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-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex206
1 files changed, 188 insertions, 18 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex
index 676c57619b5..252cde0fd91 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
%% DESCRIPTION:
%% `Mathmode' is a document how the math mode works inside LaTeX
%%
-\def\MathmodeVersion{2.16}
+\def\MathmodeVersion{2.18}
%\ifvtex\title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\else
\ifpdf\title{Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\else
\title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\fi%\fi
@@ -25,12 +25,13 @@
Zongbao Fang;
Azzam Hassam; Martin Hensel;
Morten H\o{}gholm; M. Kalidoss; Dan Lasley;
- Angus Leeming; Tim Love;
+ Angus Leeming; Tim Love; Dan Luecking;
Hendrik Maryns; Heinz Mezera;
David Neuway;
Joachim Punter;
Carl Riehm; Will Robertson; Christoph Rumsm\"uller;
- Jos\'e{} Carlos Santos; Rainer Schöpf; Jens Schwaiger; Uwe Siart; Martin Sievers; Heiko Stamer; Uwe St\"ohr;
+ Jos\'e{} Carlos Santos; Arnaud Schmittbuhl;
+ Rainer Schöpf; Jens Schwaiger; Uwe Siart; Martin Sievers; Heiko Stamer; Uwe St\"ohr;
Carsten Thiel;
David Weenink;
Zou Yuan-Chuan;
@@ -61,9 +62,10 @@ facts in this paper. An advanced german version of this paper is available as a
\vspace{3cm}
\noindent Please report typos or any other comments to this documentation to
\href{mailto:voss@perce.de}{voss@perce.de}.
-\noindent This document was written with the \LaTeX{} editor \verb+Kile 1.8+ \verb+(Qt 3.3+ \verb+KDE 3.4)+
-\href{http://sourceforge.net/projects/kile/}{http://sourceforge.net/projects/kile/} and the PDF output
-was built with the Linux version of \texttt{V\TeX/Free}, Version 8.46
+\noindent This document was written with the \LaTeX{} editor \verb+Kile 1.8+
+\verb+(Qt 3.3+ \verb+KDE 3.4)+
+\href{http://sourceforge.net/projects/kile/}{http://sourceforge.net/projects/kile/}
+and the PDF output was built with the Linux version of \texttt{V\TeX/Free}, Version 8.46
(\href{http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/}{http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/})
This file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
@@ -2869,8 +2871,8 @@ math.
\section{\texttt{align} environments}
There are four different align environments, described in the following
-subsections. Their behaviour is shown in table \ref{cap:align}. The
-code for all align environments was:
+subsections. Their behaviour is shown in table \ref{cap:align}. The symbolic
+code for all align environments is:
\begin{lstlisting}
\begin{<name>}
@@ -2880,8 +2882,10 @@ code for all align environments was:
\end{lstlisting}
\begin{table}[htb]
+\caption{Comparison between the different align environments
+with the same code, where the first three can have an equation number}\label{cap:align}
\begin{align*}
-\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{align} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}&= & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{align} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}&= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}\\
\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{align}&= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x}
\end{align*}
@@ -2905,8 +2909,6 @@ code for all align environments was:
\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{xxalignat} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x}
\end{xxalignat}
-\caption{Comparison between the different align environments
-with the same code, where the first three can have an equation number}\label{cap:align}
\end{table}
In difference to the \verb+eqnarray+ environment from standard \LaTeX{}
@@ -3203,14 +3205,18 @@ The same code looks like:
\end{equation}
\end{lstlisting}
-The \verb|aligned| environment is similar to the \verb|array|\index{array} environment, there exists no
-starred version and it has only one equation number and has to be part of another math environment, which should be \verb|equation| environment. The advantage of \verb|aligned| is the much
+The \verb|aligned| environment is similar to the \verb|array|\index{array}
+environment, there exists no
+starred version and it has only one equation number and has to be part of
+another math environment, which should be \verb|equation| environment.
+The advantage of \verb|aligned| is the much
better horizontal and vertical spacing. %%% ----- Martin -----
\subsection{Problems}
When using one of the \verb+align+ environments, there should be no \verb+\\+ at the
-end of the last line, otherwise you'll get another equation number for this ``empty{}'' line: %%% ----- Martin -----
+end of the last line, otherwise you'll get another equation number for this
+``empty{}'' line: %%% ----- Martin -----
\begin{showexample}[width=0.65\linewidth]
\begin{align}
@@ -3252,6 +3258,136 @@ exists.
Look at section \vref{split} for an example.
\end{itemize}
+\subsection{\texttt{gathered} environment}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{gathered\}[c]\\...\\\CMD{end\{gathered\}}}}
+
+The \verb+gathered+ environment is like the \verb+aligned+ or \verb+alignedat+
+\index{gathered}\index{aligned}\index{alignedat}
+environment. They use only so much horizontal space as the widest line needs.
