondown \textquestiondown(or ?`
)(or ?`
)+ question mark, upside-down - +
\textquestiondown \textquestiondown(or ?`
)(or ?`
)question mark, upside-down Upside down question mark: ¿. -- -
\textquotedblleft \textquotedblleft(or ``
)(or ``
)- left quote, double + double left quote - +
\textquotedblleft \textquotedblleft(or ``
)(or ``
)+ left quote, double double left quote Double left quote: &textldquo;. -- -
\textquotedblright \textquotedblright(or '
)(or '
)- right quote, double + double right quote - +
\textquotedblright \textquotedblright(or ''
)(or ''
)+ right quote, double double right quote Double right quote: &textrdquo;. -- -
\textquoteleft \textquoteleft(or `
)(or `
)- left quote, single + single left quote - +
\textquoteleft \textquoteleft(or `
)(or `
)+ left quote, single single left quote Single left quote: &textlsquo;. -- -
\textquoteright \textquoteright(or '
)(or '
)- right quote, single + single right quote - +
\textquoteright \textquoteright(or '
)(or '
)+ right quote, single single right quote Single right quote: &textrsquo;. -- -
\textquotestraightbase \textquotestraightbase- \textquotestraightdblbase \textquotestraightdblbase- quote, straight base - straight quote, base - double quote, straight base + straight double quote, base - +
\textquotesingle \textquotesingle+ quote, single straight + straight single quote + single quote, straight Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.) + +- +
\textquotestraightbase \textquotestraightbase+ \textquotestraightdblbase \textquotestraightdblbase+ quote, straight base + straight quote, base + double quote, straight base straight double quote, base Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. -- -
\textregistered \textregistered+ registered symbol - +
\textregistered \textregisteredregistered symbol Registered symbol: ®istered;. -- -
\textrightarrow \textrightarrow- arrow, right, in text + right arrow, in text - +
\textrightarrow \textrightarrow+ arrow, right, in text right arrow, in text Right arrow. -- -
\textthreequartersemdash \textthreequartersemdash- three-quarters em-dash + em-dash, three-quarters - +
\textthreequartersemdash \textthreequartersemdash+ three-quarters em-dash em-dash, three-quarters &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -- -
\texttrademark \texttrademark- trademark symbol Trademark symbol: . + - +
\texttrademark \texttrademark+ trademark symbol Trademark symbol: 2122. -- -
\texttwelveudash \texttwelveudash- two-thirds em-dash + em-dash, two-thirds - +
\texttwelveudash \texttwelveudash+ two-thirds em-dash em-dash, two-thirds &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. -- -
\textunderscore \textunderscore+ underscore, in text - +
\textunderscore \textunderscoreunderscore, in text Underscore: _. -- -
\textvisiblespace \textvisiblespace+ visible space symbol, in text - +
\textvisiblespace \textvisiblespacevisible space symbol, in text Visible space symbol. + Accents Non-English characters Text symbols Special insertions Accents Additional Latin letters Text symbols Special insertions - Accents -- accents - characters, accented + letters, accented + accents + characters, accented - letters, accented - babel
package+ multilingual support + package ,babel
+ babel
package multilingual support &latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages, through the babel
package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -8748,134 +9681,134 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
\" - \capitaldieresis - \" (umlaut accent) - \capitaldieresis - umlaut accent + dieresis accent + \" (umlaut accent) + \capitaldieresis + umlaut accent dieresis accent Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o .\' - \capitalacute - \&textrsquo; (acute accent) - \capitalacute + acute accent + \&textrsquo; (acute accent) + \capitalacute acute accent Produces an acute accent, as in o . In thetabbing
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (). tabbing - -
