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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c1e85d52913..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5951 +0,0 @@ -Short Contents -************** - -LaTeX2e -1 Overview of LaTeX -2 Starting & ending -3 Document classes -4 Typefaces -5 Layout -6 Sectioning -7 Cross references -8 Environments -9 Footnotes -10 Definitions -11 Counters -12 Lengths -13 Line breaking -14 Page breaking -15 Making paragraphs -16 Math formulas -17 Modes -18 Page Styles -19 Spaces -20 Boxes -21 Special insertions -22 Splitting the input -23 Front/back matter -24 Letters -25 Terminal Input/Output -26 Command Line -Appendix A Document templates -Concept Index -Command Index - - -Table of Contents -***************** - -LaTeX2e -1 Overview of LaTeX -2 Starting & ending -3 Document classes - 3.1 Document class options -4 Typefaces - 4.1 Font styles - 4.2 Font sizes - 4.3 Low-level font commands -5 Layout - 5.1 `\onecolumn' - 5.2 `\twocolumn' - 5.3 `\flushbottom' - 5.4 `\raggedbottom' - 5.5 Page layout parameters -6 Sectioning -7 Cross references - 7.1 `\label' - 7.2 `\pageref{KEY}' - 7.3 `\ref{KEY}' -8 Environments - 8.1 `abstract' - 8.2 `array' - 8.3 `center' - 8.3.1 `\centering' - 8.4 `description' - 8.5 `displaymath' - 8.6 `document' - 8.7 `enumerate' - 8.8 `eqnarray' - 8.9 `equation' - 8.10 `figure' - 8.11 `flushleft' - 8.11.1 `\raggedright' - 8.12 `flushright' - 8.12.1 `\raggedleft' - 8.13 `itemize' - 8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters - 8.15 `list' - 8.16 `math' - 8.17 `minipage' - 8.18 `picture' - 8.18.1 `\circle' - 8.18.2 `\makebox' - 8.18.3 `\framebox' - 8.18.4 `\dashbox' - 8.18.5 `\frame' - 8.18.6 `\line' - 8.18.7 `\linethickness' - 8.18.8 `\thicklines' - 8.18.9 `\thinlines' - 8.18.10 `\multiput' - 8.18.11 `\oval' - 8.18.12 `\put' - 8.18.13 `\shortstack' - 8.18.14 `\vector' - 8.19 `quotation' - 8.20 `quote' - 8.21 `tabbing' - 8.22 `table' - 8.23 `tabular' - 8.23.1 `\multicolumn' - 8.23.2 `\cline' - 8.23.3 `\hline' - 8.23.4 `\vline' - 8.24 `thebibliography' - 8.24.1 `\bibitem' - 8.24.2 `\cite' - 8.24.3 `\nocite' - 8.24.4 Using BibTeX - 8.25 `theorem' - 8.26 `titlepage' - 8.27 `verbatim' - 8.27.1 `\verb' - 8.28 `verse' -9 Footnotes - 9.1 `\footnote' - 9.2 `\footnotemark' - 9.3 `\footnotetext' - 9.4 Footnote parameters -10 Definitions - 10.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' - 10.2 `\newcounter' - 10.3 `\newlength' - 10.4 `\newsavebox' - 10.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' - 10.6 `\newtheorem' - 10.7 `\newfont' - 10.8 `\protect' -11 Counters - 11.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters - 11.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' - 11.3 `\value{COUNTER}' - 11.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' - 11.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' - 11.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' - 11.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' - 11.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters -12 Lengths - 12.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' - 12.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} - 12.3 `\settodepth' - 12.4 `\settoheight' - 12.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' - 12.6 Predefined lengths -13 Line breaking - 13.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] - 13.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' - 13.3 `\newline' - 13.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) - 13.5 `\fussy' - 13.6 `\sloppy' - 13.7 `\hyphenation' - 13.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' -14 Page breaking - 14.1 `\cleardoublepage' - 14.2 `\clearpage' - 14.3 `\newpage' - 14.4 `\enlargethispage' - 14.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' -15 Making paragraphs - 15.1 `\indent' - 15.2 `\noindent' - 15.3 `\parskip' - 15.4 Marginal notes -16 Math formulas - 16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts - 16.2 Math symbols - 16.3 Math functions - 16.4 Math accents - 16.5 Spacing in math mode - 16.6 Math Miscellany -17 Modes -18 Page Styles - 18.1 `\maketitle' - 18.2 `\pagenumbering' - 18.3 `\pagestyle' - 18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' -19 Spaces - 19.1 `\hspace' - 19.2 `\hfill' - 19.3 `\SPACE' - 19.4 `\@' - 19.5 `\thinspace' - 19.6 `\/' - 19.7 `\hrulefill' - 19.8 `\dotfill' - 19.9 `\addvspace' - 19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' - 19.11 `\vfill' - 19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' -20 Boxes - 20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' - 20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' - 20.3 `lrbox' - 20.4 `\makebox' - 20.5 `\parbox' - 20.6 `\raisebox' - 20.7 `\savebox' - 20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' - 20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' -21 Special insertions - 21.1 Reserved characters - 21.2 Text symbols - 21.3 Accents - 21.4 Non-English characters - 21.5 `\rule' - 21.6 `\today' -22 Splitting the input - 22.1 `\include' - 22.2 \`includeonly' - 22.3 \input -23 Front/back matter - 23.1 Tables of contents - 23.1.1 \addcontentsline - 23.1.2 \addtocontents - 23.2 Glossaries - 23.3 Indexes -24 Letters - 24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} - 24.2 `\cc' - 24.3 `\closing' - 24.4 `\encl' - 24.5 `\location' - 24.6 `\makelabels' - 24.7 `\name' - 24.8 `\opening{TEXT}' - 24.9 `\ps' - 24.10 `\signature{TEXT}' - 24.11 `\startbreaks' - 24.12 `\stopbreaks' - 24.13 `\telephone' -25 Terminal Input/Output - 25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}' - 25.2 `\typeout{MSG}' -26 Command Line -Appendix A Document templates - A.1 `book' template - A.2 `beamer' template - A.3 `tugboat' template -Concept Index -Command Index - - -LaTeX2e -******* - -This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an unofficial reference -manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system. It is intended to -cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many -years. - - LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX -typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; -it is now maintained by a group of volunteers -(`http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by -the LaTeX project is available there. Again, the present document is -unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. - -1 Overview of LaTeX -******************* - -The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the -LaTeX "macro package" for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an -input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands -that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least -three files as output: - - 1. A main output file, which is one of: - - 1. If invoked as `latex', a "Device Independent" (`.dvi') file. - This contains commands that can be translated into commands - for a variety of output devices. You can view such `.dvi' - output of LaTeX by using a program such as `xdvi' (display - directly) or `dvips' (convert to PostScript). - - 2. If invoked as `pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" - (`.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with - all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but - it does make the output much larger than the `.dvi' produced - from the same document. - - There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well, - which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. - - 2. A "transcript" or `.log' file that contains summary information and - diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. - - 3. An "auxiliary" or `.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for - things such as sectioning. - - A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a -`\' followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single -non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional -while arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required. - - LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. - -2 Starting & ending -******************* - -A minimal input file looks like the following: - - \documentclass{CLASS} - \begin{document} - YOUR TEXT - \end{document} - -where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document -classes::, for details of the various document classes available -locally. - - You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass' -and the `\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the -"preamble"). - -3 Document classes -****************** - -The class of a given document is defined with the command: - - \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} - -The `\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX -source file. - - Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes -are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): - - article report book letter slides - - Standard OPTIONS are described below. - -3.1 Document class options -========================== - -You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the -`\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. -To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma: - - \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS} - - Here is the list of the standard class options. - - All of the standard classes except `slides' accept the following -options for selecting the typeface size (default is `10pt'): - - 10pt 11pt 12pt - - All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the -paper size (default is `letterpaper'): - - a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper - - Miscellaneous other options: - -`draft, final' - mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is - `final'. - -`fleqn' - Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. - -`landscape' - Selects landscape format; default is portrait. - -`leqno' - Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the - right side. - -`openbib' - Use "open" bibliography format. - -`titlepage, notitlepage' - Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on - the class. - - These options are not available with the slides class: - -`onecolumn' -`twocolumn' - Typeset in one or two columns; default is `onecolumn'. - -`oneside' -`twoside' - Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is `oneside', except for - the `book' class. - - The `\evensidemargin' (`\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the - distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the - page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper - size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For - one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, - `\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between `\paperwidth' - and `\textwidth' with `\evensidemargin' the remainder. - -`openright' -`openany' - Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default - is `openright' for book. - - The `slides' class offers the option `clock' for printing the time -at the bottom of each note. - - Additional packages are loaded like this: - - \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG} - - To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or -use multiple `\usepackage' commands. - - Any options given in the `\documentclass' command that are unknown -by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with -`\usepackage'. - -4 Typefaces -*********** - -Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a -style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. - -4.1 Font styles -=============== - -The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. - - These commands are used like `\textit{italic text}'. The -corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which -takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the -next type style command or the end of the current group. - - The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either -`\sffamily\bfseries' or `\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif. - - You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for -instance, `\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. - -`\textrm (\rmfamily)' - Roman. - -`\textit (\itshape)' - Italics. - -`\emph' - Emphasis (switches between `\textit' and `\textrm'). - -`\textmd (\mdseries)' - Medium weight (default). - -`\textbf (\bfseries)' - Boldface. - -`\textup (\upshape)' - Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. - -`\textsl (\slshape)' - Slanted. - -`\textsf (\sffamily)' - Sans serif. - -`\textsc (\scshape)' - Small caps. - -`\texttt (\ttfamily)' - Typewriter. - -`\textnormal (\normalfont)' - Main document font. - -`\mathrm' - Roman, for use in math mode. - -`\mathbf' - Boldface, for use in math mode. - -`\mathsf' - Sans serif, for use in math mode. - -`\mathtt' - Typewriter, for use in math mode. - -`\mathit' -`(\mit)' - Italics, for use in math mode. - -`\mathnormal' - For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. - -`\mathcal' - `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. - - In addition, the command `\mathversion{bold}' can be used for -switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. -`\mathversion{normal}' restores the default. - - LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to -the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used -differently than the above commands, too: `{\CMD ...}' instead of -`\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things. - -`\bf' - Switch to bold face. - -`\cal' - Switch to calligraphic letters for math. - -`\em' - Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). - -`\it' - Italics. - -`\rm' - Roman. - -`\sc' - Small caps. - -`\sf' - Sans serif. - -`\sl' - Slanted (oblique). - -`\tt' - Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). - - -4.2 Font sizes -============== - -The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The -table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size -used (in points) with the `10pt', `11pt', and `12pt' document size -options, respectively (*note Document class options::). - -Command `10pt' `11pt' `12pt' --------------------------------------------------- -`\tiny' 5 6 6 -`\scriptsize' 7 8 8 -`\footnotesize' 8 9 10 -`\small' 9 10 10.95 -`\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12 -`\large' 12 12 14.4 -`\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28 -`\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74 -`\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88 -`\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88 - - The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of -the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end -of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these -commands; for instance, `\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. - -4.3 Low-level font commands -=========================== - -These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and -packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available -ones. - -`\fontencoding{enc}' - Select font encoding. Valid encodings include `OT1' and `T1'. - -`\fontfamily{family}' - Select font family. Valid families include: - - * `cmr' for Computer Modern Roman - - * `cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif - - * `cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter - - and numerous others. - -`\fontseries{series}' - Select font series. Valid series include: - - * `m' Medium (normal) - - * `b' Bold - - * `c' Condensed - - * `bc' Bold condensed - - * `bx' Bold extended - - and various other combinations. - -`\fontshape{shape}' - Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - - * `n' Upright (normal) - - * `it' Italic - - * `sl' Slanted (oblique) - - * `sc' Small caps - - * `ui' Upright italics - - * `ol' Outline - - The two last shapes are not available for most font families. - -`\fontsize{size}{skip}' - Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to - and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a - parameter named `\baselineskip'. The unit of both parameters - defaults to pt. The default `\baselineskip' for the Computer - Modern typeface is 1.2 times the `\fontsize'. - - The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the - `\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the - default is 1. However, the best way to "double space" a document, - if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use - the `setspace' package; see - `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace'. - -`\selectfont' - The changes made by calling the four font commands described above - do not come into effect until `\selectfont' is called. - -`\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}' - The same as invoking `\fontencoding', `\fontfamily', `\fontseries' - and `\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by - `\selectfont'. - -5 Layout -******** - -Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. - -5.1 `\onecolumn' -================ - -The `\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces -single-column output. This is the default. - -5.2 `\twocolumn' -================ - -Synopsis: - - \twocolumn[TEXT1COL] - - The `\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces -two-column output. If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is -typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. - - These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: - -`\columnsep' - The distance between columns (35pt by default). - -`\columnseprule' - The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so - there is no rule. - -`\columnwidth' - The width of the current column; this is equal to `\textwidth' in - single-column text. - - - These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: - -`\dbltopfraction' - Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be - occupied by floats. Default `.7', can be usefully redefined to - (say) `.