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+Short Contents
+**************
+
+LaTeX2e
+1 Overview of LaTeX
+2 Starting & ending
+3 Document classes
+4 Typefaces
+5 Layout
+6 Sectioning
+7 Cross references
+8 Environments
+9 Footnotes
+10 Definitions
+11 Counters
+12 Lengths
+13 Line breaking
+14 Page breaking
+15 Making paragraphs
+16 Math formulas
+17 Modes
+18 Page Styles
+19 Spaces
+20 Boxes
+21 Special insertions
+22 Splitting the input
+23 Front/back matter
+24 Letters
+25 Terminal Input/Output
+26 Command Line
+Appendix A Document templates
+Concept Index
+Command Index
+
+
+Table of Contents
+*****************
+
+LaTeX2e
+1 Overview of LaTeX
+2 Starting & ending
+3 Document classes
+ 3.1 Document class options
+4 Typefaces
+ 4.1 Font styles
+ 4.2 Font sizes
+ 4.3 Low-level font commands
+5 Layout
+ 5.1 `\onecolumn'
+ 5.2 `\twocolumn'
+ 5.3 `\flushbottom'
+ 5.4 `\raggedbottom'
+ 5.5 Page layout parameters
+6 Sectioning
+7 Cross references
+ 7.1 `\label'
+ 7.2 `\pageref{KEY}'
+ 7.3 `\ref{KEY}'
+8 Environments
+ 8.1 `abstract'
+ 8.2 `array'
+ 8.3 `center'
+ 8.3.1 `\centering'
+ 8.4 `description'
+ 8.5 `displaymath'
+ 8.6 `document'
+ 8.7 `enumerate'
+ 8.8 `eqnarray'
+ 8.9 `equation'
+ 8.10 `figure'
+ 8.11 `flushleft'
+ 8.11.1 `\raggedright'
+ 8.12 `flushright'
+ 8.12.1 `\raggedleft'
+ 8.13 `itemize'
+ 8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters
+ 8.15 `list'
+ 8.16 `math'
+ 8.17 `minipage'
+ 8.18 `picture'
+ 8.18.1 `\circle'
+ 8.18.2 `\makebox'
+ 8.18.3 `\framebox'
+ 8.18.4 `\dashbox'
+ 8.18.5 `\frame'
+ 8.18.6 `\line'
+ 8.18.7 `\linethickness'
+ 8.18.8 `\thicklines'
+ 8.18.9 `\thinlines'
+ 8.18.10 `\multiput'
+ 8.18.11 `\oval'
+ 8.18.12 `\put'
+ 8.18.13 `\shortstack'
+ 8.18.14 `\vector'
+ 8.19 `quotation'
+ 8.20 `quote'
+ 8.21 `tabbing'
+ 8.22 `table'
+ 8.23 `tabular'
+ 8.23.1 `\multicolumn'
+ 8.23.2 `\cline'
+ 8.23.3 `\hline'
+ 8.23.4 `\vline'
+ 8.24 `thebibliography'
+ 8.24.1 `\bibitem'
+ 8.24.2 `\cite'
+ 8.24.3 `\nocite'
+ 8.24.4 Using BibTeX
+ 8.25 `theorem'
+ 8.26 `titlepage'
+ 8.27 `verbatim'
+ 8.27.1 `\verb'
+ 8.28 `verse'
+9 Footnotes
+ 9.1 `\footnote'
+ 9.2 `\footnotemark'
+ 9.3 `\footnotetext'
+ 9.4 Footnote parameters
+10 Definitions
+ 10.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand'
+ 10.2 `\newcounter'
+ 10.3 `\newlength'
+ 10.4 `\newsavebox'
+ 10.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment'
+ 10.6 `\newtheorem'
+ 10.7 `\newfont'
+ 10.8 `\protect'
+11 Counters
+ 11.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
+ 11.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}'
+ 11.3 `\value{COUNTER}'
+ 11.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
+ 11.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
+ 11.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
+ 11.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
+ 11.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters
+12 Lengths
+ 12.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
+ 12.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
+ 12.3 `\settodepth'
+ 12.4 `\settoheight'
+ 12.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
+ 12.6 Predefined lengths
+13 Line breaking
+ 13.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE]
+ 13.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr'
+ 13.3 `\newline'
+ 13.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen)
+ 13.5 `\fussy'
+ 13.6 `\sloppy'
+ 13.7 `\hyphenation'
+ 13.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak'
+14 Page breaking
+ 14.1 `\cleardoublepage'
+ 14.2 `\clearpage'
+ 14.3 `\newpage'
+ 14.4 `\enlargethispage'
+ 14.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak'
+15 Making paragraphs
+ 15.1 `\indent'
+ 15.2 `\noindent'
+ 15.3 `\parskip'
+ 15.4 Marginal notes
+16 Math formulas
+ 16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts
+ 16.2 Math symbols
+ 16.3 Math functions
+ 16.4 Math accents
+ 16.5 Spacing in math mode
+ 16.6 Math Miscellany
+17 Modes
+18 Page Styles
+ 18.1 `\maketitle'
+ 18.2 `\pagenumbering'
+ 18.3 `\pagestyle'
+ 18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
+19 Spaces
+ 19.1 `\hspace'
+ 19.2 `\hfill'
+ 19.3 `\SPACE'
+ 19.4 `\@'
+ 19.5 `\thinspace'
+ 19.6 `\/'
+ 19.7 `\hrulefill'
+ 19.8 `\dotfill'
+ 19.9 `\addvspace'
+ 19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
+ 19.11 `\vfill'
+ 19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
+20 Boxes
+ 20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}'
+ 20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox'
+ 20.3 `lrbox'
+ 20.4 `\makebox'
+ 20.5 `\parbox'
+ 20.6 `\raisebox'
+ 20.7 `\savebox'
+ 20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
+ 20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD'
+21 Special insertions
+ 21.1 Reserved characters
+ 21.2 Text symbols
+ 21.3 Accents
+ 21.4 Non-English characters
+ 21.5 `\rule'
+ 21.6 `\today'
+22 Splitting the input
+ 22.1 `\include'
+ 22.2 \`includeonly'
+ 22.3 \input
+23 Front/back matter
+ 23.1 Tables of contents
+ 23.1.1 \addcontentsline
+ 23.1.2 \addtocontents
+ 23.2 Glossaries
+ 23.3 Indexes
+24 Letters
+ 24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
+ 24.2 `\cc'
+ 24.3 `\closing'
+ 24.4 `\encl'
+ 24.5 `\location'
+ 24.6 `\makelabels'
+ 24.7 `\name'
+ 24.8 `\opening{TEXT}'
+ 24.9 `\ps'
+ 24.10 `\signature{TEXT}'
+ 24.11 `\startbreaks'
+ 24.12 `\stopbreaks'
+ 24.13 `\telephone'
+25 Terminal Input/Output
+ 25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
+ 25.2 `\typeout{MSG}'
+26 Command Line
+Appendix A Document templates
+ A.1 `book' template
+ A.2 `beamer' template
+ A.3 `tugboat' template
+Concept Index
+Command Index
+
+
+LaTeX2e
+*******
+
+This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an unofficial reference
+manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system. It is intended to
+cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many
+years.
+
+ LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX
+typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport;
+it is now maintained by a group of volunteers
+(`http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by
+the LaTeX project is available there. Again, the present document is
+unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers.
+
+1 Overview of LaTeX
+*******************
+
+The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the
+LaTeX "macro package" for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an
+input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands
+that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least
+three files as output:
+
+ 1. A main output file, which is one of:
+
+ 1. If invoked as `latex', a "Device Independent" (`.dvi') file.
+ This contains commands that can be translated into commands
+ for a variety of output devices. You can view such `.dvi'
+ output of LaTeX by using a program such as `xdvi' (display
+ directly) or `dvips' (convert to PostScript).
+
+ 2. If invoked as `pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format"
+ (`.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
+ all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but
+ it does make the output much larger than the `.dvi' produced
+ from the same document.
+
+ There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well,
+ which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.
+
+ 2. A "transcript" or `.log' file that contains summary information and
+ diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
+
+ 3. An "auxiliary" or `.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for
+ things such as sectioning.
+
+ A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a
+`\' followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single
+non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional
+while arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required.
+
+ LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
+explicitly directed to do otherwise.
+
+2 Starting & ending
+*******************
+
+A minimal input file looks like the following:
+
+ \documentclass{CLASS}
+ \begin{document}
+ YOUR TEXT
+ \end{document}
+
+where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document
+classes::, for details of the various document classes available
+locally.
+
+ You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass'
+and the `\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the
+"preamble").
+
+3 Document classes
+******************
+
+The class of a given document is defined with the command:
+
+ \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}
+
+The `\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX
+source file.
+
+ Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes
+are available as add-ons; *note Overview::):
+
+ article report book letter slides
+
+ Standard OPTIONS are described below.
+
+3.1 Document class options
+==========================
+
+You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the
+`\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual.
+To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma:
+
+ \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}
+
+ Here is the list of the standard class options.
+
+ All of the standard classes except `slides' accept the following
+options for selecting the typeface size (default is `10pt'):
+
+ 10pt 11pt 12pt
+
+ All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
+paper size (default is `letterpaper'):
+
+ a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
+
+ Miscellaneous other options:
+
+`draft, final'
+ mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is
+ `final'.
+
+`fleqn'
+ Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
+
+`landscape'
+ Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
+
+`leqno'
+ Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the
+ right side.
+
+`openbib'
+ Use "open" bibliography format.
+
+`titlepage, notitlepage'
+ Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on
+ the class.
+
+ These options are not available with the slides class:
+
+`onecolumn'
+`twocolumn'
+ Typeset in one or two columns; default is `onecolumn'.
+
+`oneside'
+`twoside'
+ Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is `oneside', except for
+ the `book' class.
+
+ The `\evensidemargin' (`\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the
+ distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
+ page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
+ size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For
+ one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided,
+ `\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between `\paperwidth'
+ and `\textwidth' with `\evensidemargin' the remainder.
+
+`openright'
+`openany'
+ Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default
+ is `openright' for book.
+
+ The `slides' class offers the option `clock' for printing the time
+at the bottom of each note.
+
+ Additional packages are loaded like this:
+
+ \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}
+
+ To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or
+use multiple `\usepackage' commands.
+
+ Any options given in the `\documentclass' command that are unknown
+by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
+`\usepackage'.
+
+4 Typefaces
+***********
+
+Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a
+style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.
+
+4.1 Font styles
+===============
+
+The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+ These commands are used like `\textit{italic text}'. The
+corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which
+takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
+next type style command or the end of the current group.
+
+ The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
+`\sffamily\bfseries' or `\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif.
+
+ You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for
+instance, `\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'.
+
+`\textrm (\rmfamily)'
+ Roman.
+
+`\textit (\itshape)'
+ Italics.
+
+`\emph'
+ Emphasis (switches between `\textit' and `\textrm').
+
+`\textmd (\mdseries)'
+ Medium weight (default).
+
+`\textbf (\bfseries)'
+ Boldface.
+
+`\textup (\upshape)'
+ Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
+
+`\textsl (\slshape)'
+ Slanted.
+
+`\textsf (\sffamily)'
+ Sans serif.
+
+`\textsc (\scshape)'
+ Small caps.
+
+`\texttt (\ttfamily)'
+ Typewriter.
+
+`\textnormal (\normalfont)'
+ Main document font.
+
+`\mathrm'
+ Roman, for use in math mode.
+
+`\mathbf'
+ Boldface, for use in math mode.
+
+`\mathsf'
+ Sans serif, for use in math mode.
+
+`\mathtt'
+ Typewriter, for use in math mode.
+
+`\mathit'
+`(\mit)'
+ Italics, for use in math mode.
+
+`\mathnormal'
+ For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
+
+`\mathcal'
+ `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.
+
+ In addition, the command `\mathversion{bold}' can be used for
+switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
+`\mathversion{normal}' restores the default.
+
+ LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
+the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used
+differently than the above commands, too: `{\CMD ...}' instead of
+`\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things.
+
+`\bf'
+ Switch to bold face.
+
+`\cal'
+ Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
+
+`\em'
+ Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
+
+`\it'
+ Italics.
+
+`\rm'
+ Roman.
+
+`\sc'
+ Small caps.
+
+`\sf'
+ Sans serif.