\. - \. (dot-over accent) - dot accent + dot-over accent + \. (dot-over accent) + dot accent dot-over accent Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o .\= - \capitalmacron - \= (macron accent) - \capitalmacron - macron accent - overbar accent + bar-over accent + \= (macron accent) + \capitalmacron + macron accent + overbar accent bar-over accent Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o .\^ - \capitalcircumflex - \^ (circumflex accent) - \capitalcircumflex - circumflex accent + hat accent + \^ (circumflex accent) + \capitalcircumflex + circumflex accent hat accent Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o .\` - \capitalgrave - \&textlsquo; (grave accent) - \capitalgrave + grave accent + \&textlsquo; (grave accent) + \capitalgrave grave accent Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o . In thetabbing
environment, move following text to the right margin (). tabbing \~ - \capitaltilde - \~ (tilde accent) - \capitaltilde + tilde accent + \~ (tilde accent) + \capitaltilde tilde accent Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n .- -
\b - \b (bar-under accent) + bar-under accent + \b (bar-under accent) bar-under accent Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o . See also\underbar
hereinafter.\c - \capitalcedilla - \c (cedilla accent) - \capitalcedilla + cedilla accent + \c (cedilla accent) + \capitalcedilla cedilla accent Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c .\d - \capitaldotaccent - \d (dot-under accent) - \capitaldotaccent + dot-under accent + \d (dot-under accent) + \capitaldotaccent dot-under accent Produces a dot accent under the following, as in o .\H - \capitalhungarumlaut - \H (Hungarian umlaut accent) - \capitalhungarumlaut + hungarian umlaut accent + \H (Hungarian umlaut accent) + \capitalhungarumlaut hungarian umlaut accent Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o .- -
\i - \i (dotless i) + dotless i + \i (dotless i) dotless i Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo; i &textrsquo;.- -
\j - \j (dotless j) + dotless j + \j (dotless j) dotless j Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo; j &textrsquo;.\k - \capitalogonek - \k (ogonek) - \capitalogonek + ogonek + \k (ogonek) + \capitalogonek ogonek Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo; o &textrsquo;. Not available in the OT1 encoding.\r - \capitalring - \r (ring accent) - \capitalring + ring accent + \r (ring accent) + \capitalring ring accent Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo; o &textrsquo;.\t \capitaltie \newtie - \capitalnewtie - \t (tie-after accent) - \capitaltie - \newtie - \capitalnewtie + tie-after accent + \t (tie-after accent) + \capitaltie + \newtie + \capitalnewtie tie-after accent Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo; oo &textrsquo;. The\newtie
form is centered in its box.\u - \capitalbreve - \u (breve accent) - \capitalbreve + breve accent + \u (breve accent) + \capitalbreve breve accent Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo; o &textrsquo;.- -
\underbar - \underbar + underbar + \underbar underbar Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through @@ -8884,115 +9817,125 @@ See also \b
above.\v - \capitalcaron - \v (breve accent) - \capitalcaron - hacek accent - check accent + caron accent + \v (breve accent) + \capitalcaron + hacek accent + check accent caron accent Produces a h a c ek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;o &textrsquo;.- Non-English characters \rule Accents Special insertions Non-English characters ++ Additional Latin letters \rule Accents Special insertions - Additional Latin letters -- special characters - non-English characters - characters, non-English + letters, non-English Non-English characters ++ Latin letters, additional + letters, additional Latin + extended Latin + special characters + non-English characters - characters, non-English Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly -used in languages other than English. + Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters (beyond +A&textndash;Z) extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other +than English.
