diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc')
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/README | 57 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.pdf | bin | 160665 -> 427462 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex | 548 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.pdf | bin | 283857 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.tex | 491 |
5 files changed, 409 insertions, 687 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/README b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/README new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a0adbb6ccf1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/README @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +========================================================================= +The covington package + +NumerÂous miÂnor LaTeX enÂhanceÂments for linÂguisÂtics, inÂcludÂing mulÂtiÂple +acÂcents on the same letÂter, inÂterÂline glosses (word-by-word transÂlaÂtions), +DisÂcourse RepÂreÂsenÂtaÂtion StrucÂtures, and exÂamÂple numÂberÂing. + +Copyright 1991--2016 Michael A. Covington + Robin Fairbairns + Jürgen Spitzmüller + +Current Maintainer: Jürgen Spitzmüller +E-mail: juergen (at) spitzmueller (dot) org + +Released under the LaTeX Project Public License v1.3 or later +See http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +========================================================================= + +== PURPOSE == + +This package, initially a collection of Michael Covington's private macros, provides +numerÂous miÂnor LATEX enÂhanceÂments for linÂguisÂtics, inÂcludÂing mulÂtiÂple acÂcents on the +same letÂter, inÂterÂline glosses (word-by-word transÂlaÂtions), DisÂcourse RepÂreÂsenÂtaÂtion +StrucÂtures, and exÂamÂple numÂberÂing. + +The package works both with LaTeX 2.09 and LaTeX2e. + + +== CONTENTS == + +The package consists of the following files: + +* covington.sty: the actual package +* covington.tex: the documentation +* README (this file) + +== CHANGES == + +* Version 1.1 (2016-07-06): + + - The package now uses PSNFSS font commands if available (fallback for LaTeX 2.09 is still provided). + + - Work around clash with classes/packages that define their own example and examples environments + (most notably the beamer class) as well as execise environments. The covington package no longer + blindly attempts to define these environments. By default, it does not define them if they are + already defined (covington's own environments, however, are still available via aliases). + By means of a new package option, a redefinition can also be forced. + + - New length \twoaccsep allows for the adjustment of the distance between stacked accents. + + - Update manual. + + - New maintainer: J. Spitzmüller. + + - License has been changed to LPPL (in agreement with M. Covington) + + - Introduce version numbers. Arbitrarily, we start with 1.1. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.pdf Binary files differindex f2da64dd139..c9f10c33a03 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.pdf +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.pdf diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex index e2e053ae5a9..22f2ba8f224 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex @@ -1,77 +1,173 @@ -% File: covington.tex (in LaTeX2e) -% Documentation for covington.sty +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File covington.tex +%% +%% Documentation of covington.sty +%% +%% This file is part of the covington LaTeX package +%% +%% Original author: +%% ================ +%% Michael A. Covington +%% Artificial Intelligence Programs +%% The University of Georgia +%% Athens, Georgia 30602-7415 USA +%% mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu +%% +%% Current maintainer: +%% =================== +%% Juergen Spitzmueller <juergen@spitzmueller.org> +%% +%% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the +%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 +%% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +%% The latest version of this license is in +%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +%% version 2003/12/01 or later. +%% +%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained". +%% +%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Juergen Spitzmueller. +%% +%% Code repository and issue tracker: https://github.com/jspitz/covington +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\documentclass[english]{article} + +\usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath} +\usepackage[osf]{libertine} +\usepackage[scaled=0.75]{beramono} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc} -\documentclass{article} \usepackage{covington} -\title{\bf Typing Linguistics with {\tt covington.sty}} + +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{microtype} +\usepackage{babel} + +\usepackage{listings} +\lstset{language={[LaTeX]TeX}, + basicstyle={\small\ttfamily}, + frame=single} + +% markup +\newcommand*\jmacro[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jenv[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jcsmacro[1]{\jmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}} +\newcommand*\joption[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jfmacro[1]{\texttt{#1}} +\newcommand*\jfenv[1]{\texttt{#1}} +\newcommand*\jfcsmacro[1]{\jfmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}} + +\def\pversion{Version 1.1} +\def\pdate{July 6, 2016} + +\title{\textbf{Typing Linguistics with \texttt{covington.sty}}} \author{Michael A. Covington \\ \small Artificial Intelligence Center \\ \small The University of Georgia \\ - \small Athens, Georgia 30602 \sc u.s.a.\\ + \small Athens, Georgia 30602 \textsc{u.\,s.\,a.}\\ mcovingt@ai.uga.edu\\ - http://www.ai.uga.edu/$\sim$mc} -\date{2001 March 27} + \url{http://www.ai.uga.edu/~mc}} + +\date{\pversion, \pdate\thanks{Current maintainer: J\"urgen Spitzm\"uller. + Please report issues via \protect\url{https://github.com/jspitz/covington}}} \begin{document} + \maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +\noindent This package, initially a collection of Michael Covington's private macros, provides +numerous minor \LaTeX\ enhancements for linguistics, including multiple accents on the +same letter, interline glosses (word-by-word translations), Discourse Representation +Structures, and example numbering. The package works both with \LaTeX\ 2.09 and \LaTeXe. +\end{abstract} + {\footnotesize \tableofcontents} \typeout{Run LaTeX twice to get a correct table of contents.} -\section*{New in This Version} + +\section*{New in this version} + +\begin{itemize} +\item The package now uses \textsc{psnfss} font commands if available (fallback for \LaTeX\ 2.09 is still provided). +\item Work around clash with classes\slash packages that define their own \jenv{example} and \jenv{examples} environments (most notably the \texttt{beamer} class) as well as \jenv{execise} environments. The \texttt{covington} package no longer blindly attempts to define these environments. By default, it does not define them if they are already defined (\texttt{covington's} own environments, however, are still available via aliases). By means of a new package option, a redefinition can also be forced. See sec.