+
+`\sl'
+ Slanted (oblique).
+
+`\tt'
+ Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
+
+
+4.2 Font sizes
+==============
+
+The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The
+table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size
+used (in points) with the `10pt', `11pt', and `12pt' document size
+options, respectively (*note Document class options::).
+
+Command `10pt' `11pt' `12pt'
+--------------------------------------------------
+`\tiny' 5 6 6
+`\scriptsize' 7 8 8
+`\footnotesize' 8 9 10
+`\small' 9 10 10.95
+`\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12
+`\large' 12 12 14.4
+`\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28
+`\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74
+`\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88
+`\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88
+
+ The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of
+the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
+of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these
+commands; for instance, `\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.
+
+4.3 Low-level font commands
+===========================
+
+These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
+packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
+ones.
+
+`\fontencoding{enc}'
+ Select font encoding. Valid encodings include `OT1' and `T1'.
+
+`\fontfamily{family}'
+ Select font family. Valid families include:
+
+ * `cmr' for Computer Modern Roman
+
+ * `cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif
+
+ * `cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter
+
+ and numerous others.
+
+`\fontseries{series}'
+ Select font series. Valid series include:
+
+ * `m' Medium (normal)
+
+ * `b' Bold
+
+ * `c' Condensed
+
+ * `bc' Bold condensed
+
+ * `bx' Bold extended
+
+ and various other combinations.
+
+`\fontshape{shape}'
+ Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+
+ * `n' Upright (normal)
+
+ * `it' Italic
+
+ * `sl' Slanted (oblique)
+
+ * `sc' Small caps
+
+ * `ui' Upright italics
+
+ * `ol' Outline
+
+ The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
+
+`\fontsize{size}{skip}'
+ Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to
+ and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a
+ parameter named `\baselineskip'. The unit of both parameters
+ defaults to pt. The default `\baselineskip' for the Computer
+ Modern typeface is 1.2 times the `\fontsize'.
+
+ The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
+ `\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the
+ default is 1. However, the best way to "double space" a document,
+ if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use
+ the `setspace' package; see
+ `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace'.
+
+`\selectfont'
+ The changes made by calling the four font commands described above
+ do not come into effect until `\selectfont' is called.
+
+`\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}'
+ The same as invoking `\fontencoding', `\fontfamily', `\fontseries'
+ and `\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by
+ `\selectfont'.
+
+5 Layout
+********
+
+Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
+
+5.1 `\onecolumn'
+================
+
+The `\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
+single-column output. This is the default.
+
+5.2 `\twocolumn'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \twocolumn[TEXT1COL]
+
+ The `\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
+two-column output. If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is
+typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts.
+
+ These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
+
+`\columnsep'
+ The distance between columns (35pt by default).
+
+`\columnseprule'
+ The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so
+ there is no rule.
+
+`\columnwidth'
+ The width of the current column; this is equal to `\textwidth' in
+ single-column text.
+
+
+ These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
+
+`\dbltopfraction'
+ Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
+ occupied by floats. Default `.7', can be usefully redefined to
+ (say) `.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon.
+
+`\dblfloatpagefraction'
+ The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
+ floats, for a two-column float page. Default `.5'.
+
+`\dblfloatsep'
+ Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
+ page. Default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt'
+ documents, `14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for `12pt'.
+
+`\dbltextfloatsep'
+ Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a
+ page and the main text. Default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.
+
+
+5.3 `\flushbottom'
+==================
+
+The `\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height,
+adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page.
+
+ This is the default if `twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document
+class options::).
+
+5.4 `\raggedbottom'
+===================
+
+The `\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of
+the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched.
+
+5.5 Page layout parameters
+==========================
+
+`\headheight'
+ Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
+ `30pt', except in the `book' class, where it varies with the type
+ size.
+
+`\headsep'
+ Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the
+ top of the main text. Default is `25pt', except in the `book'
+ class, where it varies with the type size.
+
+`\footskip'
+ Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the
+ baseline of the page footer. Default is `30pt', except in the
+ `book' class, where it varies with the type size.
+
+`\linewidth'
+ Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size,
+ paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an `article' document in
+ `10pt', it's set to `345pt'; in two-column mode, that becomes
+ `229.5pt'.
+
+`\textheight'
+ The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies
+ with the font size, document class, etc. For an `article' or
+ `report' document in `10pt', it's set to `43\baselineskip'; for
+ `book', it's `41\baselineskip'. For `11pt', it's
+ `38\baselineskip' and for `12pt', `36\baselineskip'.
+
+`\textwidth'
+ The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as
+ usual. For an `article' or `report' document, it's `345pt' at
+ `10pt', `360pt' at `11pt', and `390pt' at `12pt'. For a `book'
+ document, it's `4.5in' at `10pt', and `5in' at `11pt' or `12pt'.
+
+`\topmargin'
+ Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
+ paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is
+ computed based on many other parameters: `\paperheight - 2in -
+ \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then
+ divided by two.
+
+`\topskip'
+ Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline
+ of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default
+ is the same as the font size, e.g., `10pt' at `10pt'.
+
+
+6 Sectioning
+************
+
+Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
+
+`\part'
+
+`\chapter'
+ (report and book class only)
+
+`\section'
+
+`\subsection'
+
+`\subsubsection'
+
+`\paragraph'
+
+`\subparagraph'
+
+ All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
+
+ \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}
+
+ In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the
+section title can appear in two other places:
+
+ 1. The table of contents.
+
+ 2. The running head at the top of the page.
+
+ You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
+To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
+TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places.
+
+ Also, all sectioning commands have `*'-forms that print TITLE as
+usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the
+table of contents. For instance:
+
+ \section*{Preamble}
+
+ The `\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units
+are numbered. The `\appendix' command itself generates no text and
+does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command
+is something like
+
+ \chapter{A Chapter}
+ ...
+ \appendix
+ \chapter{The First Appendix}
+
+7 Cross references
+******************
+
+One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
+the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
+
+7.1 `\label'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \label{KEY}
+
+ A `\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the
+number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
+environment assigns that number to KEY.
+
+ A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
+punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.
+
+ To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
+common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
+colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
+
+`ch'
+ for chapters
+
+`sec'
+ for lower-level sectioning commands
+
+`fig'
+ for figures
+
+`tab'
+ for tables
+
+`eq'
+ for equations
+
+ Thus, a label for a figure would look like `fig:snark' or
+`fig.snark'.
+
+7.2 `\pageref{KEY}'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \pageref{KEY}
+
+ The `\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in
+the text where the corresponding `\label'{KEY} command appears.
+
+7.3 `\ref{KEY}'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ref{KEY}
+
+ The `\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit,
+equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding `\label' command
+(*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word
+`Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.
+
+8 Environments
+**************
+
+LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each
+environment begins and ends in the same manner:
+
+ \begin{ENVNAME}
+ ...
+ \end{ENVNAME}
+
+8.1 `abstract'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+ \begin{abstract}
+ ...
+ \end{abstract}
+
+ Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple
+paragraphs.
+
+8.2 `array'
+===========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{array}{TEMPLATE}
+ COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\
+ ...
+ \end{array}
+
+ Math arrays are produced with the `array' environment, normally
+within an `equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single
+mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the
+alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter
+that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows:
+
+`c'
+ centered
+
+`l'
+ flush left
+
+`r'
+ flush right
+
+ Column entries are separated by `&'. Column entries may include
+other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with `\\'.
+
+ In the template, the construct `@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns
+in each row.
+
+ Here's an example:
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ \begin{array}{lrc}
+ left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
+ left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
+ \end{array}
+ \end{equation}
+
+ The `\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space
+separating columns; the default is `5pt'. *Note tabular::, for other
+parameters which affect formatting in `array' environments, namely
+`\arrayrulewidth' and `\arraystretch'.
+
+ The `array' environment can only be used in math mode.
+
+8.3 `center'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ \end{center}
+
+ The `center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
+current page. Each line is terminated with the string `\\'.
+
+8.3.1 `\centering'
+------------------
+
+The `\centering' declaration corresponds to the `center' environment.
+This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or
+in a `parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on
+the page by putting a `\centering' command at the beginning of the
+figure or table environment.
+
+ Unlike the `center' environment, the `\centering' command does not
+start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command (of an
+environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+ Here's an example:
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ \centering
+ first line \\
+ second line \\
+ \end{quote}
+
+8.4 `description'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{description}
+ \item [LABEL1] ITEM1
+ \item [LABEL2] ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{description}
+
+ The `description' environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
+LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right. The ITEM text may contain
+multiple paragraphs.
+
+ Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
+you typeset a label in typewriter using `\texttt', you'll get bold
+typewriter: `\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'. This may be too
+bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use `\tt', which
+resets all other style variations: `\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'.
+
+ For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::.
+
+8.5 `displaymath'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ MATH
+ \end{displaymath}
+
+or
+
+ \[MATH\]
+
+ The `displaymath' environment (`\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the
+MATH text on its own line, centered by default. The global `fleqn'
+option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::.
+
+ No equation number is added to `displaymath' text; to get an
+equation number, use the `equation' environment (*note equation::).
+
+8.6 `document'
+==============
+
+The `document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is
+required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::.
+
+8.7 `enumerate'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item ITEM1
+ \item ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ The `enumerate' environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
+can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
+be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as `itemize'
+(*note itemize::) and `description' (*note description::).
+
+ Each item of an enumerated list begins with an `\item' command.
+There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment.
+
+ By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
+
+ 1. 1., 2., ...
+
+ 2. (a), (b), ...
+
+ 3. i., ii., ...
+
+ 4. A., B., ...
+
+ The `enumerate' environment uses the counters `\enumi' through
+`\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If the optional argument to
+`\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item.
+
+ The `enumerate' environment uses the commands `\labelenumi' through
+`\labelenumiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use
+`\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand &
+\renewcommand::). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
+letters:
+
+ \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
+
+8.8 `eqnarray'
+==============
+
+ \begin{eqnarray} (or `eqnarray*')
+ FORMULA1 \\
+ FORMULA2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{eqnarray}
+
+ The `eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of
+equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column `array'
+environment, with consecutive rows separated by `\\' and consecutive
+items within a row separated by an `&'.
+
+ `\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
+meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.
+
+ An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
+`\nonumber' command. Alternatively, The `*'-form of the environment
+(`\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering
+entirely, while otherwise being the same as `eqnarray'.
+
+ The command `\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across
+lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
+zero width.
+
+8.9 `equation'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ MATH
+ \end{equation}
+
+ The `equation' environment starts a `displaymath' environment (*note
+displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also
+places an equation number in the right margin.
+
+8.10 `figure'
+=============
+
+ \begin{figure}[PLACEMENT]
+ FIGBODY
+ \label{LABEL}
+ \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
+Figures will not be split between two pages.
+
+ The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
+to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
+put a float:
+
+ 1. `h' (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure
+ environment appears.
+
+ 2. `t' (Top) - at the top of a text page.
+
+ 3. `b' (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+ 4. `p' (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+ The standard report and article classes use the default placement
+`tbp'.
+
+ The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+etc. you wish.
+
+ The `\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure. The
+caption is numbered by default. If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in
+the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::).
+
+ The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
+ the bottom; default `.3'.
+
+`\floatpagefraction'
+ The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
+ floats; default `.5'.
+
+`\floatsep'
+ Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default `12pt
+ plus2pt minus2pt'.
+
+`\intextsep'
+ Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text;
+ default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' styles,
+ `14pt plus4pt minus4pt' for `12pt'.
+
+`\textfloatsep'
+ Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+ default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.
+
+`\textfraction'
+ Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+ much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
+ different page. The default is `.2'.
+
+`\topfraction'
+ Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+ floats; default is `.7'.
+
+
+8.11 `flushleft'
+================
+
+ \begin{flushleft}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{flushleft}
+
+ The `flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph
+consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
+right Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'.
+
+8.11.1 `\raggedright'
+---------------------
+
+The `\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the `flushleft'
+environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
+as `quote' or in a `parbox'.
+
+ Unlike the `flushleft' environment, the `\raggedright' command does
+not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the
+paragraph unit.
+
+8.12 `flushright'
+=================
+
+ \begin{flushright}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{flushright}
+
+ The `flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph
+consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
+left. Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'.
+
+8.12.1 `\raggedleft'
+--------------------
+
+The `\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the `flushright'
+environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
+as `quote' or in a `parbox'.
