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Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex')
-rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex | 194 |
1 files changed, 163 insertions, 31 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex index 5fde86ff401..55324a19915 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex +++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex @@ -13,14 +13,16 @@ %% DESCRIPTION: %% `Mathmode' is a document how the math mode works inside LaTeX %% -\def\MathmodeVersion{2.09} -\ifvtex\title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\else +\def\MathmodeVersion{2.13} +%\ifvtex\title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\else \ifpdf\title{Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\else - \title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\fi\fi + \title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\fi%\fi % \author{Herbert Vo\ss\footnote{\sloppy Thanks for the feedback to: Hendri Adriaens; - Alexander Boronka; Christian Faulhammer; Jos\'e{} Luis G\'omez Dans; + Alexander Boronka; Walter Brown; + Christian Faulhammer; Jos\'e{} Luis G\'omez Dans; + Zongbao Fang; Azzam Hassam; Martin Hensel; Morten H\o{}gholm; M. Kalidoss; Dan Lasley; Angus Leeming; Tim Love; @@ -32,6 +34,7 @@ Carsten Thiel; David Weenink; Zou Yuan-Chuan; + Philipp Wook; Michael Zedler; and last but not least a special thanks to Monika Hattenbach for her excellent job of proofreading. @@ -41,14 +44,18 @@ \maketitle \begin{abstract} -More than once people say that \TeX{} was designed for mathematical or technical purpose. -This maybe true when we remember the reasons why Donald Knuth created \TeX{}. But nowadays -there are a lot -of examples where \TeX{} was used for publications without any mathematical or technical background. -Nevertheless, we have to consider, that writing publications with a lot of mathematical -material is one of the important advantages of \TeX{} and it seems that is impossible to +It is often said that \TeX{} was designed for mathematical or technical purposes. +This may be true when we remember the reasons why Donald Knuth created \TeX{}. But nowadays +there are many examples in which \TeX\ is + used for publications with no mathematical or technical background content. However, +%we have to consider, that +writing publications with such %a lot of mathematical +material is one of the important advantages of \TeX{}. Because it +seems impossible to know all existing macros and options of \AllTeX{} and the several additional packages, -especially \AmSmath. This is the reason why I tried to collect all important +especially of \AmSmath. This is the reason why I have attempted to gather +all the relevant +%I tried to collect all important facts in this paper. \vspace{3cm} @@ -66,6 +73,7 @@ in directory \url{CTAN://macros/latex/base/lppl.txt}. \end{abstract} + \clearpage \tableofcontents{} @@ -183,7 +191,7 @@ All commands which appear in positions like contents, index, header, \texttt{robust} means that the macro is not expanded before it is moved into for example the tableofcontents file (\texttt{*.toc}). No robustness is often a problem, when a macro is part of another macro.} -which is the case for \verb+$...$+ but not for \verb+\(\...\)+. +which is the case for \verb+$...$+ but not for \verb+\(...\)+. If you do not have any contents, index, a.s.o. you can write the mathstuff in \CMD{chapter}\index{chapter@\textbackslash chapter}, \CMD{section}\index{section@\textbackslash section}, @@ -1313,7 +1321,7 @@ $\bigg[\bigg]$ $\biggl/\bigg\backslash\bigg\{\bigg\}$% $\bigg|$ $\bigg\Vert$ $\bigg\lfloor\bigg\rfloor$ $\bigg\lceil\bigg\rceil$ $\bigg\langle\bigg\rangle$ $\bigg\uparrow\bigg\Uparrow$ $\bigg\downarrow\bigg\Downarrow$ $\bigg\updownarrow\bigg\Updownarrow$\\[8pt] -\CMD{Big}gX & $\Bigg(\Bigg)$ +\CMD{BiggX} & $\Bigg(\Bigg)$ $\Bigg[\Bigg]$ $\Biggl/\Bigg\backslash\Bigg\{\Bigg\}$ $\Bigg|$ $\Bigg\Vert$ $\Bigg\lfloor\Bigg\rfloor$ $\Bigg\lceil\Bigg\rceil$ $\Bigg\langle\Bigg\rangle$ @@ -1345,19 +1353,25 @@ and so on, which only makes sense when writing things like: \LaTeX{} takes the \verb|\biggl)| as a mathopen symbol, which has by default another horizontal spacing. -In addition to the above additional commands there exist some more: -\CMD{bigm}\index{bigm@\textbackslash bigm}, \CMD{Bigm}\index{Bigm@\textbackslash Bigm}, \CMD{biggm}\index{biggm@\textbackslash biggm} and \CMD{Biggm}\index{Biggm@\textbackslash Biggm}, +In addition to the above commands there exist some more: +\CMD{bigm}\index{bigm@\textbackslash bigm}, \CMD{Bigm}\index{Bigm@\textbackslash Bigm}, +\CMD{biggm}\index{biggm@\textbackslash biggm} and \CMD{Biggm}\index{Biggm@\textbackslash Biggm}, which work as the standard ones (without the addtional ``m{}'') but add some more horizontal space% \marginpar{\CMD{bigmX}\\\CMD{bigmX}} between the delimiter and the formula before and after (see table \ref{cap:Difference-between-the-bigg}). + + +%$3\bigg|a^2-b^2-c^2\bigg|+2$ +%$3\biggm|a^2-b^2-c^2\biggm|+2$ + \begin{table}[htb] \begin{showexample} -$3\bigg|a^2-b^2-c^2\bigg|+2$ +$\bigg(\dfrac{1}{3}\bigg|\dfrac{3}{4}\bigg)$ \end{showexample} \vspace{-15pt} \begin{showexample} -$3\biggm|a^2-b^2-c^2\biggm|+2$ +$\bigg(\dfrac{1}{3}\biggm|\dfrac{3}{4}\bigg)$ \end{showexample} \caption{Difference between the default \CMD{bigg} and the \CMD{biggm} command}\label{cap:Difference-between-the-bigg} @@ -1653,7 +1667,6 @@ replaced for the XX. See section \vref{sec:euscript.sty} for additional packages \begin{table}[htb] \includegraphics{styles} - \iffalse %\vspace{0.5ex} %\rule{0.3\columnwidth}{0.5pt}\\ @@ -1701,7 +1714,6 @@ $\mathbf{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$\tabularnewline \end{tabularx} \end{minipage} \fi - \caption{Fonts in math mode}\label{cap:Fonts-in-math-mode} \end{table} @@ -1874,7 +1886,7 @@ Another possibilty is to use the \verb+numprint+ package.\footnote{% \subsection{Dot versus comma}\label{subsec:dot-comma} \marginpar{\CMD{mathpunct}\\\CMD{mathord}}% -In difference to a decimal point\index{decimal point} and a \index{comma}comma as a marker of thousends a lot of +In difference to a decimal point\index{decimal point} and a \index{comma}comma as a marker of thousands a lot of countries prefer it vice versa. To get the same behaviour the meaning of \index{dot}dot and comma has to be changed: @@ -2500,7 +2512,7 @@ lower & default & upper & default & \verb|\mathbf| & \verb|\mathit|\\\hline \verb|\vartheta| & $\vartheta$\\ \verb|\iota| & $\iota$\\ \verb|\kappa| & $\kappa$\\ -\verb|\delta| & $\lambda$ +\verb|\lamda| & $\lambda$ & \verb|\Lambda| & $\Lambda$ & $\mathbf{\Lambda}$ & $\mathit{\Lambda}$\\ \verb|\mu| & $\mu$ \\ \verb|\nu| & $\nu$\\ @@ -2903,6 +2915,10 @@ in two parts. In general the ampersand should be before the symbol to get the ri \verb+y &= x+. Compare the following three equations, the second one has a wrong spacing. %%% ----- Martin ----- +\noindent +~\hfill\includegraphics{amsalign} + +\iffalse \begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth} \begin{align} \rnode[lt]{a}{y} &= \rnode[rt]{A}{x} @@ -2925,6 +2941,7 @@ y =& x y ={}& x \end{lstlisting} \end{minipage} +\fi \subsection{The default \texttt{align} environment} @@ -3066,7 +3083,7 @@ i_{31} & =0.33i_{22} \medskip As seen, the equations are not really left aligned, when they have only one ampersand. In this case \verb+flalign+ has the same behaviour as the \verb+align+ -environment. +environment.