~\ref{sec:ex} and \ref{sec:exs} +for details. +\item New length \jcsmacro{twoaccsep} allows for the adjustment of the distance between stacked accents (see sec.~\ref{sec:accents}). +\item Update manual. +\item New maintainer: J. Spitzm\"uller. +\item License has been changed to \textsc{lppl} (in agreement with M. Covington) +\item Introduce version numbers. Arbitrarily, we start with 1.1. +\end{itemize} + + +\section*{New in preceding versions} + +\subsection*{2014 May 16} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Patches by Robin Fairbairns: + \begin{itemize} + \item Setting of \jfcsmacro{textfloatsep} uses \jfcsmacro{setlength} rather than \jfcsmacro{renewcommand} + \item Style file converted to un*x line endings + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{2001 March 27} + \begin{itemize} -\item It is no longer necessary to type \verb"\it" to get proper italic type in feature structures. +\item It is no longer necessary to type \jfcsmacro{it} to get proper italic type in feature structures. \item Instructions have been rewritten with \LaTeXe\ users in mind. \end{itemize} -\section*{New in Preceding Versions} +\subsection*{Older versions} + \begin{itemize} -\item Multiple accents on a single letter (e.g., \emph{\acm{a}}) are supported. -\item This package is now called {\tt covington} (with the o) -and is compatible with \LaTeXe\ and NFSS as well as \LaTeX\ 2.09. +\item Multiple accents on a single letter (e.\,g., \emph{\acm{a}}) are supported. +\item This package is now called \texttt{covington} (with the o) +and is compatible with \LaTeXe\ and \textsc{nfss} as well as \LaTeX\ 2.09. \item The vertical placement of labeled feature structures has been changed so that the category labels line up regardless of the size of the structures. \end{itemize} + \section*{Introduction} -This file, {\tt covington.tex}, is the documentation for the -March 2001 version of {\tt covington.sty}, which is a \LaTeX\ style -option for typing many of the special notations common in linguistics. - -{\footnotesize -In em\TeX\ under MS-DOS, {\tt covington.sty} is called {\tt covingto.sty}. -The missing $n$ has no effect.} - -To use {\tt covington.sty}, you should have a copy of it in either your -current directory or the directory where \LaTeX\ styles are kept on your -system. - -Then, under \LaTeXe, -include the command -\verb"\usepackage{covington}" -after your \verb"\documentclass" command. - -{\footnotesize -In \LaTeX\ 2.09, -include {\tt covington} among the optional parameters of -\verb"\documentstyle", like this: \hfill\\ -{\tt -\verb"\documentstyle[12pt,"\underline{covington}\verb"]{article}" -}\hfill\\ -Note the spelling {\tt covington} (9 letters). -} - -In what follows I presume that you know how to use \LaTeX\ and have -access to the \LaTeX\ manual. Note that {\tt covington.sty} does not + +This file, \texttt{covington.tex}, is the documentation for \MakeLowercase{\pversion} +of \texttt{covington.sty} (\pdate), which is a \LaTeX\ package providing macros +for typing some special notations common in linguistics.% +\footnote{The package has a long history. It started off as a collection of private macros back in the \LaTeX\ 2.09 days and was initially released as \texttt{covingtn.sty} (following the old 8.3 \textsc{fat} file name limit). In em\TeX\ under \textsc{ms-dos}, the file was distributed as \texttt{covingto.sty}. Eventually, it has been renamed to \texttt{covington.sty} and adapted to \LaTeXe. Its \LaTeX\ 2.09 traces are however still visible, and the style should actually still work with \LaTeX\ 2.09 (if not, drop us a note).} + +To use \texttt{covington.sty} with \LaTeXe, simply add the command +\lstinline"\usepackage{covington}" to your document preamble. + +\begin{quote} + \footnotesize + In \LaTeX\ 2.09, + include \texttt{covington} among the optional parameters of + \lstinline"\documentstyle", as in:\\ + \lstinline"\documentstyle[12pt,"\underline{covington}\verb"]{article}" +\end{quote} +The package has the following options: +\begin{itemize} + \item \joption{force}: Force the redefinition of environments that are already defined. This applies to the \jenv{example}, \jenv{examples} and \jenv{exercise} environments, which are by default not touched if they are already defined before \texttt{covington} is loaded. See sec.~\ref{sec:ex}, \ref{sec:exs} and \ref{sec:exercises} for details. +\end{itemize} + +In what follows we presume that you know how to use \LaTeX\ and have +access to \LaTeX\ manuals. Note that \texttt{covington.sty} does not provide any special fonts or character sets. However, it can be used in combination with other style sheets that do. -If you are using {\tt covington.sty} and {\tt uga.sty} (UGa thesis style) -together, you should mention {\tt uga} before {\tt covington}. +If you are using \texttt{covington.sty} and \texttt{uga.sty} (UGa thesis style) +together, you should load \texttt{uga} before \texttt{covington}. -\section{Accents} +\section{Stacked accents}\label{sec:accents} \LaTeX\ provides a generous range of accents that can be placed on any letter, such as: @@ -79,51 +175,65 @@ letter, such as: \`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} \end{flushleft} which are typed, respectively, as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting} \`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} -\end{verbatim} -\LaTeX also provides the foreign characters +\end{lstlisting} +\LaTeX\ also provides support for many non-\textsc{ascii} characters, such as\footnote{Please refer to \cite{pakin} for a comprehensive list of special characters and symbols.}: \begin{flushleft}\obeyspaces \i \j \ae \AE \oe \OE \aa \AA \o \O \l \L \ss ?` !` \end{flushleft} -which are typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +via the macros: +\begin{lstlisting} \i \j \ae \AE \oe \OE \aa \AA \o \O \l \L \ss ?` !` -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} -But by itself, \LaTeX\ doesn't give you a convenient way to put two -accents on the same letter. To fill this gap, {\tt covington.sty} provides +But out of the box, \LaTeX\ doesn't give you a convenient way to put \emph{two} +accents on the same letter. To fill this gap, \texttt{covington.sty} provides the following macros: \begin{flushleft} -\verb,\twoacc[...|...], \quad to combine any 2 accents, e.g., - \verb.\twoacc[\~|\={a}]. = \twoacc[\~|\={a}]\\[6pt] -\verb,\acm{...}, \quad for acute over macron, e.g., \verb.\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ -\verb,\grm{...}, \quad for grave over macron, e.g., \verb.\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ -\verb,\cim{...}, \quad for circumflex over macron, e.g., \verb.\cim{a}. = \cim{a} + \jcsmacro{twoacc[\ldots|\ldots]} \quad to combine any two accents, e.\,g., + \lstinline[moretexcs={twoacc}].\twoacc[\~|\={a}]. = \twoacc[\~|\={a}]\\[6pt] + \jcsmacro{acm\{\ldots\}} \quad for acute over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={acm}].\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{grm\{\ldots\}} \quad for grave over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={grm}].\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{cim\{\ldots\}} \quad for circumflex over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={cim}].