+
+ Unlike the `flushright' environment, the `\raggedleft' command does
+not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the
+paragraph unit.
+
+8.13 `itemize'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item ITEM1
+ \item ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ The `itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list.
+Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments,
+such as `enumerate' (*note enumerate::).
+
+ Each item of an `itemize' list begins with an `\item' command.
+There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment.
+
+ By default, the marks at each level look like this:
+
+ 1. *
+
+ 2. -- (bold en-dash)
+
+ 3. *
+
+ 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
+
+ The `itemize' environment uses the commands `\labelitemi' through
+`\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use
+`\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first
+level use diamonds:
+
+ \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
+
+ The `\leftmargini' through `\leftmarginvi' parameters define the
+distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the
+left margin of the list. By convention, `\leftmargin' is set to the
+appropriate `\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered.
+
+ The defaults vary from `.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to `2.5em'
+(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example
+greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
+
+ \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
+
+ Some parameters that affect list formatting:
+
+`\itemindent'
+ Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
+
+`\labelsep'
+ Space between the label and text of an item; default `.5em'.
+
+`\labelwidth'
+ Width of the label; default `2em', or `1.5em' in two-column mode.
+
+`\listparindent'
+ Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within
+ a list item; default `0pt'.
+
+`\rightmargin'
+ Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
+ enclosing environment; default `0pt', except in the `quote',
+ `quotation', and `verse' environments, where it is set equal to
+ `\leftmargin'.
+
+
+ Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
+loose, by default).
+
+`\itemsep'
+ Vertical space between items. The default is `2pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt' for `10pt' documents, `3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `11pt',
+ and `4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `12pt'.
+
+`\parsep'
+ Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.
+ Defaults are the same as `\itemsep'.
+
+`\topsep'
+ Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
+ The default is `4pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' documents, `6pt
+ plus2pt minus2pt' for `11pt', and `9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for
+ `12pt'.
+
+`\partopsep'
+ Extra space added to `\topsep' when the list environment starts a
+ paragraph. The default is `2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `10pt'
+ documents, `3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `11pt', and `3pt plus2pt
+ minus2pt' for `12pt'.
+
+`\topsep'
+ Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list
+ item. Its value is changed with list level and font size changes;
+ for instance, within a first-level list at `10pt', it is `4pt
+ plus2pt minus2pt'.
+
+
+ Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
+space between items. Here is an example defining an `itemize*'
+environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
+within a single item (`\parskip' is not list-specific, *note
+\parskip::):
+
+ \newenvironment{itemize*}%
+ {\begin{itemize}%
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ {\end{itemize}}
+
+8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters
+==========================================
+
+This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::.
+
+8.15 `list'
+===========
+
+The `list' environment is a generic environment which is used for
+defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
+documents, but often in macros.
+
+ \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING}
+ \item ITEM1
+ \item ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{list}
+
+ The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be
+labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to `\item'). This
+argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
+label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
+
+ The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the
+spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
+empty, i.e., `{}', which leaves the default spacing.
+
+8.16 `math'
+===========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{math}
+ MATH
+ \end{math}
+
+ The `math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running
+text. `\(...\))' and `$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::.
+
+8.17 `minipage'
+===============
+
+ \begin{minipage}[POSITION]{WIDTH}
+ TEXT
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ The `minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that
+will not be broken across pages (similar to the `\parbox' command,
+*note \parbox::). You may use other paragraph-making environments
+inside a minipage (unlike `\parbox').
+
+ It takes an optional POSITION argument for placing TEXT, and a
+mandatory WIDTH argument for specifying the line width.
+
+ By default, paragraphs are not indented in the `minipage'
+environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
+`\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command.
+
+ Footnotes in a `minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
+particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
+`\footnote' or `\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
+of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
+`\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary `footnote' counter (*note
+Counters::).
+
+ However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
+footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+
+8.18 `picture'
+==============
+
+ \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+ ... PICTURE COMMANDS ...
+ \end{picture}
+
+ The `picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind
+of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You
+tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
+coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point
+and a minus sign--a number like `5', `0.3' or `-3.1416'. A coordinate
+specifies a length in multiples of the unit length `\unitlength', so if
+`\unitlength' has been set to `1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies
+a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of
+`\unitlength', using the `\setlength' command, outside of a `picture'
+environment.
+
+ A position is a pair of coordinates, such as `(2.4,-5)', specifying
+the point with x-coordinate `2.4' and y-coordinate `-5'. Coordinates
+are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
+normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
+position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
+parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+
+ The `picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
+`position'. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
+produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
+argument's x- and y-coordinates.
+
+ The `picture' environment also has an optional `position' argument,
+following the `size' argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike
+ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
+brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
+the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
+For example, if `\unitlength' has been set to `1mm', the command
+ \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+ produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
+millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
+upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
+draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin
+at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by
+shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.
+
+ The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
+the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture
+really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the
+picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by
+LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.
+
+ Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the `\put' command.
+The command
+
+ \put (11.3,-.3){...}
+
+puts the object specified by `...' in the picture, with its reference
+point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
+objects will be described below.
+
+ The `\put' command creates an "LR box". You can put anything that
+can go in an `\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the `\put'
+command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left
+corner of the box.
+
+ The `picture' commands are described in the following sections.
+
+8.18.1 `\circle'
+----------------
+
+ \circle[*]{DIAMETER}
+
+ The `\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
+the specified one as possible. The `*'-form of the command draws a
+solid circle.
+
+ Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
+
+8.18.2 `\makebox'
+-----------------
+
+`\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}'
+
+ The `\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the
+normal `\makebox' command except that you must specify a `width' and
+`height' in multiples of `\unitlength'.
+
+ The optional argument, `[position]', specifies the quadrant that
+your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
+
+ * `t' - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
+
+ * `b' - Moves the item to the bottom
+
+ * `l' - Moves the item to the left
+
+ * `r' - Moves the item to the right
+
+ *Note \makebox::.
+
+8.18.3 `\framebox'
+------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...}
+
+ The `\framebox' command is like `\makebox' (see previous section),
+except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
+creates.
+
+ The `\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule',
+and leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the
+box.
+
+8.18.4 `\dashbox'
+-----------------
+
+Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
+
+ \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT}
+
+ `\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a `picture'
+environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall
+width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional
+POS. A dashed box looks best when the `rwidth' and `rheight' are
+multiples of the `dlen'.
+
+8.18.5 `\frame'
+---------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \frame{TEXT}
+
+ The `\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT. The
+reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space
+is put between the frame and the object.
+
+8.18.6 `\line'
+--------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH}
+
+ The `\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope
+XSLOPE/YSLOPE.
+
+ Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y
+have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to
+mention other shapes, see the `curve2e' and many many other packages on
+CTAN.
+
+8.18.7 `\linethickness'
+-----------------------
+
+The `\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal
+and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a
+positive length.
+
+ `\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
+circles, or the quarter circles drawn by `\oval'.
+
+8.18.8 `\thicklines'
+--------------------
+
+The `\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal
+and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
+and *note \thinlines::.
+
+8.18.9 `\thinlines'
+-------------------
+
+The `\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal
+and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
+and *note \thicklines::.
+
+8.18.10 `\multiput'
+-------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+ \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ}
+
+ The `\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern
+across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at
+(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times.
+
+8.18.11 `\oval'
+---------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION]
+
+ The `\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
+optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the
+following:
+
+`t'
+ selects the top portion;
+
+`b'
+ selects the bottom portion;
+
+`r'
+ selects the right portion;
+
+`l'
+ selects the left portion.
+
+ The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
+maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with
+rounded corners.
+
+8.18.12 `\put'
+--------------
+
+`\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }'
+
+ The `\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory
+argument at the given coordinates.
+
+8.18.13 `\shortstack'
+---------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...}
+
+ The `\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+positions are:
+
+`r'
+ Move the objects to the right of the stack.
+
+`l'
+ Move the objects to the left of the stack
+
+`c'
+ Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
+
+ Objects are separated with `\\'.
+
+8.18.14 `\vector'
+-----------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH}
+
+ The `\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
+length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4,
+inclusive.
+
+8.19 `quotation'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{quotation}
+ TEXT
+ \end{quotation}
+
+ The margins of the `quotation' environment are indented on both the
+left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a
+blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
+
+ Unlike the `quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally.
+
+8.20 `quote'
+============
+
+Snyopsis:
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ TEXT
+ \end{quote}
+
+ The margins of the `quote' environment are indented on both the left
+and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank
+line between text produces a new paragraph.
+
+ Unlike the `quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented.
+
+8.21 `tabbing'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{tabbing}
+ ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\
+ ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\
+ ...
+ \end{tabbing}
+
+ The `tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns.
+It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on
+an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of
+each column is constant and known in advance.
+
+ This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the `tabular'
+environment.
+
+ The following commands can be used inside a `tabbing' enviroment:
+
+`\\ tabbing'
+ End a line.
+
+`\= (tabbing)'
+ Sets a tab stop at the current position.
+
+`\> (tabbing)'
+ Advances to the next tab stop.
+
+`\<'
+ Put following text to the left of the local margin (without
+ changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
+
+`\+'
+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
+ one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary.
+
+`\-'
+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
+ one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary.
+
+`\' (tabbing)'
+ Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
+ i.e. everything from the most recent `\>', `\<', `\'', `\\', or
+ `\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush
+ against the current column's tab stop.
+
+`\` (tabbing)'
+ Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
+ tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last
+ column because there's no tab stop there. The `\`' command moves
+ all the text that follows it, up to the `\\' or `\end{tabbing}'
+ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
+ environment. There must be no `\>' or `\'' command between the
+ `\`' and the command that ends the line.
+
+`\a (tabbing)'
+ In a `tabbing' environment, the commands `\=', `\'' and `\`' do
+ not produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the
+ commands `\a=', `\a'' and `\a`' are used.
+
+`\kill'
+ Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like `\\'
+ except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
+ output for it. The effect of any `\=', `\+' or `\-' commands in
+ that line remain in effect.
+
+`\poptabs'
+ Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last `\pushtabs'.
+
+`\pushtabs'
+ Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily
+ changing tab stop positions in the middle of a `tabbing'
+ environment.
+
+`\tabbingsep'
+ Distance to left of tab stop moved by `\''.
+
+
+ This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
+
+ \begin{tabbing}
+ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
+ \> begin \= \+ \\
+ \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
+ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
+ else \+ \\
+ fact := 1; \-\- \\
+ end;\\
+ \end{tabbing}
+
+8.22 `table'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{table}[placement]
+
+ body of the table
+
+ \caption{table title}
+ \end{table}
+
+ Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+Tables will not be split between two pages.
+
+ The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
+to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
+a float:
+
+ * `h': Here - at the position in the text where the table
+ environment appears.
+
+ * `t': Top - at the top of a text page.
+
+ * `b': Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+ * `p': Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+ The standard `report' and `article' classes use the default
+placement `[tbp]'.
+
+ The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+etc., you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your table.
+
+8.23 `tabular'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ ...
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ or
+
+ \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ ...
+ \end{tabular*}
+
+ These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+items, aligned vertically in columns.
+
+ `\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
+except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command
+(to put a rule below the table) follows.
+
+ The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
+
+`width'
+ Specifies the width of the `tabular*' environment. There must be
+ rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the
+ specified width.
+
+`pos'
+ Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the
+ centre of the environment.
+
+ * `t' - align on top row
+
+ * `b' - align on bottom row
+
+`cols'
+ Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
+ following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
+ intercolumn material.
+
+ * `l' - A column of left-aligned items.
+
+ * `r' - A column of right-aligned items.
+
+ * `c' - A column of centred items.
+
+ * `|' - A vertical line the full height and depth of the
+ environment.
+
+ * `@{text}' - This inserts `text' in every row. An @-expression
+ suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between
+ columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the
+ adjacent items must be included in text. An
+ `\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an extra
+ space of width `wd' to appear to the left of all subsequent
+ columns, until countermanded by another `\extracolsep'
+ command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space
+ is not suppressed by an @-expression. An `\extracolsep'
+ command can be used only in an @-expression in the `cols'
+ argument.
