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+%% file: TXSsymb.doc - Special Symbols - TeXsis version 2.18
+%% @(#) $Id: TXSsymb.doc,v 18.2 2000/05/17 00:19:46 myers Exp $
+%======================================================================*
+% (C) Copyright 1989, 1992, 1995, 1997 by Eric Myers and Frank E. Paige
+% This file is a part of TeXsis. Distribution and/or modifications
+% are allowed under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL).
+% See the file COPYING or ftp://ftp.texsis.org/texsis/LPPL
+%======================================================================*
+\ifx\undefined\meta \texsis\input TXSdocM.doc\input Manual.aux\draft\fi
+
+\subsection{Special Symbols \label{sect.symb}}
+
+\TeXsis\ defines some special symbols and other constructions which
+are not included in plain \TeX\ and which either are commonly used
+by physicists or are not trivial to construct. The following
+macros, which are listed here by related groups, provide these
+additional special symbols for use in equations:
+\index{symbols!physics}
+\bigskip
+\itemize
+ \itm \CS{bra}\arg{text} and \CS{ket}\arg{text} produce the
+notations $\bra{\hbox{\it text}}$ and $\ket{\hbox{\it text}}$
+respectively for quantum mechanical states. \CS{vev}\arg{text}
+produces $\vev{\hbox{\it text}}$ for a VEV (\idx{Vacuum Expectation Value}).
+
+ \itm \CS{del}, \CS{grad}, and \CS{square} produce the notations
+$\del$, $\grad$, and $\square$ for various derivatives. (The first two
+are just synonyms for \cs{partial} and \cs{nabla}.)
+
+ \itm \CS{degrees} is the degrees symbol. For example, |90\degrees|
+produces ``90\degrees''. You can use \CS{degree} as a synonym. These
+work equally well in math or text mode.
+
+ \itm \CS{frac}\arg{numerator}\arg{denominator} produces the fraction
+|{|\<numerator> |\over| \<de\-nomi\-nator>|}|, while
+\hskip 0pt plus 6pt\CS{smallfrac}\arg{numerator}\arg{denominator}
+\hskip 0pt plus 6pt
+produces the same fraction in the smaller
+subscript style type. \CS{half} produces a $\half$ in a size appropriate
+to its usage.
+
+ \itm \CS{simle} and \CS{simge} make the symbols $\simle$ and
+$\simge$ to indicate "less than about" and "greater than about,"
+respectively. Synonyms for these are \CS{ltsim} and \CS{gtsim}.
+
+ \itm \CS{parenbar} puts a bar in parentheses above a character;
+this is often used to indicate either a particle or its antiparticle.
+\CS{nunubar} and \CS{ppbar} are special cases. Thus
+\TeXexample
+$$ n \parenbar{n} \qquad \nu \nunubar \qquad p \ppbar $$
+|endTeXexample
+gives
+$$
+n \parenbar{n} \qquad \nu \nunubar \qquad p \ppbar
+$$
+
+\goodbreak
+
+ \itm \CS{subrightarrow}\arg{text} puts the text under a right
+arrow of the appropriate length. Thus
+\TeXexample
+$$ f(x) \subrightarrow{x \to 0} f(0) $$
+|endTeXexample
+gives
+$$
+f(x) \subrightarrow{x \to 0} f(0)
+$$
+
+ \itm \CS{buildchar}\arg{\#1}\arg{\#2}\arg{\#3} gives character |#1| with
+|#2| above it and |#3| below it, allowing the construction of a variety
+of special symbols. \CS{overcirc} is a special case of this which puts
+a small circle above a character, as in $\overcirc R$. This is often
+used in general relativity and related fields.
+
+ \itm \CS{vbigl}\arg{delim}\arg{size} and
+\CS{vbigr}\arg{delim}\arg{size} produce very (or variably) big
+delimiters, generalizing the Plain \TeX\ macros \cs{bigl}, \cs{Bigr},
+etc. They produce, respectively, the left and right delimiters
+\meta{delim} with height \meta{size}, which can be given in pt., cm.,
+in., or any other valid units. Any valid delimiter may be used, but you
+must be careful if you use parentheses and automatic parenthesis sizing
+is also in effect (\Sect{paren}), because these conflict. You must
+either turn off automatic parenthesis sizing (with \cs{offparens}) or
+use \cs{lparen} or \cs{rparen} in place of `|(|' and `|)|'.
