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-<head>
-<title>UK TeX FAQ -- question label widows</title>
-</head><body>
-<h3>Controlling widows and orphans</h3>
-<p/>Widows (the last line of a paragraph at the start of a page) and
-orphans (the first line of paragraph at the end of a page) interrupt
-the reader&rsquo;s flow, and are generally considered &ldquo;bad form&rdquo;;
-(La)TeX takes some precautions to avoid them, but completely
-automatic prevention is often impossible. If you are typesetting your
-own text, consider whether you can bring yourself to change the
-wording slightly so that the page break will fall differently.
-<p/>The page maker, when forming a page, takes account of
-<code>\</code><code>widowpenalty</code> and <code>\</code><code>clubpenalty</code> (which relates to orphans!).
-These penalties are usually set to the moderate value of <code>150</code>; this
-offers mild discouragement of bad breaks. You can increase the values
-by saying (for example) <code>\</code><code>widowpenalty</code><code>=500</code>; however, vertical
-lists (such as pages are made of) typically have rather little
-stretchability or shrinkability, so if the page maker has to balance
-the effect of stretching the unstretchable and being penalised, the
-penalty will seldom win. Therefore, for typical layouts, there are
-only two sensible settings for the penalties: finite (150 or 500, it
-doesn&rsquo;t matter which) to allow widows and orphans, and infinite (10000
-or greater) to forbid them.
-<p/>The problem can be avoided by allowing
-the pagemaker to run pages short, by using the <code>\</code><code>raggedbottom</code>
-directive; however, many publishers insist on the default
-<code>\</code><code>flushbottom</code>; it is seldom acceptable to introduce stretchability
-into the vertical list, except at points (such as section headings)
-where the document design explicitly permits it.
-<p/>Once you&rsquo;ve exhausted the automatic measures, and have a final draft
-you want to &ldquo;polish&rdquo;, you should proceed to manual measures. To
-get rid of an orphan is simple: precede the paragraph with
-<code>\</code><code>clearpage</code> and the paragraph can&rsquo;t start in the wrong place.
-<p/>Getting rid of a widow can be more tricky. If the paragraph is a long
-one, it may be possible to set it &lsquo;tight&rsquo;: say <code>\</code><code>looseness</code><code>=-1</code>
-immediately after the last word of the paragraph. If that doesn&rsquo;t
-work, try adjusting the page size:
-<code>\</code><code>enlargethispage{<code>\</code><code>baselineskip</code>}</code> may do the job, and
-get the whole paragraph on one page. Reducing the size of the page by
-<code>\</code><code>enlargethispage{-<code>\</code><code>baselineskip</code>}</code> may produce a
-(more-or-less) acceptable &ldquo;two-line widow&rdquo;. (Note:
-<code>\</code><code>looseness</code><code>=1</code>,
-increasing the line length by one, seldom seems to work &mdash; the looser
-paragraph typically has a one-word final line, which doesn&rsquo;t look much
-better than the straight widow.)
-<p/><p/><p/><p>This question on the Web: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=widows">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=widows</a>
-</body>