+
+ * `p{wd}' - Produces a column with each item typeset in a
+ parbox of width `wd', as if it were the argument of a
+ `\parbox[t]{wd}' command. However, a `\\' may not appear in
+ the item, except in the following situations:
+ 1. inside an environment like `minipage', `array', or
+ `tabular'.
+
+ 2. inside an explicit `\parbox'.
+
+ 3. in the scope of a `\centering', `\raggedright', or
+ `\raggedleft' declaration. The latter declarations must
+ appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
+ `p'-column element.
+
+ * `*{num}{cols}' - Equivalent to `num' copies of `cols', where
+ `num' is any positive integer and `cols' is any list of
+ column-specifiers, which may contain another `*-expression'.
+
+
+
+ Parameters that control formatting:
+
+`\arrayrulewidth'
+ Thickness of the rule created by `|', `\hline', and `\vline' in
+ the `tabular' and `array' environments; the default is `.4pt'.
+
+`\arraystretch'
+ Scaling of spacing between rows in the `tabular' and `array'
+ environments; default is `1',for no scaling.
+
+`\doublerulesep'
+ Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by `||' in
+ the `tabular' and `array' environments; default is `2pt'.
+
+`\tabcolsep'
+ Half the width of the space between columns; default is `6pt'.
+
+
+ These commands can be used inside a `tabular' environment:
+
+8.23.1 `\multicolumn'
+---------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+ \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT}
+
+ The `\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several
+columns. The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of
+columns to span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the
+formatting of the entry; `c' for centered, `l' for flushleft, `r' for
+flushright. The third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to
+put in the entry.
+
+ Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
+`\multicolumn' is used for the heading:
+
+ \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
+ \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
+ 0x80&0x7FF \cr
+ 0x800&0xFFFF \cr
+ 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
+ \end{tabular}
+
+8.23.2 `\cline'
+---------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \cline{I-J}
+
+ The `\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns
+specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are
+specified in the mandatory argument.
+
+8.23.3 `\hline'
+---------------
+
+The `\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing
+`tabular' or `array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a
+line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
+
+8.23.4 `\vline'
+---------------
+
+The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full
+height and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move
+the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
+@-expression.
+
+8.24 `thebibliography'
+======================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL}
+ \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
+ ...
+ \end{thebibliography}
+
+ The `thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or
+reference list.
+
+ In the `article' class, this reference list is labelled
+"References"; in the `report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography".
+You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the
+command `\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely:
+
+ \renewcommand{\refname}{}
+
+ The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is
+as wide as the widest item label produced by the `\bibitem' commands.
+It is typically given as `9' for bibliographies with less than 10
+references, `99' for ones with less than 100, etc.
+
+8.24.1 `\bibitem'
+-----------------
+
+Synopsis:
+ \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
+
+ The `\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the
+LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using
+the `enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers,
+and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
+
+ This command writes an entry to the `.aux' file containing the
+item's CITE_KEY and label. When the `.aux' file is read by the
+`\begin{document}' command, the item's `label' is associated with
+`cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a `\cite' command (see
+next section) to produce the associated label.
+
+8.24.2 `\cite'
+--------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS
+
+ The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated
+by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the
+references associated with KEYS by entries in the `.aux' file.
+
+ The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the
+citation. For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth,
+p. 314]'.
+
+8.24.3 `\nocite'
+----------------
+
+`\nocite{key_list}'
+
+ The `\nocite' command produces no text, but writes `key_list', which
+is a list of one or more citation keys, on the `.aux' file.
+
+8.24.4 Using BibTeX
+-------------------
+
+If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if
+you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain
+your bibliography, you don't use the `thebibliography' environment
+(*note thebibliography::). Instead, you include the lines
+
+ \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
+ \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2}
+
+ The `\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its
+own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be
+produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE`.bst', which defines how
+your citations will look. The standard STYLE names distributed with
+BibTeX are:
+
+`alpha'
+ Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and
+ year of publication.
+
+`plain'
+ Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
+
+`unsrt'
+ Like `plain', but entries are in order of citation.
+
+`abbrv'
+ Like `plain', but more compact labels.
+
+ In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the
+demands of various publications. See
+`http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib'.
+
+ The `\bibliography' command is what actually produces the
+bibliography. The argument to `\bibliography' refers to files named
+`BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format.
+Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed
+in the bibliography.
+
+8.25 `theorem'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ THEOREM-TEXT
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ The `theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed
+by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described
+under `\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::).
+
+8.26 `titlepage'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{titlepage}
+ TEXT
+ \end{titlepage}
+
+ The `titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with
+no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page
+to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you.
+The `\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::).
+
+ You can use the `\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce
+a standard title page without a `titlepage' environment.
+
+8.27 `verbatim'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{verbatim}
+ LITERAL-TEXT
+ \end{verbatim}
+
+ The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in
+which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the `\'
+character produces a printed `\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter
+with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would
+on a typewriter.
+
+ The `verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (`\tt').
+
+8.27.1 `\verb'
+--------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
+ \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
+
+ The `\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including
+special characters and spaces, using the typewriter (`\tt') font. No
+spaces are allowed between `\verb' or `\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR,
+which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear
+in LITERAL-TEXT.
+
+ The `*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible
+space" character.
+
+8.28 `verse'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{verse}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{verse}
+
+ The `verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
+other uses for it.
+
+ The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are
+not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
+stanza with `\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the
+stanzas.
+
+9 Footnotes
+***********
+
+Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
+with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced
+with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands.
+
+9.1 `\footnote'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT}
+
+ The `\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the
+bottom of the current page. The optional argument NUMBER changes the
+default footnote number.
+
+ This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
+cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures,
+tables or in a `tabular' environment. (See following sections.)
+
+9.2 `\footnotemark'
+===================
+
+With no optional argument, the `\footnotemark' command puts the current
+footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner
+paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the
+`\footnotetext' command.
+
+ This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
+markers referring to the same footnote with
+
+ \footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
+
+ after the first `\footnote' command.
+
+9.3 `\footnotetext'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT}
+
+ The `\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as
+a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the `\footnotemark'
+command. The `\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph
+mode.
+
+ The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number.
+
+9.4 Footnote parameters
+=======================
+
+`\footnoterule'
+ Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
+ page's footnotes. Default dimensions: `0.4pt' thick (or wide), and
+ `0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except
+ slides, where it does not appear).
+
+`\footnotesep'
+ The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.
+ By default, this is set to the normal strut for `\footnotesize'
+ fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space
+ between footnotes. This is `6.65pt' for `10pt', `7.7pt' for
+ `11pt', and `8.4pt' for `12pt'.
+
+
+10 Definitions
+**************
+
+LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
+
+10.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand'
+====================================
+
+`\newcommand' and `\renewcommand' define and redefine a command,
+respectively. Synopses:
+
+ \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
+ \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
+ \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN}
+ \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN}
+
+CMD
+ The command name beginning with `\'. For `\newcommand', it must
+ not be already defined and must not begin with `\end'; for
+ `\renewcommand', it must already be defined.
+
+NARGS
+ An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
+ that the command will take. The default is for the command to
+ have no arguments.
+
+DEFAULT
+ If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
+ first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the
+ default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not
+ specified in the call) is the string `def'.
+
+DEFN
+ The text to be substituted for every occurrence of `cmd'; a
+ construct of the form `#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the
+ Nth argument.
+
+
+10.2 `\newcounter'
+==================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME]
+
+ The `\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new
+counter is initialized to zero.
+
+ Given the optional argument `[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset
+whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented.
+
+ *Note Counters::, for more information about counters.
+
+10.3 `\newlength'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newlength{\ARG}
+
+ The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a
+`length' command with a value of `0in'. The argument must be a control
+sequence, as in `\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if `\foo' is
+already defined.
+
+ *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value,
+and for more information about lengths in general.
+
+10.4 `\newsavebox'
+==================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newsavebox{CMD}
+
+ Defines `\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to
+refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
+
+10.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment'
+============================================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
+ \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
+ \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
+
+ These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is,
+`\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'.
+
+ENV
+ The name of the environment. For `\newenvironment', ENV must not
+ be an existing environment, and the command `\ENV' must be
+ undefined. For `\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an
+ existing environment.
+
+NARGS
+ An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
+ newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
+
+DEFAULT
+ If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT
+ gives the default value for that argument.
+
+BEGDEF
+ The text expanded at every occurrence of `\begin{ENV}'; a
+ construct of the form `#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of
+ the Nth argument.
+
+ENDDEF
+ The text expanded at every occurrence of `\end{ENV}'. It may not
+ contain any argument parameters.
+
+
+10.6 `\newtheorem'
+==================
+
+ \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN]
+ \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL}
+
+ This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:
+
+NEWENV
+ The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of
+ an existing environment or otherwise defined.
+
+LABEL
+ The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
+ number. For example, `Theorem'.
+
+NUMBERED_LIKE
+ (Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like
+ environment; the new environment will be numbered just like
+ NUMBERED_LIKE.
+
+WITHIN
+ (Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional
+ unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as
+ the WITHIN counter.
+
+
+ At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both.
+
+10.7 `\newfont'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME}
+
+ Defines a control sequence `\CMD', which must not already be
+defined, to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on
+the system is named `FONTNAME.tfm'.
+
+ This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
+More commonly, fonts are defined in families through `.fd' files.
+
+10.8 `\protect'
+===============
+
+Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
+many more are so-called "fragile" commands. When a fragile command is
+used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be
+preceded by `\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the
+arguments must have their own `\protect'.
+
+ Some examples of moving arguments are `\caption' (*note figure::),
+`\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in `tabular' and
+`array' environments (*note tabular::).
+
+ Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not
+be preceded by `\protect'.
+
+ See also:
+
+`http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html'
+`http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect'
+
+
+11 Counters
+***********
+
+Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
+name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
+command that produces the number, except with no `\'.
+(`enumi'-`enumiv' are used for the nested enumerate environment.)
+Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document
+classes to control numbering.
+
+ part paragraph figure enumi
+ chapter subparagraph table enumii
+ section page footnote enumiii
+ subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
+ subsubsection
+
+11.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
+=====================================================================
+
+All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
+instance, `\alph{enumi}'.
+
+`\alph'
+ prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: `a', `b', ...
+
+`\Alph'
+ uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', ...
+
+`\arabic'
+ uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', ...
+
+`\roman'
+ uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', ...
+
+`\roman'
+ uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', ...
+
+`\fnsymbol'
+ prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols
+ (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
+ COUNTER must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.
+
+ The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the
+ names:
+ asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
+ double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
+
+
+11.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}'
+===========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \usecounter{COUNTER}
+
+ The `\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the
+`list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list
+items.
+
+11.3 `\value{COUNTER}'
+======================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \value{COUNTER}
+
+ The `\value' command produces the value of COUNTER. It can be used
+anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example:
+
+ \setcounter{myctr}{3}
+ \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
+ \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
+
+11.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
+==================================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE}
+
+ The `\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE
+argument.
+
+11.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
+====================================
+
+The `\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified
+by the VALUE argument, which may be negative.
+
+11.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
+===============================
+
+The `\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as `\stepcounter'
+*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value
+to be the result of `\thecounter'.
+
+11.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
+============================
+
+The `\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all
+subsidiary counters.
+
+11.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters
+=============================================
+
+LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (`\day', 1-31), month
+of the year (`\month', 1-12), and year (`\year', Common Era). When TeX
+starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX
+is running. They are not updated as the job progresses.
+
+ The related command `\today' produces a string representing the
+current day (*note \today::).
+
+12 Lengths
+**********
+
+A `length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length
+as an argument.
+
+12.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
+==============================
+
+The `\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which
+can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches
+(`in'), millimeters (`mm'), points (`pt'), big points (`bp', etc.
+
+12.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
+===============================
+
+The `\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the
+amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative.
+
+12.3 `\settodepth'
+==================
+
+`\settodepth{\gnat}{text}'
+
+ The `\settodepth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal
+to the depth of the `text' argument.
+
+12.4 `\settoheight'
+===================
+
+`\settoheight{\gnat}{text}'
+
+ The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command
+equal to the height of the `text' argument.
+
+12.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
+==============================
+
+The `\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the
+width of the TEXT argument.