+In difference to the \verb+gather+ environment it must be itself inside the
+math mode.
+%
+\begin{align}
+\rule{2cm}{1pt}
+\begin{gathered}
+\quad i_{11}=0.25\\
+\quad i_{21}=\frac{1}{3}i_{11}\\
+\quad i_{31}=0.33i_{22}
+\end{gathered}
+\rule{2cm}{1pt}
+\end{align}
+
+%
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+\rule{2cm}{1pt}
+\begin{gathered}
+\quad i_{11}=0.25\\
+\quad i_{21}=\frac{1}{3}i_{11}\\
+\quad i_{31}=0.33i_{22}
+\end{gathered}
+\rule{2cm}{1pt}
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+%
+
+The optional argument can be used for setting the vertical alignment which is
+by default c (centered). It can also be t for top or b for bottom.
+
+\begin{align}
+\rule{1cm}{1pt}
+\begin{gathered}[t]
+\quad A=a\\
+\quad B=b\\
+\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+%
+\begin{gathered}[c]
+\quad A=a\\
+\quad B=b\\
+\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+%
+\begin{gathered}[b]
+\quad A=a\\
+\quad B=b\\
+\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+\ \rule{1cm}{1pt}
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+\rule{1cm}{1pt}
+\begin{gathered}[t]
+\quad A=a\\
+\quad B=b\\
+\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+%
+\begin{gathered}[c]
+\quad A=a\\
+\quad B=b\\
+\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+%
+\begin{gathered}[b]
+\quad A=a\\
+\quad B=b\\
+\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+\ \rule{1cm}{1pt}
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+When using a square bracket as first character inside the environment, then
+everything is ignored by \AmS until a following closing bracket, because \AmS takes this
+as an optional argument:
+%
+\begin{align}
+\begin{gathered}
+[A]\quad A=a\\
+[B]\quad B=b\\
+[C]\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+\end{align}
+%
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+\begin{gathered}
+[A]\quad A=a\\
+[B]\quad B=b\\
+[C]\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+%
+The \verb+[A]+ is completely ignored, which can be avoided by using the
+optional argument \verb+[c]+ or at least an empty one directly
+after the \verb+\begin{gather}+. Another possibility is using the package \verb+empheq+,
+which fixes this behaviour by default.
+%
+\begin{align}
+\begin{gathered}[]
+[A]\quad A=a\\
+[B]\quad B=b\\
+[C]\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+\end{align}
+%
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+\begin{gathered}[]
+[A]\quad A=a\\
+[B]\quad B=b\\
+[C]\quad C=c
+\end{gathered}
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+%
+
+
\subsection{\texttt{multline} environment}
\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{multline\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{multline\}}}}
This is also like a multi line%
@@ -5220,14 +5356,15 @@ The following sections are not a replacement for the package documentation!
\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/icomma.html}{icomma}&
\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/leftidx.html}{leftidx}&
\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mathdots.html}{mathdots}&
-\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mathematica.html}{mathematica}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mathtools.html}{mathtools}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mathematica.html}{mathematica}&
\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mil3.html}{mil3}&
\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mtbe.html}{mtbe}&
-\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/nath.html}{Nath}&
-\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/numprint.html}{numprint}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/nath.html}{Nath}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/numprint.html}{numprint}&
\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/random.html}{random}&
\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/romannum.html}{romannum}&
-\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/texaide.html}{TeXaide}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/texaide.html}{TeXaide}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
@@ -5688,6 +5825,39 @@ installation, all symbols get the right size.
\sum_{i=1}^{n}f\left(\cos\left(\frac{2i-1}{2n}\right)\right)\]
\end{minipage}%
+\section{\texttt{mathtools}}\label{sec:mathtools}
+This package comes with a lot of additional features for setting math code.
+Sometimes it is useful when only such equations are numbered which are
+referenced in the text. This is possible with the switch \verb+\showonlyrefs+.
+
+Matrices are set by default with a centered horizontal alignment, which is
+often not the best way. \verb+mathtools+ provides a starred version of
+the matrix environments which allow an optional argument for the horizontal
+alignment:
+
+\[
+\begin{pmatrix*}[r]
+ 1 & -1 & 0 \\
+ -1 & 1 & -1 \\
+ 1 & -1 & 0 \\
+-11 & 11 &-11 \\
+\end{pmatrix*}
+\]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\begin{pmatrix*}[r]
+ 1 & -1 & 0 \\
+ -1 & 1 & -1 \\
+ 1 & -1 & 0 \\
+-11 & 11 &-11 \\
+\end{pmatrix*}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\verb+mathtools+ also provides a also some more environments for setting equations.
+
+
\section{\texttt{relsize}}\label{sec:relsize}
Often consecutives math operators are used, like two sum symbols, e.g.:
\[ \sum\sum_{i=1}^n i^2 \]