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon. - -`\dblfloatpagefraction' - The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by - floats, for a two-column float page. Default `.5'. - -`\dblfloatsep' - Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float - page. Default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' - documents, `14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. - -`\dbltextfloatsep' - Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a - page and the main text. Default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. - - -5.3 `\flushbottom' -================== - -The `\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height, -adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. - - This is the default if `twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document -class options::). - -5.4 `\raggedbottom' -=================== - -The `\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of -the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. - -5.5 Page layout parameters -========================== - -`\headheight' - Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is - `30pt', except in the `book' class, where it varies with the type - size. - -`\headsep' - Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the - top of the main text. Default is `25pt', except in the `book' - class, where it varies with the type size. - -`\footskip' - Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the - baseline of the page footer. Default is `30pt', except in the - `book' class, where it varies with the type size. - -`\linewidth' - Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, - paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an `article' document in - `10pt', it's set to `345pt'; in two-column mode, that becomes - `229.5pt'. - -`\textheight' - The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies - with the font size, document class, etc. For an `article' or - `report' document in `10pt', it's set to `43\baselineskip'; for - `book', it's `41\baselineskip'. For `11pt', it's - `38\baselineskip' and for `12pt', `36\baselineskip'. - -`\textwidth' - The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as - usual. For an `article' or `report' document, it's `345pt' at - `10pt', `360pt' at `11pt', and `390pt' at `12pt'. For a `book' - document, it's `4.5in' at `10pt', and `5in' at `11pt' or `12pt'. - -`\topmargin' - Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the - paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is - computed based on many other parameters: `\paperheight - 2in - - \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then - divided by two. - -`\topskip' - Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline - of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default - is the same as the font size, e.g., `10pt' at `10pt'. - - -6 Sectioning -************ - -Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: - -`\part' - -`\chapter' - (report and book class only) - -`\section' - -`\subsection' - -`\subsubsection' - -`\paragraph' - -`\subparagraph' - - All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., - - \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE} - - In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the -section title can appear in two other places: - - 1. The table of contents. - - 2. The running head at the top of the page. - - You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. -To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument -TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. - - Also, all sectioning commands have `*'-forms that print TITLE as -usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the -table of contents. For instance: - - \section*{Preamble} - - The `\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units -are numbered. The `\appendix' command itself generates no text and -does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command -is something like - - \chapter{A Chapter} - ... - \appendix - \chapter{The First Appendix} - -7 Cross references -****************** - -One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer -the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." - -7.1 `\label' -============ - -Synopsis: - - \label{KEY} - - A `\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the -number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered -environment assigns that number to KEY. - - A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. - - To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is -common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a -colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: - -`ch' - for chapters - -`sec' - for lower-level sectioning commands - -`fig' - for figures - -`tab' - for tables - -`eq' - for equations - - Thus, a label for a figure would look like `fig:snark' or -`fig.snark'. - -7.2 `\pageref{KEY}' -=================== - -Synopsis: - - \pageref{KEY} - - The `\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in -the text where the corresponding `\label'{KEY} command appears. - -7.3 `\ref{KEY}' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \ref{KEY} - - The `\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit, -equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding `\label' command -(*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word -`Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. - -8 Environments -************** - -LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each -environment begins and ends in the same manner: - - \begin{ENVNAME} - ... - \end{ENVNAME} - -8.1 `abstract' -============== - -Synopsis: - \begin{abstract} - ... - \end{abstract} - - Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple -paragraphs. - -8.2 `array' -=========== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{array}{TEMPLATE} - COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\ - ... - \end{array} - - Math arrays are produced with the `array' environment, normally -within an `equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single -mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the -alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter -that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: - -`c' - centered - -`l' - flush left - -`r' - flush right - - Column entries are separated by `&'. Column entries may include -other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with `\\'. - - In the template, the construct `@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns -in each row. - - Here's an example: - - \begin{equation} - \begin{array}{lrc} - left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ - left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ - \end{array} - \end{equation} - - The `\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space -separating columns; the default is `5pt'. *Note tabular::, for other -parameters which affect formatting in `array' environments, namely -`\arrayrulewidth' and `\arraystretch'. - - The `array' environment can only be used in math mode. - -8.3 `center' -============ - -Synopsis: - - \begin{center} - LINE1 \\ - LINE2 \\ - \end{center} - - The `center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting -of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the -current page. Each line is terminated with the string `\\'. - -8.3.1 `\centering' ------------------- - -The `\centering' declaration corresponds to the `center' environment. -This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or -in a `parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on -the page by putting a `\centering' command at the beginning of the -figure or table environment. - - Unlike the `center' environment, the `\centering' command does not -start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph -units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the -declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command (of an -environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. - - Here's an example: - - \begin{quote} - \centering - first line \\ - second line \\ - \end{quote} - -8.4 `description' -================= - -Synopsis: - - \begin{description} - \item [LABEL1] ITEM1 - \item [LABEL2] ITEM2 - ... - \end{description} - - The `description' environment is used to make labelled lists. Each -LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right. The ITEM text may contain -multiple paragraphs. - - Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if -you typeset a label in typewriter using `\texttt', you'll get bold -typewriter: `\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'. This may be too -bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use `\tt', which -resets all other style variations: `\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'. - - For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::. - -8.5 `displaymath' -================= - -Synopsis: - \begin{displaymath} - MATH - \end{displaymath} - -or - - \[MATH\] - - The `displaymath' environment (`\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the -MATH text on its own line, centered by default. The global `fleqn' -option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::. - - No equation number is added to `displaymath' text; to get an -equation number, use the `equation' environment (*note equation::). - -8.6 `document' -============== - -The `document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is -required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::. - -8.7 `enumerate' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{enumerate} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 - ... - \end{enumerate} - - The `enumerate' environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations -can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also -be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as `itemize' -(*note itemize::) and `description' (*note description::). - - Each item of an enumerated list begins with an `\item' command. -There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. - - By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: - - 1. 1., 2., ... - - 2. (a), (b), ... - - 3. i., ii., ... - - 4. A., B., ... - - The `enumerate' environment uses the counters `\enumi' through -`\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If the optional argument to -`\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item. - - The `enumerate' environment uses the commands `\labelenumi' through -`\labelenumiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use -`\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand & -\renewcommand::). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase -letters: - - \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} - -8.8 `eqnarray' -============== - - \begin{eqnarray} (or `eqnarray*') - FORMULA1 \\ - FORMULA2 \\ - ... - \end{eqnarray} - - The `eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column `array' -environment, with consecutive rows separated by `\\' and consecutive -items within a row separated by an `&'. - - `\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal -meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. - - An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a -`\nonumber' command. Alternatively, The `*'-form of the environment -(`\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering -entirely, while otherwise being the same as `eqnarray'. - - The command `\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across -lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of -zero width. - -8.9 `equation' -============== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{equation} - MATH - \end{equation} - - The `equation' environment starts a `displaymath' environment (*note -displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also -places an equation number in the right margin. - -8.10 `figure' -============= - - \begin{figure}[PLACEMENT] - FIGBODY - \label{LABEL} - \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT} - \end{figure} - - Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are -instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. -Figures will not be split between two pages. - - The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try -to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly -put a float: - - 1. `h' (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure - environment appears. - - 2. `t' (Top) - at the top of a text page. - - 3. `b' (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page. - - 4. `p' (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page - containing no text, only floats. - - The standard report and article classes use the default placement -`tbp'. - - The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, -etc. you wish. - - The `\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure. The -caption is numbered by default. If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in -the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). - - The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at - the bottom; default `.3'. - -`\floatpagefraction' - The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by - floats; default `.5'. - -`\floatsep' - Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default `12pt - plus2pt minus2pt'. - -`\intextsep' - Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; - default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' styles, - `14pt plus4pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. - -`\textfloatsep' - Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; - default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. - -`\textfraction' - Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too - much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a - different page. The default is `.2'. - -`\topfraction' - Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before - floats; default is `.7'. - - -8.11 `flushleft' -================ - - \begin{flushleft} - LINE1 \\ - LINE2 \\ - ... - \end{flushleft} - - The `flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph -consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged -right Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. - -8.11.1 `\raggedright' ---------------------- - -The `\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the `flushleft' -environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such -as `quote' or in a `parbox'. - - Unlike the `flushleft' environment, the `\raggedright' command does -not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph -units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the -declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the -paragraph unit. - -8.12 `flushright' -================= - - \begin{flushright} - LINE1 \\ - LINE2 \\ - ... - \end{flushright} - - The `flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph -consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged -left. Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. - -8.12.1 `\raggedleft' --------------------- - -The `\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the `flushright' -environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such -as `quote' or in a `parbox'. - - Unlike the `flushright' environment, the `\raggedleft' command does -not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph -units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the -declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the -paragraph unit. - -8.13 `itemize' -============== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{itemize} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 - ... - \end{itemize} - - The `itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. -Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. -They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, -such as `enumerate' (*note enumerate::). - - Each item of an `itemize' list begins with an `\item' command. -There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. - - By default, the marks at each level look like this: - - 1. * - - 2. -- (bold en-dash) - - 3. * - - 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) - - The `itemize' environment uses the commands `\labelitemi' through -`\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use -`\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first -level use diamonds: - - \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} - - The `\leftmargini' through `\leftmarginvi' parameters define the -distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the -left margin of the list. By convention, `\leftmargin' is set to the -appropriate `\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered. - - The defaults vary from `.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to `2.5em' -(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example -greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: - - \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em - - Some parameters that affect list formatting: - -`\itemindent' - Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. - -`\labelsep' - Space between the label and text of an item; default `.5em'. - -`\labelwidth' - Width of the label; default `2em', or `1.5em' in two-column mode. - -`\listparindent' - Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within - a list item; default `0pt'. - -`\rightmargin' - Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the - enclosing environment; default `0pt', except in the `quote', - `quotation', and `verse' environments, where it is set equal to - `\leftmargin'. - - - Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). - -`\itemsep' - Vertical space between items. The default is `2pt plus1pt - minus1pt' for `10pt' documents, `3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `11pt', - and `4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `12pt'. - -`\parsep' - Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. - Defaults are the same as `\itemsep'. - -`\topsep' - Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. - The default is `4pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' documents, `6pt - plus2pt minus2pt' for `11pt', and `9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for - `12pt'. - -`\partopsep' - Extra space added to `\topsep' when the list environment starts a - paragraph. The default is `2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `10pt' - documents, `3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `11pt', and `3pt plus2pt - minus2pt' for `12pt'. - -`\topsep' - Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list - item. Its value is changed with list level and font size changes; - for instance, within a first-level list at `10pt', it is `4pt - plus2pt minus2pt'. - - - Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide -space between items. Here is an example defining an `itemize*' -environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs -within a single item (`\parskip' is not list-specific, *note -\parskip::): - - \newenvironment{itemize*}% - {\begin{itemize}% - \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% - \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% - {\end{itemize}} - -8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters -========================================== - -This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. - -8.15 `list' -=========== - -The `list' environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. - - \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 - ... - \end{list} - - The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to `\item'). This -argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. - - The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., `{}', which leaves the default spacing. - -8.16 `math' -=========== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{math} - MATH - \end{math} - - The `math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running -text. `\(...\))' and `$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. - -8.17 `minipage' -=============== - - \begin{minipage}[POSITION]{WIDTH} - TEXT - \end{minipage} - - The `minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that -will not be broken across pages (similar to the `\parbox' command, -*note \parbox::). You may use other paragraph-making environments -inside a minipage (unlike `\parbox'). - - It takes an optional POSITION argument for placing TEXT, and a -mandatory WIDTH argument for specifying the line width. - - By default, paragraphs are not indented in the `minipage' -environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as -`\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command. - - Footnotes in a `minipage' environment are handled in a way that is -particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A -`\footnote' or `\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom -of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the -`\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary `footnote' counter (*note -Counters::). - - However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using -footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. - -8.18 `picture' -============== - - \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) - ... PICTURE COMMANDS ... - \end{picture} - - The `picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind -of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You -tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their -coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point -and a minus sign--a number like `5', `0.3' or `-3.1416'. A coordinate -specifies a length in multiples of the unit length `\unitlength', so if -`\unitlength' has been set to `1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies -a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of -`\unitlength', using the `\setlength' command, outside of a `picture' -environment. - - A position is a pair of coordinates, such as `(2.4,-5)', specifying -the point with x-coordinate `2.4' and y-coordinate `-5'. Coordinates -are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is -normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a -position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the -parentheses serve to delimit the argument. - - The `picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a -`position'. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment -produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this -argument's x- and y-coordinates. - - The `picture' environment also has an optional `position' argument, -following the `size' argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike -ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square -brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at -the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). -For example, if `\unitlength' has been set to `1mm', the command - \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) - produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 -millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose -upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first -draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin -at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by -shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. - - The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of -the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture -really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the -picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by -LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it. - - Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the `\put' command. -The command - - \put (11.3,-.3){...