+
+12.6 Predefined lengths
+=======================
+
+`\width'
+
+ `\height'
+
+ `\depth'
+
+ `\totalheight'
+
+ These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
+box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width
+etc. of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' +
+`\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
+size, e.g., say
+
+ `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'
+
+13 Line breaking
+****************
+
+The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
+translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
+produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
+(and these lines must be broken into pages).
+
+ LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some
+environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the `\\' command,
+and you can always manually force breaks.
+
+13.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE]
+=======================
+
+The `\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional
+argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to
+be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.
+
+ The `\\*' command is the same as the ordinary `\\' command except
+that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
+
+13.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr'
+=============================
+
+The `\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file (`^^M',
+internally) the same as `\\' (followed by `\relax'). So each new line
+in the input will also be a new line in the output.
+
+ `\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior.
+
+13.3 `\newline'
+===============
+
+The `\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no
+stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
+mode.
+
+13.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen)
+================================
+
+The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
+point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find
+most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
+incorrect one. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases.
+
+ When you insert `\-' commands in a word, the word will only be
+hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
+that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
+
+13.5 `\fussy'
+=============
+
+The declaration `\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about
+line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at
+the cost of an occasional overfull box.
+
+ This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command
+(*note \sloppy::.
+
+13.6 `\sloppy'
+==============
+
+The declaration `\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking.
+This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.
+
+ Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::).
+
+13.7 `\hyphenation'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO}
+
+ The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with
+a `-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces.
+TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are
+tried. Multiple `\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples
+(the default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these
+words):
+
+ \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
+
+13.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak'
+==================================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \linebreak[PRIORITY]
+ \nolinebreak[PRIORITY]
+
+ By default, the `\linebreak' (`\nolinebreak') command forces
+(prevents) a line break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the
+spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right
+margin as usual.
+
+ With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command
+from a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4.
+The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
+
+14 Page breaking
+****************
+
+LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
+accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but
+sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
+
+14.1 `\cleardoublepage'
+=======================
+
+The `\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+
+14.2 `\clearpage'
+=================
+
+The `\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures
+and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+
+14.3 `\newpage'
+===============
+
+The `\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats
+(see `\clearpage' above).
+
+14.4 `\enlargethispage'
+=======================
+
+`\enlargethispage{size}'
+
+ `\enlargethispage*{size}'
+
+ Enlarge the `\textheight' for the current page by the specified
+amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one
+additional line.
+
+ The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page
+as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
+`\pagebreak'.
+
+14.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak'
+==================================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \pagebreak[PRIORITY]
+ \nopagebreak[PRIORITY]
+
+ By default, the `\pagebreak' (`\nopagebreak') command forces
+(prevents) a page break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the
+vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it
+extends to the normal bottom margin.
+
+ With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the
+`\pagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a
+number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the
+request is.
+
+15 Making paragraphs
+********************
+
+A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not
+containing even a `%'. A blank line should not appear where a new
+paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
+a sectioning command.
+
+15.1 `\indent'
+==============
+
+`\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of
+the `\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
+to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
+
+ The default value for `\parindent' is `1em' in two-column mode,
+otherwise `15pt' for `10pt' documents, `17pt' for `11pt', and `1.5em'
+for `12pt'.
+
+15.2 `\noindent'
+================
+
+When used at the beginning of the paragraph, `\noindent' suppresses any
+paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a
+paragraph.
+
+15.3 `\parskip'
+===============
+
+`\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
+before each paragraph. The default is `0pt plus1pt'.
+
+15.4 Marginal notes
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT}
+
+ The `\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin. The first
+line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
+where the `\marginpar' occurs.
+
+ When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be
+placed
+
+ * in the right margin for one-sided layout;
+
+ * in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
+
+ * in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
+
+ The command `\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in
+the opposite (inside) margin. `\normalmarginpar' places them in the
+default position.
+
+ When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin,
+and RIGHT is used for the right margin.
+
+ The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
+hyphenation there by beginning the node with `\hspace{0pt}'.
+
+ These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
+
+`\marginparpush'
+ Minimum vertical space between notes; default `7pt' for `12pt'
+ documents, `5pt' else.
+
+`\marginparsep'
+ Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+ `11pt' for `10pt' documents, `10pt' else.
+
+`\marginparwidth'
+ Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided `10pt' document
+ is `90pt', `83pt' for `11pt', and `68pt' for `12pt'; `17pt' more
+ in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the
+ default is `48pt'.
+
+
+16 Math formulas
+****************
+
+There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
+
+`math'
+ For formulas that appear right in the text.
+
+`displaymath'
+ For formulas that appear on their own line.
+
+`equation'
+ The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
+ equation number in the right margin.
+
+ The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
+but the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in
+paragraph mode. The `math' and `displaymath' environments are used so
+often that they have the following short forms:
+
+ \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
+ \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
+
+ In fact, the `math' environment is so common that it has an even
+shorter form:
+
+ $ ... $ instead of \(...\)
+
+ The `\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a
+bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the
+`\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it
+too is used _outside_ of math mode.
+
+ The `\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the
+formula to be that of `displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below
+summations. For example
+ $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
+
+16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts
+==============================
+
+To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
+`_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type
+`^{'exp`}'. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that
+stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something
+has both a subscript and a superscript.
+
+16.2 Math symbols
+=================
+
+LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
+The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
+example, if you include `$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi
+symbol (\pi) in your output.
+
+`\|'
+ \|
+
+`\aleph'
+ \aleph
+
+`\alpha'
+ \alpha
+
+`\amalg'
+ \amalg (binary operation)
+
+`\angle'
+ \angle
+
+`\approx'
+ \approx (relation)
+
+`\ast'
+ \ast (binary operation)
+
+`\asymp'
+ \asymp (relation)
+
+`\backslash'
+ \ (delimiter)
+
+`\beta'
+ \beta
+
+`\bigcap'
+ \bigcap
+
+`\bigcirc'
+ \bigcirc (binary operation)
+
+`\bigcup'
+ \bigcup
+
+`\bigodot'
+ \bigodot
+
+`\bigoplus'
+ \bigoplus
+
+`\bigotimes'
+ \bigotimes
+
+`\bigtriangledown'
+ \bigtriangledown (binary operation)
+
+`\bigtriangleup'
+ \bigtriangleup (binary operation)
+
+`\bigsqcup'
+ \bigsqcup
+
+`\biguplus'
+ \biguplus
+
+`\bigcap'
+ \bigvee
+
+`\bigwedge'
+ \bigwedge
+
+`\bot'
+ \bot
+
+`\bowtie'
+ \bowtie (relation)
+
+`\Box'
+ (square open box symbol)
+
+`\bullet'
+ \bullet (binary operation)
+
+`\cap'
+ \cap (binary operation)
+
+`\cdot'
+ \cdot (binary operation)
+
+`\chi'
+ \chi
+
+`\circ'
+ \circ (binary operation)
+
+`\clubsuit'
+ \clubsuit
+
+`\cong'
+ \cong (relation)
+
+`\coprod'
+ \coprod
+
+`\cup'
+ \cup (binary operation)
+
+`\dagger'
+ \dagger (binary operation)
+
+`\dashv'
+ \dashv (relation)
+
+`\ddagger'
+ \dagger (binary operation)
+
+`\Delta'
+ \Delta
+
+`\delta'
+ \delta
+
+`\Diamond'
+ bigger \diamond
+
+`\diamond'
+ \diamond (binary operation)
+
+`\diamondsuit'
+ \diamondsuit
+
+`\div'
+ \div (binary operation)
+
+`\doteq'
+ \doteq (relation)
+
+`\downarrow'
+ \downarrow (delimiter)
+
+`\Downarrow'
+ \Downarrow (delimiter)
+
+`\ell'
+ \ell
+
+`\emptyset'
+ \emptyset
+
+`\epsilon'
+ \epsilon
+
+`\equiv'
+ \equiv (relation)
+
+`\eta'
+ \eta
+
+`\exists'
+ \exists
+
+`\flat'
+ \flat
+
+`\forall'
+ \forall
+
+`\frown'
+ \frown (relation)
+
+`\Gamma'
+ \Gamma
+
+`\gamma'
+ \gamma
+
+`\ge'
+ \ge
+
+`\geq'
+ \geq (relation)
+
+`\gets'
+ \gets
+
+`\gg'
+ \gg (relation)
+
+`\hbar'
+ \hbar
+
+`\heartsuit'
+ \heartsuit
+
+`\hookleftarrow'
+ \hookleftarrow
+
+`\hookrightarrow'
+ \hookrightarrow
+
+`\iff'
+ \iff
+
+`\Im'
+ \Im
+
+`\in'
+ \in (relation)
+
+`\infty'
+ \infty
+
+`\int'
+ \int
+
+`\iota'
+ \iota
+
+`\Join'
+ condensed bowtie symbol (relation)
+
+`\kappa'
+ \kappa
+
+`\Lambda'
+ \Lambda
+
+`\lambda'
+ \lambda
+
+`\land'
+ \land
+
+`\langle'
+ \langle (delimiter)
+
+`\lbrace'
+ \lbrace (delimiter)
+
+`\lbrack'
+ \lbrack (delimiter)
+
+`\lceil'
+ \lceil (delimiter)
+
+`\le'
+ \le
+
+`\leadsto'
+
+`\Leftarrow'
+ \Leftarrow
+
+`\leftarrow'
+ \leftarrow
+
+`\leftharpoondown'
+ \leftharpoondown
+
+`\leftharpoonup'
+ \leftharpoonup
+
+`\Leftrightarrow'
+ \Leftrightarrow
+
+`\leftrightarrow'
+ \leftrightarrow
+
+`\leq'
+ \leq (relation)
+
+`\lfloor'
+ \lfloor (delimiter)
+
+`\lhd'
+ (left-pointing arrow head)
+
+`\ll'
+ \ll (relation)
+
+`\lnot'
+ \lnot
+
+`\longleftarrow'
+ \longleftarrow
+
+`\longleftrightarrow'
+ \longleftrightarrow
+
+`\longmapsto'
+ \longmapsto
+
+`\longrightarrow'
+ \longrightarrow
+
+`\lor'
+ \lor
+
+`\mapsto'
+ \mapsto
+
+`\mho'
+
+`\mid'
+ \mid (relation)
+
+`\models'
+ \models (relation)
+
+`\mp'
+ \mp (binary operation)
+
+`\mu'
+ \mu
+
+`\nabla'
+ \nabla
+
+`\natural'
+ \natural
+
+`\ne'
+ \ne
+
+`\nearrow'
+ \nearrow
+
+`\neg'
+ \neg
+
+`\neq'
+ \neq (relation)
+
+`\ni'
+ \ni (relation)
+
+`\not'
+ Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.
+
+`\notin'
+ \ni
+
+`\nu'
+ \nu
+
+`\nwarrow'
+ \nwarrow
+
+`\odot'
+ \odot (binary operation)
+
+`\oint'
+ \oint
+
+`\Omega'
+ \Omega
+
+`\omega'
+ \omega
+
+`\ominus'
+ \ominus (binary operation)
+
+`\oplus'
+ \oplus (binary operation)
+
+`\oslash'
+ \oslash (binary operation)
+
+`\otimes'
+ \otimes (binary operation)
+
+`\owns'
+ \owns
+
+`\parallel'
+ \parallel (relation)
+
+`\partial'
+ \partial
+
+`\perp'
+ \perp (relation)
+
+`\phi'
+ \phi
+
+`\Pi'
+ \Pi
+
+`\pi'
+ \pi
+
+`\pm'
+ \pm (binary operation)
+
+`\prec'
+ \prec (relation)
+
+`\preceq'
+ \preceq (relation)
+
+`\prime'
+ \prime
+
+`\prod'
+ \prod
+
+`\propto'
+ \propto (relation)
+
+`\Psi'
+ \Psi
+
+`\psi'
+ \psi
+
+`\rangle'
+ \rangle (delimiter)
+
+`\rbrace'
+ \rbrace (delimiter)
+
+`\rbrack'
+ \rbrack (delimiter)
+
+`\rceil'
+ \rceil (delimiter)
+
+`\Re'
+ \Re
+
+`\rfloor'
+ \rfloor
+
+`\rhd'
+ (binary operation)
+
+`\rho'
+ \rho
+
+`\Rightarrow'
+ \Rightarrow
+
+`\rightarrow'
+ \rightarrow
+
+`\rightharpoondown'
+ \rightharpoondown
+
+`\rightharpoonup'
+ \rightharpoonup
+
+`\rightleftharpoons'
+ \rightleftharpoons
+
+`\searrow'
+ \searrow
+
+`\setminus'
+ \setminus (binary operation)
+
+`\sharp'
+ \sharp
+
+`\Sigma'
+ \Sigma
+
+`\sigma'
+ \sigma
+
+`\sim'
+ \sim (relation)
+
+`\simeq'
+ \simeq (relation)
+
+`\smallint'
+ \smallint
+
+`\smile'
+ \smile (relation)
+
+`\spadesuit'
+ \spadesuit
+
+`\sqcap'
+ \sqcap (binary operation)
+
+`\sqcup'
+ \sqcup (binary operation)
+
+`\sqsubset'
+ (relation)
+
+`\sqsubseteq'
+ \sqsubseteq (relation)
+
+`\sqsupset'
+ (relation)
+
+`\sqsupseteq'
+ \sqsupseteq (relation)
+
+`\star'
+ \star (binary operation)
+
+`\subset'
+ \subset (relation)
+
+`\subseteq'
+ \subseteq (relation)
+
+`\succ'
+ \succ (relation)
+
+`\succeq'
+ \succeq (relation)
+
+`\sum'
+ \sum
+
+`\supset'
+ \supset (relation)
+
+`\supseteq'
+ \supseteq (relation)
+
+`\surd'
+ \surd
+
+`\swarrow'
+ \swarrow
+
+`\tau'
+ \tau
+
+`\theta'
+ \theta
+
+`\times'
+ \times (binary operation)
+
+`\to'
+ \to
+
+`\top'
+ \top
+
+`\triangle'
+ \triangle
+
+`\triangleleft'
+ \triangleleft (binary operation)
+
+`\triangleright'
+ \triangleright (binary operation)
+
+`\unlhd'
+ left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
+
+`\unrhd'
+ right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
+
+`\Uparrow'
+ \Uparrow (delimiter)
+
+`\uparrow'
+ \uparrow (delimiter)
+
+`\Updownarrow'
+ \Updownarrow (delimiter)
+
+`\updownarrow'
+ \updownarrow (delimiter)
+
+`\uplus'
+ \uplus (binary operation)
+
+`\Upsilon'
+ \Upsilon
+
+`\upsilon'
+ \upsilon
+
+`\varepsilon'
+ \varepsilon
+
+`\varphi'
+ \varphi
+
+`\varpi'
+ \varpi
+
+`\varrho'
+ \varrho
+
+`\varsigma'
+ \varsigma
+
+`\vartheta'
+ \vartheta
+
+`\vdash'
+ \vdash (relation)
+
+`\vee'
+ \vee (binary operation)
+
+`\Vert'
+ \Vert (delimiter)
+
+`\vert'
+ \vert (delimiter)
+
+`\wedge'
+ \wedge (binary operation)
+
+`\wp'
+ \wp
+
+`\wr'
+ \wr (binary operation)
+
+`\Xi'
+ \Xi
+
+`\xi'
+ \xi
+
+`\zeta'
+ \zeta
+
+
+16.3 Math functions
+===================
+
+These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
+spacing.
+
+`\arccos'
+ \arccos
+
+`\arcsin'
+ \arcsin
+
+`\arctan'
+ \arctan
+
+`\arg'
+ \arg
+
+`\bmod'
+ Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)
+
+`\cos'
+ \cos
+
+`\cosh'
+ \cosh
+
+`\cot'
+ \cos
+
+`\coth'
+ \cosh
+
+`\csc'
+ \csc
+
+`\deg'
+ \deg
+
+`\det'
+ \deg
+
+`\dim'
+ \dim
+
+`\exp'
+ \exp
+
+`\gcd'
+ \gcd
+
+`\hom'
+ \hom
+
+`\inf'
+ \inf
+
+`\ker'
+ \ker
+
+`\lg'
+ \lg
+
+`\lim'
+ \lim
+
+`\liminf'
+ \liminf
+
+`\limsup'
+ \limsup
+
+`\ln'
+ \ln
+
+`\log'
+ \log
+
+`\max'
+ \max
+
+`\min'
+ \min
+
+`\pmod'
+ parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)
+
+`\Pr'
+ \Pr
+
+`\sec'
+ \sec
+
+`\sin'
+ \sin
+
+`\sinh'
+ \sinh
+
+`\sup'
+ \sup
+
+`\tan'
+ \tan
+
+`\tanh'
+ \tanh
+
+
+16.4 Math accents
+=================
+
+LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in
+math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note
+Accents::).
+
+`\acute'
+ Math acute accent: \acutex.
+
+`\breve'
+ Math breve accent: \brevex.
+
+`\check'
+ Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \checkx.
+
+`\ddot'
+ Math dieresis accent: \ddotx.
+
+`\dot'
+ Math dot accent: \dotx.
+
+`\grave'
+ Math grave accent: \gravex.
+
+`\hat'
+ Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx.
+
+`\imath'
+ Math dotless i.
+
+`\jmath'
+ Math dotless j.
+
+`\tilde'
+ Math tilde accent: \tildex.
+
+`\vec'
+ Math vector symbol: \vecx.
+
+`\widehat'
+ Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y.
+
+`\widehat'
+ Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y.
+
+
+16.5 Spacing in math mode
+=========================
+
+In a `math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in
+the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If
+you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for
+use in math mode:
+
+`\;'
+ A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
+
+`\:'
+`\>'
+ Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
+
+`\,'
+ A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
+
+`\!'
+ A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad).
+
+16.6 Math Miscellany
+====================
+
+`\*'
+ A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
+ allowed.
+
+`\cdots'
+ A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the
+ line.
+
+`\ddots'
+ A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
+
+`\frac{num}{den}'
+ Produces the fraction `num' divided by `den'.
+
+`\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2'
+ The two delimiters need not match; `.' acts as a null delimiter,
+ producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the
+ math in between. Example: `\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'.
+
+`\overbrace{TEXT}'
+ Generates a brace over TEXT. For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k
+ \rm\;times.
+
+`\overline{TEXT}'
+ Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overlinex+y.
+
+`\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}'
+ Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The
+ optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce. For
+ example, the cube root of `x+y' would be typed as
+ `$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'.
+
+`\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}'
+ Puts TEXT above RELATION. For example,
+ `\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'.
+
+`\underbrace{math}'
+ Generates MATH with a brace underneath.
+
+`\underline{text}'
+ Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be
+ underlined.
+
+`\vdots'
+ Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+
+
+17 Modes
+********
+
+When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
+modes:
+
+ * Paragraph mode
+
+ * Math mode
+
+ * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+
+ LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
+different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
+Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
+LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
+
+ "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
+processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
+lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when
+it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph
+mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
+words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX
+keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.
+Even if you put a hundred words into an `\mbox', LaTeX would keep
+typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then
+complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
+
+ LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an `\mbox'
+command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
+example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
+There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
+making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
+these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX
+is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
+paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is
+called "outer paragraph mode".
+
+18 Page Styles
+**************
+
+The `\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the
+page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+
+18.1 `\maketitle'
+=================
+
+The `\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title
+page--except in the `article' class, where the title is placed at the
+top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is
+obtained from the following declarations:
+
+`\author{NAME \and NAME2}'
+ The `\author' command declares the document author(s), where the
+ argument is a list of authors separated by `\and' commands. Use
+ `\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for
+ example, to give the author's institution or address.
+
+`\date{TEXT}'
+ The `\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With
+ no `\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used.
+
+`\thanks{TEXT}'
+ The `\thanks' command produces a `\footnote' to the title, usually
+ used for credit acknowledgements.
+
+`\title{TEXT}'
+ The `\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the
+ document. Use `\\' to force a line break, as usual.
+
+
+18.2 `\pagenumbering'
+=====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \pagenumbering{STYLE}
+
+ Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE:
+
+`arabic'
+ arabic numerals
+
+`roman'
+ lowercase Roman numerals
+
+`Roman'
+ uppercase Roman numerals
+
+`alph'
+ lowercase letters
+
+`Alph'
+ uppercase letters
+
+18.3 `\pagestyle'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \pagestyle{STYLE}
+
+ The `\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are
+typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE:
+
+`plain'
+ Just a plain page number.
+
+`empty'
+ Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
+
+`headings'
+ Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies
+ what goes in the headers.
+
+`myheadings'
+ Custom headers, specified via the `\markboth' or the `\markright'
+ commands.
+
+
+ Here are the descriptions of `\markboth' and `\markright':
+
+`\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}'
+ Sets both the left and the right heading. A "left-hand heading"
+ (LEFT) is generated by the last `\markboth' command before the end
+ of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT is generated by
+ the first `\markboth' or `\markright' that comes on the page if
+ there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.
+
+`\markright{RIGHT}'
+ Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
+
+
+18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
+============================
+
+The `\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the
+`\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to
+STYLE for the current page only.
+
+19 Spaces
+*********
+
+LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
+
+ Another space-producing command is `\,' to produce a "thin" space
+(usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often
+useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::).
+
+19.1 `\hspace'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \hspace[*]{LENGTH}
+
+ The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument
+can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches,
+etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive
+space with an `\hspace' command; adding negative space is like
+backspacing.
+
+ LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
+or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional `*' form.
+
+19.2 `\hfill'
+=============
+
+The `\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no
+natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed.
+
+ The `\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the
+glue value `0pt plus1fill'); thus, `\hspace\fill' is equivalent to
+`\hfill'.
+
+19.3 `\SPACE'
+=============
+
+The `\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's
+useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example
+`Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is
+also often used after control sequences, as in `\TeX\ is a nice system.'
+
+ In normal circumstances, `\'<tab> and `\'<newline> are equivalent to
+`\ '.
+
+19.4 `\@'
+=========
+
+The `\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a
+sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a
+capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without `\@':
+
+ ... in C\@. Pascal, though ...
+ ... in C. Pascal, though ...
+
+produces
+
+ ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ...
+
+19.5 `\thinspace'
+=================
+
+`\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is
+1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in
+'".
+
+19.6 `\/'
+=========
+
+The `\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small
+space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the
+character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character
+typically has a large italic correction value.
+
+ If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary
+to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
+very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
+normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the `f's
+are nicely separated) with f: f;.
+
+ Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
+correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space
+after the `f') with pdfTeX.
+
+19.7 `\hrulefill'
+=================
+
+The `\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
+stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
+rule.
+
+19.8 `\dotfill'
+===============
+
+The `\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots
+instead of just white space.
+
+19.9 `\addvspace'
+=================
+
+`\addvspace{length}'
+
+ The `\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height
+length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
+point in the output by a previous `\addvspace' command, then this
+command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
+of the total vertical space equal to `length'.
+
+19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
+====================================
+
+These commands produce a given amount of space.
+
+`\bigskip'
+ The same as `\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line
+ space (with stretch and shrink).
+
+`\medskip'
+ The same as `\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a
+ line space (with stretch and shrink).
+
+`\smallskip'
+ The same as `\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter
+ of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
+
+
+ The `\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class.
+
+19.11 `\vfill'
+==============
+
+The `\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can
+stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to
+`\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::).
+
+19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
+==========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \vspace[*]{LENGTH}
+
+ The `\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber
+length. LENGTH can be negative or positive.
+
+ Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by `\vspace' at the
+top or bottom of a page. With the optional `*' argument, the space is
+not removed.
+
+20 Boxes
+********
+
+All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be
+used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
+
+20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}'
+==================
+
+The `\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
+created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can
+be used to prevent hyphenation.
+
+20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox'
+============================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \fbox{TEXT}
+ \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
+
+ The `\fbox' and `\framebox' commands are like `\mbox', except that
+they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
+
+ In addition, the `\framebox' command allows for explicit
+specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a
+dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both
+commands produce a rule of thickness `\fboxrule' (default `.4pt'), and
+leave a space of `\fboxsep' (default `3pt') between the rule and the
+contents of the box.
+
+ *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the `\framebox' command in the
+`picture' environment.
+
+20.3 `lrbox'
+============
+
+`\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}'
+
+ This is the environment form of `\sbox'.
+
+ The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which
+must have been declared with `\newsavebox'.
+
+20.4 `\makebox'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
+
+ The `\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the
+TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional
+WIDTH argument. The position of the text within the box is determined
+by the optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values:
+
+`c'
+ Centered (default).
