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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/base/encguide.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/base/encguide.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..32fc15807ec --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/base/encguide.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1406 @@ +% \iffalse meta-comment +% +% Copyright 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 +% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere +% in this file. +% +% This file is part of the LaTeX base system. +% ------------------------------------------- +% +% It may be distributed and/or modified under the +% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3c +% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +% The latest version of this license is in +% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +% and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +% version 2005/12/01 or later. +% +% This file has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained". +% +% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is +% given in the file `manifest.txt'. See also `legal.txt' for additional +% information. +% +% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution +% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with +% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution. +% +% \fi +% $Id: encguide.tex,v 13.13 2006/01/18 23:29:23 robin Exp $ +% + + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] + +\documentclass{ltxguide}[1994/11/20] + +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{} +\usepackage{textcomp} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{mflogo} + +\addtolength\textheight{6\baselineskip} +\addtolength\topmargin{-2\baselineskip} + + +\newcommand\ttverb[1]{\texttt{\string#1}} + + +% for encodings +\providecommand{\Enc}[1]{\texttt{#1}} + +% for packages +\providecommand{\Pkg}[1]{% + \textsf{#1}} + +% for files +\providecommand{\File}[1]{% + \texttt{#1}} + +% let's have meta values too +\providecommand{\meta}[1]{% + \ensuremath{\langle}\emph{#1}\ensuremath{\rangle}} + +\usepackage{tabularx} + +% eine Umgebung zur Darstellung von Kodierungen +% +% Argumente: +% #1: Name in LaTeX (z.B. OT1) +% #2: Name der Kodierung (z.B. TeX text) +% #3: Name des Autors (z.B. Don Knuth) +% #4: Bereich der benützten Glyphindizes +% #5: variable Positionen +% #6: Beispielzeichensatz +% #7: Referenz +% +% XXX add code to handle more than a single font example (e.g., larm1000, +% lbrm1000, and lcrm1000). +% +\newenvironment{encodinginfo}[7]% + {\noindent + \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}l>{\raggedright\let\\\tabularnewline}X}% + \LaTeX{} name: & \texttt{#1}\\% + Public name: & #2\\% + Author: & #3\\% + Glyph slots used: & #4\\% + Variable slots: & #5\\% + Font example: & \def\@tempa{#6}\ifx\@tempa\@empty---% + \else\texttt{#6}\referenceftable{#6}\fi\\% + Further reference: & #7% + \end{tabularx}% + \par\nobreak + \vspace*{3pt}% + \quote + }% + {\endquote + \vspace{6pt}} + +\makeatletter +\def\referenceftable#1{ + \@ifundefined{r@fonttable:#1}% + \relax + {;\space encoding table on page~\pageref{fonttable:#1}}% +} + +% font table macros mainly lifted from manmac.tex +\def\oct#1{\hbox{\rm\'{}\kern-.2em\it#1\/\kern.05em}} +\def\hex#1{\hbox{\rm\H{}\tt#1}} + +\def\oddline#1{\cr\noalign{\nointerlineskip} + \multispan{19}\hrulefill& + \setbox0=\hbox{\lower 2.3pt\hbox{\hex{#1x}}}\smash{\box0}\cr + \noalign{\nointerlineskip}} +\def\evenline{\cr\noalign{\hrule}} +\def\chartstrut{\lower4.5pt\vbox to14pt{}} +\def\beginchart#1#2{$$\global\count@=0 #1 + \halign to\hsize\bgroup + \chartstrut##\tabskip0pt plus10pt& + &\hfil##\hfil&\vrule##\cr + \lower6.5pt\null + &&\oct0&&\oct1&&\oct2&&\oct3&&\oct4&&\oct5&&\oct6&&\oct7&\evenline} +\def\endchart{\raise11.5pt\null&&&\hex 8&&\hex 9&&\hex A&&\hex B& + &\hex C&&\hex D&&\hex E&&\hex F&\cr\egroup$$} +\def\:{\setbox0=\hbox{\noboundary\char\count@\noboundary}% + \ifdim\ht0>7.5pt\reposition + \else\ifdim\dp0>2.5pt\reposition\fi\fi + \box0\global\advance\count@ by1 } +\def\reposition{\setbox0=\hbox{$\vcenter{\kern2pt\box0\kern2pt}$}} +\def\normalchart{% + &\oct{00x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline0 + &\oct{01x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{02x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline1 + &\oct{03x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{04x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline2 + &\oct{05x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{06x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline3 + &\oct{07x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{10x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline4 + &\oct{11x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{12x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline5 + &\oct{13x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{14x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline6 + &\oct{15x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{16x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline7 + &\oct{17x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + \top} + +\def\notophalf{} +\def\tophalf{% +%\noalign{\vskip 5pt\hrule} + &\oct{20x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline8 + &\oct{21x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{22x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline9 + &\oct{23x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{24x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline A + &\oct{25x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{26x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline B + &\oct{27x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{30x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline C + &\oct{31x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{32x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline D + &\oct{33x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{34x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline E + &\oct{35x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline + &\oct{36x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\oddline F + &\oct{37x}&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&&\:&\evenline} + +\def\ftable#1#2{% + \batchmode + \font\X=#1% + \errorstopmode + \ifx\X\nullfont + \@warning{Font #1 not found, table omitted} + \else + \count@="80 + \setbox0=\hbox{\X + \loop\char\count@\advance\count@ by1 \ifnum\count@<"100 + \repeat}% + \ifdim\wd0>0pt \let\top\tophalf\else\let\top\notophalf\fi + \beginchart\X{\hfill\llap{\textbf{#1, \large#2}\label{fonttable:#1}}}\normalchart + \endchart\par\vfill + \fi} +\makeatother + + +\setcounter{tocdepth}{3} + +\title{\LaTeX{} font encodings} + +\author{Frank Mittelbach \and Robin + Fairbairns \and Werner Lemberg \and \LaTeX3 Project Team.} + +\date{\copyright~Copyright 1995--1997, 2005, 2006 \\[5pt] 6 January 2006} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +\tableofcontents + +\section{Introduction} + +This document explains the ideas that underpin \LaTeX{} font +encodings and the constraints that apply when defining a new encoding; it +also lists the encodings that have already been defined. + +\subsection{Encodings in \TeX{}} + +\TeX{} (the program) implicitly recognises three sorts of encoding, +and all are (in a sense) discussed in the \TeX{}book~\cite{A-W:DKn86}: +\begin{itemize} +\item[1.] The input encoding, which specifies the meanings of characters + in files presented to \TeX{} for processing. The \TeX{}book + suggests that `your version of \TeX{} will recognise the characters + you type on your keyboard' (\TeX{} the program has provision for + static translations of input characters). +\end{itemize} +Such direct use of \TeX{}'s facilities is not the way modern +\LaTeX{} (or indeed any other \TeX{} macro package) is likely to deal +with input encodings. This document does not address the topic of +input encodings; the interested reader should examine the \LaTeX{} +base package \Pkg{inputenc} \cite[sec.~7.5.2, p.~357]{A-W:MG2004}. +\begin{itemize} +\item[2.] The token stream that \TeX{} processes internally. This stream + of \TeX{}'s consciousness is discussed in great detail in the + \TeX{}book. +\end{itemize} +Again, this document does not address the topic. \LaTeX's internal +character representation (\textsc{licr}) is well discussed in +\cite[sec.~7.11.2, p.~442]{A-W:MG2004}. +\begin{itemize} +\item[3.] The font encoding---i.e., the mapping of character codes to + glyphs in the fonts that are used to typeset \TeX{}'s output. + Again, a set of font encodings is enumerated in the \TeX{}book, but + that set has proved inadequate to the needs of modern multilingual + use of \LaTeX. +\end{itemize} +This document explains \emph{why} Knuth's original set of encodings is +inadequate to modern conditions, and discusses the issues that +surround the design and definition of new font encodings. + +Font encodings are important for more than their r\^{o}le in mapping the +glyphs of the fonts to be used for typesetting: their glyph tables are +also the context in which \TeX{}'s hyphenation algorithm operates. +There are constraints imposed by \TeX{} that affect the way in which +new font encodings, for use in a multi-lingual environment, may be +structured (see section~\ref{sec:restrictions} for details). + +\subsection{The history of \TeX{} font encodings} + +Little attention was paid to font encodings prior to the arrival of +\TeX{}\,3. Up to that time, one used Donald Knuth's fonts (the +Computer Modern family, using the encodings we now refer to as \Enc{OT1} and +the \Enc{OM} series), or one was on one's own. + +The Computer Modern text encoding raises problems in unmodified +\TeX{}, because hyphenation cannot break words containing +\verb"\accent" commands. Even in those Western European languages for +which the \Enc{OT1} encoding has symbols for the necessary +\verb"\accent"-based diacritics, this shortcoming ruins typesetting of +running text. + +With the advent of \TeX{}\,3, with its ability to switch between +hyphenation pattern sets, it was clear that the situation could not +continue. Thus a group at the TUG Annual General Meeting in Cork, +Ireland, specified a uniform encoding for 256-glyph fonts, that +contains accented letters and non-\textsc{ascii} letters necessary to +express most Western European languages (and some Eastern European ones) +without recourse to the \verb"\accent" command. + +This ``Cork'' encoding has since been realised in a series of fonts +designed with Metafont, in at least one font series that is available +both in Adobe Type 1 format and in OpenType format, % viz., Latin Modern +and in a number of virtual-font mappings of other font series. + +Since the time of the Cork meeting, much effort has been devoted to +the design of encodings for text fonts to use with \TeX{}, and the +Cork encoding influenced the design of many such encodings. + +Encodings for mathematical fonts have, in contrast, changed little +since Knuth's contributions. A TUG Technical Working Group was +established at the Cork meeting, whose aim was to define a set of +256-glyph encodings to regularise and extend Knuth's originals, using +ideas from several other fonts that had appeared since, and from the +known needs of researchers in mathematics and the mathematical sciences. + +Independently, a first proposal (the so-called \emph{Aston proposal}) was worked +out by Justin Ziegler together with Frank Mittelbach and other members of the +\LaTeX3 project team~\cite{ziegler}. A first implementation of +this propsal was realized by Matthias Clasen und Ulrik +Vieth~\cite{clasen,clasen-vieth}. + +However, the slow progress of these Mathematical encodings has been +overtaken by the addition (in the last decade or so) of a large number +of mathematical symbols to Unicode~\cite{beeton}; one can