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+ <title>Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation
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+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
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+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
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+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
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+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
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+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="gfdl"
+ name="gfdl"></a>Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free
+ Documentation License</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Version 1.1, March 2000</p>
+
+ <blockquote class="blockquote">
+ <p>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59
+ Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone
+ is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
+ license document, but changing it is not allowed.</p>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948209"
+ name="id2948209"></a>PREAMBLE</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual,
+ textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of
+ freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy
+ and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either
+ commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
+ preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit
+ for their work, while not being considered responsible for
+ modifications made by others.</p>
+
+ <p>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
+ derivative works of the document must themselves be free in
+ the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public
+ License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
+ software.</p>
+
+ <p>We have designed this License in order to use it for
+ manuals for free software, because free software needs free
+ documentation: a free program should come with manuals
+ providing the same freedoms that the software does. But
+ this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be
+ used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+ whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend
+ this License principally for works whose purpose is
+ instruction or reference.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948100"
+ name="id2948100"></a>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This License applies to any manual or other work that
+ contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
+ can be distributed under the terms of this License. The
+ "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any
+ member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
+ "you".</p>
+
+ <p>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
+ containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
+ verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
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+
+ <p>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a
+ front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively
+ with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the
+ Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
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+ may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be
+ a matter of historical connection with the subject or with
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+ ethical or political position regarding them.</p>
+
+ <p>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
+ whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
+ Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is
+ released under this License.</p>
+
+ <p>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text
+ that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts,
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+
+ <p>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
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+
+ <p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies
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+
+ <p>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title
+ page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to
+ hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear
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+ any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near
+ the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
+ preceding the beginning of the body of the text.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948673"
+ name="id2948673"></a>VERBATIM COPYING</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
+ either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
+ License, the copyright notices, and the license notice
+ saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
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+ technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or
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+
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+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948707"
+ name="id2948707"></a>COPYING IN QUANTITY</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering
+ more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires
+ Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that
+ carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
+ Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
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+ front cover must present the full title with all words of
+ the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other
+ material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
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+ treated as verbatim copying in other respects.</p>
+
+ <p>If the required texts for either cover are too
+ voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones
+ listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and
+ continue the rest onto adjacent pages.</p>
+
+ <p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the
+ Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a
+ machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque
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+ publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a
+ complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added
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+ distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents
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+
+ <p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
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+ you with an updated version of the Document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948791"
+ name="id2948791"></a>MODIFICATIONS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
+ Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above,
+ provided that you release the Modified Version under
+ precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling
+ the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
+ modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a
+ copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
+ Modified Version:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="A">
+ <li>
+ <p>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any)
+ a title distinct from that of the Document, and from
+ those of previous versions (which should, if there
+ were any, be listed in the History section of the
+ Document). You may use the same title as a previous
+ version if the original publisher of that version
+ gives permission.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
+ persons or entities responsible for authorship of the
+ modifications in the Modified Version, together with
+ at least five of the principal authors of the
+ Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
+ less than five).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>State on the Title page the name of the publisher
+ of the Modified Version, as the publisher.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve all the copyright notices of the
+ Document.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
+ modifications adjacent to the other copyright
+ notices.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Include, immediately after the copyright notices,
+ a license notice giving the public permission to use
+ the Modified Version under the terms of this License,
+ in the form shown in the Addendum below.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
+ Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in
+ the Document's license notice.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Include an unaltered copy of this License.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve the section entitled "History", and its
+ title, and add to it an item stating at least the
+ title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
+ Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there
+ is no section entitled "History" in the Document,
+ create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+ publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
+ then add an item describing the Modified Version as
+ stated in the previous sentence.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve the network location, if any, given in
+ the Document for public access to a Transparent copy
+ of the Document, and likewise the network locations
+ given in the Document for previous versions it was
+ based on. These may be placed in the "History"
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+ that was published at least four years before the
+ Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