+
+`l'
+ Flush left.
+
+`r'
+ Flush right.
+
+`s'
+ Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain
+ stretchable space for this to work.
+
+ `\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note
+\makebox (picture)::.
+
+20.5 `\parbox'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT}
+
+ The `\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in
+`paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of
+text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
+paragraph-making environments inside a `\parbox' argument. For larger
+pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
+environment, you should use a `minipage' environment (*note minipage::).
+
+ `\parbox' has two mandatory arguments:
+
+WIDTH
+ the width of the parbox;
+
+TEXT
+ the text that goes inside the parbox.
+
+ The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or
+bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text
+(default is top).
+
+ The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box.
+
+ The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the
+box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used.
+
+`t'
+ text is placed at the top of the box.
+
+`c'
+ text is centered in the box.
+
+`b'
+ text is placed at the bottom of the box.
+
+`s'
+ stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
+ space for this to work.
+
+20.6 `\raisebox'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text}
+
+ The `\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory
+argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a
+negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode.
+
+ The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are
+specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the
+baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and
+depth.
+
+20.7 `\savebox'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT}
+
+ This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with `\makebox' (*note
+\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it
+saves it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with
+`\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
+
+20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
+===========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}
+
+ `\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with `\mbox' (*note \mbox::)
+except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal
+output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been
+previously declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
+
+20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD'
+======================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \usebox{\BOXCMD}
+
+ `\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by
+a `\savebox' command (*note \savebox::).
+
+21 Special insertions
+*********************
+
+LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special
+meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
+
+21.1 Reserved characters
+========================
+
+The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
+"reserved characters" or "special characters".
+
+ # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
+
+ Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX
+will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
+printed as itself, include a `\' in front of the character. For
+example, `\$' will produce `$' in your output.
+
+ One exception to this rule is `\' itself, because `\\' has its own
+special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing
+`$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter `\' is produced by using
+`\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::).
+
+ Also, `\~' and `\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the
+following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a
+standalone `~' or `^', you can again use a verbatim command.
+
+ Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
+know its number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the
+visible space character used in the `\verb*' command has the code
+decimal 32, so it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'.
+
+ You can also specify octal numbers with `'' or hexadecimal numbers
+with `"', so the previous example could also be written as
+`\symbol{'40}' or `\symbol{"20}'.
+
+21.2 Text symbols
+=================
+
+LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
+running text.
+
+`\copyright'
+ The copyright symbol, (C).
+
+`\dag'
+ The dagger symbol (in text).
+
+`\ddag'
+ The double dagger symbol (in text).
+
+`\LaTeX'
+ The LaTeX logo.
+
+`\ldots'
+ An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `...'. This command
+ also works in math mode.
+
+`\lq'
+ Left (opening) quote: `.
+
+`\P'
+ Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
+
+`\pounds'
+ English pounds sterling.
+
+`\rq'
+ Right (closing) quote: '.
+
+`\S'
+ Section symbol.
+
+`\TeX'
+ The TeX logo.
+
+
+21.3 Accents
+============
+
+LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
+through the `babel' package and related support. This section does not
+attempt to cover all that support. It merely the core LaTeX commands
+for creating accented characters.
+
+`\"'
+ Produces an umlaut, as in o".
+
+`\''
+ Produces an acute accent, as in o'. In the `tabbing' environment,
+ pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note
+ tabbing::).
+
+`\.'
+ Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..
+
+`\='
+ Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=.
+
+`\^'
+ Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^.
+
+`\`'
+ Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`. In the
+ `tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin
+ (*note tabbing::).
+
+`\~'
+ Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~.
+
+`\b'
+ Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.
+
+`\bar'
+ Produces a macron accent over the following, as in o=.
+
+`\c'
+ Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in
+
+`\d'
+ Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.
+
+`\H'
+ Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in
+ o''.
+
+`\i'
+ Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.
+
+`\j'
+ Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.
+
+`\t'
+ Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['.
+
+`\u'
+ Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.
+
+`\v'
+ Produces a ha'c<ek (check) accent, as in `o<'.
+
+
+21.4 Non-English characters
+===========================
+
+Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly
+used in languages other than English.
+
+`\aa'
+`\AA'
+ aa and AA.
+
+`\ae'
+`\AE'
+ ae and AE.
+
+`\l'
+`\L'
+ /l and /L.
+
+`\o'
+`\O'
+ /o and /O.
+
+`\oe'
+`\OE'
+ oe and OE.
+
+`\ss'
+ ss.
+
+
+21.5 `\rule'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS}
+
+ The `\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles.
+The arguments are:
+
+RAISE
+ How high to raise the rule (optional).
+
+WIDTH
+ The length of the rule (mandatory).
+
+THICKNESS
+ The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
+
+21.6 `\today'
+=============
+
+The `\today' command produces today's date, in the format `MONTH DD,
+YYYY'; for example, `July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters
+`\day', `\month', and `\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this.
+It is not updated as the program runs.
+
+ The `datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of
+other date formats.
+
+22 Splitting the input
+**********************
+
+A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
+input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
+several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
+there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+when you run LaTeX.
+
+22.1 `\include'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \include{FILE}
+
+ If no `\includeonly' command is present, the `\include' command
+executes `\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then
+reads FILE, then does another `\clearpage'.
+
+ Given an `\includeonly' command, the `\include' actions are only run
+if FILE is listed as an argument to `\includeonly'. See the next
+section.
+
+ The `\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
+read by another `\include' command.
+
+22.2 \`includeonly'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...}
+
+ The `\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by
+subsequent `\include' commands. The list of filenames is
+comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a
+`\include' command for the selection to be effective.
+
+ This command can only appear in the preamble.
+
+22.3 \input
+===========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \input{FILE}
+
+ The `\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and
+processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at
+that point.
+
+ If FILE does not end in `.tex' (e.g., `foo' or `foo.bar'), it is
+first tried with that extension (`foo.tex' or `foo.bar.tex'). If that
+is not found, the original FILE is tried (`foo' or `foo.bar').
+
+23 Front/back matter
+********************
+
+23.1 Tables of contents
+=======================
+
+A table of contents is produced with the `\tableofcontents' command.
+You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;
+LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must have generated a
+`.toc' file.
+
+ The `\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not
+automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table
+of contents, write a `\newpage' command after the `\tableofcontents'
+command.
+
+ The analagous commands `\listoffigures' and `\listoftables' produce
+a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works
+exactly the same as for the table of contents.
+
+ The command `\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any
+of these lists from being generated.
+
+23.1.1 \addcontentsline
+-----------------------
+
+The `\addcontentsline' command adds an entry to the specified list or
+table where:
+
+EXT
+ The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+ typically one of: `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of
+ figures), or `lot' (list of tables).
+
+UNIT
+ The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
+ following, matching the value of the EXT argument:
+
+ `toc'
+ The name of the sectional unit: `part', `chapter', `section',
+ `subsection', `subsubsection'.
+
+ `lof'
+ For the list of figures.
+
+ `lot'
+ For the list of tables.
+
+ENTRY
+ The actual text of the entry.
+
+ What is written to the `.EXT' file is the command
+`\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'.
+
+23.1.2 \addtocontents
+---------------------
+
+The `\addtocontents' command adds text (or formatting commands)
+directly to the `.'EXT file that generates the table of contents or
+lists of figures or tables.
+
+EXT
+ The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
+ `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of figures), or `lot' (list
+ of tables).
+
+TEXT
+ The text to be written.
+
+23.2 Glossaries
+===============
+
+The command `\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries.
+
+ The command `\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an
+auxiliary file with the `.glo' extension.
+
+ Specifically, what gets written is the command
+`\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current `\thepage'
+value.
+
+ The `glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier
+glossaries.
+
+23.3 Indexes
+============
+
+The command `\makeindex' enables creating indexes.
+
+ The command `\index{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an
+auxiliary file with the `.idx' extension.
+
+ Specifically, what gets written is the command
+`\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current `\thepage'
+value.
+
+ The rubber length `\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter
+in the index; its default value is `10pt plus5pt minus3pt'.
+
+ The `.idx' file can then be sorted with an external command,
+typically `makeindex' or `xindy', resulting in a `.ind' file, which can
+then be used to typeset the index.
+
+24 Letters
+**********
+
+You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
+`letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at
+once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
+
+ Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other
+document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
+minimum:
+
+ \documentclass{letter}
+ \begin{document}
+ ... letters ...
+ \end{document}
+
+ Each letter is a `letter' environment, whose argument is the name
+and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
+
+ \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
+ \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
+ ...
+ \end{letter}
+
+ The letter itself begins with the `\opening' command. The text of
+the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that
+make no sense in a letter, like `\chapter', do not work. The letter
+closes with a `\closing' command.
+
+ After the `closing', you can have additional material. The `\cc'
+command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar `\encl'
+command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use `\\' to
+separate the items.
+
+ These commands are used with the `letter' class.
+
+24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
+=============================
+
+The `\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should
+appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address
+should be separated by `\\' commands.
+
+ If you do not make an `\address' declaration, then the letter will
+be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead.
+(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you
+give an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
+personal letter.
+
+24.2 `\cc'
+==========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \cc{NAME1\\NAME2}
+
+ Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to. Each name is
+printed on a separate line.
+
+24.3 `\closing'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \closing{text}
+
+ A letter closes with a `\closing' command, for example,
+ \closing{Best Regards,}
+
+24.4 `\encl'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \encl{LINE1\\LINE2}
+
+ Declare a list of one more enclosures.
+
+24.5 `\location'
+================
+
+`\location{address}'
+
+ This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only
+appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected.
+
+24.6 `\makelabels'
+==================
+
+`\makelabels{number}'
+
+ If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet
+of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
+
+24.7 `\name'
+============
+
+`\name{June Davenport}'
+
+ Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
+address.
+
+24.8 `\opening{TEXT}'
+=====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \opening{TEXT}
+
+ A letter begins with the `\opening' command. The mandatory
+argument, TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For
+instance:
+
+ \opening{Dear Joe,}
+
+24.9 `\ps'
+==========
+
+Use the `\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after
+`\closing'.
+
+24.10 `\signature{TEXT}'
+========================
+
+Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
+space for your signature. `\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual.
+
+24.11 `\startbreaks'
+====================
+
+`\startbreaks'
+
+ Used after a `\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again.
+
+24.12 `\stopbreaks'
+===================
+
+`\stopbreaks'
+
+ Inhibit page breaks until a `\startbreaks' command occurs.
+
+24.13 `\telephone'
+==================
+
+`\telephone{number}'
+
+ This is your telephone number. This only appears if the `firstpage'
+pagestyle is selected.
+
+25 Terminal Input/Output
+************************
+
+25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
+========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \typein[\CMD]{MSG}
+
+ `\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and
+wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the
+optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if
+it had been included in the input file in place of the `\typein'
+command. If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name.
+This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.
+
+25.2 `\typeout{MSG}'
+====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \typeout{MSG}
+
+ Prints `msg' on the terminal and in the `log' file. Commands in
+`msg' that are defined with `\newcommand' or `\renewcommand' (among
+others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed.
+
+ LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to `msg'. A `\space'
+command in `msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of
+surrounding spaces. A `^^J' in `msg' prints a newline.
+
+26 Command Line
+***************
+
+The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
+uses `.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file
+entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command
+options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.
+
+ latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
+
+will process `foo.tex' without pausing after every error.
+
+ If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a `*'
+prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type `\stop' (and return) and
+it will prematurely end the document.
+
+Appendix A Document templates
+*****************************
+
+Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
+be useful.
+
+A.1 `book' template
+===================
+
+\documentclass{book}
+\title{Book Class Template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\chapter{First}
+Some text.
+
+\chapter{Second}
+Some other text.
+
+\section{A subtopic}
+The end.
+\end{document}
+
+A.2 `beamer' template
+=====================
+
+The `beamer' class creates slides presentations.
+
+\documentclass{beamer}
+
+\title{Beamer Class template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+\date{July 31, 2007}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{First Slide}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ This is \verbatim!
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
+
+A.3 `tugboat' template
+======================
+
+`TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
+`http://tug.org/TUGboat'.
+
+\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings
+
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{ifpdf}
+\ifpdf
+ \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
+ urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
+\else
+ \usepackage{url}
+\fi
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article}
+
+% repeat info for each author.