expect +further changes so that new public mathematical font encodings will +most likely be delayed still further. + + + +\subsection{Further information} + +For a general introduction to \LaTeX, including the new features of +\LaTeXe, you should read \emph{\LaTeXbook}, +Leslie Lamport, Addison Wesley, 2nd~ed, 1994. + +A more detailed description of the new features of \LaTeX, including an +overview of more than 200 packages and nearly 1000 ready to run examples, is +to be found in \emph{\LaTeXcomp{} second edition} by Frank Mittelbach and +Michel Goossens~\cite{A-W:MG2004}. + +The \LaTeX{} project sponsored a report on Mathematical % spelt out in full +font encodings, which +is worth reading for its insight into the problems of defining the way +in which math is used: see~\cite{ziegler,clasen,clasen-vieth}. + +The \LaTeX{} font selection scheme is based on \TeX, which is described +by its developer in \emph{The \TeX book}, Donald E.~Knuth, Addison +Wesley, 1986, revised in 1991 to include the features of \TeX~3. + +For more information about \TeX{} and \LaTeX, please contact your local +\TeX{} Users Group, or the international \TeX{} Users Group +(\url{http://www.tug.org}). + + + +\section{Existing font encodings} + +This section lists the encodings currently assigned; for each +encoding, we list the registered (\LaTeX{}) name, the assigned purpose +of the encoding, and the author. Further details may list the code +positions used in the encoding, the \emph{variable slots} (see below), +an example font (for which a listing will be provided later in the +document if the relevant fonts are present), and a source for further +reference. + +While the characteristic feature of an encoding is that each font +encoded according to the encoding should have the same glyph set, +there are some encodings (notably \Enc{OT1} and its descendants) in +which a few glyph code slots differ in their contents in different +fonts. + +\subsection{Naming conventions} + +Names for encoding schemes are strings of up to three letters (all +upper case) plus digits. + +The \LaTeX3 project reserves the use of encoding names starting with the +following letters: |T| (standard 256-long text encodings), |TS| +(symbols that are designed to extend a corresponding |T| encoding), +|X| (text encodings that do not conform to the strict requirements for +|T| encodings), |M| (standard 256-long mathematical encodings), |S| (other +symbol encodings), |A| (other special applications), |OT| (standard +128-long text encodings), and |OM| (standard 128-long mathematical encodings). + +Please do not use the above starting letters for non-portable +encodings. If new standard encodings emerge then we shall add them in +a later release of \LaTeX. + +Encoding schemes which are local to a site or a system should start +with |L|, experimental encodings intended for wide distribution will +start with |E|, whilst |U| is for Unknown or Unclassified encodings. + +\begin{quote} + \itshape We recommend that new encoding names should not be + introduced unless careful consideration and discussion in the user + community has confirmed the need for the encoding. If encodings have to + change from font to font, a number of problems arise, so it is best to + develop encodings that can be used with a large number of fonts in parallel. + This allows documents to be typeset using different fonts without problems. + + The \Enc{TS1} encoding is a good example of a \emph{bad} encoding (even + though it was developed with the best intentions) as a huge number of fonts + can only implement parts of it. Similarly, the fact that the few sets of + available mathematical fonts (beside Computer Modern Math) nearly + all implement slightly different encodings is a huge source of + problems. Don't add to this if possible! +\end{quote} + + +\subsection{128$^+$ glyph encodings (text)} + +The `OT' series of font encodings start with Donald Knuth's original +text encoding, that used for the text fonts in the earliest releases +of \TeX{} itself. The `O' of the encoding designator may be taken as +signifying `original', or just `old'. + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OT1} + {\TeX{} text} + {Donald Ervin Knuth} + {0x00--0x7F} + {0x0B--0x0F, 0x24, 0x3C, 0x3E, 0x5C, 0x7B--0x7D} +% {0X--'177} +% {'13--'17, '44, '74, '76, '134, '173--'175} + {cmr10} + {\cite[p.427]{A-W:DKn86}} + + Donald Knuth designed his font encoding (and hence his fonts) in a + very different environment from that which now pervades the \TeX{} + world: his (mainframe) computer had very little memory, there was + little experience in (or demand for) for multilingual technical + typesetting, and as a result it was appropriate to sacrifice + uniformity for efficiency. + + Thus Knuth's original fonts differ slightly in some encoded slots: + for example, the glyphs \texttt{\string<}, \texttt{\string>}, + \verb=\=, \verb={=, and \verb=}= are only available in the + typewriter fonts and the \textdollar{} and \textsterling{} signs + share the same position (in different font shapes). + + This means that direct selection of these slots can produce + unpredictable results, e.g., typing \texttt{\string<} or + \verb=\symbol{'74}= in a document can yield `\textquestiondown'. +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OT2} + {UW cyrillic encoding} + {University of Washington} + {0x00--0x7F} + {---} + {wnr10} + {\cite{Beeton:TB6-3-124}} + Support for this encoding is available in the Cyrillic bundle although for + all practical purposes it is better to use one of the \Enc{T2} encodings. +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OT3} + {UW IPA encoding} + {University of Washington} + {0x00--0x7f} + {---} + {wsuipa10} + {\cite[p.149]{CorkGW:91}} + The \Enc{OT3} encoding was never really used with \LaTeXe{} + following the introduction of the TIPA system which offers much + better support for IPA. In particular, no \File{ot3enc.def} + file was ever produced. +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OT4} + {Polish text encoding} + {B.