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-=head1 NAME
-
-perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-The perlfaq comprises several documents that answer the most commonly
-asked questions about Perl and Perl programming. It's divided by topic
-into nine major sections outlined in this document.
-
-=head2 Where to find the perlfaq
-
-The perlfaq is an evolving document. Read the latest version at
-L<http://learn.perl.org/faq/>. It is also included in the standard Perl
-distribution.
-
-=head2 How to use the perlfaq
-
-The C<perldoc> command line tool is part of the standard Perl distribution. To
-read the perlfaq:
-
- $ perldoc perlfaq
-
-To search the perlfaq question headings:
-
- $ perldoc -q open
-
-=head2 How to contribute to the perlfaq
-
-Review L<https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/wiki>. If you don't find
-your suggestion create an issue or pull request against
-L<https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq>.
-
-Once approved, changes are merged into L<https://github.com/tpf/perlfaq>, the
-repository which drives L<http://learn.perl.org/faq/>, and they are
-distributed with the next Perl 5 release.
-
-=head2 What if my question isn't answered in the FAQ?
-
-Try the resources in L<perlfaq2>.
-
-=head1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
-=over 4
-
-=item perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl
-
-=item perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl
-
-=item perlfaq3 - Programming Tools
-
-=item perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation
-
-=item perlfaq5 - Files and Formats
-
-=item perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions
-
-=item perlfaq7 - General Perl Language Issues
-
-=item perlfaq8 - System Interaction
-
-=item perlfaq9 - Web, Email and Networking
-
-=back
-
-=head1 THE QUESTIONS
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq1>: General Questions About Perl
-
-This section of the FAQ answers very general, high-level questions about Perl.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-What is Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
-
-=item *
-
-Which version of Perl should I use?
-
-=item *
-
-What are Perl 4, Perl 5, or Perl 6?
-
-=item *
-
-What is Perl 6?
-
-=item *
-
-How stable is Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Is Perl difficult to learn?
-
-=item *
-
-How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?
-
-=item *
-
-Can I do [task] in Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-When shouldn't I program in Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
-
-=item *
-
-What is a JAPH?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I convince others to use Perl?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and Learning about Perl
-
-This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find source and documentation for Perl, support, and related matters.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I get a binary version of Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-I don't have a C compiler. How can I build my own Perl interpreter?
-
-=item *
-
-I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.
-
-=item *
-
-I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
-
-=item *
-
-What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I get information on Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? cpan.org?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I post questions?
-
-=item *
-
-Perl Books
-
-=item *
-
-Which magazines have Perl content?
-
-=item *
-
-Which Perl blogs should I read?
-
-=item *
-
-What mailing lists are there for Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Where do I send bug reports?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools
-
-This section of the FAQ answers questions related to programmer tools and programming support.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-How do I do (anything)?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I use Perl interactively?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find which modules are installed on my system?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I debug my Perl programs?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I profile my Perl programs?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
-
-=item *
-
-Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I get perl-mode or cperl-mode for emacs?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I use curses with Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I write a GUI (X, Tk, Gtk, etc.) in Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I make my Perl program run faster?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
-
-=item *
-
-Is it safe to return a reference to local or lexical data?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
-
-=item *
-
-Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
-
-=item *
-
-Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
-
-=item *
-
-Where can I learn about linking C with Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in my C program; what am I doing wrong?
-
-=item *
-
-When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it mean?
-
-=item *
-
-What's MakeMaker?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation
-
-This section of the FAQ answers questions related to manipulating numbers, dates, strings, arrays, hashes, and miscellaneous data issues.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
-
-=item *
-
-Why is int() broken?
-
-=item *
-
-Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
-
-=item *
-
-Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I convert between numeric representations/bases/radixes?
-
-=item *
-
-Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I multiply matrices?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I output Roman numerals?
-
-=item *
-
-Why aren't my random numbers random?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I get a random number between X and Y?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find the day or week of the year?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find the current century or millennium?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I find the Julian Day?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find yesterday's date?
-
-=item *
-
-Does Perl have a Year 2000 or 2038 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I validate input?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I unescape a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I expand function calls in a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find matching/nesting anything?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I reverse a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I expand tabs in a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I reformat a paragraph?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I access or change N characters of a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I split a [character]-delimited string except when inside [character]?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I extract selected columns from a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find the soundex value of a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I expand variables in text strings?
-
-=item *
-
-What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
-
-=item *
-
-Why don't my E<lt>E<lt>HERE documents work?
-
-=item *
-
-What is the difference between a list and an array?
-
-=item *
-
-What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I tell whether a certain element is contained in a list or array?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the intersection of two arrays?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I handle linked lists?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I handle circular lists?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I shuffle an array randomly?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I process/modify each element of an array?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I select a random element from an array?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I permute N elements of a list?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I sort an array by (anything)?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
-
-=item *
-
-Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I process an entire hash?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I merge two hashes?
-
-=item *
-
-What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I look up a hash element by value?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I always keep my hash sorted?
-
-=item *
-
-What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
-
-=item *
-
-Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
-
-=item *
-
-Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I use a reference as a hash key?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I check if a key exists in a multilevel hash?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I prevent addition of unwanted keys into a hash?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I handle binary data correctly?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I define methods for every class/object?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I verify a credit card checksum?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats
-
-This section deals with I/O and the "f" issues: filehandles, flushing, formats, and footers.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I change, delete, or insert a line in a file, or append to the beginning of a file?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I count the number of lines in a file?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I delete the last N lines from a file?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I use Perl's C<-i> option from within a program?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I copy a file?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I make a temporary file name?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I write() into a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I open a filehandle to a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I output my numbers with commas added?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
-
-=item *
-
-How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
-
-=item *
-
-Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use E<lt>*E<gt>?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I open a file with a leading "E<gt>" or trailing blanks?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I reliably rename a file?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I lock a file?
