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+.. -*- rst-mode -*-
+
+.. sectnum::
+ :depth: 1
+
+Greek text with the `LGR` font encoding
+***************************************
+
+:Copyright: © 2010 Günter Milde
+:Licence: This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
+ conditions of the `LaTeX Project Public License`_, either
+ version 1.3 of this license or any later version.
+:abstract: The LGRx bundle provides packages and definitions for typesetting
+ Greek text with fonts in the LGR encoding, the de-facto standard
+ set by babel. It includes a comprehensive font definition file,
+ support for Unicode input and macros for Greek letters in
+ non-Greek text.
+
+.. contents::
+
+State of the Art
+================
+
+Up to now, there is no agreement on a Greek standard font encoding
+(reserved name `T7`) because the restrictions for general text encodings
+are too severe for typesetting polytonic Greek.
+
+The `LGR` font encoding is the de-facto standard for typesetting Greek with
+(8-bit) LaTeX. Fonts in this encoding include the `CB fonts`_ (matching CM),
+grtimes_ (Greek Times), Kerkis_ (matching URW Bookman), and the `GFS font
+collection`_. Setup of these fonts as Greek variant to matching Latin fonts
+is facilitated by the substitutefont_ package.
+
+The `LGR` font encoding generates Greek characters via an ASCII
+transliteration. This enables simple input with a Latin keyboard.
+Characters with diacritics are selected by ligature definitions in the
+font (see greek-usage.pdf__, teubner-doc.pdf__, or
+`The CB Greek fonts`__).
+
+__ http://www.tug.org/texlive/Contents/live/texmf-dist/doc/generic/babel/greek-usage.pdf
+__ http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/teubner/teubner-doc.pdf
+__ http://www.eutypon.gr/eutypon/pdf/e2008-21/e21-a01.pdf
+
+.. compound::
+
+ The name `LGR` does not reflect status of this font encoding due to
+ historical reasons. The encguide_ classifies encodings starting with `L`
+ as "local". Indeed, `LGR` started as a local encoding for the `CB Greek
+ fonts` by Claudio Beccari. Later, Apostolos Syropoulos advanced it to the
+ default font encoding for the `Babel`_ package's ``greek`` option. The
+ correct name would be ``OT7``:
+
+ * It is an 'old' encoding.
+ * It implements a Latin transscription for a non-Latin script like the
+ ``OT2`` encoding.
+ * It is not confined to 128 bit but ``OT4`` shows that this is no
+ absolute requirement for an `OT` encoding.
+
+ However, due to the fact that this font encoding has been used under its
+ current name for a long time, the name will not change for compatibility
+ reasons.
+
+
+Problems
+========
+
+1. Ligatures with prefix notation prevent kerning (see the examples
+ linked below or the `LGR` documentation linked above).
+
+2. Sub-optimal results with the standard accent macros:
+
+ * no combined accents,
+ * accents above (instead of before) capital letters,
+ * pre-composed characters are not used.
+
+3. The tilde character ``~`` is used for a non-breaking space by
+ default. Therefore the transliteration for the *perispomeni* accent is
+ not available without re-definition of this character. [#tildehack]_
+
+4. The ``polutonikogreek`` `Babel` option redefines both, ``~`` and ``\~``
+ to produce accents via input ligatures (restricted to the language
+ setting instead of the font encoding). This prevents the placing of a
+ tilde-accent on non-supported characters like in *niño* if the language
+ is set to polytonic Greek, even if ``\textlatin`` is used. [#poluhack]_
+
+5. There is no Unicode support with `inputenc`_'s ``utf8`` option.
+
+ The `ucs` package contributed by Dominique Unruh provides Unicode
+ support with the ``utf8x`` option. A `babel patch`_ by Werner Lemberg
+ for Greek Unicode support never got applied.)
+
+6. The LGR transliteration does not work for PDF bookmarks.
+
+
+.. _babel patch: http://www.eutypon.gr/eutypon/pdf/e2008-20/e20-a03.pdf
+
+
+.. [#tildehack] Problem 3 can be solved by the simple one-liner ::
+
+ \DeclareTextSymbol{\~}{LGR}{126}
+
+ which results in ``\~`` inserting a plain tilde character if the
+ font encoding is `LGR`.
+
+ Drawback: you cannot place a ~-accent on Greek characters except the
+ ones supported by an input ligature.
+
+.. [#poluhack] Fortunately, LaTeX saves copies of the accent macros: ``\~``
+ is an alias of ``\a~`` (which is an alias of ``\@tabacckludge~``), so it
+ can be restored after loading `Babel` with::
+
+ \addto\extraspolutonikogreek{\renewcommand*{\~}{\a~}}
+ \addto\extrasgreek{\renewcommand*{\~}{\a~}}
+
+ With this addition, both the comprehensive font encoding definitions and
+ the workaround [#tildehack]_ also work with the ``polutonikogreek``
+ `Babel` option.
+
+
+lgrxenc.def: Comprehensive font encoding definitions
+====================================================
+
+``lgrxenc.def`` is an alternative to the rudimentary `LGR` font
+definition file ``lgrenc.def`` which comes with Babel_'s Greek
+support. It defines accent macros for the `LGR` font encoding that
+select pre-composed glyphs if possible and places the diacritics
+according to Greek typesetting rules else. Combined accents can be
+specified as backslash + transliteration (``\~>a``) or iteratively
+(``\~\>{a}``).
+
+:Source: `<lgrxenc.def>`_, `<lgrxenc.def.html>`__
+:Doc: `<lgrxenc.tex>`__, `<lgrxenc.pdf>`__
+:Tests: `<lgrxenc-test.tex>`__, `<lgrxenc-test.pdf>`__
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+To prevent confusion with Babel_'s ``lgrenc.def``, this file is named
+``lgrxenc.def``. Load it by calling fontenc_ with the ``LGRx`` option.
+
+Example:
+ Select font encodings `T1` (as default) and `LGR` (with the comprehensive
+ font encoding definitions)
+
+ ``\usepackage[LGRx,T1]{fontenc}``
+
+.. Attention:: The name of the font encoding defined by the option ``LGRx``
+ is **not** `LGRx` but `LGR`. Therefore, ``LGRx`` may not be the
+ last option (as fontenc uses the last option to select the default font
+ encoding). To set `LGR` as as default font encoding specify both,
+ `LGRx` and `LGR`, e.g.
+
+ ``\usepackage[LGRx,T1,LGR]{fontenc}``
+
+
+lgrenc.dfu: Greek Unicode support
+=================================
+
+Standards-compatible UTF-8 support for Greek based on the comprehensive
+font encoding definitions.
+
+Cooperates with hyperref_ to enable Greek characters in section headers and
+PDF bookmarks without the need for ``\texorpdfstring``.
+
+:Source: `<lgrenc.dfu>`__, `<lgrenc.dfu.html>`__
+:Example: `<greek-unicode.tex>`__, `<greek-unicode.pdf>`__
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+Requires comprehensive font encoding definitions from ``lgrxenc.def``:
+
+ ``\usepackage[LGRx,T1]{fontenc}`` % define LGR and T1 encodings
+ ``\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}`` % standard UTF-8 input encoding
+
+Unless combined with the textalpha_ package, text containing Greek Unicode
+characters must be marked as requiring the LGR font encoding (either
+directly or by setting the language to ``greek`` or ``polutonikogreek``).
+This is a feature of inputenc_'s standard utf8 support, similar to the
+behaviour for, e.g., Cyrillic characters.
+
+
+.. _textalpha:
+
+textalpha.sty: Macros for Greek in text
+=======================================
+
+Macros for Greek letters in text that work in any font encoding (see the
+example below for limitations) and alias macros for compatibility with
+existing packages.
+
+Cooperates with hyperref_ and bookmark_ to enable Greek characters in
+section headers and PDF bookmarks without the need for ``\texorpdfstring``.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The package was renamed from `textgreek` to `textalpha` to prevent
+ confusion with the textgreek_ package by Leonard Michlmayr.
+
+:Source: `<textalpha.sty>`__, `<textalpha.sty.html>`__
+:Example: `<textalpha-test.tex>`__, `<textalpha-test.pdf>`__
+:Bookmarks: `<greekhyperref.tex>`__, `<greekhyperref.pdf>`__
+
+
+.. References
+ ==========
+
+.. _LaTeX Project Public License: http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+.. _CB Fonts: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete
+.. _grtimes: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/grtimes
+.. _GFS font collection: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/gfs
+.. _Kerkis: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/kerkis
+.. _substitutefont: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/substitutefont
+.. _encguide: http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/encguide.pdf
+.. _Babel: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel
+.. _fontenc: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/fontenc
+.. _inputenc: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/inputenc
+.. _textgreek: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/textgreek
+.. _hyperref: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/hyperref
+.. _bookmark: http://www.ctan.org/pkg/bookmark