~Jackowski and M.~Ry\'cko} %% ? Marcin Woli\'nski + {0x00--0x7F, 0x81, 0x82, 0x86, 0x8A, 0x8B, 0x91, 0x99, 0x9B, 0xA1, + 0xA2, 0xA6, 0xAA, 0xAB, 0xAE, 0xAF, 0xB1, 0xB9, 0xBB, 0xD3, 0xF3, + 0xFF} + {0x0B--0x0F, 0x24, 0x3C, 0x3E, 0x5C, 0x7B--0x7D} + {plr10} + {---} + + While Knuth included the means of typesetting the `lost L' (\L) in + his \Enc{OT1} encoding, he omitted the ogonek (\,\,\k{}), a diacritic + mark that is also needed in Polish text; hence the appearance, well + before the \Enc{T1} encoding, of fonts using this encoding. +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OT5} + {Not currently allocated} + {---} + {---} + {---} + {} + {---} + +\end{encodinginfo} + + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OT6} + {Armenian text encoding} + {Serguei Dachian} + {0x03--0x0F, 0x13--0x7F} + {---} + {artmr10} + {---} + + This encoding was allocated to permit use of Dachian's + Armenian fonts in a standard \LaTeX{} environment. +\end{encodinginfo} + + + +\subsection{256 glyph encodings (text)} + +\begin{encodinginfo}{T1} + {Cork encoding} + {Euro \TeX{} conference at Cork} + {0x00--0xFF} + {---} + {ecrm1000} + {\cite[p.514]{tub:MFe90}, \cite[p.99]{Knappen:TB17-2-96}} + + The Cork encoding was developed so that advantage could be taken of + the (then) new facilities of \TeX{}\,3, allowing hyphenation of + most Western European (and some Eastern European) languages in an + unmodified version of \TeX{}. + + The encoding was developed in the absence of any extant effort at + font design, but instances written in Metafont (the `EC' fonts), and + more recently Adobe Type 1 instances of the same fonts have become + available. + + Substantial (but incomplete) instances have also been developed, + which use virtual fonts. These latter instances map either Knuth's + original (OT1-encoded) fonts, or commercial fonts that contain the + Adobe `standard' set of 224 glyphs. +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo} + {T2A, T2B, T2C} + {Cyrillic encodings} + {The CyrTUG font team} + {0x00--0xFF} + {--- (within each encoding)} + {larm1000} + {\cite{Berdnikov:eurotex-98}} + + There are too many glyphs in the full Cyrillic complement of + languages for all of them to be covered by a single + \LaTeX{}-compliant encoding (the lower half of each + \Enc{T2}~encoding is identical to that of \Enc{T1}, in order that + each should be a conforming \LaTeX{} encoding~--- see + section~\ref{sec:restrictions}). The approach taken is + therefore to develop a single encoding, \Enc{X2} (see \ref{sec:extendedenc}) + which contains all the glyphs needed for the full set of + languages, and then to derive the three \LaTeX{}-complaint + \Enc{T2}-family encodings using the \Enc{X2} set together with that of + \Enc{T1}. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{T3} + {IPA encoding} + {FUKUI Rei, University of Tokyo} + {0x00--0xFF} + {---} + {tipa10} + {\cite[p.102]{Rei:TB17-2-102}} + + + The \Enc{T3} encoding (and associated macros) provides the glyphs required + in phonetic description according to current International Phonetic + Association recommendations \cite{ipa}. + + The \Enc{T3} encoding does \emph{not fulfil} the requirements for \Enc{T} + encodings---the name is a historical accident. The correct name would be + \Enc{X3}, but due to the fact that this font family has been used under its + current encoding name for a long time, the name will not change for + compatibility reasons. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{T4} + {African Latin (fc)} % public name + {J\"org Knappen} % author name + {0x00--0xFF} % range(s) of slots used for glyphs + {0x24} % range(s) of slots with variable glyphs if any + {fcr10} % name of an example font + {\cite{tub:JKn93}} + +The African Latin fonts contain in their lower half (0--127) the same +characters as the European Latin (T1-encoded) Fonts, while in their +upper half (128--255) they +contain letters and symbols for African languages that use extended +Latin alphabets. +Due to lack of space, J\"org had to play the unfortunate trick of +assigning \verb=\textdollar= and \verb=\textsterling= +the same position; users should take these characters +from the text companion font, if they are needed. Instead of defining +a lot of new control sequences for the single letters, there are three +accent-like control sequences with general purpose: +\verb=\m= (Modified-1), +\verb=\M= (Modified-2) and +\verb=\B= (Barred). +Most standard \LaTeX{} encoding-dependent commands +work. However, the Icelandic special letters are not available and `best +replacements' for \verb=\Th=, \verb=\th=, and \verb=\dh= +are used (barred T and d resp.). +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{T5} + {Vietnamese encoding} + {Werner Lemberg and + Vladimir Volovich} + {0x00--0xFF} + {---} + {vnr10} + {\cite{vnr}} + + The \Enc{T5} encoding was developed for Vietnamese. Again, this encoding + \emph{does not} conform to the requirements for a \Enc{T}-encoding + because its large number of accented letters prevent the \verb=\lccode= and + \verb=\uccode= mapping requirements for \Enc{T} encodings from being + fulfilled. However, since the Vietnamese language does not + use word division in typesetting so that this requirement is + actually not important for this particular language. + Since every glyph used in Vietnamese text is internally + represented as \textsc{licr} macros, the commands \verb=\MakeUppercase= and + \verb=\MakeLowercase= still work as expected (as they change the case of the + \textsc{ascii} characters in \textsc{licr} definitions). + +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo} + {T6} + {Armenian} + {---} + {---} + {---} + {} + {---} + + This encoding is reserved to permit future expansion of Armenian + \TeX{} to use 256-character (hyphenatable) fonts. +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo}{T7} + {Greek encoding} + {---} + {---} + {---} + {} + {---} + +The name is already reserved for a 256 glyph greek encoding. The encoding +itself hasn't been defined so far. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + + +\subsection{256$^-$ glyph encodings (text symbols)} + +\begin{encodinginfo}{TS1} + {Text Companion encoding (Cork)} + {J\"org Knappen} + {0x00--0x0D, 0x12, 0x15, 0x16, 0x18--0x1D, 0x20, 0x24, 0x27, 0x2A, + 0x2C--0x3A, 0x3C--0x3E, 0x4D, 0x4F, 0x57, 0x5B, 0x5D--0x60, + 0x62--0x64, 0x6C--0x6E, 0x7E--0xBF, 0xD6, 0xF6} + {---} + {tcrm1000} + {\cite{Knappen:TB17-2-96}} + + The text symbol encoding offers access to symbolic glyphs that are + commonly used in text (for a variety of reasons), and whose style + should vary with the text that surrounds them. + + Unfortunately, the \Enc{TS1} encoding was developed without + reference to the glyphs available in existing commercial fonts. + As a result, only font families + explicitly developed for \TeX{} (i.e., typically originating with + \MF{}) actually contain all glyphs required by the \Enc{TS1} + encoding. Most other font families (whether free or commercial) + often only provide half of the set% +%% +%% don't show the comment if the tables are not generated +%% +\expandafter\ifx\csname r@fonttable:tcrm1000\endcsname\relax +\else + \expandafter\ifx\csname r@fonttable:ptmr8c\endcsname\relax + \else + \space (compare the two tables for \Enc{TS1} on + pages~\pageref{fonttable:tcrm1000} + and~\pageref{fonttable:ptmr8c})% + \fi +\fi. + To improve this situation somewhat, NFSS provides a way to define encoding + subsets on a per family basis in the \Pkg{textcomp} package (which + package offers support for the \Enc{TS1} encoding). +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{TS3} + {IPA symbol encoding} + {FUKUI Rei, University of Tokyo} + {0x00--0x0A, 0x20--0x49, 0x50--0x56, 0x70--0x7B} + {---} + {tipx10} + {\cite{Rei:TB17-2-102}} + + The \Enc{TS3} encoding (together with the \Enc{T3} encoding) provides the + glyphs for typesetting phonetic transcriptions following the + guidelines of the International Phonetic Association \cite{ipa}. Support + is offered through the \Pkg{tipa} package. +\end{encodinginfo} + + + + +\subsection{256 glyph encodings (text extended)} +\label{sec:extendedenc} + +\begin{encodinginfo} + {X2} + {Cyrillic glyph container} + {The CyrTUG font team} + {0x00--0xFF} + {---} + {rxrm1000} + {\cite{Berdnikov:eurotex-98}} + + This encoding specifies the glyph container for Cyrillic characters, + which is used in specifying the \Enc{T2A}, \Enc{T2B} and \Enc{T2C} encodings. +\end{encodinginfo} + + + + +\subsection{128$^+$ glyph encodings (mathematics)} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OML} + {\TeX{} math italic} + {Donald Ervin Knuth} + {0x00--0x7F} + {---} + {cmmi10} + {\cite[p.430]{A-W:DKn86}} + + The \Enc{OML} encoding contains italic Latin and Greek letters for + use in mathematical formulas (typically used for variables) together + with some symbols. + +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OMS} + {\TeX{} math symbol} + {Donald Ervin Knuth} + {0x00--0x7F} + {---} + {cmsy10} + {\cite[p.431]{A-W:DKn86}} + + The \Enc{OMS} encoding contains basic mathematical symbols, + together with an uppercase ``calligraphic'' Latin alphabet. +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{OMX} + {\TeX{} math extension} + {Donald Ervin Knuth} + {0x00--0x7F} + {---} + {cmex10} + {\cite[p.432]{A-W:DKn86}} + + \Enc{OMS} encodes mathematical symbols with variable sizes, such as + the $\sum$ sign, which changes its size if used in displayed + formulas, and the construction parts for + brackets, braces and radicals, etc., which can stretch to accommodate + the thing they're enclosing. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + + + +\subsection{256 glyph encodings (mathematics)} + +So far there are no 256 glyph mathematical encodings. A proposal is +given in \cite{ziegler}. + + +\subsection{Other encodings} + +\begin{encodinginfo} + {C..} + {CJK encodings} + {Werner Lemberg} + {0x00--0xFF} + {---} + {} % no font, of course + {\cite{CJK}} + + The \Pkg{CJK} package defines a number of encodings which access Chinese, + Japanese and Korean fonts. + +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo} + {E..} + {Experimental encodings} + {---} + {0x00--0xFF} + {all} + {} + {\cite[p.416]{A-W:MG2004}} + + As the name indicates, encodings starting with the letter \Enc{E} are + intended for experimental encodings, that are still likely to change. +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo}{L..} + {Local encoding (site dependent)} + {---} + {0x00--0xFF} + {all} + {} + {\cite[p.416]{A-W:MG2004}} + + `Local' encodings provide the means to develop representation + techniques that are suited to a particular \TeX{} environment. While + the developer has freedom to specify their encoding as he or she + pleases, there is a strong incentive to obey the \LaTeX{} rules for + encodings, since it will otherwise be difficult to compose text using + the encoding. + + At least it was the intention that \Enc{L..} encodings are local and + site dependent. However, a number of such encodings became generally + used without ever getting a different name allocated. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{LY1} + {Y\&Y 256 glyph encoding} + {Berthold Horn} + {0x00--0x08, 0x0C, 0x10, 0x12--0xFF} + {\emph{believed none}} + {ptmr8y} + {\cite[p.416]{A-W:MG2004}} + + This is an alternative to the \Enc{T1} encoding developed by Y\&Y and + used in their commerical \TeX{} implementation. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{LV1} + {MicroPress encoding} + {Michael Vulis} + {\emph{unknown}} + {\emph{unknown}} + {} + {\cite[p.416]{A-W:MG2004}} + + This is an encoding developed by MicroPress and used for some of their + fonts. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo}{LGR} + {Greek 256 glyph encoding} + {\emph{unknown}} + {0x00--0xFF} + {\emph{believed none}} + {grmn1000} + {\cite[p.575]{A-W:MG2004}} + + Currently the main encoding in use for the Greek language. + + This encoding doesn't conform to the restrictions for + \Enc{T}-encodings described in section~\ref{sec:restrictions} on + page~\pageref{sec:restrictions} as it doesn't have \textsc{ascii} + glyphs at all. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + +\begin{encodinginfo} + {PD1} + {PDF DocEncoding} + {Adobe} + {0x08--0x0A, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x18--0x7E, 0x80--0x9E, 0xA0--0xAE, 0xB0--0xFF} + {---} + {} + {\cite{Adobe:PDF-1.6}, \cite{hyperref}} + + The \Enc{PD1} encoding is a virtual encoding with 256 glyphs needed to + produce bookmarks and similar text in PDF document generated with pdf\LaTeX. + The encoding is ``virtual'' because by design there are no \TeX{} + fonts that cover \Enc{PD1}. Details can be found in appendix D.1 + of~\cite{Adobe:PDF-1.6}. +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo} + {PU} + {PDF Unicode Encoding} + {Adobe} + {---} + {---} + {} + {\cite{Adobe:PDF-1.6}, \cite{hyperref}} + + Another virtual encoding (with more than 600 characters) for + Unicode-encoded bookmarks in PDF documents. +\end{encodinginfo} + +\begin{encodinginfo}{U} + {Unknown encoding} + {---} + {potentially 0x00-0xFF} + {all} + {wasy10} + {\cite[p.416]{A-W:MG2004}} + + This encoding should be used for fonts that resist classification, + e.g., when it is clear that there will never be more than one font + using the same encoding. + +\end{encodinginfo} + + + +\section{Restrictions} +\label{sec:restrictions} + + +\subsection{Required glyphs for general text encodings} + +Encodings that are supposed to be used with \LaTeX{} for `general +purpose text fonts' need to have certain fixed glyphs in certain +encoding slots. A `general purpose text font' is one intended for +arbitrary natural language text and not just within special +environments (such as the phonetic alphabet) or just for typesetting +individual symbols (e.g., the text companion font with encoding +\Enc{TS1}). + +This is the case for the following glyphs that have to be in their +\textsc{ascii} positions for general purpose text encodings: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}[t]{cc} + Glyph & Position \\ \hline + ! & \number`\! \\ + ' & \number`\' \\ + ( & \number`\( \\ + ) & \number`\) \\ + \relax* & \number`\* \\ + + & \number`\+ \\ + , & \number`\, \\ + - & \number`\- \\ + . & \number`\. \\ + / & \number`\/ \\ + 0 \ldots\ 9 & \number`\0\ to \number`\9 \\ + \end{tabular} + \quad + \begin{tabular}[t]{cc} + Glyph & Position \\ \hline + : & \number`\: \\ + ; & \number`\; \\ + = & \number`\= \\ + ? & \number`\? \\ + @ & \number`\@ \\ + A \ldots\ Z & \number`\A\ to \number`\Z \\ + \relax[ & \number`\[ \\ + ] & \number`\] \\ + ` & \number`\` \\ + a \ldots\ z & \number`\a\ to \number`\z \\ +\end{tabular} +\quad +\begin{tabular}[t]{cc} +Glyph\footnotemark & Position \\ \hline +< & \number`\< \\ +> & \number`\> \\ +\string| & \number`\| \\ +\end{tabular}\footnotetext{The requirement for these three glyphs is + violated in the Latin alphabet \Enc{OT} encodings.} +\end{center} +In addition the following glyphs have to be present +somewhere\footnote{The position in this case is not important as they +are generated from ligature programs.} in the encoding together with +corresponding ligature programs to generate them: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}[t]{cc} +Glyph & Ligature program \\ \hline + `` & \texttt{`\/`} \\ + '' & \texttt{'\/'} \\ + -- & \texttt{-\/-} \\ + --- & \texttt{-\/-\/-} \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +This is $33 + 2 * 26 = 85$ positions ``required'', which leaves 171 +positions free. + +If there are free slots available then adding all or some of the +diacritics would be the best way to fill them. + +If there are insufficient slots for the characters needed, a possible +technique is to create a subsidiary encoding, and to move non-letter +characters to it. Since only ``letters'' take part in the hyphenation +algorithm, this technique doesn't affect the appearance of the typeset +result. + +\subsection{The constraints on upper/lower case tables} + +Due to some technical restrictions of \TeX{} related to hyphenation it +is not possible in \LaTeX{} to use more than one \verb=\lccode= or +\verb=\uccode= table. Therefore all encodings need to share these two +tables which are defined to be those of the \Enc{T1} encoding. + +The \Enc{T1} encoding has some nasty peculiarities which make certain slot +positions more or less unusable for other encodings if this +restriction is to be obeyed. This is unfortunate but since \Enc{T1} is well +established and the basis for a large number of languages it seemed +better to live with this situation instead of trying to replace \Enc{T1} with a +slightly better standard (with the result that for a long time +different \LaTeX{} installations would not be able to communicate with +each other because of incompatible font sets). + +The positions that are problematic are as follows. +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{lp{.8\linewidth}} +25 (\char 25) & uppercase maps strangely (same as for 105, \char 105)\\ +26 (\char 26) & uppercase maps strangely (same as for 106, \char 106)\\ +27 (\char 27) & lowercase maps to itself which makes this slot subject + to hyphenation (used to support \Enc{OT1} encoding) \\ +157 (\char 157) & lowercase maps strangely (same as for 73, \char 73) \\ +158 (\char 158) & uppercase maps strangely (same as for 240, \char 240) \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +One way to use such slots is to fill them with ligature glyphs as +\TeX{} will not consult these tables for glyphs constructed through +ligatures programs but instead uses the entries for the individual +glyphs used to produce the ligature. + +A complete listing of the uppercase/lowercase mapping tables is to be +found in section~\ref{sec:uclc-tab} (page \pageref{sec:uclc-tab}). + +\newcount\temp \newcount\tempL \newcount\tempU + +\def\nextstep{\global\tempL=\lccode\temp + \global\tempU=\uccode\temp + \lctablenumbersize\the\temp & + \the\tempL& + \the\tempU&\printlowerupper{\the\temp}{\the\tempL}{\the\tempU}\\ + \global\advance\temp by 1 + \stepprint} + +\def\printlowerupper#1#2#3{\char#1\relax + (\ifnum#2=0\relax--\else\char#2\fi + /\ifnum#3=0\relax--\else\char#3\fi)} + +\def\stepprint{\relax\ifnum\temp<\endval + \let\next=\nextstep + \else + \let\next=\relax + \fi + \next} + +\def\dolctable#1#2{{\temp=#1\relax +\def\endval{#2}% +\setlength\tabcolsep{1.5pt}% +\begin{tabular}[t]{@{}cccc@{}} +pos&lc&uc&glyphs\\\hline +\stepprint +\end{tabular}}} + +\iffalse +\begin{center} +\tiny\let\lctablenumbersize\tiny +\mbox{\dolctable{0}{52}\vrule +\dolctable{52}{104}\vrule +\dolctable{104}{156}\vrule +\dolctable{156}{208}\vrule +\dolctable{208}{256}} +\end{center} +\fi + +\iffalse +\begin{center}\tiny +\mbox{\dolctable{0}{65}\vrule +\dolctable{65}{128}\vrule +\dolctable{128}{193}\vrule +\dolctable{193}{256}} +\end{center} +\fi + + + +\section{Encoding specific commands} + +An encoding specific command is one that generates a glyph (or +glyphs), to produce a graphic effect that may be implemented +differently in different encodings. The encoding specific command +automatically changes its implementation when the encoding changes in +the course of the document. Encoding specific commands figure in +\LaTeX's internal character representation (\textsc{licr}) and are also +discussed in \cite[sec.~7.11.2, p.~442]{A-W:MG2004}. + +The following table only covers the encoding specific commands from +the \Enc{OT1} and \Enc{T1} encodings. Other encodings may specify +additional encoding specific commands. In the table, the first 15 +commands are `accent-like' and need as an argument the character to be +accented. For example, |\v{c}| is the \textsc{licr} for `\v{c}'. + +\begin{tabbing} +\ttverb\textvisiblespace\quad\=bbbbbbbbbbbbbb\=b'b'\=ccccccccccc\kill +\ttverb\`{} \>OT1,T1\> \a`{}\> (grave) \\ +\ttverb\'{} \>OT1,T1\> \a'{}\> (acute) \\ +\ttverb\^{} \>OT1,T1\> \^{}\> (circumflex) \\ +\ttverb\~{} \>OT1,T1\> \~{}\> (tilde) \\ +\ttverb\"{} \>OT1,T1\> \"{}\> (umlaut) \\ +\ttverb\H{} \>OT1,T1\> \H{}\> (Hungarian umlaut) \\ +\ttverb\r{} \>OT1,T1\> \r{}\> (ring) \\ +\ttverb\v{} \>OT1,T1\> \v{}\> (ha\v{c}ek) \\ +\ttverb\u{} \>OT1,T1\> \u{}\> (breve) \\ +\ttverb\t{} \>OT1,T1\> \t{}\> (tie) \\ +\ttverb\={} \>OT1,T1\> \a={}\> (macron) \\ +\ttverb\.{} \>OT1,T1\> \.{}\> (dot) \\ +\ttverb\b{} \>OT1,T1\> \b{}\> (underbar) \\ +\ttverb\c{} \>OT1,T1\> \c{}\> (cedilla) \\ +\ttverb\d{} \>OT1,T1\> \d{}\> (dot under) \\ +\ttverb\k{} \>T1 \> \k{}\> (ogonek) \\ +% \ttverb\AA \>OT1,T1\> \AA \> \\ % no longer +\ttverb\AE \>OT1,T1\> \AE \> \\ +\ttverb\DH \>T1 \> \DH \> \\ +\ttverb\DJ \>T1 \> \DJ \> \\ +\ttverb\L \>OT1,T1\> \L \> \\ +\ttverb\NG \>T1 \> \NG \> \\ +\ttverb\OE \>OT1,T1\> \OE \> \\ +\ttverb\O \>OT1,T1\> \O \> \\ +\ttverb\SS \>OT1,T1\> \SS \> \\ +\ttverb\TH \>T1 \> \TH \> \\ +% \ttverb\aa \>OT1,T1\> \aa \> \\ no-longer +\ttverb\ae \>OT1,T1\> \ae \> \\ +\ttverb\dh \>T1 \> \dh \> \\ +\ttverb\dj \>T1 \> \dj \> \\ +\ttverb\guillemotleft \>T1 \> \guillemotleft \> (guillemet) \\ +\ttverb\guillemotright \>T1 \> \guillemotright \> (guillemet) \\ +\ttverb\guilsinglleft \>T1 \> \guilsinglleft \> (guillemet) \\ +\ttverb\guilsinglright \>T1 \> \guilsinglright \> (guillemet) \\ +\ttverb\i \>OT1,T1\> \i \> \\ +\ttverb\j \>OT1,T1\> \j \> \\ +\ttverb\l \>OT1,T1\> \l \> \\ +\ttverb\ng \>T1 \> \ng \> \\ +\ttverb\oe \>OT1,T1\> \oe \> \\ +\ttverb\o \>OT1,T1\> \o \> \\ +\ttverb\quotedblbase \>T1 \> \quotedblbase \> \\ +\ttverb\quotesinglbase \>T1 \> \quotesinglbase \> \\ +\ttverb\ss \>OT1,T1\> \ss \> \\ +\ttverb\textasciicircum \>OT1,T1\> \textasciicircum \> \\ +\ttverb\textasciitilde \>OT1,T1\> \textasciitilde \> \\ +\ttverb\textbackslash \>OT1,T1\> \textbackslash \> \\ +\ttverb\textbar \>OT1,T1\> \textbar \> \\ +\ttverb\textbraceleft \>OT1,T1\> \textbraceleft \> \\ +\ttverb\textbraceright \>OT1,T1\> \textbraceright \> \\ +\ttverb\textcompwordmark \>OT1,T1\> \textcompwordmark\> (invisible) \\ +\ttverb\textdollar \>OT1,T1\> \textdollar \> \\ +\ttverb\textemdash \>OT1,T1\> \textemdash \> \\ +\ttverb\textendash \>OT1,T1\> \textendash \> \\ +\ttverb\textexclamdown \>OT1,T1\> \textexclamdown \> \\ +\ttverb\textgreater \>OT1,T1\> \textgreater \> \\ +\ttverb\textless \>OT1,T1\> \textless \> \\ +\ttverb\textquestiondown \>OT1,T1\> \textquestiondown\> \\ +\ttverb\textquotedbl \>T1 \> \textquotedbl \> \\ +\ttverb\textquotedblleft \>OT1,T1\> \textquotedblleft\> \\ +\ttverb\textquotedblright \>OT1,T1\> \textquotedblright\> \\ +\ttverb\textquoteleft \>OT1,T1\> \textquoteleft \> \\ +\ttverb\textquoteright \>OT1,T1\> \textquoteright \> \\ +\ttverb\textregistered \>OT1,T1\> \textregistered \> \\ +\ttverb\textsection \>OT1,T1\> \textsection \> \\ +\ttverb\textsterling \>OT1,T1\> \textsterling \> \\ +\ttverb\texttrademark \>OT1,T1\> \texttrademark \> \\ +\ttverb\textunderscore \>OT1,T1\> \textunderscore \> \\ +\ttverb\textvisiblespace \>OT1,T1\> \textvisiblespace\> \\ +\ttverb\th \>T1 \> \th \> +\end{tabbing} + + + + +\begin{thebibliography}{99} +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\numberline{\relax}\refname} + + +\bibitem{Adobe:PDF-1.6} \emph{\textsc{PDF} reference}: + Adobe portable document format version~1.6. Adobe Systems + Incorporated, 2005. % why \textsuperscript{3}? + \url{http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/pdf/PDFReference16.pdf}. + +\bibitem{Beeton:TB6-3-124} Barbara Beeton: + \emph{Mathematical symbols and cyrillic fonts ready for + distribution}. In: TUGBoat, 6\#3), 1985. + \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb06-3/tb13beetcyr.pdf}. + +\bibitem{beeton} Barbara Beeton: \emph{Unicode + and math, a combination whose time has come -- Finally!}. In: + TUGBoat, 21\#3, 2000. + \url{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb21-3/tb68beet.pdf}. + + +\bibitem{Berdnikov:eurotex-98} A.\@ Berdnikov, O.\@ + Lapko, M.\@ Kolodin, A.\@ Janishevsky and + A.