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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/impatient/xmptext.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/impatient/xmptext.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..47599421fde --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/impatient/xmptext.tex @@ -0,0 +1,449 @@ +~% This is part of the book TeX for the Impatient. +~% Copyright (C) 2003 Paul W. Abrahams, Kathryn A. Hargreaves, Karl Berry. +~% See file fdl.tex for copying conditions. +% TeX ignores anything on a line after a % +% The next two lines define fonts for the title +\font\xmplbx = cmbx10 scaled \magstephalf +\font\xmplbxti = cmbxti10 scaled \magstephalf +% Now here's the title. +\leftline{\xmplbx Example !xmpnum:\quad\xmplbxti Entering simple text} +\vglue .5\baselineskip % skip an extra half line +~\count255 = \pageno +~\xdef\examplepage{\number\count255} +~\markinfo{Example 1: Entering simple text} +~\ifrewritetocfile +~\write\tocfile{\string\tocsectionentry{Entering simple text}{}{\examplepage}}% +~\fi +~^^{footnotes} ^^{comments} ^^{punctuation} ^^{quotation marks} +~^^{space characters} ^^{dashes} ^^{paragraphs//ending} +~\edef\examplepageno{\number\count255}% +It's easy to prepare ordinary text for \TeX\ since +\TeX\ usually doesn't care about how you break up your input into +lines. It treats the end of a line of text like a space.% +\footnote \dag{\TeX\ treats a tab like a space too, as we point +out in this {\it footnote}.} If you don't want a space there, +put a per% +cent sign (the comment character) at the end of the line. + \TeX\ ignores spaces at the start of a line, and treats more +than one space as equivalent to a single space, +even after a period. You indicate a new paragraph by +skipping a line (or more than one line). + + +When \TeX\ sees a period followed by a space (or the end of the +line, which is equivalent), it ordinarily assumes you've ended a +sentence and inserts a little extra space after the period. It +treats question marks and exclamation points the same way. + + But \TeX's rules for handling periods sometimes need fine +tuning. \TeX\ assumes that a capital letter before a period +doesn't end the sentence, so you have to do something a little +different if, say, you're writing about DNA\null. +% The \null prevents TeX from perceiving the capital `A' +% as being next to the period. +It's a good idea to tie words together in references such as +``see Fig.~8'' and in names such as V.~I\null. Lenin and in +$\ldots$ so that \TeX\ will never split them in an awkward place +between two lines. (The three dots indicate an ellipsis.) + +You should put quotations in pairs of left and right +single ``quotes'' so that you get the correct left and right +double quotation marks. ``For adjacent single and double +quotation marks, insert a `thinspace'\thinspace''. You can +get en-dashes--like so, and em-dashes---like so. + +\bye % end the document +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Indentation}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{indentation} ^^{margins} ^^{paragraphs//narrow} +\noindent Now let's see how to control indentation. If an +ordinary word processor can do it, so surely can \TeX. Note +that this paragraph isn't indented. + +Usually you'll either want to indent paragraphs or to leave +extra space between them. Since we haven't changed anything +yet, this paragraph is indented. + +{\parindent = 0pt \parskip = 6pt +% The left brace starts a group containing the unindented text. +Let's do these two paragraphs a different way, +with no indentation and six printer's points of extra space +between paragraphs. + +So here's another paragraph that we're typesetting without +indentation. If we didn't put space between these paragraphs, +you would have a hard time knowing where one ends +and the next begins. +\par % The paragraph *must* be ended within the group. +}% The right brace ends the group containing unindented text. + +It's also possible to indent both sides of entire paragraphs. +The next three paragraphs illustrate this: +\smallskip % Provide a little extra space here. +% Skips like this and \vskip below end a paragraph. +{\narrower +``We've indented this paragraph on both sides by the paragraph +indentation. This is often a good way to set long quotations. + +``You can do multiple paragraphs this way if you choose. This +is the second paragraph that's singly indented.''