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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/generic/babel/usage.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/source/generic/babel/usage.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 122cd8b07e4..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/source/generic/babel/usage.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,243 +0,0 @@ -% \iffalse meta-comment -% -% Copyright 1989-2008 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors -% listed elsewhere in this file. All rights reserved. -% -% This file is part of the Babel system. -% -------------------------------------- -% -% It may be distributed and/or modified under the -% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 -% of this license or (at your option) any later version. -% The latest version of this license is in -% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt -% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX -% version 2003/12/01 or later. -% -% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained". -% -% The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams. -% -% The list of all files belonging to the Babel system is -% given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional -% information. -% -% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution -% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with -% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution. -% \fi -\documentclass[11pt]{article} -\usepackage[american,greek]{babel} -\languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko} -\usepackage{athnum,grmath} -\newcommand{\sg}{\selectlanguage{greek}} -\newcommand{\sa}{\selectlanguage{american}} -\begin{document} -\show\extrasgreek -%\show\extraspolutonikogreek -\selectlanguage{american} - -\title{Writing Greek with the \ttfamily greek\rmfamily\ option of the -\ttfamily babel\rmfamily\ package} -\author{Apostolos Syropoulos\\ - 366, 28th October Str.\\ - GR-671 00 Xanthi, GREECE\\ - e-mail: \texttt{apostolo@platon.ee.duth.gr}} -\date{October 15, 1997} -\maketitle -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Overview} -The \texttt{greek} option of the \texttt{babel} package is an attempt to -make it possible for someone to write Greek text with \LaTeX. The current -version of the \texttt{greek} option supports the \sg polutonik'o \sa\ -accentual system of the Greek language. -Moreover, there is now support for Greek numerals. One can produce easily -valid Greek numerals both in uppercase and lowercase forms, e.g, -\textgreek{\greeknumeral{1997}}\ and \textgreek{\Greeknumeral{1997}}. The -labels in second and fourth level enumerations are lowercase -and uppercase Greek numerals correspondingly. -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Typing Greek Text} -\TeX\ understands only the basic ASCII characters, so it is not possible -to enter directly Greek letters. Instead, someone enters Latin letters -which are mapped to their Greek ``counterparts'' by \TeX. The following -table shows the transliteration employed: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{|lllllllllllll|}\hline -\textgreek{a}& -\textgreek{b}& -\textgreek{g}& -\textgreek{d}& -\textgreek{e}& -\textgreek{z}& -\textgreek{h}& -\textgreek{j}& -\textgreek{i}& -\textgreek{k}& -\textgreek{l}& -\textgreek{m}& -\textgreek{n}\\ -a& b& g& d& e& z& h& j& i& k& l& m& n\\ -\hline -\textgreek{x}& -\textgreek{o}& -\textgreek{p}& -\textgreek{r}& -\textgreek{sv}& -\textgreek{t}& -\textgreek{u}& -\textgreek{f}& -\textgreek{q}& -\textgreek{y}& -\textgreek{w}& -\textgreek{c}& \hbox{ } \\ -x& o& p& r& s& -t& u& f& q& y& w& c& \hbox{ }\\ \hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -Please, note that in order to produce the letter \textgreek{sv} in isolation -on has to type \texttt{sv}. This feature is due to the strong ligature -that \TeX\ employs. -In the ``modern'' \textgreek{monotonik'o} accentual system only one accent is -used---\textgreek{oxe'ia} (acute). In the traditional \textgreek{polutonik'o} -accentual system we -need more accents and breathing signs. We can produce an accented letter by -prefixing the letter with he symbol that denotes the accent, e.g., -\texttt{>a'erac} produces the word \sg >a'erac.\sa\footnote{For the -technically inclined reader, we must say that \TeX\ uses the ligature table of -the font in order to determine the character that corresponds to the -input character sequence.} Here are the symbols that are recognized: - -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{cccc}\hline -Accent & Symbol & Example & Output\\ \hline -acute & \texttt{'} & \texttt{g'ata} & \textgreek{g'ata}\\ -grave & \texttt{`} & \texttt{dad`i} & \textgreek{dad`i}\\ -circumflex & \verb+~+ & \verb+ful~hc+ & \sg\textgreek{ful~hc}\sa\\ -rough breathing & \verb+<+ & \verb+<'otan+ & \sg\textgreek{<'otan}\sa\\ -smooth breathing & \verb+>+ & \verb+>'aneu+ & \sg\textgreek{>'aneu}\sa\\ -subscript & \texttt{|} & \verb+>anate'ilh|+ & \sg\textgreek{>anate'ilh|}\\ -dieresis & \texttt{"}& \texttt{qa"ide'uh|c} & \sg\textgreek{qa"ide'uh|c}\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -Note that the subscript symbol is placed \textbf{after} the letter. -The last thing someone must know in order to be able to write normal Greek -text is the punctuation marks used in the language: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{ccc}\hline -Punctuation Sign & Symbol & Output\\ \hline -period & \texttt{.