-
-=item *
-
-Why can't I just open(FH, "E<gt>file.lock")?
-
-=item *
-
-I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?
-
-=item *
-
-All I want to do is append a small amount of text to the end of a file. Do I still have to use locking?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I randomly update a binary file?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I print to more than one file at once?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I read in an entire file all at once?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I close a file descriptor by number?
-
-=item *
-
-Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? Why doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
-
-=item *
-
-Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
-
-=item *
-
-Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I select a random line from a file?
-
-=item *
-
-Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I traverse a directory tree?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I delete a directory tree?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I copy an entire directory?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq6>: Regular Expressions
-
-This section is surprisingly small because the rest of the FAQ is littered with answers involving regular expressions. For example, decoding a URL and checking whether something is a number can be handled with regular expressions, but those answers are found elsewhere in this document (in perlfaq9 : "How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web" and perlfaq4 : "How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float", to be precise).
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and unmaintainable code?
-
-=item *
-
-I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on different lines?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I match XML, HTML, or other nasty, ugly things with a regex?
-
-=item *
-
-I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I substitute case-insensitively on the LHS while preserving case on the RHS?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/> ?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
-
-=item *
-
-What is C</o> really for?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I use a regular expression to strip C-style comments from a file?
-
-=item *
-
-Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
-
-=item *
-
-What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I process each word on each line?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I do approximate matching?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
-
-=item *
-
-Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
-
-=item *
-
-Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
-
-=item *
-
-What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
-
-=item *
-
-Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
-
-=item *
-
-What's wrong with using grep in a void context?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I match a regular expression that's in a variable?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues
-
-This section deals with general Perl language issues that don't clearly fit into any of the other sections.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
-
-=item *
-
-What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them?
-
-=item *
-
-Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and commas?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I skip some return values?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I temporarily block warnings?
-
-=item *
-
-What's an extension?
-
-=item *
-
-Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I declare/create a structure?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I create a module?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I adopt or take over a module already on CPAN?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I create a class?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
-
-=item *
-
-What's a closure?
-
-=item *
-
-What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I create a static variable?
-
-=item *
-
-What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between local() and my()?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope?
-
-=item *
-
-What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
-
-=item *
-
-Why doesn't "my($foo) = E<lt>$fhE<gt>;" work right?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
-
-=item *
-
-What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I create a switch or case statement?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I catch accesses to undefined variables, functions, or methods?
-
-=item *
-
-Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I find out my current or calling package?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I comment out a large block of Perl code?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I clear a package?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I use a variable as a variable name?
-
-=item *
-
-What does "bad interpreter" mean?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction
-
-This section of the Perl FAQ covers questions involving operating system interaction. Topics include interprocess communication (IPC), control over the user-interface (keyboard, screen and pointing devices), and most anything else not related to data manipulation.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
-
-=item *
-
-How come exec() doesn't return?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I print something out in color?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I clear the screen?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I get the screen size?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I ask the user for a password?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I read and write the serial port?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I decode encrypted password files?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I start a process in the background?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I trap control characters/signals?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I set the time and date?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I measure time under a second?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
-
-=item *
-
-Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
-
-=item *
-
-Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
-
-=item *
-
-Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
-
-=item *
-
-Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
-
-=item *
-
-What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I call backticks without shell processing?
-
-=item *
-
-Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I convert my shell script to perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I write expect in Perl?
-
-=item *
-
-Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as "ps"?
-
-=item *
-
-I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I fork a daemon process?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I timeout a slow event?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I set CPU limits?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I use an SQL database?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I open a file without blocking?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I tell the difference between errors from the shell and perl?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I install a module from CPAN?
-
-=item *
-
-What's the difference between require and use?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I keep my own module/library directory?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search path?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I add a directory to my include path (@INC) at runtime?
-
-=item *
-
-What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
-
-=back
-
-
-=head2 L<perlfaq9>: Web, Email and Networking
-
-This section deals with questions related to running web sites, sending and receiving email as well as general networking.
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-Should I use a web framework?
-
-=item *
-
-Which web framework should I use?
-
-=item *
-
-What is Plack and PSGI?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I remove HTML from a string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I extract URLs?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I fetch an HTML file?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I automate an HTML form submission?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I redirect to another page?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I put a password on my web pages?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that causes my CGI script to do bad things?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I parse a mail header?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I check a valid mail address?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find the user's mail address?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I send email?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I read email?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I find out my hostname, domainname, or IP address?
-
-=item *
-
-How do I fetch/put an (S)FTP file?
-
-=item *
-
-How can I do RPC in Perl?
-
-=back
-
-
-
-=head1 CREDITS
-
-Tom Christiansen wrote the original perlfaq then expanded it with the
-help of Nat Torkington. brian d foy substantialy edited and expanded
-the perlfaq. perlfaq-workers and others have also supplied feedback,
-patches and corrections over the years.
-
-=head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
-Tom Christiansen wrote the original version of this document.
-brian d foy C<< <bdfoy@cpan.org> >> wrote this version. See the
-individual perlfaq documents for additional copyright information.
-
-This document is available under the same terms as Perl itself. Code
-examples in all the perlfaq documents are in the public domain. Use
-them as you see fit (and at your own risk with no warranty from anyone).