\par} + +{\narrower \narrower You can even make paragraphs doubly narrow +if that's what you need. This is an example of a doubly +narrowed paragraph.\par} +\vskip 1pc % Skip down one pica for visual separation. +In this paragraph we're back to the normal margins, as you can +see for yourself. We'll let it run on a little longer so that +the margins are clearly visible. + +{\leftskip .5in Now we'll indent the left margin by half +an inch and leave the right margin at its usual position.\par} +{\rightskip .5in Finally, we'll indent the right margin by half +an inch and leave the left margin at its usual position.\par} +\bye % end the document +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Fonts and special characters}% !xmpheaddef +\chardef \\ = `\\ % Let \\ denote a backslash. +~^^{fonts} ^^{characters//special} ^^{accents} +~^^{music symbols} ^^{card suits} +~^^|$| ^^|&| ^^|#| ^^|_| ^^|%| ^^|^| ^^|~| ^^|{| ^^|}| \indexchar \ +{\it Here are a few words in an italic font}, {\bf a +few words in a boldface font}, {\it and a\/ {\bf mixture} +of the two, with two\/ {\rm roman words} inserted}. +Where an italic font is followed by a nonitalic font, we've +inserted an ``italic correction'' ({\tt \\/}) to make the +spacing look right. +Here's a {\sevenrm smaller} word---but the standard \TeX\ +fonts won't give you anything smaller than {\fiverm this}. + +If you need any of the ten characters: +\medskip +\centerline{\$ \quad \& \quad \# \quad \_ \quad \% \quad + \char `\^ \quad \char `\~ \quad $\{$ \quad + $\}$ \quad $\backslash$} +% The \quad inserts an em space between characters. +\medskip +\noindent you'll need to write them a special way. Look at +the facing page to see how to do it. + +\TeX\ has the accents and letters that you'll need +for French words such as {\it r\^ ole\/} and {\it \' +el\` eve\/}, for German words such as {\it Schu\ss\/}, +and for words in several other languages as well. +You'll find a complete list of \TeX's accents and letters +of European languages on !xrefdelim[accents] and !xrefdelim[fornlets]. + +You can also get Greek letters such as ``$\alpha$'' and +``$\Omega$'' for use in math, card suits such as +``$\spadesuit$'' and ``$\diamondsuit$'', music symbols +such as ``$\sharp$'' and ``$\flat$'', and many other special +symbols that you'll find listed on !xrefdelim[specsyms]. +\TeX\ will only accept these sorts of special symbols in its +``math mode'', so you'll need to enclose them +within `{\tt \$}' characters. +\bye % end the document +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Interline spacing}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{spacing//interline} ^^{baselines} +\baselineskip = 2\baselineskip % double spacing +\parskip = \baselineskip % Skip a line between paragraphs. +\parindent = 3em % Increase indentation of paragraphs. + +% The following macro definition gives us nice inline +% fractions. You'll find it in our eplain macros. +\def\frac#1/#2{\leavevmode + \kern.1em \raise .5ex \hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #1}% + \kern-.1em $/$% + \kern-.15em \lower .25ex \hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #2}% +}% + +Once in a while you may want to print a document with extra +space between the lines. For instance, bills before Congress +are printed this way so that the legislators can mark them up. +For the same reason, book publishers usually insist that +manuscripts be double-spaced. Double spacing is rarely +appropriate for finished documents, however. + +A baseline is an imaginary line that acts like the lines +on a pad of ruled paper. You can control the interline +spacing---what printers call ``leading''---% +by setting the amount of space between baselines. Take a +look at the input to see how to do it. You could use +the same method for $1\;1/2$ spacing as well, using {\tt 1.5} +instead of {\tt 2}. (You can also write $1\frac 1/2$ +a nicer way.) +% Here we've used the macro definition given above. + +For this example we've also increased the paragraph indentation +and skipped an extra line between paragraphs. + +\bye % end the document +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Spacing, rules, and boxes}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{description lists} ^^{boxes//drawing} ^^{revision bars} +Here's an example of a ``description list''. In practice you'd +be better off using a macro to avoid the repetitive constructs +and to make sure that the subhead widths are wide enough: +\bigskip +% Call the indentation for descriptions \descindent +% and set it to 8 picas. +\newdimen\descindent \descindent = 8pc +% Indent paragraphs by \descindent. +% Skip an additional half line between paragraphs. +{\noindent \leftskip = \descindent \parskip = .5\baselineskip +% Move the description to the left of the paragraph. +\llap{\hbox to \descindent{\bf Queen of Hearts\hfil}}% +An ill-tempered woman, prone to saying ``Off with his +head!!''\ at the slightest provocation.\par +\noindent\llap{\hbox to \descindent{\bf Cheshire Cat\hfil}}% +A cat with an enormous smile that Alice found +in a tree.\par +\noindent\llap{\hbox to \descindent{\bf Mock Turtle\hfil}}% +A lachrymose creature, quite a storyteller, who was a +companion to the Gryphon. Reputedly the principal ingredient +of Mock Turtle Soup. +\par} +\bigskip\hrule\bigskip % A line with vertical space around it. +Here's an example of some words in a ruled box, just as +Lewis Carroll wrote them: +\bigskip +% Put 8pt of space between the text and the surrounding rules. +\hbox{\vrule\vbox{\hrule + \hbox spread 8pt{\hfil\vbox spread 8pt{\vfil + \hbox{Who would not give all else for twop}% + \hbox{ennyworth only of Beautiful Soup?}% + \vfil}\hfil} +\hrule}\vrule}% + +\bigskip\line{\hfil\hbox to 3in{\leaders\hbox{ * }\hfil}\hfil} +\bigskip + +\line{\hskip -4pt\vrule\hfil\vbox{ +Here we've gotten the effect of a revision bar on the material +in this paragraph. The revision bar might indicate a change.}} +\bye % end the document +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Odds and ends}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{hyphenation} ^^{theorems} ^^{lemmas} ^^{itemized lists} +~^^{flush left} ^^{flush right} ^^{centering} +\chardef \\ = `\\ % Let \\ denote a backslash. +\footline{\hfil{\tenit - \folio -}\hfil} +~\global\footline{\hfil{\tenit - \folio\ -}\hfil} +% \footline provides a footer line. +% Here it's a centered, italicized page number. +\TeX\ knows how to hyphenate words, but it isn't infallible. +If you are discussing the chemical +${\it 5}$-[p-(Flouro\-sul\-fonyl)ben\-zoyl]-l,% +$N^6$-ethe\-no\-adeno\-sine +and \TeX\ complains to you about an ``overfull hbox'', try +inserting some ``discretionary hyphens''. The notation +`{\tt \\-}' tells \TeX\ about a dis\-cre\-tion\-ary hyphen, +that is, one that it might not have inserted otherwise. +\medskip +{\raggedright You can typeset text unjustified, i.e., with +an uneven right margin. In the old days, before word +processors were common, typewritten documents were +unjustified because there was no convenient alternative. +Some people prefer text to be unjustified so that the +spacing between words can be uniform. Most books are set +with justified margins, but not all. \par} + +\proclaim Assertion 27. There is an easy way to typeset +the headings of assertions, lemmas, theorems, etc. + +Here's an example of how to typeset an itemized list two +levels deep. If you need more levels, you'll have to +program it yourself, alas. +\smallskip +\item {1.} This is the first item. +\item {2.} This is the second item. It consists of two +paragraphs. We've indented the second paragraph so that +you can easily see where it starts. + +\item{} \indent The second paragraph has three subitems +underneath it. +\itemitem {(a)} This is the first subitem. +\itemitem {(b)} This is the second subitem. +\itemitem {(c)} This is the third subitem. +\item {$\bullet$} This is a strange-looking item because it's +completely different from the others. +\smallskip +\leftline{Here's a left-justified line.