} & \sg\textgreek{.}\sa\\ -semicolon & \texttt{;} & \sg\textgreek{;}\sa\\ -exclamation mark & \texttt{!} & \sg\textgreek{!}\sa\\ -comma & \texttt{,} & \sg\textgreek{,}\sa\\ -colon & \texttt{:} & \sg\textgreek{:}\sa\\ -question mark & \texttt{?} & \sg\textgreek{?}\sa\\ -left apostrophe & \texttt{``} & \sg\textgreek{``}\sa\\ -right apostrophe & \texttt{''} & \sg\textgreek{''}\sa\\ -left quotation mark & \texttt{((} & \sg\textgreek{))}\sa\\ -right quotation mark & \texttt{))} & \sg\textgreek{))}\sa\\ \hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -Using these conventions it is a straightforward exercise to write Greek -\textgreek{polutoniko} text. For example the following excerpt from -\textgreek{D'uskoloc} of \textgreek{M'enandroc} -\sg -\begin{quote} -T'i f'hic? <Id`wn >enj'ede pa~id'' >eleuj'eran\\ -t`ac plhs'ion N'umfac stefano~usan, S'wstrate,\\ ->er~wn 'ap~hljec e>uj'uc? -\end{quote} -\sa can be produced by the following \LaTeX\ code: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{l} -\verb+T'i f'hic? <Id`wn >enj'ede pa~id'' >eleuj'eran+\\ -\verb+t`ac plhs'ion N'umfac stefano~usan, S'wstrate,+\\ -\verb+>er~wn 'ap~hljec e>uj'uc?+ -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\section{Producing Greek Text} -Once the Greek language is selected with the command -\begin{center} -\verb+\selectlanguage{greek}+ -\end{center} -whatever we type will be typeset with the Greek fonts. The command -\verb+\textlatin+ can be used for short passages in some language that -uses the Latin alphabet, while the the command \verb+\latintext+ changes -the base fonts to the ones used by languages that use the Latin alphabet. -However, all words will be hyphenated by following the Greek hyphenation -rules! Similar commands are available once someone has selected some -other language. The commands \verb+\textgreek+ and \verb+\greektext+ -behave exactly like their ``latin'' counterparts. For example, the -word \textgreek{M'imhc} has been produced with the command -\verb+\textgreek{M'imhc}+. Please note that certain symbols cannot have -their expected result for Greek text, unless someone has selected the Greek -language, e.g., \verb+~+ is such a symbol. - -As we have mentioned above this version of the \texttt{greek} option of the -\texttt{babel} package supports the use of Greek numerals. The commands -\verb+\greeknumeral+ and \verb+\Greeknumeral+ produce the lowercase and -the uppercase Greek numeral, e.g., -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline -Command & Output\\ \hline -\verb+\Greeknumeral{9999}+ & \sg\textgreek{\Greeknumeral{9999}}\\ -\verb+\greeknumeral{9999}+ & \sg\textgreek{\greeknumeral{9999}}\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -In order to correctly typeset the greek numerals the greek option file -provides the following commands: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline -Command & Output\\ \hline -\verb+\qoppa+ & \textgreek{\qoppa}\\ -\verb+\sampi+ & \textgreek{\sampi}\\ -\verb+\stigma+ & \textgreek{\stigma}\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} - -In traditional Greek typography the first paragraph after a header is -always indented, contrary to the habit of, say, American typography. This -effect can be achieved by using the package \verb+indentfirst+. - -Additional greek symbols are available: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline -Command & Output\\ \hline -\verb+\Digamma+ & \sg\textgreek{\Digamma}\\ -\verb+\ddigamma+ & \sg\textgreek{\ddigamma}\\ -%\verb+\tao+ & \sg\textgreek{\tao}\\ -%\verb+\Qoppa+ & \sg\textgreek{\Qoppa}\\ -%\verb|\VarQoppa| & \sg\textgreek{\VarQoppa}\\ -%\verb+\varqoppa+ & \sg\textgreek{\varqoppa}\\ -%\verb+\Sampi+ & \sg\textgreek{\Sampi}\\ -%\verb|\Stigma| & \sg\textgreek{\Stigma}\\ -\verb|\euro| & \sg\textgreek{\euro}\\ -\verb|\permill| & \sg\textgreek{\permill}\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} - -The package \verb|athnum| provides the command \verb|\athnum|, with which -one can produce the so called \textit{Athenian numerals}: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline -Command & Output\\ \hline -\verb|\athnum{1997}| & \sg\textgreek{\athnum{1997}}\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} - -The package \verb|grmath| renames the basic log-like functions with their -greek counterparts: -\begin{center} -\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline -Command & Output\\ \hline -\verb|$\sin^{2}x+\cos^{2}x=1$| & $\sin^{2}x+\cos^{2}y=1$\\ -\hline -\end{tabular} -\end{center} -\end{document} |