\cim{a}. = \cim{a} \end{flushleft} The first of these is the general case and the latter three are special -cases that occur often in transcribing Greek. Now you can type +cases that are often used in Greek transcription. Now you can type \emph{Koin\acm{e}} with both accents in place. -Note the peculiar syntax of \verb.\twoacc. --- its arguments are in +The distance between the two accents can be adjusted via the length +\verb"\twoaccsep", which is preset to \texttt{-0.8ex}. +For instance, if you use \verb"\setlength{\twoaccsep}{-1.05ex}", the above examples will come out as + +\setlength{\twoaccsep}{-1.05ex} +\begin{flushleft} + \jcsmacro{twoacc[\ldots|\ldots]} \quad to combine any two accents, e.\,g., + \lstinline[moretexcs={twoacc}].\twoacc[\~|\={a}]. = \twoacc[\~|\={a}]\\[6pt] + \jcsmacro{acm\{\ldots\}} \quad for acute over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={acm}].\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{grm\{\ldots\}} \quad for grave over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={grm}].\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{cim\{\ldots\}} \quad for circumflex over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={cim}].\cim{a}. = \cim{a} +\end{flushleft} +with a slightly better matching distance for the font used here. + +Note the peculiar syntax of \jcsmacro{twoacc} --- its arguments are in square brackets, not curly brackets, and are separated by \verb.|.. The first argument is the upper accent (only) and the second argument is the letter with the lower accent indicated. -Note also that not all accents work in the {\tt tabbing} environment. -Use {\tt tabular} or see the \LaTeX\ manual for workarounds. +Note also that not all accents work in the \jfenv{tabbing} environment. +Use \jfenv{tabular} or refer to \cite{pakin} for alternative solutions. \section{Example numbers} Linguistics papers often include numbered examples. -The macro \verb"\exampleno" generates a new example number and can be +The macro \jcsmacro{exampleno} generates a new example number and can be used anywhere you want the number to appear. For example, to display a sentence with a number at the extreme right, do this: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={exampleno}] \begin{flushleft} This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) \end{flushleft} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} Here's what you get: \begin{flushleft} This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) @@ -131,41 +241,48 @@ This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) The example counter is actually the same as \LaTeX's equation counter, so that if you use equations and numbered examples in the same paper, you get a single continuous series of numbers. If you want to -access the number without changing it, use \verb"\theequation". +access the number without changing it, use \jfcsmacro{theequation}. -Also, you can use \verb"\label" and \verb"\ref" with example numbers in -exactly the same way as with equation numbers. See the \LaTeX\ manual for -details. This applies to the {\tt example} and {\tt examples} -environments, described next, as well as to \verb"\exampleno" itself. +Also, you can use \jfcsmacro{label} and \jfcsmacro{ref} with example numbers in +exactly the same way as with equation numbers. Refer to your \LaTeX\ manual for +details. This applies to the \jenv{example} and \jenv{examples} +environments, described next, as well as to \jcsmacro{exampleno} itself. -\section{The {\tt example} environment} +\section{The \jenv{example} environment}\label{sec:ex} -The {\tt example} environment displays a single example +The \jenv{example} environment (alias \jenv{covexample}) displays a single example with a generated example number to the left of it. If you type -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{example} This is a sentence. \end{example} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} +or +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covexample} +This is a sentence. +\end{covexample} +\end{lstlisting} you get: \begin{example} This is a sentence. \end{example} -The {\tt example} environment is a lot like {\tt flushleft}. The example -can be of any length; it can consist of many lines (separated by \verb"\\"), -or even whole paragraphs. +The example can be of any length; it can consist of many lines (separated by \verb"\\"), or even whole paragraphs. + +Note that, as of version 1.1, \texttt{covington} checks if there is already an \jenv{example} environment defined (e.\,g., by the class). If so, \texttt{covington} does not +define its own one. However, there is always the alias environment \jenv{covexample} which can be used in order to produce \texttt{covington's} example. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \texttt{covington} will override existing \jenv{example} environments. In any case, the package will issue a warning if \jenv{example} is already defined (this is the case, for instance, if you use \texttt{covington} with the \texttt{beamer} class). -One way to number sub--examples is to use {\tt itemize} or {\tt -enumerate} within an example, like this: -\begin{verbatim} +One way to number sub-examples is to use \jfenv{itemize} or \jfenv{enumerate} +within an example, like this: +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{example} \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] This is the first sentence. \item[(b)] This is the second sentence. \end{itemize} \end{example} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} This prints as: \begin{example} \begin{itemize} @@ -173,76 +290,84 @@ This prints as: \item[(b)] This is the second sentence. \end{itemize} \end{example} -However, the {\tt examples} environment, described next, is usually more +However, the \jenv{examples} environment, described next, is usually more convenient. -\section{The {\tt examples} environment} +\section{The \jenv{examples} environment}\label{sec:exs} To display a series of examples together, each with its own example -number, use {\tt examples} instead of {\tt example}. The only +number, use \jenv{examples} (or \jenv{covexamples}) instead of \jenv{example} or \jenv{covexample}. The only difference is that there can be more than one example, and each of them -has to be introduced by \verb"\item", like this: -\begin{verbatim} +has to be introduced by \jfcsmacro{item}, like this: +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{examples} \item This is the first sentence. \item This is the second sentence. \end{examples} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} +or, respectively: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covexamples} +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{covexamples} +\end{lstlisting} This prints as: \begin{examples} \item This is the first sentence. \item This is the second sentence. \end{examples} +As for \jenv{example}, \texttt{covington} checks if there is already an \jenv{examples} environment defined, and if this is the case, \texttt{covington} does not define its own one. The alias environment \jenv{covexamples} is always available as a fallback. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \texttt{covington} will override existing \jenv{examples} environments. The package will issue a warning if \jenv{examples} is already defined (this is the case, for instance, if you use \texttt{covington} with the \texttt{beamer} class), telling you how it has dealt with the situation. -\section{Glossing sentences word--by--word} +\section{Glossing sentences word-by-word} -To gloss a sentence is to annotate it word--by--word. Most commonly, a -sentence in a foreign language is followed by a word--for--word +To gloss a sentence is to annotate it word-by-word. Most commonly, a +sentence in a foreign language is followed by a word-for-word translation (with the words lined up vertically) and then a smooth translation (not lined up), like this:% \footnote{The macros for handling glosses are adapted with permission -from {\tt gloss.tex}, by Marcel R. van der Goot.} +from \texttt{gloss.tex}, by Marcel R. van der Goot.} \gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld. This is a Dutch example. \glt `This is an example in Dutch.' \glend That particular example would be typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] \gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld. This is a Dutch example. \glt `This is an example in Dutch.' \glend -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} Notice that the words do not have to be typed lining up; instead, \TeX\ counts them. If the words in the two languages do not correspond -one--to--one, you can use curly brackets to show the intended grouping. +one-to-one, you can use curly brackets to group words. For example, to print \gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands. This is a {little example} in {} Dutch. \glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' \glend you would type: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] \gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands. This is a {little example} in {} Dutch. \glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' \glend -\end{verbatim} -All together, {\tt covington.sty} gives you five macros for dealing with +\end{lstlisting} +All together, \texttt{covington.sty} provides five macros for dealing with glosses: \begin{itemize} -\item \verb"\gll" introduces two lines of words vertically aligned, and -activates an environment very similar to {\tt flushleft}. -\item \verb"\glll" is like \verb"gll" except that it introduces {\em -three} lines of lined--up words (useful for cited forms, morphology, +\item \jcsmacro{gll} introduces two lines of words vertically aligned, and +activates an environment very similar to \jfenv{flushleft}. +\item \jcsmacro{glll} is like \jcsmacro{gll} except that it introduces +\emph{three} lines of lined-up words (useful for cited forms, morphology, and translation). -\item \verb"\glt" ends the set of lined--up lines and introduces a line +\item \jcsmacro{glt} ends the set of lined-up lines and introduces a line (or more) of translation. -\item \verb"\gln" is like \verb"\glt" but does not start a new line +\item \jcsmacro{gln} is like \jcsmacro{glt} but does not start a new line (useful when no translation follows but you want to put a number on the right). -\item \verb"\glend" ends the special {\tt flushleft}--like environment. +\item \jcsmacro{glend} ends the special \jfenv{flushleft}-like environment. \end{itemize} Here are several examples. First, a sentence with three lines aligned, instead of just two: @@ -252,13 +377,13 @@ instead of just two: \glt `This is another example.' \glend This is typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={glll,glt,glend}] \glll Hoc est aliud exemplum. n.sg.nom 3.sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom This is another example. \glt `This is another example.' \glend -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} Next, an example with a gloss but no translation, with an example number at the right: \gll Hoc habet numerum. @@ -266,13 +391,13 @@ at the right: \gln \hfill (\exampleno) \glend That one was typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,gln,glend,exampleno}] \gll Hoc habet numerum. This has number \gln \hfill (\exampleno) \glend -\end{verbatim} -Finally we'll put a glossed sentence inside the {\tt example} +\end{lstlisting} +Finally we'll put a glossed sentence inside the \texttt{example} environment, which is a very common way of using it: \begin{example} \gll Hoc habet numerum praepositum. @@ -281,147 +406,173 @@ environment, which is a very common way of using it: \glend \end{example} This last example was, of course, typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] \begin{example} \gll Hoc habet numerum praepositum. This has number preposed \glt `This one has a number in front of it.' \glend \end{example} -\end{verbatim} -Notice that every glossed sentence begins with either \verb"\gll" or -\verb"\glll", then contains either \verb"\glt" or \verb"\gln", and ends -with \verb"\glend". Layout is critical in the part preceding -\verb"\glt" or \verb"\gln", and fairly free afterward. +\end{lstlisting} +Notice that every glossed sentence begins with either \jcsmacro{gll} or +\jcsmacro{glll}, then contains either \jcsmacro{glt} or \jcsmacro{gln}, and ends +with \jcsmacro{glend}. Layout is critical in the part preceding +\jcsmacro{glt} or \jcsmacro{gln}, and fairly free afterward. \section{Phrase structure rules} -To print the phrase structure rule \psr{S}{NP~VP} you can type -\verb"\psr{S}{NP~VP}", and likewise for other phrase structure rules. +To print phrase structure rules such as \psr{S}{NP~VP} you can use \texttt{covington's} macro +\lstinline[moretexcs={psr}]"\psr{<constituent>}{<sub-constituents>}" (for the given example, +\lstinline[moretexcs={psr}]"\psr{S}{NP~VP}"). \section{Feature structures} -To print a feature structure such as: +To print a feature structure such as \begin{flushleft} -%\fs{\it case:nom \\ \it person:P} -\fs{case:nom} +\fs{case:nom \\ person:P} \end{flushleft} you can type: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={fs}] \fs{case:nom \\ person:P} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} The feature structure can appear anywhere --- in continuous text, in a -displayed environment such as {\tt flushleft}, or inside a -phrase--structure rule, or even inside another feature structure. +displayed environment such as \jfenv{flushleft}, or inside a +phrase-structure rule, or even inside another feature structure. To put a category label at the top of the feature structure, like this, \begin{flushleft} \lfs{N}{case:nom \\ person:P} \end{flushleft} here's what you type: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={lfs}] \lfs{N}{case:nom \\ person:P} -\end{verbatim} -And here is an example of a PS--rule made of labeled feature structures: +\end{lstlisting} +And here is an example of a \textsc{ps}-rule made of labeled feature structures: \begin{flushleft} \psr{\lfs{S}{tense:T}} {\lfs{NP}{case:nom \\ number:N} \lfs{VP}{tense:T \\ number:N} } \end{flushleft} -which was of course typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +which was obviously coded as: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={lfs,psr}] \psr{\lfs{S}{tense:T}} {\lfs{NP}{case:nom \\ number:N} \lfs{VP}{tense:T \\ number:N} } -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} -\section{Discourse representation structures} +\section{Discourse Representation Structures} -Several