} - -puts the object specified by `...' in the picture, with its reference -point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various -objects will be described below. - - The `\put' command creates an "LR box". You can put anything that -can go in an `\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the `\put' -command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left -corner of the box. - - The `picture' commands are described in the following sections. - -8.18.1 `\circle' ----------------- - - \circle[*]{DIAMETER} - - The `\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to -the specified one as possible. The `*'-form of the command draws a -solid circle. - - Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. - -8.18.2 `\makebox' ------------------ - -`\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}' - - The `\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the -normal `\makebox' command except that you must specify a `width' and -`height' in multiples of `\unitlength'. - - The optional argument, `[position]', specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: - - * `t' - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle - - * `b' - Moves the item to the bottom - - * `l' - Moves the item to the left - - * `r' - Moves the item to the right - - *Note \makebox::. - -8.18.3 `\framebox' ------------------- - -Synopsis: - - \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...} - - The `\framebox' command is like `\makebox' (see previous section), -except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it -creates. - - The `\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', -and leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the -box. - -8.18.4 `\dashbox' ------------------ - -Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: - - \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT} - - `\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a `picture' -environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall -width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional -POS. A dashed box looks best when the `rwidth' and `rheight' are -multiples of the `dlen'. - -8.18.5 `\frame' ---------------- - -Synopsis: - - \frame{TEXT} - - The `\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT. The -reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space -is put between the frame and the object. - -8.18.6 `\line' --------------- - -Synopsis: - - \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH} - - The `\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope -XSLOPE/YSLOPE. - - Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y -have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to -mention other shapes, see the `curve2e' and many many other packages on -CTAN. - -8.18.7 `\linethickness' ------------------------ - -The `\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal -and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a -positive length. - - `\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, -circles, or the quarter circles drawn by `\oval'. - -8.18.8 `\thicklines' --------------------- - -The `\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal -and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: -and *note \thinlines::. - -8.18.9 `\thinlines' -------------------- - -The `\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal -and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: -and *note \thicklines::. - -8.18.10 `\multiput' -------------------- - -Synopsis: - \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ} - - The `\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern -across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at -(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times. - -8.18.11 `\oval' ---------------- - -Synopsis: - - \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION] - - The `\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The -optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the -following: - -`t' - selects the top portion; - -`b' - selects the bottom portion; - -`r' - selects the right portion; - -`l' - selects the left portion. - - The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a -maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with -rounded corners. - -8.18.12 `\put' --------------- - -`\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }' - - The `\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. - -8.18.13 `\shortstack' ---------------------- - -Synopsis: - - \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...} - - The `\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects. The valid -positions are: - -`r' - Move the objects to the right of the stack. - -`l' - Move the objects to the left of the stack - -`c' - Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) - - Objects are separated with `\\'. - -8.18.14 `\vector' ------------------ - -Synopsis: - - \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH} - - The `\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, -inclusive. - -8.19 `quotation' -================ - -Synopsis: - - \begin{quotation} - TEXT - \end{quotation} - - The margins of the `quotation' environment are indented on both the -left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a -blank line between text produces a new paragraph. - - Unlike the `quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally. - -8.20 `quote' -============ - -Snyopsis: - - \begin{quote} - TEXT - \end{quote} - - The margins of the `quote' environment are indented on both the left -and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank -line between text produces a new paragraph. - - Unlike the `quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented. - -8.21 `tabbing' -============== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{tabbing} - ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\ - ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\ - ... - \end{tabbing} - - The `tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. -It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on -an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of -each column is constant and known in advance. - - This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the `tabular' -environment. - - The following commands can be used inside a `tabbing' enviroment: - -`\\ tabbing' - End a line. - -`\= (tabbing)' - Sets a tab stop at the current position. - -`\> (tabbing)' - Advances to the next tab stop. - -`\<' - Put following text to the left of the local margin (without - changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. - -`\+' - Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands - one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. - -`\-' - Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands - one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. - -`\' (tabbing)' - Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, - i.e. everything from the most recent `\>', `\<', `\'', `\\', or - `\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush - against the current column's tab stop. - -`\` (tabbing)' - Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including - tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last - column because there's no tab stop there. The `\`' command moves - all the text that follows it, up to the `\\' or `\end{tabbing}' - command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing - environment. There must be no `\>' or `\'' command between the - `\`' and the command that ends the line. - -`\a (tabbing)' - In a `tabbing' environment, the commands `\=', `\'' and `\`' do - not produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the - commands `\a=', `\a'' and `\a`' are used. - -`\kill' - Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like `\\' - except that it throws away the current line instead of producing - output for it. The effect of any `\=', `\+' or `\-' commands in - that line remain in effect. - -`\poptabs' - Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last `\pushtabs'. - -`\pushtabs' - Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily - changing tab stop positions in the middle of a `tabbing' - environment. - -`\tabbingsep' - Distance to left of tab stop moved by `\''. - - - This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: - - \begin{tabbing} - function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ - \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ - fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ - else \+ \\ - fact := 1; \-\- \\ - end;\\ - \end{tabbing} - -8.22 `table' -============ - -Synopsis: - - \begin{table}[placement] - - body of the table - - \caption{table title} - \end{table} - - Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are -usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. -Tables will not be split between two pages. - - The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try -to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put -a float: - - * `h': Here - at the position in the text where the table - environment appears. - - * `t': Top - at the top of a text page. - - * `b': Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. - - * `p': Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page - containing no text, only floats. - - The standard `report' and `article' classes use the default -placement `[tbp]'. - - The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, -etc., you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your table. - -8.23 `tabular' -============== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} - column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ - ... - \end{tabular} - - or - - \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} - column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ - ... - \end{tabular*} - - These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of -items, aligned vertically in columns. - - `\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, -except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command -(to put a rule below the table) follows. - - The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: - -`width' - Specifies the width of the `tabular*' environment. There must be - rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the - specified width. - -`pos' - Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the - centre of the environment. - - * `t' - align on top row - - * `b' - align on bottom row - -`cols' - Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the - following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and - intercolumn material. - - * `l' - A column of left-aligned items. - - * `r' - A column of right-aligned items. - - * `c' - A column of centred items. - - * `|' - A vertical line the full height and depth of the - environment. - - * `@{text}' - This inserts `text' in every row. An @-expression - suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between - columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the - adjacent items must be included in text. An - `\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an extra - space of width `wd' to appear to the left of all subsequent - columns, until countermanded by another `\extracolsep' - command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space - is not suppressed by an @-expression. An `\extracolsep' - command can be used only in an @-expression in the `cols' - argument. - - * `p{wd}' - Produces a column with each item typeset in a - parbox of width `wd', as if it were the argument of a - `\parbox[t]{wd}' command. However, a `\\' may not appear in - the item, except in the following situations: - 1. inside an environment like `minipage', `array', or - `tabular'. - - 2. inside an explicit `\parbox'. - - 3. in the scope of a `\centering', `\raggedright', or - `\raggedleft' declaration. The latter declarations must - appear inside braces or an environment when used in a - `p'-column element. - - * `*{num}{cols}' - Equivalent to `num' copies of `cols', where - `num' is any positive integer and `cols' is any list of - column-specifiers, which may contain another `*-expression'. - - - - Parameters that control formatting: - -`\arrayrulewidth' - Thickness of the rule created by `|', `\hline', and `\vline' in - the `tabular' and `array' environments; the default is `.4pt'. - -`\arraystretch' - Scaling of spacing between rows in the `tabular' and `array' - environments; default is `1',for no scaling. - -`\doublerulesep' - Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by `||' in - the `tabular' and `array' environments; default is `2pt'. - -`\tabcolsep' - Half the width of the space between columns; default is `6pt'. - - - These commands can be used inside a `tabular' environment: - -8.23.1 `\multicolumn' ---------------------- - -Synopsis: - \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT} - - The `\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several -columns. The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of -columns to span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the -formatting of the entry; `c' for centered, `l' for flushleft, `r' for -flushright. The third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to -put in the entry. - - Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; -`\multicolumn' is used for the heading: - - \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} - \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr - 0x80&0x7FF \cr - 0x800&0xFFFF \cr - 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr - \end{tabular} - -8.23.2 `\cline' ---------------- - -Synopsis: - - \cline{I-J} - - The `\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns -specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are -specified in the mandatory argument. - -8.23.3 `\hline' ---------------- - -The `\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing -`tabular' or `array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a -line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. - -8.23.4 `\vline' ---------------- - -The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full -height and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move -the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an -@-expression. - -8.24 `thebibliography' -====================== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL} - \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} - ... - \end{thebibliography} - - The `thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or -reference list. - - In the `article' class, this reference list is labelled -"References"; in the `report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". -You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the -command `\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: - - \renewcommand{\refname}{} - - The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is -as wide as the widest item label produced by the `\bibitem' commands. -It is typically given as `9' for bibliographies with less than 10 -references, `99' for ones with less than 100, etc. - -8.24.1 `\bibitem' ------------------ - -Synopsis: - \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} - - The `\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the -LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using -the `enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, -and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. - - This command writes an entry to the `.aux' file containing the -item's CITE_KEY and label. When the `.aux' file is read by the -`\begin{document}' command, the item's `label' is associated with -`cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a `\cite' command (see -next section) to produce the associated label. - -8.24.2 `\cite' --------------- - -Synopsis: - - \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS - - The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated -by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the -references associated with KEYS by entries in the `.aux' file. - - The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the -citation. For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, -p. 314]'. - -8.24.3 `\nocite' ----------------- - -`\nocite{key_list}' - - The `\nocite' command produces no text, but writes `key_list', which -is a list of one or more citation keys, on the `.aux' file. - -8.24.4 Using BibTeX -------------------- - -If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if -you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain -your bibliography, you don't use the `thebibliography' environment -(*note thebibliography::). Instead, you include the lines - - \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE} - \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2} - - The `\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its -own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be -produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE`.bst', which defines how -your citations will look. The standard STYLE names distributed with -BibTeX are: - -`alpha' - Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and - year of publication. - -`plain' - Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. - -`unsrt' - Like `plain', but entries are in order of citation. - -`abbrv' - Like `plain', but more compact labels. - - In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the -demands of various publications. See -`http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib'. - - The `\bibliography' command is what actually produces the -bibliography. The argument to `\bibliography' refers to files named -`BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format. -Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed -in the bibliography. - -8.25 `theorem' -============== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{theorem} - THEOREM-TEXT - \end{theorem} - - The `theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed -by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described -under `\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::). - -8.26 `titlepage' -================ - -Synopsis: - - \begin{titlepage} - TEXT - \end{titlepage} - - The `titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with -no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page -to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. -The `\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::). - - You can use the `\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce -a standard title page without a `titlepage' environment. - -8.27 `verbatim' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \begin{verbatim} - LITERAL-TEXT - \end{verbatim} - - The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in -which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the `\' -character produces a printed `\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter -with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would -on a typewriter. - - The `verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (`\tt'). - -8.27.1 `\verb' --------------- - -Synopsis: - - \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR - \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR - - The `\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including -special characters and spaces, using the typewriter (`\tt') font. No -spaces are allowed between `\verb' or `\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR, -which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear -in LITERAL-TEXT. - - The `*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible -space" character. - -8.28 `verse' -============ - -Synopsis: - - \begin{verse} - LINE1 \\ - LINE2 \\ - ... - \end{verse} - - The `verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find -other uses for it. - - The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are -not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each -stanza with `\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the -stanzas. - -9 Footnotes -*********** - -Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced -with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced -with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands. - -9.1 `\footnote' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT} - - The `\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the -bottom of the current page. The optional argument NUMBER changes the -default footnote number. - - This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you -cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures, -tables or in a `tabular' environment. (See following sections.) - -9.2 `\footnotemark' -=================== - -With no optional argument, the `\footnotemark' command puts the current -footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner -paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the -`\footnotetext' command. - - This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote -markers referring to the same footnote with - - \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] - - after the first `\footnote' command. - -9.3 `\footnotetext' -=================== - -Synopsis: - - \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT} - - The `\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as -a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the `\footnotemark' -command. The `\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph -mode. - - The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. - -9.4 Footnote parameters -======================= - -`\footnoterule' - Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the - page's footnotes. Default dimensions: `0.4pt' thick (or wide), and - `0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except - slides, where it does not appear). - -`\footnotesep' - The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. - By default, this is set to the normal strut for `\footnotesize' - fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space - between footnotes. This is `6.65pt' for `10pt', `7.7pt' for - `11pt', and `8.4pt' for `12pt'. - - -10 Definitions -************** - -LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. - -10.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' -==================================== - -`\newcommand' and `\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, -respectively. Synopses: - - \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} - \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} - -CMD - The command name beginning with `\'. For `\newcommand', it must - not be already defined and must not begin with `\end'; for - `\renewcommand', it must already be defined. - -NARGS - An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments - that the command will take. The default is for the command to - have no arguments. - -DEFAULT - If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's - first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the - default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not - specified in the call) is the string `def'. - -DEFN - The text to be substituted for every occurrence of `cmd'; a - construct of the form `#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the - Nth argument. - - -10.2 `\newcounter' -================== - -Synopsis: - - \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME] - - The `\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new -counter is initialized to zero. - - Given the optional argument `[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset -whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented. - - *Note Counters::, for more information about counters. - -10.3 `\newlength' -================= - -Synopsis: - - \newlength{\ARG} - - The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a -`length' command with a value of `0in'. The argument must be a control -sequence, as in `\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if `\foo' is -already defined. - - *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, -and for more information about lengths in general. - -10.4 `\newsavebox' -================== - -Synopsis: - - \newsavebox{CMD} - - Defines `\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to -refer to a new bin for storing boxes. - -10.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' -============================================ - -Synopses: - - \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} - \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} - \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} - - These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is, -`\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'. - -ENV - The name of the environment. For `\newenvironment', ENV must not - be an existing environment, and the command `\ENV' must be - undefined. For `\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an - existing environment. - -NARGS - An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the - newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. - -DEFAULT - If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT - gives the default value for that argument. - -BEGDEF - The text expanded at every occurrence of `\begin{ENV}'; a - construct of the form `#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of - the Nth argument. - -ENDDEF - The text expanded at every occurrence of `\end{ENV}'. It may not - contain any argument parameters. - - -10.6 `\newtheorem' -================== - - \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN] - \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL} - - This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: - -NEWENV - The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of - an existing environment or otherwise defined. - -LABEL - The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the - number. For example, `Theorem'. - -NUMBERED_LIKE - (Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like - environment; the new environment will be numbered just like - NUMBERED_LIKE. - -WITHIN - (Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional - unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as - the WITHIN counter. - - - At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both. - -10.7 `\newfont' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME} - - Defines a control sequence `\CMD', which must not already be -defined, to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on -the system is named `FONTNAME.tfm'. - - This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. -More commonly, fonts are defined in families through `.fd' files. - -10.8 `\protect' -=============== - -Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and -many more are so-called "fragile" commands. When a fragile command is -used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be -preceded by `\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the -arguments must have their own `\protect'. - - Some examples of moving arguments are `\caption' (*note figure::), -`\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in `tabular' and -`array' environments (*note tabular::). - - Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not -be preceded by `\protect'. - - See also: - -`http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html' -`http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect' - - -11 Counters -*********** - -Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The -name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or -command that produces the number, except with no `\'. -(`enumi'-`enumiv' are used for the nested enumerate environment.) -Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document -classes to control numbering. - - part paragraph figure enumi - chapter subparagraph table enumii - section page footnote enumiii - subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv - subsubsection - -11.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters -===================================================================== - -All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for -instance, `\alph{enumi}'. - -`\alph' - prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: `a', `b', ... - -`\Alph' - uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', ... - -`\arabic' - uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', ... - -`\roman' - uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', ... - -`\roman' - uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', ... - -`\fnsymbol' - prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols - (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of - COUNTER must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. - - The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the - names: - asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel - double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger - - -11.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' -=========================== - -Synopsis: - - \usecounter{COUNTER} - - The `\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the -`list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list -items. - -11.3 `\value{COUNTER}' -====================== - -Synopsis: - - \value{COUNTER} - - The `\value' command produces the value of COUNTER. It can be used -anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: - - \setcounter{myctr}{3} - \addtocounter{myctr}{1} - \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} - -11.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' -================================== - -Synopsis: - - \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE} - - The `\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE -argument. - -11.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' -==================================== - -The `\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified -by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. - -11.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' -=============================== - -The `\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as `\stepcounter' -*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value -to be the result of `\thecounter'. - -11.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' -============================ - -The `\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all -subsidiary counters. - -11.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters -============================================= - -LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (`\day', 1-31), month -of the year (`\month', 1-12), and year (`\year', Common Era). When TeX -starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX -is running. They are not updated as the job progresses. - - The related command `\today' produces a string representing the -current day (*note \today::). - -12 Lengths -********** - -A `length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length -as an argument. - -12.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' -============================== - -The `\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which -can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches -(`in'), millimeters (`mm'), points (`pt'), big points (`bp', etc. - -12.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} -=============================== - -The `\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the -amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. - -12.3 `\settodepth' -================== - -`\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' - - The `\settodepth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal -to the depth of the `text' argument. - -12.4 `\settoheight' -=================== - -`\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' - - The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command -equal to the height of the `text' argument. - -12.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' -============================== - -The `\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the -width of the TEXT argument. - -12.6 Predefined lengths -======================= - -`\width' - - `\height' - - `\depth' - - `\totalheight' - - These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the -box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width -etc. of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' + -`\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural -size, e.g., say - - `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}' - -13 Line breaking -**************** - -The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to -translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To -produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines -(and these lines must be broken into pages). - - LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some -environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the `\\' command, -and you can always manually force breaks. - -13.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] -======================= - -The `\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional -argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to -be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. - - The `\\*' command is the same as the ordinary `\\' command except -that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. - -13.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' -============================= - -The `\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file (`^^M', -internally) the same as `\\' (followed by `\relax'). So each new line -in the input will also be a new line in the output. - - `\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior. - -13.3 `\newline' -=============== - -The `\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no -stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph -mode. - -13.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) -================================ - -The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that -point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find -most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an -incorrect one. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. - - When you insert `\-' commands in a word, the word will only be -hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points -that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. - -13.5 `\fussy' -============= - -The declaration `\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about -line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at -the cost of an occasional overfull box. - - This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command -(*note \sloppy::. - -13.6 `\sloppy' -============== - -The declaration `\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. -This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. - - Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::). - -13.7 `\hyphenation' -=================== - -Synopsis: - - \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO} - - The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with -a `-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. -TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are -tried. Multiple `\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples -(the default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these -words): - - \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} - -13.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' -================================== - -Synopses: - - \linebreak[PRIORITY] - \nolinebreak[PRIORITY] - - By default, the `\linebreak' (`\nolinebreak') command forces -(prevents) a line break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the -spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right -margin as usual. - - With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command -from a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. -The higher the number, the more insistent the request. - -14 Page breaking -**************** - -LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has -accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but -sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. - -14.1 `\cleardoublepage' -======================= - -The `\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all -figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. -In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand -(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. - -14.2 `\clearpage' -================= - -The `\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures -and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. - -14.3 `\newpage' -=============== - -The `\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats -(see `\clearpage' above). - -14.4 `\enlargethispage' -======================= - -`\enlargethispage{size}' - - `\enlargethispage*{size}' - - Enlarge the `\textheight' for the current page by the specified -amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one -additional line. - - The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page -as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit -`\pagebreak'. - -14.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' -================================== - -Synopses: - - \pagebreak[PRIORITY] - \nopagebreak[PRIORITY] - - By default, the `\pagebreak' (`\nopagebreak') command forces -(prevents) a page break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the -vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it -extends to the normal bottom margin. - - With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the -`\pagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a -number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the -request is. - -15 Making paragraphs -******************** - -A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not -containing even a `%'. A blank line should not appear where a new -paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of -a sectioning command. - -15.1 `\indent' -============== - -`\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of -the `\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used -to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. - - The default value for `\parindent' is `1em' in two-column mode, -otherwise `15pt' for `10pt' documents, `17pt' for `11pt', and `1.5em' -for `12pt'. - -15.2 `\noindent' -================ - -When used at the beginning of the paragraph, `\noindent' suppresses any -paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a -paragraph. - -15.3 `\parskip' -=============== - -`\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added -before each paragraph. The default is `0pt plus1pt'. - -15.4 Marginal notes -=================== - -Synopsis: - - \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT} - - The `\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin. The first -line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text -where the `\marginpar' occurs. - - When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be -placed - - * in the right margin for one-sided layout; - - * in the outside margin for two-sided layout; - - * in the nearest margin for two-column layout. - - The command `\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in -the opposite (inside) margin. `\normalmarginpar' places them in the -default position. - - When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin, -and RIGHT is used for the right margin. - - The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable -hyphenation there by beginning the node with `\hspace{0pt}'. - - These parameters affect the formatting of the note: - -`\marginparpush' - Minimum vertical space between notes; default `7pt' for `12pt' - documents, `5pt' else. - -`\marginparsep' - Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default - `11pt' for `10pt' documents, `10pt' else. - -`\marginparwidth' - Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided `10pt' document - is `90pt', `83pt' for `11pt', and `68pt' for `12pt'; `17pt' more - in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the - default is `48pt'. - - -16 Math formulas -**************** - -There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: - -`math' - For formulas that appear right in the text. - -`displaymath' - For formulas that appear on their own line. - -`equation' - The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an - equation number in the right margin. - - The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, -but the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in -paragraph mode. The `math' and `displaymath' environments are used so -often that they have the following short forms: - - \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} - \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} - - In fact, the `math' environment is so common that it has an even -shorter form: - - $ ... $ instead of \(...\) - - The `\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a -bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the -`\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it -too is used _outside_ of math mode. - - The `\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the -formula to be that of `displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below -summations. For example - $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ - -16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts -============================== - -To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type -`_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type -`^{'exp`}'. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that -stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something -has both a subscript and a superscript. - -16.2 Math symbols -================= - -LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. -The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For -example, if you include `$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi -symbol (\pi) in your output. - -`\|' - \| - -`\aleph' - \aleph - -`\alpha' - \alpha - -`\amalg' - \amalg (binary operation) - -`\angle' - \angle - -`\approx' - \approx (relation) - -`\ast' - \ast (binary operation) - -`\asymp' - \asymp (relation) - -`\backslash' - \ (delimiter) - -`\beta' - \beta - -`\bigcap' - \bigcap - -`\bigcirc' - \bigcirc (binary operation) - -`\bigcup' - \bigcup - -`\bigodot' - \bigodot - -`\bigoplus' - \bigoplus - -`\bigotimes' - \bigotimes - -`\bigtriangledown' - \bigtriangledown (binary operation) - -`\bigtriangleup' - \bigtriangleup (binary operation) - -`\bigsqcup' - \bigsqcup - -`\biguplus' - \biguplus - -`\bigcap' - \bigvee - -`\bigwedge' - \bigwedge - -`\bot' - \bot - -`\bowtie' - \bowtie (relation) - -`\Box' - (square open box symbol) - -`\bullet' - \bullet (binary operation) - -`\cap' - \cap (binary operation) - -`\cdot' - \cdot (binary operation) - -`\chi' - \chi - -`\circ' - \circ (binary operation) - -`\clubsuit' - \clubsuit - -`\cong' - \cong (relation) - -`\coprod' - \coprod - -`\cup' - \cup (binary operation) - -`\dagger' - \dagger (binary operation) - -`\dashv' - \dashv (relation) - -`\ddagger' - \dagger (binary operation) - -`\Delta' - \Delta - -`\delta' - \delta - -`\Diamond' - bigger \diamond - -`\diamond' - \diamond (binary operation) - -`\diamondsuit' - \diamondsuit - -`\div' - \div (binary operation) - -`\doteq' - \doteq (relation) - -`\downarrow' - \downarrow (delimiter) - -`\Downarrow' - \Downarrow (delimiter) - -`\ell' - \ell - -`\emptyset' - \emptyset - -`\epsilon' - \epsilon - -`\equiv' - \equiv (relation) - -`\eta' - \eta - -`\exists' - \exists - -`\flat' - \flat - -`\forall' - \forall - -`\frown' - \frown (relation) - -`\Gamma' - \Gamma - -`\gamma' - \gamma - -`\ge' - \ge - -`\geq' - \geq (relation) - -`\gets' - \gets - -`\gg' - \gg (relation) - -`\hbar' - \hbar - -`\heartsuit' - \heartsuit - -`\hookleftarrow' - \hookleftarrow - -`\hookrightarrow' - \hookrightarrow - -`\iff' - \iff - -`\Im' - \Im - -`\in' - \in (relation) - -`\infty' - \infty - -`\int' - \int - -`\iota' - \iota - -`\Join' - condensed bowtie symbol (relation) - -`\kappa' - \kappa - -`\Lambda' - \Lambda - -`\lambda' - \lambda - -`\land' - \land - -`\langle' - \langle (delimiter) - -`\lbrace' - \lbrace (delimiter) - -`\lbrack' - \lbrack (delimiter) - -`\lceil' - \lceil (delimiter) - -`\le' - \le - -`\leadsto' - -`\Leftarrow' - \Leftarrow - -`\leftarrow' - \leftarrow - -`\leftharpoondown' - \leftharpoondown - -`\leftharpoonup' - \leftharpoonup - -`\Leftrightarrow' - \Leftrightarrow - -`\leftrightarrow' - \leftrightarrow - -`\leq' - \leq (relation) - -`\lfloor' - \lfloor (delimiter) - -`\lhd' - (left-pointing arrow head) - -`\ll' - \ll (relation) - -`\lnot' - \lnot - -`\longleftarrow' - \longleftarrow - -`\longleftrightarrow' - \longleftrightarrow - -`\longmapsto' - \longmapsto - -`\longrightarrow' - \longrightarrow - -`\lor' - \lor - -`\mapsto' - \mapsto - -`\mho' - -`\mid' - \mid (relation) - -`\models' - \models (relation) - -`\mp' - \mp (binary operation) - -`\mu' - \mu - -`\nabla' - \nabla - -`\natural' - \natural - -`\ne' - \ne - -`\nearrow' - \nearrow - -`\neg' - \neg - -`\neq' - \neq (relation) - -`\ni' - \ni (relation) - -`\not' - Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. - -`\notin' - \ni - -`\nu' - \nu - -`\nwarrow' - \nwarrow - -`\odot' - \odot (binary operation) - -`\oint' - \oint - -`\Omega' - \Omega - -`\omega' - \omega - -`\ominus' - \ominus (binary operation) - -`\oplus' - \oplus (binary operation) - -`\oslash' - \oslash (binary operation) - -`\otimes' - \otimes (binary operation) - -`\owns' - \owns - -`\parallel' - \parallel (relation) - -`\partial' - \partial - -`\perp' - \perp (relation) - -`\phi' - \phi - -`\Pi' - \Pi - -`\pi' - \pi - -`\pm' - \pm (binary operation) - -`\prec' - \prec (relation) - -`\preceq' - \preceq (relation) - -`\prime' - \prime - -`\prod' - \prod - -`\propto' - \propto (relation) - -`\Psi' - \Psi - -`\psi' - \psi - -`\rangle' - \rangle (delimiter) - -`\rbrace' - \rbrace (delimiter) - -`\rbrack' - \rbrack (delimiter) - -`\rceil' - \rceil (delimiter) - -`\Re' - \Re - -`\rfloor' - \rfloor - -`\rhd' - (binary operation) - -`\rho' - \rho - -`\Rightarrow' - \Rightarrow - -`\rightarrow' - \rightarrow - -`\rightharpoondown' - \rightharpoondown - -`\rightharpoonup' - \rightharpoonup - -`\rightleftharpoons' - \rightleftharpoons - -`\searrow' - \searrow - -`\setminus' - \setminus (binary operation) - -`\sharp' - \sharp - -`\Sigma' - \Sigma - -`\sigma' - \sigma - -`\sim' - \sim (relation) - -`\simeq' - \simeq (relation) - -`\smallint' - \smallint - -`\smile' - \smile (relation) - -`\spadesuit' - \spadesuit - -`\sqcap' - \sqcap (binary operation) - -`\sqcup' - \sqcup (binary operation) - -`\sqsubset' - (relation) - -`\sqsubseteq' - \sqsubseteq (relation) - -`\sqsupset' - (relation) - -`\sqsupseteq' - \sqsupseteq (relation) - -`\star' - \star (binary operation) - -`\subset' - \subset (relation) - -`\subseteq' - \subseteq (relation) - -`\succ' - \succ (relation) - -`\succeq' - \succeq (relation) - -`\sum' - \sum - -`\supset' - \supset (relation) - -`\supseteq' - \supseteq (relation) - -`\surd' - \surd - -`\swarrow' - \swarrow - -`\tau' - \tau - -`\theta' - \theta - -`\times' - \times (binary operation) - -`\to' - \to - -`\top' - \top - -`\triangle' - \triangle - -`\triangleleft' - \triangleleft (binary operation) - -`\triangleright' - \triangleright (binary operation) - -`\unlhd' - left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) - -`\unrhd' - right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) - -`\Uparrow' - \Uparrow (delimiter) - -`\uparrow' - \uparrow (delimiter) - -`\Updownarrow' - \Updownarrow (delimiter) - -`\updownarrow' - \updownarrow (delimiter) - -`\uplus' - \uplus (binary operation) - -`\Upsilon' - \Upsilon - -`\upsilon' - \upsilon - -`\varepsilon' - \varepsilon - -`\varphi' - \varphi - -`\varpi' - \varpi - -`\varrho' - \varrho - -`\varsigma' - \varsigma - -`\vartheta' - \vartheta - -`\vdash' - \vdash (relation) - -`\vee' - \vee (binary operation) - -`\Vert' - \Vert (delimiter) - -`\vert' - \vert (delimiter) - -`\wedge' - \wedge (binary operation) - -`\wp' - \wp - -`\wr' - \wr (binary operation) - -`\Xi' - \Xi - -`\xi' - \xi - -`\zeta' - \zeta - - -16.3 Math functions -=================== - -These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper -spacing. - -`\arccos' - \arccos - -`\arcsin' - \arcsin - -`\arctan' - \arctan - -`\arg' - \arg - -`\bmod' - Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) - -`\cos' - \cos - -`\cosh' - \cosh - -`\cot' - \cos - -`\coth' - \cosh - -`\csc' - \csc - -`\deg' - \deg - -`\det' - \deg - -`\dim' - \dim - -`\exp' - \exp - -`\gcd' - \gcd - -`\hom' - \hom - -`\inf' - \inf - -`\ker' - \ker - -`\lg' - \lg - -`\lim' - \lim - -`\liminf' - \liminf - -`\limsup' - \limsup - -`\ln' - \ln - -`\log' - \log - -`\max' - \max - -`\min' - \min - -`\pmod' - parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) - -`\Pr' - \Pr - -`\sec' - \sec - -`\sin' - \sin - -`\sinh' - \sinh - -`\sup' - \sup - -`\tan' - \tan - -`\tanh' - \tanh - - -16.4 Math accents -================= - -LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in -math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note -Accents::). - -`\acute' - Math acute accent: \acutex. - -`\breve' - Math breve accent: \brevex. - -`\check' - Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \checkx. - -`\ddot' - Math dieresis accent: \ddotx. - -`\dot' - Math dot accent: \dotx. - -`\grave' - Math grave accent: \gravex. - -`\hat' - Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx. - -`\imath' - Math dotless i. - -`\jmath' - Math dotless j. - -`\tilde' - Math tilde accent: \tildex. - -`\vec' - Math vector symbol: \vecx. - -`\widehat' - Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y. - -`\widehat' - Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y. - - -16.5 Spacing in math mode -========================= - -In a `math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in -the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If -you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for -use in math mode: - -`\;' - A thick space (5\over18\,quad). - -`\:' -`\>' - Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). - -`\,' - A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. - -`\!' - A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad). - -16.6 Math Miscellany -==================== - -`\*' - A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is - allowed. - -`\cdots' - A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the - line. - -`\ddots' - A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. - -`\frac{num}{den}' - Produces the fraction `num' divided by `den'. - -`\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2' - The two delimiters need not match; `.' acts as a null delimiter, - producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the - math in between. Example: `\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'. - -`\overbrace{TEXT}' - Generates a brace over TEXT. For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k - \rm\;times. - -`\overline{TEXT}' - Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overlinex+y. - -`\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}' - Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The - optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce. For - example, the cube root of `x+y' would be typed as - `$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'. - -`\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}' - Puts TEXT above RELATION. For example, - `\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'. - -`\underbrace{math}' - Generates MATH with a brace underneath. - -`\underline{text}' - Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be - underlined. - -`\vdots' - Produces a vertical ellipsis. - - -17 Modes -******** - -When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three -modes: - - * Paragraph mode - - * Math mode - - * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short - - LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. -Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when -LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. - - "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when -processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into -lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when -it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph -mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of -words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX -keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. -Even if you put a hundred words into an `\mbox', LaTeX would keep -typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then -complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. - - LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an `\mbox' -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. -There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of -these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX -is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner -paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is -called "outer paragraph mode". - -18 Page Styles -************** - -The `\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the -page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. - -18.1 `\maketitle' -================= - -The `\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title -page--except in the `article' class, where the title is placed at the -top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is -obtained from the following declarations: - -`\author{NAME \and NAME2}' - The `\author' command declares the document author(s), where the - argument is a list of authors separated by `\and' commands. Use - `\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for - example, to give the author's institution or address. - -`\date{TEXT}' - The `\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With - no `\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used. - -`\thanks{TEXT}' - The `\thanks' command produces a `\footnote' to the title, usually - used for credit acknowledgements. - -`\title{TEXT}' - The `\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the - document. Use `\\' to force a line break, as usual. - - -18.2 `\pagenumbering' -===================== - -Synopsis: - - \pagenumbering{STYLE} - - Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE: - -`arabic' - arabic numerals - -`roman' - lowercase Roman numerals - -`Roman' - uppercase Roman numerals - -`alph' - lowercase letters - -`Alph' - uppercase letters - -18.3 `\pagestyle' -================= - -Synopsis: - - \pagestyle{STYLE} - - The `\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are -typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: - -`plain' - Just a plain page number. - -`empty' - Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. - -`headings' - Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies - what goes in the headers. - -`myheadings' - Custom headers, specified via the `\markboth' or the `\markright' - commands. - - - Here are the descriptions of `\markboth' and `\markright': - -`\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}' - Sets both the left and the right heading. A "left-hand heading" - (LEFT) is generated by the last `\markboth' command before the end - of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT is generated by - the first `\markboth' or `\markright' that comes on the page if - there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. - -`\markright{RIGHT}' - Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. - - -18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' -============================ - -The `\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the -`\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to -STYLE for the current page only. - -19 Spaces -********* - -LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. - - Another space-producing command is `\,' to produce a "thin" space -(usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often -useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::). - -19.1 `\hspace' -============== - -Synopsis: - - \hspace[*]{LENGTH} - - The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument -can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, -etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive -space with an `\hspace' command; adding negative space is like -backspacing. - - LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning -or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional `*' form. - -19.2 `\hfill' -============= - -The `\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no -natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. - - The `\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the -glue value `0pt plus1fill'); thus, `\hspace\fill' is equivalent to -`\hfill'. - -19.3 `\SPACE' -============= - -The `\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's -useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example -`Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is -also often used after control sequences, as in `\TeX\ is a nice system.' - - In normal circumstances, `\'<tab> and `\'<newline> are equivalent to -`\ '. - -19.4 `\@' -========= - -The `\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a -sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a -capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without `\@': - - ... in C\@. Pascal, though ... - ... in C. Pascal, though ... - -produces - - ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... - -19.5 `\thinspace' -================= - -`\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is -1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in -'". - -19.6 `\/' -========= - -The `\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small -space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the -character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character -typically has a large italic correction value. - - If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary -to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a -very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as -normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the `f's -are nicely separated) with f: f;. - - Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic -correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space -after the `f') with pdfTeX. - -19.7 `\hrulefill' -================= - -The `\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can -stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal -rule. - -19.8 `\dotfill' -=============== - -The `\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots -instead of just white space. - -19.9 `\addvspace' -================= - -`\addvspace{length}' - - The `\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height -length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same -point in the output by a previous `\addvspace' command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to `length'. - -19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' -==================================== - -These commands produce a given amount of space. - -`\bigskip' - The same as `\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line - space (with stretch and shrink). - -`\medskip' - The same as `\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a - line space (with stretch and shrink). - -`\smallskip' - The same as `\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter - of a line space (with stretch and shrink). - - - The `\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. - -19.11 `\vfill' -============== - -The `\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can -stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to -`\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::). - -19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' -========================== - -Synopsis: - - \vspace[*]{LENGTH} - - The `\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber -length. LENGTH can be negative or positive. - - Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by `\vspace' at the -top or bottom of a page. With the optional `*' argument, the space is -not removed. - -20 Boxes -******** - -All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be -used in the arguments of the box-making commands. - -20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' -================== - -The `\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text -created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can -be used to prevent hyphenation. - -20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' -============================ - -Synopses: - - \fbox{TEXT} - \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} - - The `\fbox' and `\framebox' commands are like `\mbox', except that -they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. - - In addition, the `\framebox' command allows for explicit -specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a -dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both -commands produce a rule of thickness `\fboxrule' (default `.4pt'), and -leave a space of `\fboxsep' (default `3pt') between the rule and the -contents of the box. - - *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the `\framebox' command in the -`picture' environment. - -20.3 `lrbox' -============ - -`\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' - - This is the environment form of `\sbox'. - - The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which -must have been declared with `\newsavebox'. - -20.4 `\makebox' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} - - The `\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the -TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional -WIDTH argument. The position of the text within the box is determined -by the optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: - -`c' - Centered (default). - -`l' - Flush left. - -`r' - Flush right. - -`s' - Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain - stretchable space for this to work. - - `\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note -\makebox (picture)::. - -20.5 `\parbox' -============== - -Synopsis: - - \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT} - - The `\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in -`paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of -text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any -paragraph-making environments inside a `\parbox' argument. For larger -pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making -environment, you should use a `minipage' environment (*note minipage::). - - `\parbox' has two mandatory arguments: - -WIDTH - the width of the parbox; - -TEXT - the text that goes inside the parbox. - - The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or -bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text -(default is top). - - The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box. - - The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the -box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used. - -`t' - text is placed at the top of the box. - -`c' - text is centered in the box. - -`b' - text is placed at the bottom of the box. - -`s' - stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable - space for this to work. - -20.6 `\raisebox' -================ - -Synopsis: - - \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text} - - The `\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory -argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a -negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode. - - The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are -specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the -baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and -depth. - -20.7 `\savebox' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT} - - This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with `\makebox' (*note -\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it -saves it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with -`\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). - -20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' -=========================== - -Synopsis: - - \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT} - - `\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with `\mbox' (*note \mbox::) -except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal -output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been -previously declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). - -20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' -====================== - -Synopsis: - - \usebox{\BOXCMD} - - `\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by -a `\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). - -21 Special insertions -********************* - -LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special -meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. - -21.1 Reserved characters -======================== - -The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called -"reserved characters" or "special characters". - - # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } - - Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX -will do something special. If you simply want the character to be -printed as itself, include a `\' in front of the character. For -example, `\$' will produce `$' in your output. - - One exception to this rule is `\' itself, because `\\' has its own -special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing -`$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter `\' is produced by using -`\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::). - - Also, `\~' and `\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the -following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a -standalone `~' or `^', you can again use a verbatim command. - - Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you -know its number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the -visible space character used in the `\verb*' command has the code -decimal 32, so it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'. - - You can also specify octal numbers with `'' or hexadecimal numbers -with `"', so the previous example could also be written as -`\symbol{'40}' or `\symbol{"20}'. - -21.2 Text symbols -================= - -LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in -running text. - -`\copyright' - The copyright symbol, (C). - -`\dag' - The dagger symbol (in text). - -`\ddag' - The double dagger symbol (in text). - -`\LaTeX' - The LaTeX logo. - -`\ldots' - An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `...'. This command - also works in math mode. - -`\lq' - Left (opening) quote: `. - -`\P' - Paragraph sign (pilcrow). - -`\pounds' - English pounds sterling. - -`\rq' - Right (closing) quote: '. - -`\S' - Section symbol. - -`\TeX' - The TeX logo. - - -21.3 Accents -============ - -LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, -through the `babel' package and related support. This section does not -attempt to cover all that support. It merely the core LaTeX commands -for creating accented characters. - -`\"' - Produces an umlaut, as in o". - -`\'' - Produces an acute accent, as in o'. In the `tabbing' environment, - pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note - tabbing::). - -`\.' - Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. - -`\=' - Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=. - -`\^' - Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^. - -`\`' - Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`. In the - `tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin - (*note tabbing::). - -`\~' - Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~. - -`\b' - Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. - -`\bar' - Produces a macron accent over the following, as in o=. - -`\c' - Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in - -`\d' - Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. - -`\H' - Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in - o''. - -`\i' - Produces a dotless i, as in `i'. - -`\j' - Produces a dotless j, as in `j'. - -`\t' - Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. - -`\u' - Produces a breve accent, as in `o('. - -`\v' - Produces a ha'c<ek (check) accent, as in `o<'. - - -21.4 Non-English characters -=========================== - -Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly -used in languages other than English. - -`\aa' -`\AA' - aa and AA. - -`\ae' -`\AE' - ae and AE. - -`\l' -`\L' - /l and /L. - -`\o' -`\O' - /o and /O. - -`\oe' -`\OE' - oe and OE. - -`\ss' - ss. - - -21.5 `\rule' -============ - -Synopsis: - - \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS} - - The `\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles. -The arguments are: - -RAISE - How high to raise the rule (optional). - -WIDTH - The length of the rule (mandatory). - -THICKNESS - The thickness of the rule (mandatory). - -21.6 `\today' -============= - -The `\today' command produces today's date, in the format `MONTH DD, -YYYY'; for example, `July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters -`\day', `\month', and `\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this. -It is not updated as the program runs. - - The `datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of -other date formats. - -22 Splitting the input -********************** - -A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole -input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into -several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, -there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type -when you run LaTeX. - -22.1 `\include' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \include{FILE} - - If no `\includeonly' command is present, the `\include' command -executes `\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then -reads FILE, then does another `\clearpage'. - - Given an `\includeonly' command, the `\include' actions are only run -if FILE is listed as an argument to `\includeonly'. See the next -section. - - The `\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file -read by another `\include' command. - -22.2 \`includeonly' -=================== - -Synopsis: - - \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...} - - The `\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by -subsequent `\include' commands. The list of filenames is -comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a -`\include' command for the selection to be effective. - - This command can only appear in the preamble. - -22.3 \input -=========== - -Synopsis: - - \input{FILE} - - The `\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and -processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at -that point. - - If FILE does not end in `.tex' (e.g., `foo' or `foo.bar'), it is -first tried with that extension (`foo.tex' or `foo.bar.tex'). If that -is not found, the original FILE is tried (`foo' or `foo.bar'). - -23 Front/back matter -******************** - -23.1 Tables of contents -======================= - -A table of contents is produced with the `\tableofcontents' command. -You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; -LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must have generated a -`.toc' file. - - The `\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not -automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table -of contents, write a `\newpage' command after the `\tableofcontents' -command. - - The analagous commands `\listoffigures' and `\listoftables' produce -a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works -exactly the same as for the table of contents. - - The command `\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any -of these lists from being generated. - -23.1.1 \addcontentsline ------------------------ - -The `\addcontentsline' command adds an entry to the specified list or -table where: - -EXT - The extension of the file on which information is to be written, - typically one of: `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of - figures), or `lot' (list of tables). - -UNIT - The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the - following, matching the value of the EXT argument: - - `toc' - The name of the sectional unit: `part', `chapter', `section', - `subsection', `subsubsection'. - - `lof' - For the list of figures. - - `lot' - For the list of tables. - -ENTRY - The actual text of the entry. - - What is written to the `.EXT' file is the command -`\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'. - -23.1.2 \addtocontents ---------------------- - -The `\addtocontents' command adds text (or formatting commands) -directly to the `.'EXT file that generates the table of contents or -lists of figures or tables. - -EXT - The extension of the file on which information is to be written: - `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of figures), or `lot' (list - of tables). - -TEXT - The text to be written. - -23.2 Glossaries -=============== - -The command `\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. - - The command `\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an -auxiliary file with the `.glo' extension. - - Specifically, what gets written is the command -`\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current `\thepage' -value. - - The `glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier -glossaries. - -23.3 Indexes -============ - -The command `\makeindex' enables creating indexes. - - The command `\index{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an -auxiliary file with the `.idx' extension. - - Specifically, what gets written is the command -`\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current `\thepage' -value. - - The rubber length `\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter -in the index; its default value is `10pt plus5pt minus3pt'. - - The `.idx' file can then be sorted with an external command, -typically `makeindex' or `xindy', resulting in a `.ind' file, which can -then be used to typeset the index. - -24 Letters -********** - -You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The -`letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at -once, although you can make just one if you so desire. - - Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other -document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a -minimum: - - \documentclass{letter} - \begin{document} - ... letters ... - \end{document} - - Each letter is a `letter' environment, whose argument is the name -and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: - - \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. - \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} - ... - \end{letter} - - The letter itself begins with the `\opening' command. The text of -the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that -make no sense in a letter, like `\chapter', do not work. The letter -closes with a `\closing' command. - - After the `closing', you can have additional material. The `\cc' -command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar `\encl' -command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use `\\' to -separate the items. - - These commands are used with the `letter' class. - -24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} -============================= - -The `\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should -appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address -should be separated by `\\' commands. - - If you do not make an `\address' declaration, then the letter will -be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. -(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you -give an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a -personal letter. - -24.2 `\cc' -========== - -Synopsis: - - \cc{NAME1\\NAME2} - - Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to. Each name is -printed on a separate line. - -24.3 `\closing' -=============== - -Synopsis: - - \closing{text} - - A letter closes with a `\closing' command, for example, - \closing{Best Regards,} - -24.4 `\encl' -============ - -Synopsis: - - \encl{LINE1\\LINE2} - - Declare a list of one more enclosures. - -24.5 `\location' -================ - -`\location{address}' - - This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only -appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected. - -24.6 `\makelabels' -================== - -`\makelabels{number}' - - If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet -of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. - -24.7 `\name' -============ - -`\name{June Davenport}' - - Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return -address. - -24.8 `\opening{TEXT}' -===================== - -Synopsis: - - \opening{TEXT} - - A letter begins with the `\opening' command. The mandatory -argument, TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For -instance: - - \opening{Dear Joe,} - -24.9 `\ps' -========== - -Use the `\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after -`\closing'. - -24.10 `\signature{TEXT}' -======================== - -Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the -space for your signature. `\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. - -24.11 `\startbreaks' -==================== - -`\startbreaks' - - Used after a `\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again. - -24.12 `\stopbreaks' -=================== - -`\stopbreaks' - - Inhibit page breaks until a `\startbreaks' command occurs. - -24.13 `\telephone' -================== - -`\telephone{number}' - - This is your telephone number. This only appears if the `firstpage' -pagestyle is selected. - -25 Terminal Input/Output -************************ - -25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}' -======================== - -Synopsis: - - \typein[\CMD]{MSG} - - `\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and -wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the -optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if -it had been included in the input file in place of the `\typein' -command. If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. -This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. - -25.2 `\typeout{MSG}' -==================== - -Synopsis: - - \typeout{MSG} - - Prints `msg' on the terminal and in the `log' file. Commands in -`msg' that are defined with `\newcommand' or `\renewcommand' (among -others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed. - - LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space -and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to `msg'. A `\space' -command in `msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of -surrounding spaces. A `^^J' in `msg' prints a newline. - -26 Command Line -*************** - -The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX -uses `.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file -entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command -options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. - - latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' - -will process `foo.tex' without pausing after every error. - - If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a `*' -prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type `\stop' (and return) and -it will prematurely end the document. - -Appendix A Document templates -***************************** - -Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. - -A.1 `book' template -=================== - -\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} - -A.2 `beamer' template -===================== - -The `beamer' class creates slides presentations. - -\documentclass{beamer} - -\title{Beamer Class template} -\author{Alex Author} -\date{July 31, 2007} - -\begin{document} - -\maketitle - -% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors. -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{First Slide} - -\begin{verbatim} - This is \verbatim! -\end{verbatim} - -\end{frame} - -\end{document} - -A.3 `tugboat' template -====================== - -`TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group, -`http://tug.org/TUGboat'. - -\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings - -\usepackage{graphicx} -\usepackage{ifpdf} -\ifpdf - \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black, - urlcolor=black]{hyperref} -\else - \usepackage{url} -\fi - -\begin{document} - -\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} - -% repeat info for each author. -\author{First Last} -\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country} -\netaddress{user (at) example dot org} -\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/} - -\maketitle - -% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. -\begin{abstract} -This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. -\end{abstract} - -\section{Introduction} - -This is an example article for \TUB, from -\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. - -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref -package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced -using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. - -The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: - -{\small -\begin{verbatim} -\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW -\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML -\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas -\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG -\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE - -\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag -\careof \thinskip - -\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! -\cs{fred} -> \fred -\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} -\meta{fred} -> <fred> -\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... -\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 -\booktitle{Book of Fred} -\end{verbatim} -} - -For more information, see the ltubguid document at: -\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat} - -Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. - - -\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style -\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty -\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX - - -\makesignature % not in ltugproc -\end{document} - -Concept Index -************* - -* prompt: See 26. (line 4738) -*-form of sectioning commands: See 6. (line 788) -.glo file: See 23.2. (line 4515) -.idx file: See 23.3. (line 4530) -.ind file: See 23.3. (line 4540) -abstracts: See 8.1. (line 881) -accents: See 21.3. (line 4263) -accents, mathematical: See 16.4. (line 3611) -accessing any character of a font: See 21.1. (line 4210) -acute accent: See 21.3. (line 4272) -acute accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3616) -ae ligature: See 21.4. (line 4337) -aligning Equations: See 8.8. (line 1065) -alignment via tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1688) -appendix, creating: See 6. (line 794) -aring: See 21.4. (line 4333) -arrays, math: See 8.2. (line 892) -author, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3779) -bar-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4280) -bar-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4294) -bibliography, creating (automatically): See 8.24.4. (line 2035) -bibliography, creating (manually): See 8.24. (line 1970) -bibTeX, using: See 8.24.4. (line 2035) -black boxes, omitting: See 3.1. (line 357) -bold font: See 4.1. (line 502) -bold typewriter, avoiding: See 8.4. (line 988) -boxes: See 20. (line 4019) -breaking lines: See 13. (line 2578) -breaking pages: See 14. (line 2679) -breve accent: See 21.3. (line 4319) -breve accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3619) -bullet symbol: See 16.2. (line 2946) -bulleted lists: See 8.13. (line 1223) -calligraphic letters for math: See 4.1. (line 505) -cc list, in letters: See 24.2. (line 4596) -cedilla accent: See 21.3. (line 4300) -centering text, declaration for: See 8.3.1. (line 953) -centering text, environment for: See 8.3. (line 939) -characters, accented: See 21.3. (line 4263) -characters, non-English: See 21.4. (line 4328) -characters, reserved: See 21.1. (line 4191) -check accent: See 21.3. (line 4322) -check accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3622) -circumflex accent: See 21.3. (line 4283) -circumflex accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3634) -class options: See 3.1. (line 336) -classes of documents: See 3. (line 319) -closing letters: See 24.3. (line 4606) -closing quote: See 21.2. (line 4251) -code, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2105) -command Line: See 26. (line 4729) -commands, defining new ones: See 10.1. (line 2231) -computer programs, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2105) -copyright symbol: See 21.2. (line 4226) -counters, a list of: See 11. (line 2405) -counters, defining new: See 10.2. (line 2264) -counters, getting value of: See 11.3. (line 2464) -counters, setting: See 11.4. (line 2478) -creating letters: See 24. (line 4547) -creating pictures: See 8.18. (line 1404) -creating tables: See 8.22. (line 1780) -credit footnote: See 18.1. (line 3789) -cross references: See 7. (line 807) -cross referencing with page number: See 7.2. (line 849) -cross referencing, symbolic: See 7.3. (line 859) -dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4229) -date, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3785) -datetime package: See 21.6. (line 4382) -defining a new command: See 10.1. (line 2231) -defining new environments: See 10.5. (line 2304) -defining new fonts: See 10.7. (line 2369) -defining new theorems: See 10.6. (line 2340) -definitions: See 10. (line 2226) -description lists, creating: See 8.4. (line 976) -discretionary multiplication: See 16.6. (line 3680) -displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation:See 8.19. (line 1658) -displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation:See 8.20. - (line 1673) -document class options: See 3.1. (line 336) -document classes: See 3. (line 319) -document templates: See Appendix A. - (line 4745) -dot accent: See 21.3. (line 4277) -dot over accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3628) -dot-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4277) -dot-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4303) -dotless i: See 21.3. (line 4310) -dotless i, math: See 16.4. (line 3637) -dotless j: See 21.3. (line 4313) -dotless j, math: See 16.4. (line 3640) -double dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4232) -double dot accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3625) -ellipsis: See 21.2. (line 4238) -emphasis: See 4.1. (line 444) -enclosure list: See 24.4. (line 4616) -ending & starting: See 2. (line 301) -enlarge current page: See 14.4. (line 2706) -environments: See 8. (line 871) -environments, defining: See 10.5. (line 2304) -equation number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859) -equation numbers, omitting: See 8.8. (line 1079) -equations, aligning: See 8.8. (line 1065) -equations, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1091) -es-zet German letter: See 21.4. (line 4352) -exponent: See 16.1. (line 2856) -figure number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859) -figures, footnotes in: See 8.17. (line 1391) -figures, inserting: See 8.10. (line 1104) -fixed-width font: See 4.1. (line 526) -flushing floats and starting a page: See 14.2. (line 2694) -font commands, low-level: See 4.3. (line 558) -font sizes: See 4.2. (line 532) -font styles: See 4.1. (line 424) -fonts: See 4. (line 418) -fonts, new commands for: See 10.7. (line 2369) -footer style: See 18.3. (line 3824) -footer, parameters for: See 5.5. (line 706) -footnote number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859) -footnote parameters: See 9.4. (line 2209) -footnotes in figures: See 8.17. (line 1391) -footnotes, creating: See 9. (line 2158) -formulas, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1091) -formulas, math: See 16. (line 2818) -fragile commands: See 10.8. (line 2383) -functions, math: See 16.3. (line 3502) -global options: See 3.1. (line 336) -glossaries: See 23.2. (line 4513) -grave accent: See 21.3. (line 4286) -grave accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3631) -greek letters: See 16.2. (line 2865) -ha'c<ek accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3622) -hacek accent: See 21.3. (line 4322) -hat accent: See 21.3. (line 4283) -hat accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3634) -header style: See 18.3. (line 3824) -header, parameters for: See 5.5. (line 706) -hungarian umlaut accent: See 21.3. (line 4306) -hyphenation, defining: See 13.7. (line 2646) -hyphenation, forcing: See 13.4. (line 2616) -hyphenation, preventing: See 20.1. (line 4025) -in-line formulas: See 8.16. (line 1363) -indent, forcing: See 15.1. (line 2747) -indent, suppressing: See 15.2. (line 2758) -indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: See 8.17. (line 1387) -indexes: See 23.3. (line 4528) -input file: See 22. (line 4388) -input/Output: See 25. (line 4696) -inserting figures: See 8.10. (line 1104) -italic font: See 4.1. (line 511) -justification, ragged left: See 8.12.1. (line 1210) -justification, ragged right: See 8.11.1. (line 1184) -Knuth, Donald E.: - See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251) -labelled lists, creating: See 8.4. (line 976) -Lamport, Leslie: - See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251) -LaTeX logo: See 21.2. (line 4235) -LaTeX overview: See 1. (line 261) -LaTeX Project team: - See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251) -layout commands: See 5. (line 634) -layout, page parameters for: See 5.5. (line 706) -left quote: See 21.2. (line 4242) -left-justifying text: See 8.11.1. (line 1184) -left-justifying text, environment for: See 8.11. (line 1171) -left-to-right mode: See 17. (line 3729) -lengths, adding to: See 12.2. (line 2531) -lengths, defining and using: See 12. (line 2518) -lengths, defining new: See 10.3. (line 2279) -lengths, predefined: See 12.6. (line 2559) -lengths, setting: See 12.1. (line 2524) -letters: See 24. (line 4547) -letters, accented: See 21.3. (line 4263) -letters, ending: See 24.3. (line 4606) -letters, non-English: See 21.4. (line 4328) -letters, starting: See 24.8. (line 4649) -line break, forcing: See 13.1. (line 2590) -line breaking: See 13. (line 2578) -line breaks, forcing: See 13.8. (line 2662) -line breaks, preventing: See 13.8. (line 2662) -lines in tables: See 8.23. (line 1816) -lining text up in columns using tab stops: See 8.21. (line 1688) -lining text up in tables: See 8.23. (line 1816) -list items, specifying counter: See 11.2. (line 2453) -lists of items: See 8.13. (line 1223) -lists of items, generic: See 8.15. (line 1341) -lists of items, numbered: See 8.7. (line 1024) -loading additional packages: See 3.1. (line 404) -logo, LaTeX: See 21.2. (line 4235) -logo, TeX: See 21.2. (line 4257) -low-level font commands: See 4.3. (line 558) -lR mode: See 17. (line 3729) -macron accent: See 21.3. (line 4280) -makeindex program: See 23.3. (line 4540) -making a title page: See 8.26. (line 2088) -making paragraphs: See 15. (line 2739) -marginal notes: See 15.4. (line 2771) -math accents: See 16.4. (line 3611) -math formulas: See 16. (line 2818) -math functions: See 16.3. (line 3502) -math Miscellany: See 16.6. (line 3679) -math mode: See 17. (line 3729) -math mode, entering: See 16. (line 2818) -math mode, spacing: See 16.5. (line 3658) -math symbols: See 16.2. (line 2865) -minipage, creating a: See 8.17. (line 1375) -modes: See 17. (line 3729) -monospace font: See 4.1. (line 526) -moving arguments: See 10.8. (line 2383) -multicolumn text: See 5.2. (line 645) -multiplication symbol, discretionary line break:See 16.6. (line 3680) -nested \include, not allowed: See 22.1. (line 4409) -new commands, defining: See 10.1. (line 2231) -new line, output as input: See 13.2. (line 2600) -new line, starting: See 13.1. (line 2590) -new line, starting (paragraph mode): See 13.3. (line 2609) -new page, starting: See 14.3. (line 2700) -non-English characters: See 21.4. (line 4328) -notes in the margin: See 15.4. (line 2771) -null delimiter: See 16.6. (line 3694) -numbered items, specifying counter: See 11.2. (line 2453) -oblique font: See 4.1. (line 523) -oe ligature: See 21.4. (line 4349) -one-column output: See 5.1. (line 639) -opening quote: See 21.2. (line 4242) -options, document class: See 3.1. (line 336) -options, global: See 3.1. (line 411) -oslash: See 21.4. (line 4345) -overbar accent: See 21.3. (line 4280) -overdot accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3628) -overview of LaTeX: See 1. (line 261) -packages, loading: See 3.1. (line 404) -page break, forcing: See 14.5. (line 2721) -page break, preventing: See 14.5. (line 2721) -page breaking: See 14. (line 2679) -page layout parameters: See 5.5. (line 706) -page number, cross referencing: See 7.2. (line 849) -page numbering style: See 18.2. (line 3800) -page styles: See 18. (line 3767) -paragraph indentation, in minipage: See 8.17. (line 1387) -paragraph indentations in quoted text: See 8.19. (line 1658) -paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting:See 8.20. (line 1673) -paragraph mode: See 17. (line 3729) -paragraph sign: See 21.2. (line 4245) -paragraphs: See 15. (line 2739) -parameters, page layout: See 5.5. (line 706) -pictures, creating: See 8.18. (line 1404) -pilcrow: See 21.2. (line 4245) -poetry, an environment for: See 8.28. (line 2139) -polish l: See 21.4. (line 4341) -postscript, in letters: See 24.9. (line 4662) -pounds symbol: See 21.2. (line 4248) -preamble, defined: See 2. (line 312) -predefined lengths: See 12.6. (line 2559) -prompt, *: See 26. (line 4738) -quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying:See 8.19. (line 1658) -quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying:See 8.20. - (line 1673) -ragged left text: See 8.12.1. (line 1210) -ragged left text, environment for: See 8.12. (line 1197) -ragged right text: See 8.11.1. (line 1184) -ragged right text, environment for: See 8.11. (line 1171) -redefining environments: See 10.5. (line 2304) -remarks in the margin: See 15.4. (line 2771) -reserved characters: See 21.1. (line 4191) -right quote: See 21.2. (line 4251) -right-justifying text: See 8.12.1. (line 1210) -right-justifying text, environment for: See 8.12. (line 1197) -robust commands: See 10.8. (line 2393) -roman font: See 4.1. (line 514) -running header and footer: See 5.5. (line 706) -running header and footer style: See 18.3. (line 3824) -sans serif font: See 4.1. (line 520) -script letters for math: See 4.1. (line 505) -section number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859) -section symbol: See 21.2. (line 4254) -sectioning: See 6. (line 756) -setspace package: See 4.3. (line 615) -setting counters: See 11.4. (line 2478) -sharp S letters: See 21.4. (line 4352) -simulating typed text: See 8.27. (line 2105) -sizes of text: See 4.2. (line 532) -slanted font: See 4.1. (line 523) -small caps font: See 4.1. (line 517) -space, inserting vertical: See 19.9. (line 3967) -spaces: See 19. (line 3869) -spacing within math mode: See 16.5. (line 3658) -special characters: See 21.4. (line 4328) -splitting the input file: See 22. (line 4388) -starting & ending: See 2. (line 301) -starting a new page: See 14.3. (line 2700) -starting a new page and clearing floats: See 14.2. (line 2694) -starting on a right-hand page: See 14.1. (line 2686) -sterling symbol: See 21.2. (line 4248) -stretch, omitting vertical: See 5.4. (line 700) -styles of text: See 4.1. (line 424) -styles, page: See 18. (line 3767) -subscript: See 16.1. (line 2856) -superscript: See 16.1. (line 2856) -symbols, math: See 16.2. (line 2865) -tab stops, using: See 8.21. (line 1688) -table of contents entry, manually adding: See 23.1.1. (line 4467) -table of contents, creating: See 23.1. (line 4447) -tables, creating: See 8.22. (line 1780) -terminal Input/Output: See 25. (line 4696) -TeX logo: See 21.2. (line 4257) -text symbols: See 21.2. (line 4222) -thanks, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3789) -theorems, defining: See 10.6. (line 2340) -theorems, typesetting: See 8.25. (line 2075) -tie-after accent: See 21.3. (line 4316) -tilde accent: See 21.3. (line 4291) -tilde accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3643) -title pages, creating: See 8.26. (line 2088) -title, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3793) -titles, making: See 18.1. (line 3773) -two-column output: See 5.2. (line 645) -typed text, simulating: See 8.27. (line 2105) -typeface sizes: See 4.2. (line 532) -typeface styles: See 4.1. (line 424) -typefaces: See 4. (line 418) -typewriter font: See 4.1. (line 526) -typewriter labels in lists: See 8.4. (line 988) -umlaut accent: See 21.3. (line 4269) -unordered lists: See 8.13. (line 1223) -using BibTeX: See 8.24.4. (line 2035) -variables, a list of: See 11. (line 2405) -vector symbol, math: See 16.4. (line 3646) -verbatim text: See 8.27. (line 2105) -verbatim text, inline: See 8.27.1. (line 2122) -vertical space: See 19.9. (line 3967) -vertical space before paragraphs: See 15.3. (line 2765) -visible space: See 8.27.1. (line 2133) -wide hat accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3649) -wide tile accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3652) -xindy program: See 23.3. (line 4540) -Command Index -************* - -$: See 16. (line 2838) -10pt option: See 3.1. (line 344) -11pt option: See 3.1. (line 344) -12pt option: See 3.1. (line 344) -@{...}: See 8.2. (line 917) -\" (umlaut accent): See 21.3. (line 4269) -\#: See 21.1. (line 4196) -\$: See 21.1. (line 4196) -\%: See 21.1. (line 4196) -\&: See 21.1. (line 4196) -\' (acute accent): See 21.3. (line 4272) -\' (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1727) -\(: See 16. (line 2830) -\): See 16. (line 2830) -\*: See 16.6. (line 3679) -\+: See 8.21. (line 1719) -\,: See 16.5. (line 3671) -\-: See 8.21. (line 1723) -\- (hyphenation): See 13.4. (line 2616) -\. (dot-over accent): See 21.3. (line 4277) -\/: See 19.6. (line 3936) -\:: See 16.5. (line 3668) -\;: See 16.5. (line 3664) -\<: See 8.21. (line 1715) -\= (macron accent): See 21.3. (line 4280) -\= (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1709) -\> <1>: See 16.5. (line 3668) -\>: See 8.21. (line 1713) -\> (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1712) -\@: See 19.4. (line 3915) -\[: See 16. (line 2830) -\\ (for \shortstack objects): See 8.18.13. (line 1642) -\\ (for array): See 8.2. (line 914) -\\ (for center): See 8.3. (line 946) -\\ (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1071) -\\ (for flushright): See 8.12. (line 1203) -\\ for \author: See 18.1. (line 3779) -\\ for \title: See 18.1. (line 3793) -\\ for flushleft: See 8.11. (line 1177) -\\ for letters: See 24. (line 4573) -\\ for tabular: See 8.23. (line 1833) -\\ for verse: See 8.28. (line 2150) -\\ force line break: See 13.1. (line 2590) -\\ tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1706) -\\* (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1076) -\]: See 16. (line 2830) -\^: See 21.1. (line 4206) -\^ (circumflex accent): See 21.3. (line 4283) -\_: See 21.1. (line 4196) -\` (grave accent): See 21.3. (line 4286) -\` (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1733) -\a (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1742) -\a' (acute accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743) -\a= (macron accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743) -\a` (grave accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743) -\AA (AA): See 21.4. (line 4333) -\aa (aa): See 21.4. (line 4333) -\acute: See 16.4. (line 3615) -\addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.1. (line 4467) -\address: See 24.1. (line 4583) -\addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.2. (line 4498) -\addtocounter: See 11.5. (line 2488) -\addtolength: See 12.2. (line 2531) -\addvspace: See 19.9. (line 3967) -\AE (AE): See 21.4. (line 4337) -\ae (ae): See 21.4. (line 4337) -\aleph: See 16.2. (line 2873) -\Alph: See 11.1. (line 2427) -\alph: See 11.1. (line 2424) -\Alph example: See 8.7. (line 1060) -\alpha: See 16.2. (line 2876) -\amalg: See 16.2. (line 2879) -\and for \author: See 18.1. (line 3779) -\angle: See 16.2. (line 2882) -\appendix: See 6. (line 794) -\approx: See 16.2. (line 2885) -\arabic: See 11.1. (line 2430) -\arccos: See 16.3. (line 3505) -\arcsin: See 16.3. (line 3508) -\arctan: See 16.3. (line 3511) -\arg: See 16.3. (line 3514) -\arraycolsep: See 8.2. (line 929) -\arrayrulewidth: See 8.23. (line 1900) -\arraystretch: See 8.23. (line 1904) -\ast: See 16.2. (line 2888) -\asymp: See 16.2. (line 2891) -\author{NAME \and NAME2}: See 18.1. (line 3778) -\b (bar-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4294) -\backslash <1>: See 21.1. (line 4201) -\backslash: See 16.2. (line 2894) -\bar (macron, bar-over accent): See 21.3. (line 4297) -\baselineskip: See 4.3. (line 609) -\baselinestretch: See 4.3. (line 615) -\begin: See 8. (line 871) -\beta: See 16.2. (line 2897) -\bf: See 4.1. (line 501) -\bfseries: See 4.1. (line 450) -\bibitem: See 8.24.1. (line 1995) -\bibliography: See 8.24.4. (line 2035) -\bibliographystyle: See 8.24.4. (line 2035) -\bigcap: See 16.2. (line 2900) -\bigcirc: See 16.2. (line 2903) -\bigcup: See 16.2. (line 2906) -\bigodot: See 16.2. (line 2909) -\bigoplus: See 16.2. (line 2912) -\bigotimes: See 16.2. (line 2915) -\bigskip: See 19.10. (line 3981) -\bigskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3981) -\bigsqcup: See 16.2. (line 2924) -\bigtriangledown: See 16.2. (line 2918) -\bigtriangleup: See 16.2. (line 2921) -\biguplus: See 16.2. (line 2927) -\bigwedge: See 16.2. (line 2933) -\bmod: See 16.3. (line 3517) -\boldmath: See 16. (line 2843) -\bot: See 16.2. (line 2936) -\bottomfraction: See 8.10. (line 1138) -\bowtie: See 16.2. (line 2939) -\Box: See 16.2. (line 2942) -\breve: See 16.4. (line 3618) -\bullet: See 16.2. (line 2945) -\c (cedilla accent): See 21.3. (line 4300) -\cal: See 4.1. (line 504) -\cap: See 16.2. (line 2948) -\caption: See 8.10. (line 1134) -\cc: See 24.2. (line 4596) -\cdot: See 16.2. (line 2951) -\cdots: See 16.6. (line 3683) -\centering: See 8.3.1. (line 953) -\chapter: See 6. (line 760) -\check: See 16.4. (line 3621) -\chi: See 16.2. (line 2954) -\circ: See 16.2. (line 2957) -\circle: See 8.18.1. (line 1470) -\cite: See 8.24.2. (line 2012) -\cleardoublepage: See 14.1. (line 2686) -\clearpage: See 14.2. (line 2694) -\cline: See 8.23.2. (line 1944) -\closing: See 24.3. (line 4606) -\clubsuit: See 16.2. (line 2960) -\columnsep: See 5.2. (line 655) -\columnseprule: See 5.2. (line 658) -\columnwidth: See 5.2. (line 662) -\cong: See 16.2. (line 2963) -\contentsline: See 23.1.1. (line 4492) -\coprod: See 16.2. (line 2966) -\copyright: See 21.2. (line 4225) -\cos: See 16.3. (line 3520) -\cosh: See 16.3. (line 3523) -\cot: See 16.3. (line 3526) -\coth: See 16.3. (line 3529) -\csc: See 16.3. (line 3532) -\cup: See 16.2. (line 2969) -\d (dot-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4303) -\dag: See 21.2. (line 4228) -\dagger: See 16.2. (line 2972) -\dashbox: See 8.18.4. (line 1518) -\dashv: See 16.2. (line 2975) -\date{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3784) -\day: See 11.8. (line 2507) -\dblfloatpagefraction: See 5.2. (line 674) -\dblfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 678) -\dbltextfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 683) -\dbltopfraction: See 5.2. (line 669) -\ddag: See 21.2. (line 4231) -\ddagger: See 16.2. (line 2978) -\ddot: See 16.4. (line 3624) -\ddots: See 16.6. (line 3687) -\deg: See 16.3. (line 3535) -\delta: See 16.2. (line 2984) -\Delta: See 16.2. (line 2981) -\depth: See 12.6. (line 2563) -\det: See 16.3. (line 3538) -\diamond: See 16.2. (line 2990) -\Diamond: See 16.2. (line 2987) -\diamondsuit: See 16.2. (line 2993) -\dim: See 16.3. (line 3541) -\displaystyle: See 16. (line 2848) -\div: See 16.2. (line 2996) -\documentclass: See 3. (line 319) -\dot: See 16.4. (line 3627) -\doteq: See 16.2. (line 2999) -\dotfill: See 19.8. (line 3961) -\doublerulesep: See 8.23. (line 1908) -\Downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3005) -\downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3002) -\ell: See 16.2. (line 3008) -\em: See 4.1. (line 507) -\emph: See 4.1. (line 444) -\emptyset: See 16.2. (line 3011) -\encl: See 24.4. (line 4616) -\end: See 8. (line 871) -\enlargethispage: See 14.4. (line 2706) -\enumi: See 8.7. (line 1050) -\enumii: See 8.7. (line 1050) -\enumiii: See 8.7. (line 1050) -\enumiv: See 8.7. (line 1050) -\epsilon: See 16.2. (line 3014) -\equiv: See 16.2. (line 3017) -\eta: See 16.2. (line 3020) -\evensidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385) -\exists: See 16.2. (line 3023) -\exp: See 16.3. (line 3544) -\fbox: See 20.2. (line 4032) -\fboxrule <1>: See 20.2. (line 4042) -\fboxrule: See 8.18.3. (line 1511) -\fboxsep <1>: See 20.2. (line 4042) -\fboxsep: See 8.18.3. (line 1511) -\fill: See 19.2. (line 3897) -\flat: See 16.2. (line 3026) -\floatpagefraction: See 8.10. (line 1141) -\floatsep: See 8.10. (line 1145) -\flushbottom: See 5.3. (line 691) -\fnsymbol: See 11.1. (line 2439) -\fontencoding: See 4.3. (line 563) -\fontfamily: See 4.3. (line 566) -\fontseries: See 4.3. (line 577) -\fontshape: See 4.3. (line 592) -\fontsize: See 4.3. (line 609) -\footnote: See 9.1. (line 2165) -\footnotemark: See 9.2. (line 2180) -\footnoterule: See 9.4. (line 2209) -\footnotesep: See 9.4. (line 2215) -\footnotesize: See 4.2. (line 537) -\footnotetext: See 9.3. (line 2195) -\footskip: See 5.5. (line 716) -\forall: See 16.2. (line 3029) -\frac: See 16.6. (line 3691) -\frac{num}{den}: See 16.6. (line 3690) -\frame: See 8.18.5. (line 1531) -\framebox <1>: See 20.2. (line 4032) -\framebox: See 8.18.3. (line 1503) -\frown: See 16.2. (line 3032) -\fussy: See 13.5. (line 2628) -\gamma: See 16.2. (line 3038) -\Gamma: See 16.2. (line 3035) -\gcd: See 16.3. (line 3547) -\ge: See 16.2. (line 3041) -\geq: See 16.2. (line 3044) -\gets: See 16.2. (line 3047) -\gg: See 16.2. (line 3050) -\glossary: See 23.2. (line 4515) -\glossaryentry: See 23.2. (line 4518) -\grave: See 16.4. (line 3630) -\H (Hungarian umlaut accent): See 21.3. (line 4306) -\hat: See 16.4. (line 3633) -\hbar: See 16.2. (line 3053) -\headheight: See 5.5. (line 706) -\headsep: See 5.5. (line 711) -\heartsuit: See 16.2. (line 3056) -\height: See 12.6. (line 2561) -\hfill: See 19.2. (line 3894) -\hline: See 8.23.3. (line 1955) -\hom: See 16.3. (line 3550) -\hookleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3059) -\hookrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3062) -\hrulefill: See 19.7. (line 3954) -\hspace: See 19.1. (line 3878) -\Huge: See 4.2. (line 537) -\huge: See 4.2. (line 537) -\hyphenation: See 13.7. (line 2646) -\i (dotless i): See 21.3. (line 4310) -\iff: See 16.2. (line 3065) -\Im: See 16.2. (line 3068) -\imath: See 16.4. (line 3636) -\in: See 16.2. (line 3071) -\include: See 22.1. (line 4397) -\includeonly: See 22.2. (line 4415) -\indent: See 15.1. (line 2747) -\index: See 23.3. (line 4530) -\indexentry: See 23.3. (line 4533) -\inf: See 16.3. (line 3553) -\infty: See 16.2. (line 3074) -\input: See 22.3. (line 4429) -\int: See 16.2. (line 3077) -\intextsep: See 8.10. (line 1149) -\iota: See 16.2. (line 3080) -\it: See 4.1. (line 510) -\item <1>: See 8.13. (line 1223) -\item <2>: See 8.7. (line 1037) -\item: See 8.4. (line 984) -\itemindent: See 8.13. (line 1269) -\itemsep: See 8.13. (line 1292) -\itshape: See 4.1. (line 441) -\j (dotless j): See 21.3. (line 4313) -\jmath: See 16.4. (line 3639) -\Join: See 16.2. (line 3083) -\kappa: See 16.2. (line 3086) -\ker: See 16.3. (line 3556) -\kill: See 8.21. (line 1747) -\L (/L): See 21.4. (line 4341) -\l (/l): See 21.4. (line 4341) -\label: See 7.1. (line 813) -\labelenumi: See 8.7. (line 1054) -\labelenumii: See 8.7. (line 1054) -\labelenumiii: See 8.7. (line 1054) -\labelenumiv: See 8.7. (line 1054) -\labelitemi: See 8.13. (line 1249) -\labelitemii: See 8.13. (line 1249) -\labelitemiii: See 8.13. (line 1249) -\labelitemiv: See 8.13. (line 1249) -\labelsep: See 8.13. (line 1272) -\labelwidth: See 8.13. (line 1275) -\lambda: See 16.2. (line 3092) -\Lambda: See 16.2. (line 3089) -\land: See 16.2. (line 3095) -\langle: See 16.2. (line 3098) -\LARGE: See 4.2. (line 537) -\Large: See 4.2. (line 537) -\large: See 4.2. (line 537) -\LaTeX: See 21.2. (line 4234) -\lbrace: See 16.2. (line 3101) -\lbrack: See 16.2. (line 3104) -\lceil: See 16.2. (line 3107) -\ldots: See 21.2. (line 4237) -\le: See 16.2. (line 3110) -\leadsto: See 16.2. (line 3113) -\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: See 16.6. (line 3693) -\leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3118) -\Leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3115) -\lefteqn: See 8.8. (line 1084) -\leftharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3121) -\leftharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3124) -\leftmargin: See 8.13. (line 1256) -\leftmargini: See 8.13. (line 1256) -\leftmarginii: See 8.13. (line 1256) -\leftmarginiii: See 8.13. (line 1256) -\leftmarginiv: See 8.13. (line 1256) -\leftmarginv: See 8.13. (line 1256) -\leftmarginvi: See 8.13. (line 1256) -\leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3130) -\Leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3127) -\leq: See 16.2. (line 3133) -\lfloor: See 16.2. (line 3136) -\lg: See 16.3. (line 3559) -\lhd: See 16.2. (line 3139) -\lim: See 16.3. (line 3562) -\liminf: See 16.3. (line 3565) -\limsup: See 16.3. (line 3568) -\line: See 8.18.6. (line 1542) -\linebreak: See 13.8. (line 2662) -\linethickness: See 8.18.7. (line 1557) -\linewidth: See 5.5. (line 721) -\listoffigures: See 23.1. (line 4457) -\listoftables: See 23.1. (line 4457) -\listparindent: See 8.13. (line 1278) -\ll: See 16.2. (line 3142) -\ln: See 16.3. (line 3571) -\lnot: See 16.2. (line 3145) -\location: See 24.5. (line 4625) -\log: See 16.3. (line 3574) -\longleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3148) -\longleftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3151) -\longmapsto: See 16.2. (line 3154) -\longrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3157) -\lor: See 16.2. (line 3160) -\lq: See 21.2. (line 4241) -\makebox: See 20.4. (line 4063) -\makebox (picture): See 8.18.2. (line 1481) -\makeglossary: See 23.2. (line 4513) -\makeindex: See 23.3. (line 4528) -\makelabels: See 24.6. (line 4633) -\maketitle: See 18.1. (line 3773) -\mapsto: See 16.2. (line 3163) -\marginpar: See 15.4. (line 2771) -\marginparpush: See 15.4. (line 2800) -\marginparsep: See 15.4. (line 2804) -\marginparwidth: See 15.4. (line 2808) -\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3848) -\markright{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3855) -\mathbf: See 4.1. (line 474) -\mathcal: See 4.1. (line 490) -\mathnormal: See 4.1. (line 487) -\mathrm: See 4.1. (line 471) -\mathsf: See 4.1. (line 477) -\mathtt: See 4.1. (line 480) -\mathversion: See 4.1. (line 492) -\max: See 16.3. (line 3577) -\mbox: See 20.1. (line 4025) -\mdseries: See 4.1. (line 447) -\medskip: See 19.10. (line 3985) -\medskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3985) -\mho: See 16.2. (line 3166) -\mid: See 16.2. (line 3168) -\min: See 16.3. (line 3580) -\models: See 16.2. (line 3171) -\month: See 11.8. (line 2507) -\mp: See 16.2. (line 3174) -\mu: See 16.2. (line 3177) -\multicolumn: See 8.23.1. (line 1921) -\multiput: See 8.18.10. (line 1581) -\nabla: See 16.2. (line 3180) -\name: See 24.7. (line 4641) -\natural: See 16.2. (line 3183) -\ne: See 16.2. (line 3186) -\nearrow: See 16.2. (line 3189) -\neg: See 16.2. (line 3192) -\neq: See 16.2. (line 3195) -\newcommand: See 10.1. (line 2231) -\newcounter: See 10.2. (line 2264) -\newenvironment: See 10.5. (line 2304) -\newfont: See 10.7. (line 2369) -\newlength: See 10.3. (line 2279) -\NEWLINE: See 19.3. (line 3904) -\newline: See 13.3. (line 2609) -\newpage: See 14.3. (line 2700) -\newsavebox: See 10.4. (line 2294) -\newtheorem: See 10.6. (line 2340) -\ni: See 16.2. (line 3198) -\nocite: See 8.24.3. (line 2027) -\nofiles: See 23.1. (line 4461) -\noindent: See 15.2. (line 2758) -\nolinebreak: See 13.8. (line 2662) -\nonumber: See 8.8. (line 1079) -\nopagebreak: See 14.5. (line 2721) -\normalfont: See 4.1. (line 468) -\normalmarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2788) -\normalsize: See 4.2. (line 537) -\not: See 16.2. (line 3201) -\notin: See 16.2. (line 3204) -\nu: See 16.2. (line 3207) -\nwarrow: See 16.2. (line 3210) -\O (/O): See 21.4. (line 4345) -\o (/o): See 21.4. (line 4345) -\obeycr: See 13.2. (line 2600) -\oddsidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385) -\odot: See 16.2. (line 3213) -\OE (OE): See 21.4. (line 4349) -\oe (oe): See 21.4. (line 4349) -\oint: See 16.2. (line 3216) -\omega: See 16.2. (line 3222) -\Omega: See 16.2. (line 3219) -\ominus: See 16.2. (line 3225) -\onecolumn: See 5.1. (line 639) -\opening: See 24.8. (line 4649) -\oplus: See 16.2. (line 3228) -\oslash: See 16.2. (line 3231) -\otimes: See 16.2. (line 3234) -\oval: See 8.18.11. (line 1591) -\overbrace{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3698) -\overline{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3702) -\owns: See 16.2. (line 3237) -\P: See 21.2. (line 4244) -\pagebreak: See 14.5. (line 2721) -\pagenumbering: See 18.2. (line 3800) -\pageref: See 7.2. (line 849) -\pagestyle: See 18.3. (line 3824) -\paragraph: See 6. (line 769) -\parallel: See 16.2. (line 3240) -\parbox: See 20.5. (line 4091) -\parindent <1>: See 15.1. (line 2747) -\parindent: See 8.17. (line 1387) -\parsep: See 8.13. (line 1297) -\parskip: See 15.3. (line 2765) -\parskip example: See 8.13. (line 1320) -\part: See 6. (line 758) -\partial: See 16.2. (line 3243) -\partopsep: See 8.13. (line 1307) -\perp: See 16.2. (line 3246) -\phi: See 16.2. (line 3249) -\pi: See 16.2. (line 3255) -\Pi: See 16.2. (line 3252) -\pm: See 16.2. (line 3258) -\pmod: See 16.3. (line 3583) -\poptabs: See 8.21. (line 1753) -\pounds: See 21.2. (line 4247) -\Pr: See 16.3. (line 3586) -\prec: See 16.2. (line 3261) -\preceq: See 16.2. (line 3264) -\prime: See 16.2. (line 3267) -\prod: See 16.2. (line 3270) -\propto: See 16.2. (line 3273) -\protect: See 10.8. (line 2383) -\ps: See 24.9. (line 4662) -\psi: See 16.2. (line 3279) -\Psi: See 16.2. (line 3276) -\pushtabs: See 8.21. (line 1756) -\put: See 8.18.12. (line 1618) -\raggedbottom: See 5.4. (line 700) -\raggedleft: See 8.12.1. (line 1210) -\raggedright: See 8.11.1. (line 1184) -\raisebox: See 20.6. (line 4135) -\rangle: See 16.2. (line 3282) -\rbrace: See 16.2. (line 3285) -\rbrack: See 16.2. (line 3288) -\rceil: See 16.2. (line 3291) -\Re: See 16.2. (line 3294) -\ref: See 7.3. (line 859) -\refstepcounter: See 11.6. (line 2494) -\renewenvironment: See 10.5. (line 2304) -\restorecr: See 13.2. (line 2600) -\reversemarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2788) -\rfloor: See 16.2. (line 3297) -\rhd: See 16.2. (line 3300) -\rho: See 16.2. (line 3303) -\right: See 16.6. (line 3694) -\rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3309) -\Rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3306) -\rightharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3312) -\rightharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3315) -\rightleftharpoons: See 16.2. (line 3318) -\rightmargin: See 8.13. (line 1282) -\rm: See 4.1. (line 513) -\rmfamily: See 4.1. (line 438) -\roman: See 11.1. (line 2433) -\rq: See 21.2. (line 4250) -\rule: See 21.5. (line 4358) -\S: See 21.2. (line 4253) -\savebox: See 20.7. (line 4151) -\sbox: See 20.8. (line 4163) -\sc: See 4.1. (line 516) -\scriptsize: See 4.2. (line 537) -\scshape: See 4.1. (line 462) -\searrow: See 16.2. (line 3321) -\sec: See 16.3. (line 3589) -\section: See 6. (line 763) -\selectfont: See 4.3. (line 623) -\setcounter: See 11.4. (line 2478) -\setlength: See 12.1. (line 2524) -\setminus: See 16.2. (line 3324) -\settodepth: See 12.3. (line 2537) -\settoheight: See 12.4. (line 2545) -\settowidth: See 12.5. (line 2553) -\sf: See 4.1. (line 519) -\sffamily: See 4.1. (line 459) -\sharp: See 16.2. (line 3327) -\shortstack: See 8.18.13. (line 1626) -\sigma: See 16.2. (line 3333) -\Sigma: See 16.2. (line 3330) -\signature: See 24.10. (line 4668) -\sim: See 16.2. (line 3336) -\simeq: See 16.2. (line 3339) -\sin: See 16.3. (line 3592) -\sinh: See 16.3. (line 3595) -\sl: See 4.1. (line 522) -\slshape: See 4.1. (line 456) -\small: See 4.2. (line 537) -\smallint: See 16.2. (line 3342) -\smallskip: See 19.10. (line 3989) -\smallskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3989) -\smile: See 16.2. (line 3345) -\SPACE: See 19.3. (line 3904) -\spadesuit: See 16.2. (line 3348) -\sqcap: See 16.2. (line 3351) -\sqcup: See 16.2. (line 3354) -\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: See 16.6. (line 3705) -\sqsubset: See 16.2. (line 3357) -\sqsubseteq: See 16.2. (line 3360) -\sqsupset: See 16.2. (line 3363) -\sqsupseteq: See 16.2. (line 3366) -\ss (ss): See 21.4. (line 4352) -\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: See 16.6. (line 3711) -\star: See 16.2. (line 3369) -\startbreaks: See 24.11. (line 4674) -\stepcounter: See 11.7. (line 2501) -\stop: See 26. (line 4738) -\stopbreaks: See 24.12. (line 4681) -\subparagraph: See 6. (line 771) -\subsection: See 6. (line 765) -\subset: See 16.2. (line 3372) -\subseteq: See 16.2. (line 3375) -\subsubsection: See 6. (line 767) -\succ: See 16.2. (line 3378) -\succeq: See 16.2. (line 3381) -\sum: See 16.2. (line 3384) -\sup: See 16.3. (line 3598) -\supset: See 16.2. (line 3387) -\supseteq: See 16.2. (line 3390) -\surd: See 16.2. (line 3393) -\swarrow: See 16.2. (line 3396) -\symbol: See 21.1. (line 4210) -\t (tie-after accent): See 21.3. (line 4316) -\TAB: See 19.3. (line 3904) -\tabbingsep: See 8.21. (line 1761) -\tabcolsep: See 8.23. (line 1912) -\tableofcontents: See 23.1. (line 4447) -\tan: See 16.3. (line 3601) -\tanh: See 16.3. (line 3604) -\tau: See 16.2. (line 3399) -\telephone: See 24.13. (line 4688) -\TeX: See 21.2. (line 4256) -\textbf: See 4.1. (line 450) -\textfloatsep: See 8.10. (line 1154) -\textfraction: See 8.10. (line 1158) -\textheight: See 5.5. (line 727) -\textit: See 4.1. (line 441) -\textmd: See 4.1. (line 447) -\textnormal: See 4.1. (line 468) -\textrm: See 4.1. (line 438) -\textsc: See 4.1. (line 462) -\textsf: See 4.1. (line 459) -\textsl: See 4.1. (line 456) -\texttt: See 4.1. (line 465) -\textup: See 4.1. (line 453) -\textwidth: See 5.5. (line 734) -\thanks{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3788) -\theta: See 16.2. (line 3402) -\thicklines: See 8.18.8. (line 1567) -\thinlines: See 8.18.9. (line 1574) -\thinspace: See 19.5. (line 3929) -\thispagestyle: See 18.4. (line 3862) -\tilde: See 16.4. (line 3642) -\times: See 16.2. (line 3405) -\tiny: See 4.2. (line 537) -\title{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3792) -\to: See 16.2. (line 3408) -\today: See 21.6. (line 4377) -\top: See 16.2. (line 3411) -\topfraction: See 8.10. (line 1163) -\topmargin: See 5.5. (line 740) -\topsep: See 8.13. (line 1301) -\topskip: See 5.5. (line 747) -\totalheight: See 12.6. (line 2565) -\triangle: See 16.2. (line 3414) -\triangleleft: See 16.2. (line 3417) -\triangleright: See 16.2. (line 3420) -\tt: See 4.1. (line 525) -\ttfamily: See 4.1. (line 465) -\twocolumn: See 5.2. (line 645) -\typein: See 25.1. (line 4699) -\typeout: See 25.2. (line 4713) -\u (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4319) -\unboldmath: See 16. (line 2843) -\underbrace{math}: See 16.6. (line 3715) -\underline{text}: See 16.6. (line 3718) -\unitlength: See 8.18. (line 1408) -\unlhd: See 16.2. (line 3423) -\unrhd: See 16.2. (line 3426) -\uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3432) -\Uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3429) -\updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3438) -\Updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3435) -\uplus: See 16.2. (line 3441) -\upshape: See 4.1. (line 453) -\upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3447) -\Upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3444) -\usebox: See 20.9. (line 4175) -\usecounter: See 11.2. (line 2453) -\usefont: See 4.3. (line 627) -\usepackage: See 3.1. (line 404) -\v (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4322) -\value: See 11.3. (line 2464) -\varepsilon: See 16.2. (line 3450) -\varphi: See 16.2. (line 3453) -\varpi: See 16.2. (line 3456) -\varrho: See 16.2. (line 3459) -\varsigma: See 16.2. (line 3462) -\vartheta: See 16.2. (line 3465) -\vdash: See 16.2. (line 3468) -\vdots: See 16.6. (line 3722) -\vec: See 16.4. (line 3645) -\vector: See 8.18.14. (line 1647) -\vee: See 16.2. (line 3471) -\verb: See 8.27.1. (line 2122) -\vert: See 16.2. (line 3477) -\Vert: See 16.2. (line 3474) -\vfill: See 19.11. (line 3998) -\vline: See 8.23.4. (line 1962) -\vspace: See 19.12. (line 4005) -\wedge: See 16.2. (line 3480) -\widehat: See 16.4. (line 3648) -\width: See 12.6. (line 2559) -\wp: See 16.2. (line 3483) -\wr: See 16.2. (line 3486) -\xi: See 16.2. (line 3492) -\Xi: See 16.2. (line 3489) -\year: See 11.8. (line 2507) -\zeta: See 16.2. (line 3495) -\{: See 21.1. (line 4196) -\|: See 16.2. (line 2870) -\}: See 21.1. (line 4196) -\~: See 21.1. (line 4206) -\~ (tilde accent): See 21.3. (line 4291) -^: See 16.1. (line 2856) -_: See 16.1. (line 2856) -a4paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -a5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -abstract environment: See 8.1. (line 881) -array environment: See 8.2. (line 892) -article class: See 3. (line 326) -b5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -book class: See 3. (line 326) -center environment: See 8.3. (line 939) -description environment: See 8.4. (line 976) -displaymath environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818) -displaymath environment: See 8.5. (line 999) -document environment: See 8.6. (line 1018) -draft option: See 3.1. (line 354) -enumerate environment: See 8.7. (line 1024) -eqnarray environment: See 8.8. (line 1065) -equation environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818) -equation environment: See 8.9. (line 1091) -executivepaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -figure: See 8.10. (line 1104) -final option: See 3.1. (line 354) -fleqn option: See 3.1. (line 354) -flushleft environment: See 8.11. (line 1171) -flushright environment: See 8.12. (line 1197) -itemize environment: See 8.13. (line 1223) -landscape option: See 3.1. (line 354) -legalpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -leqno option: See 3.1. (line 354) -letter: See 8.14. (line 1336) -letter class: See 3. (line 326) -letterpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -list: See 8.15. (line 1341) -lR box: See 8.18. (line 1460) -lrbox: See 20.3. (line 4053) -math environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818) -math environment: See 8.16. (line 1363) -minipage environment: See 8.17. (line 1375) -notitlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354) -onecolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379) -oneside option: See 3.1. (line 379) -openany option: See 3.1. (line 379) -openbib option: See 3.1. (line 354) -openright option: See 3.1. (line 379) -picture: See 8.18. (line 1404) -quotation: See 8.19. (line 1658) -quote: See 8.20. (line 1673) -report class: See 3. (line 326) -slides class: See 3. (line 326) -tabbing environment: See 8.21. (line 1688) -table: See 8.22. (line 1780) -tabular environment: See 8.23. (line 1816) -thebibliography: See 8.24. (line 1970) -theorem environment: See 8.25. (line 2075) -titlepage environment: See 8.26. (line 2088) -titlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354) -twocolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379) -twoside option: See 3.1. (line 379) -verbatim environment: See 8.27. (line 2105) -verse environment: See 8.28. (line 2139) |