\aa - \AA - \aa (å) - \AA (Å) + aring + \aa (å) + \AA (Å) aring å and Å. \ae - \AE - \ae (æ) - \AE (Æ) + ae ligature + \ae (æ) + \AE (Æ) ae ligature æ and Æ. \dh - \DH - \dh (ð) - \DH (Ð) - Icelandic eth - eth, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. + + \dh (ð) + \DH (Ð) + Icelandic eth + eth, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. Not available with OT1 +encoding, you need thefontenc package to select an alternate +font encoding, such asT1 .\dj - \DJ - \dj - \DJ Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. + + \dj + \DJ Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not +available with OT1 encoding, you need thefontenc package to +select an alternate font encoding, such asT1 .\ij - \IJ - \ij (ij) - \IJ (IJ) + ij letter, Dutch + \ij (ij) + \IJ (IJ) ij letter, Dutch ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). \l - \L - \l (&lslash;) - \L (&Lslash;) + polish l + \l (&lslash;) + \L (&Lslash;) polish l &lslash; and &Lslash;. \ng - \NG - \ng - \NG Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. + + \ng + \NG Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics. \o - \O - \o (ø) - \O (Ø) + oslash + \o (ø) + \O (Ø) oslash ø and Ø. \oe - \OE - \oe (œ) - \OE (Œ) + oe ligature + \oe (œ) + \OE (Œ) oe ligature œ and Œ. \ss - \SS - \ss (ß) - \SS (SS) - es-zet German letter + sharp S letters + \ss (ß) + \SS (SS) + es-zet German letter sharp S letters ß and SS. \th - \TH - \th (þ) - \TH (Þ) - Icelandic thorn - thorn, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. + + \th (þ) + \TH (Þ) + Icelandic thorn + thorn, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. Not available with OT1 +encoding, you need thefontenc package to select an alternate +font encoding, such asT1 .+ \rule \today Non-English characters Special insertions \rule \today Additional Latin letters Special insertions - \rule
+ \rule \rule Synopsis: @@ -9019,16 +9962,30 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:\today \rule Special insertions - \today
- \today + date, today&textrsquo;s + \today date, today&textrsquo;s The -\today
command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format -month dd, yyyy; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;. +month dd, yyyy; for example, July 4, 1976. It uses the predefined counters\day
,\month
, and\year
() to do this. It is not updated as the program runs. \day \month \year + datetime
packageMultilingual packages like +babel or classes likelettre , +among others, will localize\today
. For example, the following +will output 4 juillet 1976: ++ + +\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4 +\documentclass{minimal} +\usepackage[french]{babel} +\begin{document} +\today +\end{document} ++ package ,datetime
datetime
package The @@ -9038,13 +9995,16 @@ of other date formats.datetime
package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats.Splitting the input Front/back matter Special insertions Top Splitting the input -- splitting the input file + input file + splitting the input file input file A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, -there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type +there is one that is the + + root file +root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run &latex;. file, root , for an environment that allows bundling an @@ -9060,7 +10020,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. filecontents \include \includeonly Splitting the input - \include
+ \include \include Synopsis: @@ -9075,9 +10035,9 @@ command executes\clearpage
to start a new pageGiven an -\includeonly
command, the\include
actions are only run if file is listed as an argument to -\includeonly
. See the next section. +\includeonly
. See\includeonly .+ nested \include
, not allowednested \include
, not allowedThe @@ -9086,7 +10046,7 @@ read by another\include
command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another\include
command.\include
command.\includeonly \input \include Splitting the input \ -includeonly
+ \includeonly \includeonly Synopsis: @@ -9096,9 +10056,9 @@ read by another\include
command.The \includeonly
command controls which files will be read by subsequent\include
commands. The list of filenames is -comma-separated. Each file must exactly match a filename -specified in a\include
command for the selection to be -effective. +comma-separated. Each element file1, file2, &dots; must +exactly match a filename specified in a\include
command for the +selection to be effective.This command can only appear in the preamble. @@ -9107,7 +10067,7 @@ effective.\input \includeonly Splitting the input - \input
+ \input \input Synopsis: @@ -9140,10 +10100,10 @@ is tried (foo or foo.bar).Tables of contents Glossaries Front/back matter Tables of contents -+ table of contents, creating - table of contents, creating - \tableofcontents + .toc file + \tableofcontents .toc file A table of contents is produced with the -\tableofcontents
command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must @@ -9154,16 +10114,16 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a\newpage
command after the\tableofcontents
command.- \listoffigures - \listoftables - .lof file + .lot file + \listoffigures + \listoftables + .lof file .lot file The analogous commands -\listoffigures
and\listoftables
produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from.lof and.lot files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.+ \nofiles \nofiles The command @@ -9176,11 +10136,17 @@ as for the table of contents.\nofiles
overrides these commands, andprevents any of these lists from being generated.\addcontentsline \addtocontents Tables of contents - \addcontentsline
- \addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} + table of contents entry, manually adding + \addcontentsline + + table of contents entry, manually adding Synopsis: + ++ -\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text} +The \addcontentsline
{ext}{unit}{text} -command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: +The \addcontentsline
command adds an entry to the specified list +or table where:-
- @@ -9197,18 +10163,19 @@ following, matching the value of the ext argument:
ext The name of the sectional unit: part
,chapter
,section
,subsection
,subsubsection
.- -
lof For the list of figures. + For the list of figures: figure
.- -
lot For the list of tables. + For the list of tables: table
.- +
entry - text The text of the entry. - \contentsline What is written to the .ext file is the -command\contentsline{unit}{name}
. ++ \contentsline What is written to the @@ -9217,7 +10184,7 @@ command.ext file is the command +\contentsline{unit}{text}{num}
, where +num
is the current value of counterunit
.\contentsline{unit}{name
\addtocontents \addcontentsline Tables of contents - \addtocontents
+ \addtocontents{ext}{text} \addtocontents{ext}{text} The \addtocontents
{ext}{text} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the.ext file that @@ -9239,22 +10206,22 @@ figures), orlot (list of tables).Glossaries Indexes Tables of contents Front/back matter Glossaries -+ glossaries - glossaries + \makeglossary \makeglossary The command -\makeglossary
enables creating glossaries.- \glossary + .glo file+ \glossary .glo fileThe command -\glossary{text}
writes a glossary entry for text to an auxiliary file with the.glo extension.+ \glossaryentry \glossaryentry Specifically, what gets written is the command -\glossaryentry{text}{pageno}
, where pageno is the current\thepage
value.+ glossary package glossary package The @@ -9263,37 +10230,37 @@ glossaries.glossary
package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries.Indexes Glossaries Front/back matter Indexes -+ indexes - indexes + \makeindex \makeindex The command -\makeindex
enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble.- \index + .idx file+ \index .idx fileThe command -\index{text}
writes an index entry for -text to an auxiliary file with the.idx extension. +text to an auxiliary file named with the.idx extension.+ \indexentry \indexentry Specifically, what gets written is the command -\indexentry{text}{pageno}
, where pageno is the current\thepage
value.- &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries + index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; + &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a vertical bar: -\index{bar|see{foo}}
. Useseealso
instead ofsee
to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry.- \seename + \alsoname + \seename \alsoname The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro -\seename
, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; by the macro\alsoname
. These can be redefined for other languages.- makeindex program- xindy program+ .ind file+ makeindex program+ xindy program.ind fileThe generated -.idx file is then sorted with an external command, usually eithermakeindex () or (the @@ -9301,23 +10268,26 @@ multi-lingual) http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex xindy (http://xindy.sourceforge. This results in a .ind file, which can then be read to typeset the index.- printindex + makeidx
package+ \printindex + package ,makeidx
makeidx
package The index is usually generated with the -\printindex
command. This is defined in themakeidx
package, so\usepackage{makeidx}
needs to be in the preamble.+ indexspace \indexspace The rubber length -\indexspace
is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is 10pt plus5pt minus3pt.+ showidx
package+ package ,showidx
showidx
package The -showidx
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index.+ multind
package+ package ,multind
multind
package The multind
package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic,. @@ -9328,8 +10298,8 @@ preparing the index. http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind Letters Terminal input/output Front/back matter Top Letters -- letters, writing + writing letters + letters, writing writing letters Synopsis: @@ -9343,7 +10313,7 @@ preparing the index. letter body \closing{closing text} \end{letter} - ... more letters ... +... more letters ... \end{document}
\\
). &latex; will put the sender name
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
\opening
command
+letter
environment body begins with a required \opening
command
such as \opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}
. The letter body
-text is ordinary &latex; so it can contain everything from from
+text is ordinary &latex; so it can contain everything from
enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
\chapter
that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each
-letter environment typically ends with a \closing
command such as
-\closing{Yours,}
.
+letter
environment body typically ends with a \closing
+command such as \closing{Yours,}
.
\closing
. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like \cc{the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}
. There&textrsquo;s a similar \encl
command for
@@ -9435,7 +10405,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
\address
\cc
\cc{first name \\ - .. } + ... }
\closing
. Separate multiple lines with a double
-backslash \\
.
+backslash \\
, as in:
\cc{President \\ @@ -9494,14 +10464,14 @@ backslash\\
.\closing \encl \cc Letters - \closing
- \closing - letters, ending + closing letters + \closing + letters, ending closing letters Synopsis: - \closing{text} +\closing{text}Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there @@ -9516,14 +10486,14 @@ is a \closing
(although this command is optional). For example,\encl \location \closing Letters - \encl
- \encl + enclosure list + \encl enclosure list Synopsis: \encl{first enclosed object \\ - .. } + ... }Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is @@ -9540,7 +10510,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash + +\\
.\location \makelabels \encl Letters - \location
+ \location \location Synopsis: @@ -9556,7 +10526,7 @@ appears if the page style isfirstpage
.\makelabels \name \location Letters - \makelabels
+ \makelabels \makelabels Synopsis: @@ -9580,11 +10550,13 @@ address). The sender address is the value returned by the macro in the argument to theletter
environment. By default\mlabel
ignores the first argument, the sender address.\name \opening \makelabels Letters - \name
+ \name \name Synopsis: @@ -9600,8 +10572,8 @@ return address.\opening \ps \name Letters - \opening
- \opening + letters, starting + \opening letters, starting Synopsis: @@ -9610,7 +10582,7 @@ return address.
\begin{letter}{..}
. The mandatory argument text is the
+\begin{letter}{...}
. The mandatory argument text is the
text that starts your letter. For instance:
\ps
\closing
.
\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.} +\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
\signature{first line \\ - .. } + ... }
\telephone
Read text from the terminal. @@ -9731,19 +10703,19 @@ page.\typein \typeout Terminal input/output - \typein[cmd]{msg}
+ \typein \typein Synopsis: - \typein[\cmd]{msg} +\typein[\cmd]{msg}@@ -9752,7 +10724,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input. \typein
prints msg on the terminal and causes &latex; to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If -the optional \cmd argument is omitted, the typed input is +the optional\cmd
argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the -\typein
command. If the \cmd argument is present, it +\typein
command. If the\cmd
argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.\typeout \typein Terminal input/output - \typeout{msg}
+ \typeout \typeout Synopsis: @@ -9777,9 +10749,9 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A^^J
inCommand line Document templates Terminal input/output Top Command line -+ command line - command line + .tex, default extension .tex, default extension The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses .tex as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can @@ -9791,14 +10763,14 @@ error:latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'-+ &textndash;help command-line option &textndash;help command-line option With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with - or --. For a list of those options, try latex --help. -- * prompt - prompt, * + \stop + * prompt + prompt, * \stop If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a * prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type \stop
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document. @@ -9810,8 +10782,8 @@ be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with - orDocument templates Concept Index Command line Top Document templates -- document templates + templates, document + document templates templates, document Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. Additional template resources are listed at @@ -9827,8 +10799,8 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at beamer template book template Document templates - beamer
template- beamer
template and class+ template, beamer
+ beamer
template and classtemplate, beamer
The beamer
class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of features, but here is a basic template: @@ -9865,7 +10837,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:book template tugboat template beamer template Document templates - book
template+ template, book
template, book
\documentclass{book} @@ -9891,15 +10863,16 @@ The end. tugboat template book template Document templates - tugboat
template- template, TUGboat - TUGboat template + ltugboat
class+ template, TUGboat + TUGboat template ltugboat