\@ Burykin: \emph{The Encoding Paradigm in + \LaTeXe{} and the Projected X2 Encoding for Cyrillic Texts}. + Euro\TeX~98. + \url{http://www.gutenberg.eu.org/pub/GUTenberg/publicationsPDF/28-29-berdnikova.pdf}. + +\bibitem{CJK} \emph{The \Pkg{CJK} package}: + \url{http://cjk.ffii.org}. + +\bibitem{clasen} Matthias Clasen: \emph{A new + implementation of \LaTeX{} math}, 1997-98. + \url{http://www.tug.org/twg/mfg/papers/current/newmath.ps.gz}. + +\bibitem{clasen-vieth} Matthias Clasen and Ulrik + Vieth: \emph{Towards a new Math Font Encoding + for (La)\TeX}. March 1998, + \url{http://www.tug.org/twg/mfg/papers/current/mfg-euro-all.ps.gz}. + +\bibitem{CorkGW:91} +Dean Guenther and Janene Winter. +\newblock An international phonetic alphabet. +\newblock In Guenther \cite{proc:MGu91}, pages 149--156. +\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 12\#1. + +\bibitem{proc:MGu91} +Mary Guenther, editor. +\newblock {\em {\TeX} 90 Conference Proceedings}, March 1991. +\newblock Published as {TUG}boat 12\#1. + +\bibitem{tub:MFe90} +Michael~J. Ferguson. +\newblock Report on multilingual activities. +\newblock {\em {TUG}boat}, 11(4):514--516, 1990. + +\bibitem{fontinst} \emph{The \Pkg{fontinst} package}: + \textlangle CTAN\textrangle\url{/fonts/utilities/fontinst}. + +\bibitem{Rei:TB17-2-102} Fukui Rei: + \emph{\textsl{TIPA}: A system for processing phonetic + symbols in \LaTeX}. In: TUGBoat, 17\#, 1996. + \url{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-2/tb51rei.pdf}. + +\bibitem{hyperref} \emph{The \Pkg{hyperref} package}: + \url{http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref}. + +\bibitem{tub:JKn93} +J\"org Knappen. +\newblock Fonts for Africa: The fc Fonts. +\newblock {\em {TUG}boat}, 14(2):104, 1993. + +\bibitem{Knappen:TB17-2-96} J\"org Knappen: + \emph{The \Pkg{dc} fonts~1.3: Move towards stability + and completeness}. In: TUGBoat 17\#2, 1996. + \url{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-2/tb51knap.pdf}. + +\bibitem{A-W:DKn86} +Donald~E. Knuth. +\newblock {\em The {\TeX}book}. +\newblock Volume~A of {\em Computers \& {T}ypesetting\/}, + May 1989. +\newblock Eight printing. + +\bibitem{vnr} \emph{The \Pkg{vnr} font family}, developed by + the author of pdf\TeX, {H\`an Th\^e\protect\llap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{\'{\relax}}} Th\`anh}. + \url{http://vntex.org/download/vntex}. + + \bibitem{ipa} Home page of the International Phonetic Association. + \url{http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html} + +\bibitem{A-W:LLa94} +Leslie Lamport. +\newblock {\em {\LaTeX:} A Document Preparation System}. +\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994. + +\bibitem{LH-Fonts} \emph{The \Pkg{lh}-Fonts for Cyrillic}: + \textlangle CTAN\textrangle\url{/fonts/cyrillic/lh}. + +\bibitem{A-W:MG2004} +Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens. +\newblock {\em The {\LaTeX} Companion second edition}. +\newblock With Johannes Braams, David Carlisle, and Chris Rowley. +\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 2004. + +\bibitem{Unicode} \emph{The Unicode Standard}. + \url{http://unicode.org}. + +\bibitem{ziegler} Justin Ziegler, \emph{Technical + Report on Math Font Encodings}, June 1994, + \url{http://www.tug.org/twg/mfg/papers/ltx3pub/l3d007.ps.gz}. + +\end{thebibliography} + +\clearpage\appendix +\begin{center} + \Large\bfseries Appendices +\end{center} + +\section{Example code tables} + +This appendix contains a table of each font mentioned as an ``example'' +font above, providing that the font was available when the document +was processed with \LaTeX{}. (\LaTeX{} generates a warning message +for each font it fails to find.) + +\subsection{Text encodings} + +\ftable{cmr10}{OT1} + +\ftable{wnr10}{OT2} + +\ftable{wsuipa10}{OT3} + +\ftable{plr10}{OT4} + +\ftable{artmr10}{OT6} + +\ftable{ecrm1000}{T1} + +\ftable{larm1000}{T2A} + +\ftable{lbrm1000}{T2B} + +\ftable{lcrm1000}{T2C} + +\ftable{tipa10}{T3} + +\ftable{fcr10}{T4} + +\ftable{vnr10}{T5} + + +\subsection{Text symbol encodings} + +The full table for \Enc{TS1} as provided by European Computer Modern family: +\ftable{tcrm1000}{TS1} + +\pagebreak + +In contrast typical PostScript fonts usually have incomplete implementations +of \Enc{TS1} sometimes missing more than half of the glyphs: + +\ftable{ptmr8c}{TS1} + +\ftable{tipx10}{TS3} + + + +\subsection{Extended text encodings} + +\ftable{rxrm1000}{X2} + + +\subsection{Mathematical encodings} + +\ftable{cmmi10}{OML} + +\ftable{cmsy10}{OMS} + +\ftable{cmex10}{OMX} + + +\subsection{Other encodings} + +\ftable{ptmr8y}{LY1} + +%%\ftable{????}{LV1} + +\ftable{grmn1000}{LGR} + +\ftable{wasy10}{U} +\ftable{logo10}{U} + +\clearpage +\section{Uppercase and lowercase tables} +\label{sec:uclc-tab} + +The following two sets of tables list the \verb"\uppercase" and +\verb"\lowercase" values for each position in the \LaTeX{} standard +256-character tables. + +Each row of each table lists: +\begin{quote} + \begin{tabular}{lp{0.7\textwidth}} + pos & The position in the table (0-255) \\ + lc & The value in the \verb"\lowercase" table at the position \\ + & (note that value 0 here means that \verb"\lowercase" is + ineffective for this character, and hyphenation does not apply + to it) \\ + uc & The value in the \verb"\uppercase" table at the position \\ + & (note that value 0 here means that \verb"\uppercase" is + ineffective for this character) \\ + glyphs & The glyphs specified for the T1 encoding for this + position, laid out as \meta{glyph}\textbf{(}\meta{lowercase + glyph}\textbf{/}\meta{uppercase glyph}\textbf{)} + \end{tabular} +\end{quote} + +\begin{center} + \let\lctablenumbersize\footnotesize + \makebox[\textwidth]{\hss + \dolctable{0}{32}\quad\dolctable{32}{64}\quad + \dolctable{64}{96}\quad\dolctable{96}{128}% + \hss} + + \makebox[\textwidth]{\hss + \dolctable{128}{160}\quad\dolctable{160}{192}\quad + \dolctable{192}{224}\quad\dolctable{224}{256}% + \hss} +\end{center} +\end{document} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |