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-\documentclass{article}
-\usepackage{parskip}
-\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}
-\pagestyle{myheadings} \markright{Exercises}
-\pagenumbering{Roman}
-\begin{document}
-CAN VENICE BE SAVED?
-
-Water and Venice have always a complicated relationship.
-The world's most famously wet city is also one of its most
-famously endangered ones, forever being flooded by its
-signature canals. Even since the 14th century, Italian
-engineers have dreamed of ways to control the water. Now
-a solution may be at hand: the Moses project, a vast series
-of sea gates that may finally the sodden city dry.
-
-The need for Venetian water control has never been greater.
-Especially high tides have caused major floods 10 times in
-the past 67 years alone, most diastrously in 1966 when the
-water in parts of the city climbed to more than 1.83 m.
-Compression of sediment under the city, along with rising sea
-levels, often causes smaller floods, shutting down businesses
-and making sidewalks and squares impossible.
-
-The source of the problem is geography. Venice is primarily a
-small cluster of interlocked islands set in the northern end of
-a 536-sq.-km lagoon. A long ridge of land seperates the lagoon
-from the far larger Gulf of Venice except at three major inlets.
-These openings allow high gulf tides to become high Venetian tides,
-with the water sometimes climbing far enough to swamp the city's
-seawalls.
-
-In 1984 a commission composed of Italy's 50 largest engeneering and
-construction firms was formed to find a way to control the water
-flow through the inlets, and Moses is it. Moses, an acronym for the
-plan's technical name as well as a lyrical reference to the parting of
-the Red Sea, calls for 78 hollow sea gates---each up to 5 m thick, 20 m
-wide and 27.5 m long---to be hinged to foundations, or caissons, in the
-seabed and to lie flat there. The gates would usually be filled with
-water, but when tides rises to a height of 1 m or more, compressse air
-would pump the water out. The free end of the gates would then float
-upwards, breaking the surface after about 30 minutes and sealing off
-the inlets. Sea locks would permit permit ships to pass while the gates
-are up.
-
-The project---which would take as long as ten years and cost at least
-\$2.7 billion---could still run into obstacles, especially given the
-fickle nature of Italian politics. Concerned that gates would be raised
-so frequently and remain there so long that they would cause water in the
-lagoon to grow stagnant, Greens are making that argument in an
-environmental-impact review that could delay or even scuttle construction.
-Even so, this is the closest Venice has come to a permanent solution to
-its water problems in 700 years. By local bureaucratic standards, that's
-not too bad.
-
-%---By Jeffrey Kluger. Reported by Jeff Israely/Rome---Time, June 2, 2003
-
-\bigskip
-ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE GATES.
-
-The gates are made of steel covered with a resistant coating to prevent
-building of algae and crustaceans. Every five years they're are scheduled
-for removal and cleaning.
-
-The 78 hollow sea gates are filled with water most of the time and remain
-out of sight in a foundation or cassion. During especially high tides,
-compressed air flushes out the seawater. Within 30 min.\ the gates rise
-to the surface and block the inlets. When the danger passes, water is
-admitted back into the gates, causing them to sink within 15 min.
-
-\bigskip
-PREFACE TO THE \LaTeX-GUIDE
-
-\medskip
-A new edition to ``A Guide to \LaTeX'' begs the fundamental question:
-Has \LaTeX\ changed so much since the appearance of the third edition in 1999
-that a new release of this manual is justified?
-
-The simple answer to that question is `Well \dots.' In 1994, the \LaTeX\
-world was in upheaval with the issue of the new version \LaTeXe, and the
-second edition of the `Guide' came out just then to act as the bridge
-between the old and new versions. By 1998, the initial teething problems had
-been worked out and corrected through semi-annual releases, and the third
-edition could describe an established, working system. However, homage was
-still paid to the older 2.09 version since many users still employed its
-familiar syntax, although they were most likely to be using it in a \LaTeXe\
-environment. \LaTeX\ has now reached a degree of stability that since 2000
-the regular updates have been reduced to annual events, which often appear
-months after the nominal date, something that does not worry anyone. The old
-version 2.09 is obsolete and should no longer play any role in such a manual.
-In this fourth edition, it is reduced to an appendix just to document its
-syntax and usage.
-
-But if \LaTeX\ itself has not changed substantially since 1999, many of its
-peripherals have. The rise of programs like `pdf\TeX' and `dvipdfm' for
-PDF output adds new possibilities, which are realized, not in \LaTeX\
-directly, but by means of more modern `packages' to extend the basic
-features. The distribution of \TeX/\LaTeX\ installations has changed, such
-that most users are given a complete, ready-to-run setup, with all the
-`extras' that one used to have to obtain oneself. Those extras include
-user-contributed packages, many of which are now considered indispensable.
-Today `the \LaTeX\ system' includes much more than the basic kernel by Leslie
-Lamport, encompassing the contributions of hundreds of other people. This
-edition reflects this increase in breadth.
-\end{document}