classTUGboat is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, . http://tug.org/TUGboat \documentclass{ltugboat} + \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf @@ -9908,6 +10881,8 @@ The end. \usepackage{url} \fi +%%% Start of metadata %%% + \title{Example \TUB\ article} % repeat info for each author. @@ -9916,51 +10891,56 @@ The end. \netaddress{user (at) example dot org} \personalURL{http://example.org/~user/} +%%% End of metadata %%% + \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{abstract} This is an example article for \TUB{}. +Please write an abstract. \end{abstract} \section{Introduction} -This is an example article for \TUB, from +This is an example article for \TUB, linked from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the -\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. -Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. - -The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: +\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF} +output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. +The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more): % verbatim blocks are often better in \small \begin{verbatim}[\small] \AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW \BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML \ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX -\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP +\mf \MFB +\plain \POBox \PS +\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug -\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE +\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE -\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag -\careof \thinskip +\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph \acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use! \cs{fred} -> \fred -\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} \meta{fred} -> <fred> \nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... \sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 \booktitle{Book of Fred} \end{verbatim} -For more information, see the ltubguid document at: -\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat} -(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references). +For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format +\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue. + +This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the +\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For +\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using +\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location, +\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.) Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el index 9fefecb88c1..0b48d680e1b 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ltx-help.el @@ -128,18 +128,27 @@ ;; Thu Apr 25 2013 Mandar Mitra (mandar.mitra@gmail.com) ;; Using with (for example) "array" goes to the top node ;; of latex2e.info instead of the intended node. +;; +;; Thu Dec 3 2015 Kevin Ryde (user42_kevin@yahoo.com.au) +;; * latex-help-get-cmd-alist don't take \:: as double-colon style index, +;; and allow "(line 123)" at the end of recent makeinfo output. +;; * Use buffer-substring-no-properties when exists (does in XEmacs 21.4). ;;; Code: (require 'info) -(if (string-match "XEmacs\\|Lucid" emacs-version) - ; XEmacs - (fset 'ltxh-buffer-substring (symbol-function 'buffer-substring)) - ; FSFmacs - (fset 'ltxh-buffer-substring (symbol-function 'buffer-substring-no-properties))) +(defalias 'ltxh-buffer-substring + (if (fboundp 'buffer-substring-no-properties) ;; when available + 'buffer-substring-no-properties + 'buffer-substring)) -(defvar latex-help-file "(latex2e)") +(defcustom latex-help-file "(latex2e)" + "Select the LaTeX2e non official reference manual translation." + :type '(choice + (string :tag "English" "(latex2e)") + (string :tag "French" "(latex2e-fr)") + (string :tag "Spanish" "(latex2e-es)") )) (defvar latex-help-split-window nil "*When this is non-nil, `latex-help' will always pop up the info @@ -259,7 +268,7 @@ The values are saved in `latex-help-cmd-alist' for speed." (save-window-excursion (setq latex-help-cmd-alist nil) (Info-goto-node (concat latex-help-file "Command Index")) - (if (search-forward "::" nil t) + (if (re-search-forward "::$" nil t) (progn (end-of-buffer) (while (re-search-backward "^\\* \\(.+\\)::$" nil t) @@ -267,7 +276,7 @@ The values are saved in `latex-help-cmd-alist' for speed." (setq latex-help-cmd-alist (cons (cons key key) latex-help-cmd-alist)))) (end-of-buffer) - (while (re-search-backward "^\\* \\(.+\\): *\\(.+\\)\\.$" nil t) + (while (re-search-backward "^\\* \\(.+\\): *\\(.+\\)\\." nil t) (setq key (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))) (setq value (ltxh-buffer-substring (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2))) (setq latex-help-cmd-alist -- cgit v1.2.3