macros in {\tt covington.sty} facilitate display of discourse -repsesentation structures (DRSes) in the box notation originally used by -Hans Kamp. The simplest is \verb"\drs", which takes two arguments: -a list of discourse variables joined by \verb"~", and a list of DRS +Several macros in \texttt{covington.sty} facilitate display of discourse +Representation Structures (\textsc{drs}es) in the box notation introduced by +Hans Kamp. The simplest one is \jcsmacro{drs}, which takes two arguments: +a list of discourse variables joined by \verb"~", and a list of \textsc{drs} conditions separated by \verb"\\". Nesting is permitted. Note that the -\verb"\drs" macro itself does not give you a displayed environment; you -must use {\tt flushleft} or the like to display the DRS. +\jcsmacro{drs} macro itself does not give you a displayed environment; you +must use \jfenv{flushleft} or the like to display the \textsc{drs}. Here are some examples: -\begin{verbatim} -\drs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} -\end{verbatim} + +\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={drs}] +\begin{flushleft} + \drs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +\end{minipage}\hfill +\begin{minipage}{.4\textwidth} \begin{flushleft} \drs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -\begin{verbatim} -\drs{X} -{named(X,`Pedro') \\ -\drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ - {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ - \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} -} -\end{verbatim} +\end{minipage} + +\medskip + +\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={drs}] +\begin{flushleft} + \drs{X} + {named(X,`Pedro') \\ + \drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ + {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ + \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} + } +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +\end{minipage}\hfill +\begin{minipage}{.4\textwidth} + \begin{flushleft} + \drs{X} + {named(X,`Pedro') \\ + \drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ + {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ + \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} + } + \end{flushleft} +\end{minipage} + +\medskip + +\noindent To display a sentence above the \textsc{drs}, use \jcsmacro{sdrs}, as in: + +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={sdrs}] \begin{flushleft} -\drs{X} -{named(X,`Pedro') \\ -\drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ - {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ - \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} -} + \sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -To display a sentence above the DRS, use \verb"\sdrs", like this: -\begin{verbatim} -\sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} +which prints as: + \begin{flushleft} -\sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} + \sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -Some DRS connectives are also provided (normally for forming -DRSes that are to be nested within other DRSes). -The macro \verb"\negdrs" forms a DRS preceded by a negation symbol: -\begin{verbatim} + +Some \textsc{drs} connectives are also provided (normally for forming +\textsc{drs}es that are to be nested within other \textsc{drs}es). +The macro \jcsmacro{negdrs} forms a \textsc{drs} preceded by a negation symbol: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={negdrs}] \negdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} \begin{flushleft} \negdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -Finally, \verb"\ifdrs" forms a pair of DRSes joined by a big arrow, +Finally, \jcsmacro{ifdrs} forms a pair of \textsc{drs}es joined by a big arrow, like this: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={ifdrs}] \ifdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\hungry(X)} {~}{feeds(Pedro,X)} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} \begin{flushleft} \ifdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\hungry(X)} {~}{feeds(Pedro,X)} \end{flushleft} -If you have an ``if''--structure appearing among ordinary predicates -inside a DRS, you may prefer to use \verb"\alifdrs", which is just like -\verb"\ifdrs" but shifted slightly to the left for better alignment. +If you have an ``if''-structure appearing among ordinary predicates +inside a \textsc{drs}, you may prefer to use \jcsmacro{alifdrs}, which is just like +\jcsmacro{ifdrs} but shifted slightly to the left for better alignment. -\section{Exercises} +\section{Exercises}\label{sec:exercises} -The {\tt exercise} environment generates an exercise numbered according +The \jenv{exercise} environment (alias \jenv{covexercise}) generates an exercise numbered according to chapter, section, and subsection (suitable for use in a large book; -in this example, the subsection number is going to come out as 0). +in this example, the subsection number is going to come out as 0). Here is an example: \begin{exercise}[Project] Prove that the above assertion is true. \end{exercise} -This was typed as -\begin{verbatim} +This was coded as +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{exercise}[Project] Prove that the above assertion is true. \end{exercise} -\end{verbatim} -and the argument \verb"[Project]" is optional (actually, any word could -go there). +\end{lstlisting} +The argument (\verb"[Project]" in the example) is optional. + +Note that, as of version 1.1, \texttt{covington} checks if there is already an \jenv{exercise} environment defined (e.\,g., by the class). If so, \texttt{covington} does not define its own one. However, there is always the alias environment \jenv{covexercise} which can be used in order to produce \texttt{covington's} exercise. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \texttt{covington} will override existing \jenv{exercise} environments. In any case, the package will issue a warning if \jenv{exercise} is already defined. \section{Reference Lists} -To type an LSA--style hanging--indented reference list, use the {\tt -reflist} environment. ({\em Note:\/} {\tt reflist} is not presently +To type a simple \textsc{lsa}-style hanging-indented reference list, you can use the \jenv{reflist} +environment. (\emph{Note:} \jenv{reflist} is not presently integrated with Bib\TeX\ in any way.) For example, -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{reflist} Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. Computational complexity and natural language. Cambridge, @@ -431,9 +582,9 @@ Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Covington, Michael. 1993. Natural language processing for Prolog -programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice--Hall. +programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. \end{reflist} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} prints as: \begin{reflist} Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. @@ -444,7 +595,7 @@ Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Covington, Michael A. 1993. Natural--language processing for Prolog -programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice--Hall. +programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. \end{reflist} Notice that within the reference list, ``French spacing'' is in effect --- that is, spaces after periods are no wider than normal spaces. Thus @@ -454,31 +605,36 @@ people's initials. \section{Displayed sentences} -The macro \verb"\sentence" displays an italicized sentence (it is a -combination of {\tt flushleft} and \verb"\em"). If you type -\begin{verbatim} +The macro \jcsmacro{sentence} displays an italicized sentence (it is a +combination of \jfenv{flushleft} and \jfmacro{itshape}). If you type +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={sentence}] \sentence{This is a sentence.} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} you get: \sentence{This is a sentence.} \section{Big curly brackets (disjunctions)} -Last of all, the 2--argument macro \verb"\either" expresses alternatives -within a sentence or PS--rule: +Last of all, the two-argument macro \jcsmacro{either} expresses alternatives +within a sentence or \textsc{ps}-rule: \begin{flushleft} -\verb"the \either{big}{large} dog" $=$ the \either{big}{large} dog \\ +\lstinline[moretexcs={either}]"the \either{big}{large} dog" $=$ the \either{big}{large} dog \\ \end{flushleft} \begin{flushleft} -\verb"\psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} " $=$ \psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} +\lstinline[moretexcs={either,psr}]"\psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} " $=$ \psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} \end{flushleft} -That's all there is. -Suggestions for improving {\tt covington.sty} are welcome, and bug -reports are actively solicited. Please note, however, that this is free -software, and the author makes no commitment to do any further work on +That's all there is for now. +Suggestions for improving \texttt{covington.sty} are welcome, and bug +reports are actively solicited (via \url{https://github.com/jspitz/covington}). Please note, however, that this is free +software, and the authors make no commitment to do any further work on it. +\begin{thebibliography}{99} + \bibitem{pakin} Pakin, Scott. The Comprehensive \LaTeX\ Symbol List. + 30 November 2015. \url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive}. +\end{thebibliography} + \end{document} diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.pdf Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cf667399b65..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.pdf +++ /dev/null diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.tex deleted file mode 100644 index 658907b9887..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covingtonGerm.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,491 +0,0 @@ -% File: covington.tex (in LaTeX2e) -% Documentation in German for covington.sty - -\documentclass{article} -\usepackage[ngerman]{babel} -\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} -\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} -\setlength{\parskip}{1ex plus 0.2ex minus 0.1ex} -\usepackage{covington} -\title{\bf Linguistisch editieren mit {\tt covington.sty}} -\author{Michael A. Covington\footnote{Deutsche ?bersetzung von Robert Galow -(Friedrich-Schiller-Universit?t Jena).}\\ - \small Artificial Intelligence Center \\ - \small The University of Georgia \\ - \small Athens, Georgia 30602 \sc u.s.a.\\ - mcovingt@ai.uga.edu\\ - http://www.ai.uga.edu/$\sim$mc} - -\date{29.03.2007} - - -\begin{document} -\maketitle -{\footnotesize \tableofcontents} -\typeout{Run LaTeX twice to get a correct table of contents.} - -\section*{Neues in dieser Version} -\begin{itemize} -\item Merkmalsstrukturen erfordern nicht l?nger den Befehl \verb"\it", um kursive Schrift anzeigen zu lassen. -\item Die vorliegende Dokumentation wurde f?r \LaTeXe\ Benutzer redigiert. -\end{itemize} - -\section*{Neues in ?lteren Versionen} -\begin{itemize} -\item Mehrere Akzente ?ber einem einzigen Graphem (Bsp.: \emph{\acm{a}}) werden unterst?tzt. -\item Dieses Paket wurde in {\tt covington} (mit \textit{o}) umbenannt und ist sowohl mit \LaTeXe\ und NFSS -als auch \LaTeX\ 2.09. kompatibel. -\item Die vertikale Anordnung beschrifteter Merkmalsstrukturen wurde derart ver?ndert, dass die -Kategoriebezeichnungen nun unabh?ngig von der Gr??e der Strukturdarstellung angeordnet werden. -\end{itemize} - -\section*{Einf?hrung} -Die Datei {\tt covington.tex} ist die Dokumentation der Version {\tt covington.sty} vom M?rz 2001. -Mit dieser \LaTeX\ Style-Option wird es nun m?glich spezielle und f?r die Linguistik typische Anmerkungen -sowie Strukturen darzustellen. - -{\footnotesize -In em\TeX\ unter MS-DOS finden Sie {\tt covington.sty} mit der Bezeichnung {\tt covingto.sty}. -Das fehlende $n$ hat keinerlei Auswirkungen.} - -Um {\tt covington.sty} nutzen zu k?nnen, sollten Sie entweder ?ber eine Kopie in ihrem aktuellen Ordner oder im \LaTeX\- Verzeichnis verf?gen, in dem ihre \LaTeX\ Style-Files gespeichert werden. - -Unter \LaTeXe\ -f?gen Sie nach \verb"\documentclass" -den Befehl\\ \verb"\usepackage{covington}" hinzu. - -{\footnotesize -Bei \LaTeX\ 2.09 f?gen Sie {\tt covington} unmittelbar in den \verb"\documentstyle" Befehl mit ein. -Das Ergebnis: \hfill\\ -{\tt -\verb"\documentstyle[12pt,"\underline{covington}\verb"]{article}" -}\hfill\\ -Beachten Sie die richtige Schreibweise {\tt covington} (9 Buchstaben). -} - -F?r diese Dokumentation wird vorausgesetzt, dass Sie wissen, wie Sie korrekt mit \LaTeX\ umgehen und dass -Sie ?ber eine \LaTeX-Anleitung verf?gen. {\tt covington.sty} bietet Ihnen keine speziellen Fonts -oder Grapheme, kann jedoch mit anderen passenden Stildateien verwendet werden. - -Falls Sie {\tt covington.sty} und {\tt uga.sty} (UGa thesis style) -zusammen nutzen, sollten Sie {\tt uga} vor {\tt covington} erw?hnen. - - -\section{Akzente} - -\LaTeX\ bietet eine gro?z?gige Auswahl von Akzenten, die ?ber jedem beliebigen Graphem platziert werden -k?nnen. -Beispiele: -\begin{flushleft} -\`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} -\end{flushleft} -Die Eingabe erfolgt so: -\begin{verbatim} -\`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} -\end{verbatim} - -\LaTeX\ erm?glicht nat?rlich auch diese Grapheme: -\begin{flushleft}\obeyspaces -\i \j \ae \AE \oe \OE \aa \AA \o \O \l \L \ss ?` !` -\end{flushleft} -Die Eingabe daf?r: -\begin{verbatim} -\i \j \ae \AE \oe \OE \aa \AA \o \O \l \L \ss ?` !` -\end{verbatim} - -\LaTeX\ bietet leider keine bequeme M?glichkeit zwei Akzente ?ber dem selben -Graphem zu realisieren. Abhilfe schafft hier {\tt covington.sty} mit den folgenden -Makros: -\begin{flushleft} -\verb,\twoacc[...|...], \quad um 2 beliebige Akzente zu kombinieren. Bsp.: - \verb.\twoacc[\~|\={a}]. = \twoacc[\~|\={a}]\\[6pt] -\verb,\acm{...}, \quad f?r einen Akut ?ber dem L?ngsstrich,Bsp.: \verb.\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ -\verb,\grm{...}, \quad f?r einen Gravis ?ber dem L?ngsstrich, Bsp.: \verb.\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ -\verb,\cim{...}, \quad f?r Zirkumflex ?ber dem L?ngsstrich, Bsp.: \verb.\cim{a}. = \cim{a} -\end{flushleft} -Der erste der obigen Beispiele ist der allgemeine Fall, die anderen drei sind spezielle. Diese -entstehen oft beim Transkribieren aus dem Griechischen. Nun k?nnen sie mit beiden Akzenten an selber Stelle -\emph{Koin\acm{e}} schreiben. - -Beachten sie die spezielle Syntax von \verb.