$\Leftarrow$} +\rightline{$\Rightarrow$Here's a right-justified line.} +\centerline{$\Rightarrow$Here's a centered line.$\Leftarrow$} +% Don't try to use these commands within a paragraph. +\bye % end the document +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Using fonts from other sources}% !xmpheaddef +~\xrdef{palatino} +~\idxref{Palatino fonts} +~\idxref{Zapf, Hermann} +~\idxref{Computer Modern fonts} ^^{\Metafont} +\font\tenrm = pplr % Palatino +% Define a macro for invoking Palatino. +\def\pal{\let\rm = \tenrm \baselineskip=12.5pt \rm} +\pal % Use Palatino from now on. + +You aren't restricted to using the Computer Modern fonts that +come with \TeX. Other fonts are available from many sources, +and you may prefer them. For instance, we've set this page +in 10-point Palatino Roman. Palatino was designed by +Hermann Zapf, considered to be one of the greatest type +designers of the twentieth century. This page will +give you some idea of what it looks like. + +Fonts can be provided either as outlines or as bitmaps. An +outline font describes the shapes of the characters, while a +bitmap font specifies each pixel (dot) that makes up each +character. A font outline can be used to generate many +different sizes of the same font. The Metafont program +that's associated with \TeX\ provides a particularly +powerful way of generating bitmap fonts, but it's not the +only way. + +The fact that a single outline can generate a great range of +point sizes for a font tempts many vendors of digital +typefaces to provide just one set of outlines for a typeface +such as Palatino Roman. This may be a sensible economic +decision, but it is an aesthetic sacrifice. Fonts cannot be +scaled up and down linearly without loss of quality. +Larger sizes of letters should not, in general, have the +same proportions as smaller sizes; they just don't look +right. For example, a font that's linearly scaled down will +tend to have too little space between strokes, and its +x-height will be too~small. % tie added to avoid widow word + +A type designer can compensate for these changes by +providing different outlines for different point sizes, but +it's necessary to go to the expense of designing these +different outlines. One of the great advantages of Metafont +is that it's possible to parameterize the descriptions of +characters in a font. Metafont can then maintain the +typographical quality of characters over a range of point +sizes by adjusting the character shapes accordingly. +\bye % end the document +::: +~\idxref{mushrooms} +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{A ruled table}% !xmpheaddef +\bigskip +\offinterlineskip % So the vertical rules are connected. +% \tablerule constructs a thin rule across the table. +\def\tablerule{\noalign{\hrule}} +% \tableskip creates 9pt of space between entries. +\def\tableskip{\omit&height 9pt&&&\omit\cr} +% & separates templates for each column. TeX substitutes +% the text of the entries for #. We must have a strut +% present in every row of the table; otherwise, the boxes +% won't butt together properly, and the rules won't join. +\halign{\tabskip = .7em plus 1em % glue between columns +% Use \vtop for short multiline entries in the first column. +% Typeset the lines ragged right, without hyphenation. + \vtop{\hsize=6pc\pretolerance = 10000\hbadness = 10000 + \normalbaselines\noindent\it#\strut}% + &\vrule #&#\hfil &\vrule #% the rules and middle column +% Use \vtop to get whole paragraphs in the last column. + &\vtop{\hsize=11pc \parindent=0pt \normalbaselineskip=12pt + \normalbaselines \rightskip=3pt plus2em #}\cr +% The table rows begin here. +\noalign{\hrule height2pt depth2pt \vskip3pt} + % The header row spans all the columns. + \multispan5\bf Some Choice Edible Mushrooms\hfil\strut\cr +\noalign{\vskip3pt} \tablerule + \omit&height 3pt&\omit&&\omit\cr + \bf Botanical&&\bf Common&&\omit \bf Identifying \hfil\cr +\noalign{\vskip -2pt}% close up lines of heading + \bf Name&&\bf Name &&\omit \bf Characteristics \hfil\cr +\tableskip Pleurotus ostreatus&&Oyster mushroom&& + Grows in shelf\kern 1pt like clusters on stumps or logs, + % without the kern, the `f' and `l' would be too close + pink-gray oyster-shaped caps, stem short or absent.\cr +\tableskip Lactarius hygrophoroides&&Milky hygroph&& + Butterscotch-brown cap and stem, copious white latex, + often on ground in woods near streams.\cr +\tableskip Morchella esculenta&&White morel&&Conical cap + with black pits and white ridges; no gills. Often found + near old apple trees and dying elms in the spring.\cr +\tableskip Boletus edulus&&King bolete&&Reddish-brown to + tan cap with yellow pores (white when young), + bulbous stem, often near conifers, birch, or~aspen.\cr +\tableskip \tablerule \noalign{\vskip 2pt} \tablerule +}\bye +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Typesetting mathematics}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{math} +For a spherical triangle with sides $a$, $b$, and $c$, and +opposite angles $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$, we have: +$$\cos \alpha = -\cos \beta \cos \gamma + + \sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \alpha \quad + \hbox{(Law of Cosines)}$$ +and: +$$\tan {\alpha \over 2} = \sqrt{ + {- \cos \sigma \cdot \cos(\sigma - \alpha)} \over + {\cos (\sigma - \beta) \cdot \cos (\sigma - \gamma)}},\quad + \hbox{where $\sigma = {1 \over 2}(a+b+c)$}$$ +We also have:$$\sin x = {{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}\over 2i}$$ +and: +$$\int _0 ^\infty {{\sin ax \sin bx}\over{x^2}}\,dx +% The \, above produces a thin space + = {\pi a\over 2}, \quad \hbox{if $a < b$}$$ + +\noindent The number of combinations ${}_nC_r$ of $n$ +things taken $r$ at a time is: +$$C(n,r) = {}_nC_r = {n \choose r} = + {{n(n-1) \cdots (n-r+1)} \over {r(r-1) \cdots (1)}} = + {{n!!}\over {r!!(n-r)!!}}$$ + +\noindent +The value of the determinant $D$ of order $n$: +$$D = \left|\matrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr + a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr + \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr + a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}\right| $$ +is defined as the sum of $n!!$ terms: +$$\sum\>(\pm)\>a_{1i}a_{2j} \ldots a_{nk}$$ +% The \> above produces a medium space. +where $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ take on all possible values +between $1$ and $n$, and the sign of the product is +$+$ if the sequence $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ is an +even permutation and $-$ otherwise. Moreover: +$$Q(\xi) = \lambda_1 y_1^2 \sum_{i=2}^n \sum_{j=2}^n y_i +b_{ij} y_j,\qquad B = \Vert b_{ij} \Vert = B'$$ +\bye +::: +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{More mathematics}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{math} +The absolute value of $X$, $|x|$, is defined by: +$$|x| = \cases{x, &if $x\ge 0$;\cr +-x,&otherwise.\cr}$$ +Now for some numbered equations. +It is the case that for $k \ge 0$: +$$x^{k^2}=\overbrace{x\>x\>\cdots\> x}^{2k\ \rm times} + \eqno (1)$$ + +Here's an example that shows some spacing controls, with +a number on the left: +$$[u]!negthin[v][w]\,[x]\>[y]\;[z]\leqno(2a)$$ +The amount of space between the items in brackets +gradually increases from left to right. (We've made +the space between the first two items be {\it less\/} +than the natural space.) +It is sometimes the case that $$\leqalignno{ +u'_1 + tu''_2 &= u'_2 + tu''_1&(2b)\cr +\hat\imath &\ne \hat \jmath&(2c)\cr +\vec {\vphantom{b}a}&\approx \vec b\cr}$$ +% The \vphantom is an invisible rule as tall as a `b'. +The result is of order $O(n \log\log n)$. Thus +$$\sum_{i=1}^n x_i = x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n += {\rm Sum}(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n). \eqno(3)$$ +and +$$dx\,dy = r\,dr\,d\theta!negthin.\eqno(4)$$ +The set of all $q$ such that $q\le0$ is written as: +$$\{\,q\mid q\le0\, \}$$ +Thus +$$\forall x\exists y\;P(x,y)\Rightarrow +\exists x\exists y\;P(x,y)$$ +where +$$P(x,y) \buildrel \rm def \over \equiv +\hbox{\rm any predicate in $x$ and $y$} . $$ +\bye +::: |