+ version it refers to gives permission.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or
+ "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and
+ preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
+ each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
+ dedications given therein.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the
+ Document, unaltered in their text and in their
+ titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
+ considered part of the section titles.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a
+ section may not be included in the Modified
+ Version.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Do not retitle any existing section as
+ "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any
+ Invariant Section.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter
+ sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections
+ and contain no material copied from the Document, you may
+ at your option designate some or all of these sections as
+ invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of
+ Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license
+ notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
+ section titles.</p>
+
+ <p>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided
+ it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified
+ Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer
+ review or that the text has been approved by an
+ organization as the authoritative definition of a
+ standard.</p>
+
+ <p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a
+ Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a
+ Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in
+ the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text
+ and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
+ arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover,
+ previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same
+ entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add
+ another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
+ permission from the previous publisher that added the old
+ one.</p>
+
+ <p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
+ this License give permission to use their names for
+ publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any
+ Modified Version.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949025"
+ name="id2949025"></a>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may combine the Document with other documents
+ released under this License, under the terms defined in
+ section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
+ include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
+ all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them
+ all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
+ license notice.</p>
+
+ <p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this
+ License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be
+ replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple
+ Invariant Sections with the same name but different
+ contents, make the title of each such section unique by
+ adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
+ original author or publisher of that section if known, or
+ else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the
+ section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the
+ license notice of the combined work.</p>
+
+ <p>In the combination, you must combine any sections
+ entitled "History" in the various original documents,
+ forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine
+ any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections
+ entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
+ entitled "Endorsements."</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949073"
+ name="id2949073"></a>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
+ other documents released under this License, and replace
+ the individual copies of this License in the various
+ documents with a single copy that is included in the
+ collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
+ License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in
+ all other respects.</p>
+
+ <p>You may extract a single document from such a
+ collection, and distribute it individually under this
+ License, provided you insert a copy of this License into
+ the extracted document, and follow this License in all
+ other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+ document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949112"
+ name="id2949112"></a>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT
+ WORKS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with
+ other separate and independent documents or works, in or on
+ a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a
+ whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided
+ no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation.
+ Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
+ License does not apply to the other self-contained works
+ thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being
+ thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works
+ of the Document.</p>
+
+ <p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable
+ to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is
+ less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the
+ Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that
+ surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise
+ they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949149"
+ name="id2949149"></a>TRANSLATION</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you
+ may distribute translations of the Document under the terms
+ of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
+ translations requires special permission from their
+ copyright holders, but you may include translations of some
+ or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original
+ versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
+ translation of this License provided that you also include
+ the original English version of this License. In case of a
+ disagreement between the translation and the original
+ English version of this License, the original English
+ version will prevail.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949177"
+ name="id2949177"></a>TERMINATION</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
+ Document except as expressly provided for under this
+ License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
+ distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
+ terminate your rights under this License. However, parties
+ who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
+ License will not have their licenses terminated so long as
+ such parties remain in full compliance.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949201"
+ name="id2949201"></a>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS
+ LICENSE</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
+ versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to
+ time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
+ present version, but may differ in detail to address new
+ problems or concerns. See <a
+ href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/"
+ target="_top">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
+ version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
+ numbered version of this License "or any later version"
+ applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
+ and conditions either of that specified version or of any
+ later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
+ the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not
+ specify a version number of this License, you may choose
+ any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+ Software Foundation.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948479"
+ name="id2948479"></a>How to use this License for your
+ documents</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To use this License in a document you have written,
+ include a copy of the License in the document and put the
+ following copyright and license notices just after the
+ title page:</p>
+
+ <blockquote class="blockquote">
+ <p>Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to
+ copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
+ terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software
+ Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR
+ TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with
+ the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is
+ included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
+ License".</p>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <p>If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no
+ Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are
+ invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no
+ Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
+ LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.</p>
+
+ <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
+ code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel
+ under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU
+ General Public License, to permit their use in free
+ software.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples"
+ href="apd.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
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+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Bibliography" href="bi01.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-next.png" alt="Next" border="0" />
+ </a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long
+ Examples&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;Bibliography</td>
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+