\twoacc. --- dessen Argumente werden in eckigen, aber nicht -geschwungenen Klammern gefasst. Die Argumente werden durch \verb.|. getrennt. -Das erste Argument ist der obere Akzent (nur), das zweite das Graphem mit dem niedrigen Akzent. - -Bitte beachten Sie, dass Akzente nicht in der {\tt tabbing} Umgebung funktionieren. -Nutzen Sie {\tt tabular} oder ihre \LaTeX\ Anleitung f?r L?sungsvorschl?ge. - -\section{Makros f?r nummerierte Satzbeispiele} - -Linguistische Aufs?tze beinhalten oft nummerierte Beispiele. -Das Makro \verb"\exampleno" generiert eine neue Beispielnummer und kann an beliebiger Stelle genutzt werden. -Um beispielsweise einen Satz mit einer rechtsb?ndigen Beispielnummer zu erhalten, geben Sie ein: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{flushleft} -Das ist ein Satz. \hfill (\exampleno) -\end{flushleft} -\end{verbatim} -Das Resultat sieht so aus: -\begin{flushleft} -Das ist ein Satz. \hfill (\exampleno) -\end{flushleft} -Der Beispielz?hler funktioniert im Prinzip wie die \LaTeX-Nummerierung von Gleichungen. -Sollten Sie also Gleichungen UND nummerierte Beispiele im selben Dokument nutzen, -erhalten Sie eine fortlaufende Nummerierung von Beispielen. Um auf die -Nummer zuzugreifen, ohne sie zu ?ndern, nutzen Sie \verb"\theequation". - -Sie k?nnen auch \verb"\label" und \verb"\ref" jeweils f?r Beispielnummern als auch f?r -die Gleichungsnummerierung nutzen. Sehen Sie dazu in Ihren \LaTeX\ Unterlagen nach. -Die dargestellte Situation trifft auch f?r die {\tt example} und {\tt examples} -Umgebungen zu, die als n?chstes beschrieben werden sollen, aber auch f?r \verb"\exampleno" selbst. - -\section{Nummerierte Beispiele mit der {\tt example}-Umgebung} - -Die {\tt example}-Umgebung stellt ein einziges Beispiel mit einer linksb?ndig -generierten Beispielnummer dar. - -Wenn Sie Nachfolgendes eingeben, -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{example} -This is a sentence. -\end{example} -\end{verbatim} -erhalten Sie als Resultat: -\begin{example} -Das ist ein Beispiel. -\end{example} -Die {\tt example}-Umgebung ?hnelt stark {\tt flushleft}. Dabei kann das Beispiel -beliebiger L?nge sein und sowohl mehreren Zeilen (getrennt durch \verb"\\") -oder sogar ganzen Abs?tzen bestehen. - -Eine M?glichkeit innerhalb untergeordneter Beispiele zu nummerieren, bietet {\tt itemize} oder {\tt -enumerate}. - -Beispiel: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{example} -\begin{itemize} -\item[(a)] Das ist der erste Satz. -\item[(b)] Das ist der zweite Satz. -\end{itemize} -\end{example} -\end{verbatim} -Das Resultat: -\begin{example} -\begin{itemize} -\item[(a)] Das ist der erste Satz. -\item[(b)] Das ist der zweite Satz. -\end{itemize} -\end{example} -Die im n?chsten Punkt beschriebene {\tt examples}-Umgebung ist ?blicher. - -\section{Nummerierte Beispiele mit der {\tt examples}-Umgebung} - -Um mehrere Beispiele mit jeweiliger Nummerierung zusammen anzeigen zu lassen, -nutzen Sie {\tt examples} anstelle von {\tt example}. Der einzige Unterschied besteht darin, -dass mehrere Beispiele angezeigt werden k?nnen, implementiert mit \verb"\item". - -Ein Beispiel: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{examples} -\item Das ist der erste Satz. -\item Das ist der zweite Satz. -\end{examples} -\end{verbatim} -Das Resultat: -\begin{examples} -\item Das ist der erste Satz. -\item Das ist der zweite Satz. -\end{examples} - - -\section{S?tze glossieren und interlineares ?bersetzen} - -Einen Satz zu glossieren meint, ihn Lexem f?r Lexem zu "`erl?utern"'. In der Regel werden bei -interlinearen ?bersetzungen zun?chst S?tze der Ausgangssprache Wort f?r Wort, also unter Verzicht auf -syntaktisch-grammatikalische Regeln, in vertikaler Anordnung ?bersetzt. Danach folgt die philologische -?bersetzung, die Lexeme nach syntaktischen und grammatischen Regeln der Zielsprache gliedert, -Satzglieder also korrekt anordnet. - -Ein Beispiel:% -\footnote{Die Makros zum Umgang mit Glossen wurden mit Erlaubnis von Marcel R. van der Goot von {\tt gloss.tex} angepasst.} -\gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld. - Das ist ein niederl?ndisches Beispiel. -\glt `Das ist ein Beispiel auf Niederl?ndisch.' -\glend -Dieses spezielle Beispiel wird so eingegeben: -\begin{verbatim} -\gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld. - Das ist ein niederl?ndisches Beispiel. -\glt `Das ist ein Beispiel auf Niederl?ndisch.' -\glend -\end{verbatim} -Da \TeX\ Lexeme z?hlt, m?ssen Sie diese nicht in einer Zeile entsprechend ihrer Anzahl ordnen. Wenn also -Lexeme von Ausgangs- und Zielsprache nicht korrespondieren, k?nnen Sie zur Veranschaulichung der -intendierten Reihenfolge geschweifte Klammern nutzen. -M?chten Sie beispielsweise folgende S?tze darstellen -\gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands. - Das ist ein {kleines Beispiel} auf {} Niederl?ndisch. -\glt `Das ist ein kleines Beispiel auf Niederl?ndisch.' -\glend -schreiben Sie: -\begin{verbatim} -\gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands. - Das ist ein {kleines Beispiel} auf {} Niederl?ndisch. -\glt `Das ist ein kleines Beispiel auf Niederl?ndisch.' -\glend -\end{verbatim} -Insgesamt bietet Ihnen {\tt covington.sty} f?nf Makros zum Umgang mit Glossen: -\begin{itemize} -\item \verb"\gll" stellt zwei Zeilen vertikal zueinander angeordneter W?rter dar. Die damit verbundene -Umgebung ?hnelt {\tt flushleft}. -\item \verb"\glll" entspricht \verb"gll", nur gibt es -{\em drei} Zeilen angeordneter W?rter (N?tzlich f?r Zitate, Morphologisches, -und ?bersetzungen). -\item \verb"\glt" beendet Zeilen mit aufeinander angeordneter W?rter und f?hrt eine Zeile -(oder mehr) mit der ?bersetzung auf. -\item \verb"\gln" entspricht \verb"\glt" , beginnt aber keine neue Zeile -(n?tzlich, wenn keine ?bersetzung folgt, daf?r aber eine rechtsb?ndige Beispielnummerierung). -\item \verb"\glend" beendet die \verb"\gll" Umgebung. -\end{itemize} -Hier sind weitere Beispiele. Erstens, einen Satz mit drei Zeilen in vertikaler Anordnung: -\glll Hoc est aliud exemplum. - n.sg.nom 3.sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom - Das ist ein anderes Beispiel. -\glt `Das ist ein anderes Beispiel.' -\glend -Die Eingabe muss sein: -\begin{verbatim} -\glll Hoc est aliud exemplum. - n.sg.nom 3.sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom - Das ist ein anderes Beispiel. -\glt `Das ist ein anderes Beispiel.' -\glend -\end{verbatim} -Jetzt ein Beispiel mit einer Glosse ohne philologische ?bersetzung. Auf der rechten Seite setzen wir -au?erdem eine Beispielnummer: -\gll Hoc habet numerum. - Das hat Nummer. -\gln \hfill (\exampleno) -\glend -Die Eingabe muss sein: -\begin{verbatim} -\gll Hoc habet numerum. - Das hat Nummer -\gln \hfill (\exampleno) -\glend -\end{verbatim} -Hier noch eine sehr g?ngige Methode: Wir f?gen einen glossierten Satz in die {\tt example} -Umgebung ein: -\begin{example} -\gll Hoc habet numerum praepositum. - Das hat Nummer davor -\glt `Dieses hat eine Nummer davor.' -\glend -\end{example} -Die Eingabe muss sein: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{example} -\gll Hoc habet numerum praepositum. - Das hat Nummer davor -\glt `Dieses hat eine Nummer davor.' -\glend -\end{example} -\end{verbatim} -Bitte merken Sie sich, dass jeder glossierte Satz entweder mit \verb"\gll" oder -\verb"\glll" beginnt, dann entweder \verb"\glt" oder \verb"\gln" enth?lt, und schlie?lich mit -\verb"\glend" endet. Das Layout im Arbeitsschritt vor -\verb"\glt" oder \verb"\gln" ist an feste Kriterien gebunden, danach aber wesentlich freier gestaltbar. - -\section{Satzstruktur-Regeln darstellen} - -Um die Satzstruktur-Regel \psr{S}{NP~VP} darzustellen, k?nnen Sie -\verb"\psr{S}{NP~VP}" eingeben. -Das gilt nat?rlich auch f?r alle anderen Satzstruktur-Regeln. - -\section{Repr?sentation von Merkmalsstrukturen} - -Um eine Merkmalsstrukur wie die nachfolgende zu erhalten, -\begin{flushleft} -%\fs{\it Kasus:nom \\ \it Persona:P} -\fs{Kasus:nom} -\end{flushleft} -k?nnen Sie eingeben: -\begin{verbatim} -\fs{Kasus:nom \\ Persona:P} -\end{verbatim} - -Merkmalstrukturen k?nnen ?berall integriert werden -- in Flie?texte, in spezielle -Umgebungen wie {\tt flushleft}, in den Zusammenhang syntaktischer Regeln oder -sogar in andere Merkmalstrukturen. - -Um Kategorienamen einer Merkmalstruktur ?ber diesselbe zu setzen, wie in -dem nachfolgenden Beispiel zu sehen ist, -\begin{flushleft} -\lfs{N}{Kasus:nom \\ Persona:P} -\end{flushleft} -geben Sie Folgendes ein: -\begin{verbatim} -\lfs{N}{Kasus:nom \\ Persona:P} -\end{verbatim} -Hier noch ein Beispiel f?r eine Satzstrukturdarstellung mit Kategoriebezeichnung ?ber der jeweiligen -Merkmalsstruktur: -\begin{flushleft} -\psr{\lfs{S}{Tempus:T}} - {\lfs{NP}{Kasus:nom \\ Nummerus:N} - \lfs{VP}{Tempus:T \\ Nummerus:N}} -\end{flushleft} -Die Eingabe daf?r ist: -\begin{verbatim} -\psr{\lfs{S}{Tempus:T}} - {\lfs{NP}{Kasus:nom \\ Nummerus:N} - \lfs{VP}{Tempus:T \\ Nummerus:N}} -\end{verbatim} - - -\section{Discourse Representation Structures nach H.Kamp setzen} - -Verschiedene Makros in {\tt covington.sty} erleichtern Diskurs Structures -(Kurz DRS von \emph{Discourse representation structure}. Wir wollen uns im -Folgenden auf die Verwendung -dieser g?ngigen Abk?rzung festlegen). Konkret sind die K?stchen-Bezeichnungen von Hans Kamp gemeint. -Das einfachste Makro ist \verb"\drs", welches zwei Argumente verlangt: -Ein Verzeichnis der Diskursvariablen verbunden mit \verb"~", und ein -Verzeichnis von DRS-Bedingungen -getrennt durch \verb"\\". Verschachtelung ist dabei erlaubt. Beachten Sie jedoch, dass Ihnen das -\verb"\drs" Makro an sich keine entfaltete Umgebung bietet. Sie m?ssen {\tt -flushleft} oder ?hnliches nutzen, -um eine DRS anzeigen zu lassen. -Hier sind einige Beispiele: -\begin{verbatim} -\drs{X}{Esel(X)\\gr?n(X)} -\end{verbatim} -\begin{flushleft} -\drs{X}{Esel(X)\\gr?n(X)} -\end{flushleft} -\begin{verbatim} -\drs{X} -{named(X,`Pedro') \\ -\drs{Y}{Esel(Y)\\besitzt(X,Y)}~~ - {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ - \drs{~}{f?ttert(X,Y)} -} -\end{verbatim} -\begin{flushleft} -\drs{X} -{named(X,`Pedro') \\ -\drs{Y}{Esel(Y)\\besitzt(X,Y)}~~ - {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ - \drs{~}{f?ttert(X,Y)} -} -\end{flushleft} -Um einen Satz oberhalb der DRS-Box zu platzieren, verwenden Sie \verb"\sdrs" wie im n?chsten Beispiel: -\begin{verbatim} -\sdrs{Ein Esel ist gr?n.}{X}{Esel(X)\\gr?n(X)} -\end{verbatim} -\begin{flushleft} -\sdrs{Ein Esel ist gr?n.}{X}{Esel(X)\\gr?n(X)} -\end{flushleft} -Au?erdem werden Ihnen DRS-Verbindungen angeboten, die normalerweise zur Repr?sentation von einer DRS in -einer anderen vorgesehen sind. -Das Makro \verb"\negdrs" generiert eine DRS, vor der ein Negationssymbol steht: -\begin{verbatim} -\negdrs{X}{Esel(X)\\gr?n(X)} -\end{verbatim} -\begin{flushleft} -\negdrs{X}{Esel(X)\\gr?n(X)} -\end{flushleft} -Als letztes ist \verb"\ifdrs" zu erw?hnen. Dabei handelt es sich um die Verbindung zweier DRS durch einen -gro?en Pfeil. -Beispiel: -\begin{verbatim} -\ifdrs{X}{Esel(X)\\hungrig(X)} - {~}{f?ttert(Pedro,X)} -\end{verbatim} -\begin{flushleft} -\ifdrs{X}{Esel(X)\\hungrig(X)} - {~}{f?ttert(Pedro,X)} -\end{flushleft} -Bei Verbindungen von gew?hnlichen Pr?dikaten und Konditionals?tzen innerhalb -einer DRS ist die Benutzung von \verb"\alifdrs" zu empfehlen. \verb"\alifdrs" ist -\verb"\ifdrs" sehr ?hnlich, wird aber zwecks besserer Anordnung etwas weiter nach links ger?ckt. - -\section{?bungsbeispiele} - -Die {\tt exercise}-Umgebung generiert eine nach Kapitel, Absatz und -Unterabschnitt nummerierte ?bung. Diese Option eignet sich beispielsweise f?r in B?chern auftretende ?bungen. -Im folgenden Beispiel wird der Unterabschnitt als 0 angezeigt: -\begin{exercise}[Projekt] -Beweisen Sie die Richtigkeit der oben gestellten Hypothese. -\end{exercise} -Die notwendige Eingabe: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{exercise}[Projekt] -Beweisen Sie die Richtigkeit der oben gestellten Hypothese. -\end{exercise} -\end{verbatim} -Das Argument \verb"[Projekt]" kann optional verwendet werden und ist durch jedes beliebige Lexem ersetzbar. - -\section{Literaturverweise nach LSA-Muster} - -Um Bibliographien im LSA-Stil zu verfassen, nutzen Sie bitte die {\tt -reflist}-Umgebung. ({\em Anmerkung:\/} {\tt reflist} ist derzeit noch nicht -in Bib\TeX\ integriert.) Beispielsweise sehen die kommenden Nachweise in der Ausgabe wie folgt aus: - -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{reflist} -Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. -Computational complexity and natural language. Cambridge, -Massachusetts: MIT Press. - -Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, -Massachusetts: MIT Press. - -Covington, Michael. 1993. Natural language processing for Prolog -programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice--Hall. -\end{reflist} -\end{verbatim} -\begin{reflist} -Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. -Computational complexity and natural language. Cambridge, -Massachusetts: MIT Press. - -Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, -Massachusetts: MIT Press. - -Covington, Michael A. 1993. Natural language processing for Prolog -programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice--Hall. -\end{reflist} -Beachten Sie, dass innerhalb dieser Bibliographien ``French spacing'' angewandt wird. -Das bedeutet: Die Leerstellen nach Punkten sind nicht gr??er als das konventionelle Leerzeichen. Sie m?ssen -also nichts gegen ?bergro?e Abst?nde nach Namen unternehmen. - - -\section{Das Makro {\tt sentence}} - -Das Makro \verb"\sentence" hilft bei der Ausgabe von kursiven S?tzen, und ist eine -Kombination von {\tt flushleft} und \verb"\em"). Bei der Eingabe von -\begin{verbatim} -\sentence{Das ist ein Satz.} -\end{verbatim} -ist das Resultat: -\sentence{Das ist ein Satz.} - - -\section{Geschwungene Klammern und Disjunktionen mit {\tt either}} - -Zu guter Letzt: Das 2-Argumente-Makro \verb"\either" repr?sentiert Alternativen -innerhalb eines Satzes oder einer Satzstruktur: -\begin{flushleft} -\verb"the \either{schwer}{gro?e} dog" $=$ the \either{schwer}{gro?} dog \\ -\end{flushleft} -\begin{flushleft} -\verb"\psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} " $=$ \psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} -\end{flushleft} - -Mehr gibt es nicht zu sagen. -Vorschl?ge zur Verbesserung von {\tt covington.sty} sind willkommen und auf Bug-Reports wird gern -eingegangen. Bitte beachten Sie, dass es sich um kostenlose Software handelt und der Autor nicht zu -weiterer Arbeit an der Software verpflichtet ist. - -\end{document} - |