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+<head>
+<title>UK TeX FAQ -- question label floats</title>
+</head><body>
+<h3>Moving tables and figures in LaTeX</h3>
+<p>Tables and figures have a tendency to surprise, by <em>floating</em>
+away from where they were specified to appear. This is in fact
+perfectly ordinary document design; any professional typesetting
+package will float figures and tables to where they'll fit without
+violating the certain typographic rules. Even if you use the
+placement specifier <code>h</code> for 'here', the figure or table will not be
+printed 'here' if doing so would break the rules; the rules themselves
+are pretty simple, and are given on page 198, section C.9 of the
+LaTeX manual. In the worst case, LaTeX's rules can cause the
+floating items to pile up to the extent that you get an error message
+saying
+<a href="FAQ-tmupfl.html">"Too many unprocessed floats"</a>.
+What follows is a simple checklist of things to do to solve these
+problems (the checklist talks throughout about figures, but applies
+equally well to tables, or to "non-standard" floats defined by the
+<i>float</i> or other packages).
+<ul>
+<li> Do your figures need to float at all? If not, consider the
+ <code>[H]</code> placement option offered by the <i>float</i> package:
+ figures with this placement are made up to look as if they're
+ floating, but they don't in fact float. Beware outstanding floats,
+ though: the <code>\</code><code>caption</code> commands are numbered in the order they
+ appear in the document, and a <code>[H]</code> float can 'overtake' a float
+ that hasn't yet been placed, so that figures numbers get out of
+ order.
+<li> Are the placement parameters on your figures right? The
+ default (<code>tbp</code>) is reasonable, but you can reasonably change it (for
+ example, to add an <code>h</code>). Whatever you do, <em>don't</em>
+ omit the '<code>p</code>': doing so could cause LaTeX to believe that if you
+ can't have your figure <em>here</em>, you don't want it
+ <em>anywhere</em>. (LaTeX does try hard to avoid being confused in
+ this way...)
+<li> LaTeX's own float placement parameters could be preventing
+ placements that seem entirely "reasonable" to you - they're
+ notoriously rather conservative. To encourage LaTeX not to move
+ your figure, you need to loosen its demands. (The most important
+ ones are the ratio of text to float on a given page, but it's
+ sensible to have a fixed set that changes the whole lot, to meet
+ every eventuality.)
+<pre>
+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{.85}
+\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{.7}
+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{.15}
+\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{.66}
+\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{.66}
+\renewcommand{\dblfloatpagefraction}{.66}
+\setcounter{topnumber}{9}
+\setcounter{bottomnumber}{9}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{20}
+\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{9}
+</pre>
+ The meanings of these
+ parameters are described on pages 199-200, section C.9 of the
+ LaTeX manual.
+<li> Are there places in your document where you could 'naturally'
+ put a <code>\</code><code>clearpage</code> command? If so, do: the backlog of floats is
+ cleared after a <code>\</code><code>clearpage</code>. (Note that the <code>\</code><code>chapter</code>
+ command in the standard <i>book</i> and <i>report</i> classes
+ implicitly executes <code>\</code><code>clearpage</code>, so you can't float past
+ the end of a chapter.)
+<li> Try the <i>placeins</i> package: it defines a
+ <code>\</code><code>FloatBarrier</code> command beyond which floats may not pass. A
+ package option allows you to declare that floats may not pass a
+ <code>\</code><code>section</code> command, but you can place <code>\</code><code>FloatBarrier</code>s wherever
+ you choose.
+<li> If you are bothered by floats appearing at the top of the page
+ (before they are specified in your text), try the <i>flafter</i>
+ package, which avoids this problem by insisting that floats should
+ always appear after their definition.
+<li> Have a look at the LaTeX2e <i>afterpage</i> package.
+ Its documentation gives as an example the idea
+ of putting <code>\</code><code>clearpage</code> <em>after</em> the current page (where it
+ will clear the backlog, but not cause an ugly gap in your text), but
+ also admits that the package is somewhat fragile. Use it as a last
+ resort if the other possibilities below don't help.
+<li> If you would actually <em>like</em> great blocks of floats at the
+ end of each of your chapters, try the <i>morefloats</i> package;
+ this 'simply' increases the number of floating inserts that LaTeX
+ can handle at one time (from 18 to 36).
+<li> If you actually <em>wanted</em> all your figures to float to the
+ end (<em>e.g</em>., for submitting a draft copy of a paper), don't
+ rely on LaTeX's mechanism: get the <i>endfloat</i> package to do
+ the job for you.
+</ul>
+<dl>
+<dt><tt><i>afterpage.sty</i></tt><dd>Distributed as part of <a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools.zip">macros/latex/required/tools</a> (<a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools.tar.gz">gzipped tar</a>, <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/">browse</a>)
+<dt><tt><i>endfloat.sty</i></tt><dd><a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/endfloat.zip">macros/latex/contrib/endfloat</a> (<a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/endfloat.tar.gz">gzipped tar</a>, <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/endfloat/">browse</a>)
+<dt><tt><i>flafter.sty</i></tt><dd>Part of the LaTeX distribution
+<dt><tt><i>float.sty</i></tt><dd><a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float.zip">macros/latex/contrib/float</a> (<a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float.tar.gz">gzipped tar</a>, <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/">browse</a>)
+<dt><tt><i>morefloats.sty</i></tt><dd><a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/morefloats.sty">macros/latex/contrib/misc/morefloats.sty</a>
+<dt><tt><i>placeins.sty</i></tt><dd><a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/placeins.zip">macros/latex/contrib/placeins</a> (<a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/placeins.tar.gz">gzipped tar</a>, <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/placeins/">browse</a>)
+</dl>
+<p><p>This question on the Web: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</a>
+</body>