+
+\itm \CS{Leftcases}\arg{size} and \CS{Rightcases}\arg{size} give left
+and right braces of size \meta{size} smashed to zero height; these can
+be used in place of the \cs{cases} of Plain \TeX\ when it is desired to
+put an equation number on each line. For example,
+\TeXexample
+|smalltt$$\EQNalign{
+m_e &= ~.511~\MeV \EQN lep;a \cr
+m_\mu &= ~105~\MeV
+ \quad \Rightcases{50pt} \quad {\rm Leptons}
+ \EQN lep;b \cr
+m_\tau &= 1784~\MeV \EQN lep;c \cr}
+$$
+|endTeXexample
+gives\index{equations!alignment}
+$$\EQNalign{
+m_e &= ~.511~\MeV \EQN lep;a \cr
+m_\mu &= ~105~\MeV
+ \quad \Rightcases{50pt} \quad {\rm Leptons}
+ \EQN lep;b \cr
+m_\tau &= 1784~\MeV \EQN lep;c \cr}
+$$
+Note that |\Leftcases| and |\Rightcases| do not provide automatic
+spacing, which must be adjusted by the user as in the previous example.
+There seems to be no simple way to obtain automatic spacing and to
+allow an equation number on each line.
+
+
+ \itm \CS{sterling} produces the British currency mark \sterling.
+
+ \itm The astronomical symbols for the sun and the earth are
+\CS{sun} and \CS{earth}. For example, |$M_\sun$| and |$M_\earth$| give
+$M_\sun$ and $M_\earth$. You can also use them outside of math mode.
+
+
+ \itm \CS{dimensions}\arg{units}\arg{power} is used for dimensional
+analysis. The units appear in square brackets, raised to the given
+power. For example to produce \dimensions{mass}{-3} you would type
+|\dimensions{mass}{-3}|.
+
+ \itm \CS{slashchar}\arg{letter} puts a slash through a character, the
+notation for the contraction of a vector with Dirac $\gamma$ matrices
+in Feynman graphs. For example
+\TeXexample
+$$ {\cal L} =
+ \bar\psi[i\slashchar{\partial} - e\slashchar{A}-m]\psi $$
+|endTeXexample
+gives
+$$
+{\cal L} =
+ \bar\psi[i\slashchar{\partial} - e\slashchar{A}-m]\psi
+\,.
+$$
+The results produced by |\slashchar| are not as good as one would
+like. You can do somewhat better by adjusting the kerning of the |/|
+by hand for each character. For example,
+\TeXexample
+\def\Aslash{A\kern -0.47em/}
+|endTeXexample
+\def\Aslash{A\kern -0.47em/}%
+produces ``$\Aslash$''. But note that the angle of the slash is still
+not quite what one would like for a slashed ``$A$.'' To really get good
+looking slashed characters someone will have to create a new slashed
+character math font using MetaFont. Meanwhile you can get by with
+|\slashchar| or define your own using kerning.
+
+\enditemize
+\bigskip\pagecheck{0.2\vsize}
+
+ Abbreviations for units are normally set in Roman type even when used
+in formulas. Special function (e.g., sine, cosine and logarithm) or
+operator names are also set in Roman type, and \TeXsis\ adds some new
+names to go with the old standards.
+
+\itemize
+ \itm \CS{Tr} and \CS{tr} give ``$\Tr$'' and ``$\tr$'' respectively for the
+trace of an operator or of a matrix. \CS{diag} is used to denote a
+diagonal matrix, as in $\eta_{\mu\nu}=\diag(-1,1,1,1)$.
+
+ \itm \CS{real} and \CS{imag} give the symbols $\real$ and $\imag$
+for the real and imaginary parts of an expression; the spacing is like
+that for any other function or operator.
+
+ \itm \CS{eV}, \CS{keV}, \CS{MeV}, \CS{GeV}, and \CS{TeV} give the
+abbreviations for energy units $\eV$, $\keV$, $\MeV$, $\GeV$, and
+$\TeV$ respectively.
+
+ \itm \CS{mb}, \CS{mub}, \CS{nb}, \CS{pb}, and \CS{fb} give the
+abbreviations for cross section units $\mb$, $\mub$, $\nb$, $\pb$, and
+$\fb$ respectively, while \CS{cmsec} gives $\cmsec$, the standard units
+for luminosity in colliding beam accelerators.
+
+ \itm \CS{units}\arg{name} is a generic macro to print in Roman type
+the name of any units not covered by the macros above. For example,
+you can say \CS{units}|{furlongs}| and \CS{units}|{fortnights}|
+if you are using that particular system of units.
+\enditemize
+
+
+
+ Note that all of the abbreviations for units above are defined
+without any spacing; to produce
+$$
+{\cal L} = 10^{33}\,\cmsec, \qquad p_\perp = 8.3\,\GeV
+$$
+you should type
+\TeXexample
+$$
+{\cal L} = 10^{33}\,\cmsec, \qquad p_\perp = 8.3\,\GeV
+$$
+|endTeXexample
+with a |\,| to make a thin space between the number and the units.
+
+
+%>>> EOF TXSsymb.doc <<<