\index{Alignment!left}\index{Indentation} When there are more than one tabbing characters (\verb+&+), then the equations are @@ -4489,6 +4506,58 @@ $\overset{over}{baseline}$\tabularnewline \CMD{underset} is a useful macro for having limits under non-operators (see page~\pageref{sec:amsopn}). %%% ----- Martin ----- +\section{Problems with \texttt{amsmath}} +\AmSmath{} is an excellent package with some "'funny features"`. +When using an \verb+align+ environment inside a \verb+gather+ environment, it should +be centered just like the other lines. This is only true, when there is a number/tag or +an additional ampersand: + + +\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t] +\begin{gather*} + \begin{align*} + m_2 &= m_2' + m_2''\\ + &= \frac{V_2'}{v_2'} + \frac{V_2''}{v_2''} + \end{align*}\\ + \Rightarrow m_2 v_2' = V - V_2'' + V_2''\frac{v_2'}{v_2''}\\ +\end{gather*} +\begin{gather*} + \begin{align*} + m_2 &= m_2' + m_2''\\ + &= \frac{V_2'}{v_2'} + \frac{V_2''}{v_2''} & %<<<==== + \end{align*}\\ + \Rightarrow m_2 v_2' = V - V_2'' + V_2''\frac{v_2'}{v_2''}\\ +\end{gather*} +\end{LTXexample} + + + +This effect depends to the horizontal width, which is wrong in the first example, +in fact of a missing tag or number the right whitespace is cut, but the left one +is still there. The additional ampersand prevents \AmSmath{} to change the right +margin. + +Another kind of curiousity is the following example, which depends to the +same problem of cutting whitespace only on one side. + +\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t] +\fbox{% +\begin{minipage}{10cm} +\begin{align*} + a&=b \\ c&=d +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}} + +\fbox{% +\begin{minipage}{10cm} +\noindent\begin{align*} + a&=b \\ c&=d +\end{align*} +\end{minipage}} +\end{LTXexample} + + + \part{\TeX{} and math} @@ -4571,14 +4640,16 @@ $\delimitershortfall-1pt \subsection{\CMD{displayindent}} -\cIndex{displayindent}This is the left shift amount of a line holding displayed equation. By default it is $0pt$ but -gets the value of an indented paragraph when there is an environment like the quotation one. +\cIndex{displayindent}This is the left shift amount of a line holding displayed equation. +By default it is $0pt$ but +gets the value of an indented paragraph when there is an environment like the quotation one.\index{Indentation} The following formula is typeset in the usual way without modifying anything. \[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \] -Now we start a quotation environment which sets \verb+\labelwidth+ to new values for a greater %%% ----- Martin ----- +Now we start a quotation environment which sets \verb+\labelwidth+ to new values for a +greater %%% ----- Martin ----- left margin. \begin{itemize} @@ -4603,7 +4674,8 @@ the negative \verb+\labelwidth+: \end{lstlisting} \subsection{\CMD{displaywidth}} -\cIndex{displaywidth}The width of the line holding a displayed equation, which is by default \verb+\linewidth+. In the +\cIndex{displaywidth}The width of the line holding a displayed equation, which is by default +\verb+\linewidth+. In the second example the formula is centered for a display width of \verb+0.5\linewidth+. \[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \] @@ -4712,6 +4784,10 @@ $\tdela x-y\tdelb(x+y)=x^2-y^2$ possible families of fonts. \verb+\fam+ in an internal register where other macros can check which font is the actual one. At the beginning \TeX{} starts with \verb+\fam=-1+. \bigskip +\noindent +\includegraphics{family} +\iffalse + \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{ll} \verb+\fam=-1+ & $\fam=-1 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$\\ @@ -4733,7 +4809,7 @@ $\mathtt{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$\\[5pt] $\mathsf{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$\\[5pt] $\mathnormal{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$ \end{showexample} - +\fi \subsection{\CMD{mathaccent}} \cIndex{mathaccent}Requires three parameter as one number, the class, the font family and the character. @@ -5569,8 +5645,9 @@ they come with the \AmSmath packages. Otherwise get them from CTAN% letters: \begin{center} -\texttt{\textbackslash{}mathscr\{...\}}\index{EuScript@\textbackslash EuScript} -{$\EuScript{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$} +\includegraphics{EuScript} +%\texttt{\textbackslash{}mathscr\{...\}}\index{EuScript@\textbackslash EuScript} +%{$\EuScript{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$} \end{center} Read the documentation for the interdependence to the %%% ----- Martin ----- @@ -5663,6 +5740,41 @@ This matrix was created with \] \end{lstlisting} +\part{Math fonts} +Typesetting text and math is far different. There exist a lot of free text fonts without +additional math characters. This is the reason why we have to buy a commercial math font, e.\,g. +\Index{Palatino} (\verb+pamath+) or \Index{Helvetica} (\verb+hvmath+), or to combine the free texttt font with another free math font. + +\section{Computer modern} +This is the default font, designed by Knuth.\index{cmr}\index{Computer modern} For the PDF output +the Type 1 fonts cm-super and BlueSkye were used. + +\Mbox{cm-crop} + +\section{Latin modern} +This is the new designed font which comes with an own Type 1 version.\index{lm}\index{Latin modern} + +\Mbox{lm-crop} + +\section{Palatino} +There is a free package mathpazo.\index{mathpazo}\index{Palatino} + +\Mbox{pazo-crop} + +\section{Palatino -- microimp} +There is the package \verb+pamath+ for the nonfree palatino font.\index{mathpazo}\index{Palatino} + +\Mbox{pamath-crop} + +\section{cmbright} + +\Mbox{cmbright-crop} + +\section{minion} + +\Mbox{minionpro-crop} + + \part{Special symbols} @@ -5903,6 +6015,25 @@ y_n & x_{n1} & x_{n2} & x_{n3} & \dots & x_{(n-1)(n-1)} & x_{nn} \] \end{LTXexample} +\subsection{Matrix with comments on top} + + +\begin{LTXexample}[width=0.35\linewidth] +\def\rb#1{\rotatebox{90}{$\xleftarrow{#1}$}} +\begin{tabular}{c} +$\begin{matrix} +\rb{text1}&\rb{text1}&\rb{text1}&\rb{text1}\\ +\end{matrix}$\\ +$\begin{bmatrix} +X_x & Y_x & Z_x & T_x \\ +X_y & Y_y & Z_y & T_y \\ +X_z & Y_z & Z_z & T_z \\ +0 & 0 & 0 & 1 +\end{bmatrix}$ +\end{tabular} +\end{LTXexample} + + \section{Cases structure} \index{Cases!numbered lines}Sometimes it is better to use the array environment instead of amsmath's %%% ----- Martin ----- @@ -6240,8 +6371,9 @@ In general there is no difference in coloring tabular or array cells. The follow shows how one can put \index{color}colors in rows, columns and cells. \index{rowcolor@\textbackslash rowcolor}\index{columncolor@\textbackslash columncolor} -\medskip -\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{colArray} +\medskip\noindent +\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{colArray.pdf} + %\[ %\left[\, %\begin{array}{*{5}{>{\columncolor[gray]{0.95}}c}} |