+\author{First Last}
+\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
+\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
+\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
+
+\maketitle
+
+% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat.
+\begin{abstract}
+This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+This is an example article for \TUB, from
+\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
+
+We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref
+package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced
+using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays.
+
+The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others:
+
+{\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
+\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML
+\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe
+\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas
+\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
+\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG
+\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
+
+\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
+\careof \thinskip
+
+\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use!
+\cs{fred} -> \fred
+\env{fred} -> \begin{fred}
+\meta{fred} -> <fred>
+\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
+\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
+\booktitle{Book of Fred}
+\end{verbatim}
+}
+
+For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
+\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
+
+Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
+
+
+\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
+\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
+\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
+
+
+\makesignature % not in ltugproc
+\end{document}
+
+Concept Index
+*************
+
+* prompt: See 26. (line 4738)
+*-form of sectioning commands: See 6. (line 788)
+.glo file: See 23.2. (line 4515)
+.idx file: See 23.3. (line 4530)
+.ind file: See 23.3. (line 4540)
+abstracts: See 8.1. (line 881)
+accents: See 21.3. (line 4263)
+accents, mathematical: See 16.4. (line 3611)
+accessing any character of a font: See 21.1. (line 4210)
+acute accent: See 21.3. (line 4272)
+acute accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3616)
+ae ligature: See 21.4. (line 4337)
+aligning Equations: See 8.8. (line 1065)
+alignment via tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1688)
+appendix, creating: See 6. (line 794)
+aring: See 21.4. (line 4333)
+arrays, math: See 8.2. (line 892)
+author, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3779)
+bar-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4280)
+bar-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4294)
+bibliography, creating (automatically): See 8.24.4. (line 2035)
+bibliography, creating (manually): See 8.24. (line 1970)
+bibTeX, using: See 8.24.4. (line 2035)
+black boxes, omitting: See 3.1. (line 357)
+bold font: See 4.1. (line 502)
+bold typewriter, avoiding: See 8.4. (line 988)
+boxes: See 20. (line 4019)
+breaking lines: See 13. (line 2578)
+breaking pages: See 14. (line 2679)
+breve accent: See 21.3. (line 4319)
+breve accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3619)
+bullet symbol: See 16.2. (line 2946)
+bulleted lists: See 8.13. (line 1223)
+calligraphic letters for math: See 4.1. (line 505)
+cc list, in letters: See 24.2. (line 4596)
+cedilla accent: See 21.3. (line 4300)
+centering text, declaration for: See 8.3.1. (line 953)
+centering text, environment for: See 8.3. (line 939)
+characters, accented: See 21.3. (line 4263)
+characters, non-English: See 21.4. (line 4328)
+characters, reserved: See 21.1. (line 4191)
+check accent: See 21.3. (line 4322)
+check accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3622)
+circumflex accent: See 21.3. (line 4283)
+circumflex accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3634)
+class options: See 3.1. (line 336)
+classes of documents: See 3. (line 319)
+closing letters: See 24.3. (line 4606)
+closing quote: See 21.2. (line 4251)
+code, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2105)
+command Line: See 26. (line 4729)
+commands, defining new ones: See 10.1. (line 2231)
+computer programs, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2105)
+copyright symbol: See 21.2. (line 4226)
+counters, a list of: See 11. (line 2405)
+counters, defining new: See 10.2. (line 2264)
+counters, getting value of: See 11.3. (line 2464)
+counters, setting: See 11.4. (line 2478)
+creating letters: See 24. (line 4547)
+creating pictures: See 8.18. (line 1404)
+creating tables: See 8.22. (line 1780)
+credit footnote: See 18.1. (line 3789)
+cross references: See 7. (line 807)
+cross referencing with page number: See 7.2. (line 849)
+cross referencing, symbolic: See 7.3. (line 859)
+dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4229)
+date, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3785)
+datetime package: See 21.6. (line 4382)
+defining a new command: See 10.1. (line 2231)
+defining new environments: See 10.5. (line 2304)
+defining new fonts: See 10.7. (line 2369)
+defining new theorems: See 10.6. (line 2340)
+definitions: See 10. (line 2226)
+description lists, creating: See 8.4. (line 976)
+discretionary multiplication: See 16.6. (line 3680)
+displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation:See 8.19. (line 1658)
+displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation:See 8.20.
+ (line 1673)
+document class options: See 3.1. (line 336)
+document classes: See 3. (line 319)
+document templates: See Appendix A.
+ (line 4745)
+dot accent: See 21.3. (line 4277)
+dot over accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3628)
+dot-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4277)
+dot-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4303)
+dotless i: See 21.3. (line 4310)
+dotless i, math: See 16.4. (line 3637)
+dotless j: See 21.3. (line 4313)
+dotless j, math: See 16.4. (line 3640)
+double dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4232)
+double dot accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3625)
+ellipsis: See 21.2. (line 4238)
+emphasis: See 4.1. (line 444)
+enclosure list: See 24.4. (line 4616)
+ending & starting: See 2. (line 301)
+enlarge current page: See 14.4. (line 2706)
+environments: See 8. (line 871)
+environments, defining: See 10.5. (line 2304)
+equation number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859)
+equation numbers, omitting: See 8.8. (line 1079)
+equations, aligning: See 8.8. (line 1065)
+equations, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1091)
+es-zet German letter: See 21.4. (line 4352)
+exponent: See 16.1. (line 2856)
+figure number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859)
+figures, footnotes in: See 8.17. (line 1391)
+figures, inserting: See 8.10. (line 1104)
+fixed-width font: See 4.1. (line 526)
+flushing floats and starting a page: See 14.2. (line 2694)
+font commands, low-level: See 4.3. (line 558)
+font sizes: See 4.2. (line 532)
+font styles: See 4.1. (line 424)
+fonts: See 4. (line 418)
+fonts, new commands for: See 10.7. (line 2369)
+footer style: See 18.3. (line 3824)
+footer, parameters for: See 5.5. (line 706)
+footnote number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859)
+footnote parameters: See 9.4. (line 2209)
+footnotes in figures: See 8.17. (line 1391)
+footnotes, creating: See 9. (line 2158)
+formulas, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1091)
+formulas, math: See 16. (line 2818)
+fragile commands: See 10.8. (line 2383)
+functions, math: See 16.3. (line 3502)
+global options: See 3.1. (line 336)
+glossaries: See 23.2. (line 4513)
+grave accent: See 21.3. (line 4286)
+grave accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3631)
+greek letters: See 16.2. (line 2865)
+ha'c<ek accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3622)
+hacek accent: See 21.3. (line 4322)
+hat accent: See 21.3. (line 4283)
+hat accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3634)
+header style: See 18.3. (line 3824)
+header, parameters for: See 5.5. (line 706)
+hungarian umlaut accent: See 21.3. (line 4306)
+hyphenation, defining: See 13.7. (line 2646)
+hyphenation, forcing: See 13.4. (line 2616)
+hyphenation, preventing: See 20.1. (line 4025)
+in-line formulas: See 8.16. (line 1363)
+indent, forcing: See 15.1. (line 2747)
+indent, suppressing: See 15.2. (line 2758)
+indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: See 8.17. (line 1387)
+indexes: See 23.3. (line 4528)
+input file: See 22. (line 4388)
+input/Output: See 25. (line 4696)
+inserting figures: See 8.10. (line 1104)
+italic font: See 4.1. (line 511)
+justification, ragged left: See 8.12.1. (line 1210)
+justification, ragged right: See 8.11.1. (line 1184)
+Knuth, Donald E.:
+ See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251)
+labelled lists, creating: See 8.4. (line 976)
+Lamport, Leslie:
+ See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251)
+LaTeX logo: See 21.2. (line 4235)
+LaTeX overview: See 1. (line 261)
+LaTeX Project team:
+ See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251)
+layout commands: See 5. (line 634)
+layout, page parameters for: See 5.5. (line 706)
+left quote: See 21.2. (line 4242)
+left-justifying text: See 8.11.1. (line 1184)
+left-justifying text, environment for: See 8.11. (line 1171)
+left-to-right mode: See 17. (line 3729)
+lengths, adding to: See 12.2. (line 2531)
+lengths, defining and using: See 12. (line 2518)
+lengths, defining new: See 10.3. (line 2279)
+lengths, predefined: See 12.6. (line 2559)
+lengths, setting: See 12.1. (line 2524)
+letters: See 24. (line 4547)
+letters, accented: See 21.3. (line 4263)
+letters, ending: See 24.3. (line 4606)
+letters, non-English: See 21.4. (line 4328)
+letters, starting: See 24.8. (line 4649)
+line break, forcing: See 13.1. (line 2590)
+line breaking: See 13. (line 2578)
+line breaks, forcing: See 13.8. (line 2662)
+line breaks, preventing: See 13.8. (line 2662)
+lines in tables: See 8.23. (line 1816)
+lining text up in columns using tab stops: See 8.21. (line 1688)
+lining text up in tables: See 8.23. (line 1816)
+list items, specifying counter: See 11.2. (line 2453)
+lists of items: See 8.13. (line 1223)
+lists of items, generic: See 8.15. (line 1341)
+lists of items, numbered: See 8.7. (line 1024)
+loading additional packages: See 3.1. (line 404)
+logo, LaTeX: See 21.2. (line 4235)
+logo, TeX: See 21.2. (line 4257)
+low-level font commands: See 4.3. (line 558)
+lR mode: See 17. (line 3729)
+macron accent: See 21.3. (line 4280)
+makeindex program: See 23.3. (line 4540)
+making a title page: See 8.26. (line 2088)
+making paragraphs: See 15. (line 2739)
+marginal notes: See 15.4. (line 2771)
+math accents: See 16.4. (line 3611)
+math formulas: See 16. (line 2818)
+math functions: See 16.3. (line 3502)
+math Miscellany: See 16.6. (line 3679)
+math mode: See 17. (line 3729)
+math mode, entering: See 16. (line 2818)
+math mode, spacing: See 16.5. (line 3658)
+math symbols: See 16.2. (line 2865)
+minipage, creating a: See 8.17. (line 1375)
+modes: See 17. (line 3729)
+monospace font: See 4.1. (line 526)
+moving arguments: See 10.8. (line 2383)
+multicolumn text: See 5.2. (line 645)
+multiplication symbol, discretionary line break:See 16.6. (line 3680)
+nested \include, not allowed: See 22.1. (line 4409)
+new commands, defining: See 10.1. (line 2231)
+new line, output as input: See 13.2. (line 2600)
+new line, starting: See 13.1. (line 2590)
+new line, starting (paragraph mode): See 13.3. (line 2609)
+new page, starting: See 14.3. (line 2700)
+non-English characters: See 21.4. (line 4328)
+notes in the margin: See 15.4. (line 2771)
+null delimiter: See 16.6. (line 3694)
+numbered items, specifying counter: See 11.2. (line 2453)
+oblique font: See 4.1. (line 523)
+oe ligature: See 21.4. (line 4349)
+one-column output: See 5.1. (line 639)
+opening quote: See 21.2. (line 4242)
+options, document class: See 3.1. (line 336)
+options, global: See 3.1. (line 411)
+oslash: See 21.4. (line 4345)
+overbar accent: See 21.3. (line 4280)
+overdot accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3628)
+overview of LaTeX: See 1. (line 261)
+packages, loading: See 3.1. (line 404)
+page break, forcing: See 14.5. (line 2721)
+page break, preventing: See 14.5. (line 2721)
+page breaking: See 14. (line 2679)
+page layout parameters: See 5.5. (line 706)
+page number, cross referencing: See 7.2. (line 849)
+page numbering style: See 18.2. (line 3800)
+page styles: See 18. (line 3767)
+paragraph indentation, in minipage: See 8.17. (line 1387)
+paragraph indentations in quoted text: See 8.19. (line 1658)
+paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting:See 8.20. (line 1673)
+paragraph mode: See 17. (line 3729)
+paragraph sign: See 21.2. (line 4245)
+paragraphs: See 15. (line 2739)
+parameters, page layout: See 5.5. (line 706)
+pictures, creating: See 8.18. (line 1404)
+pilcrow: See 21.2. (line 4245)
+poetry, an environment for: See 8.28. (line 2139)
+polish l: See 21.4. (line 4341)
+postscript, in letters: See 24.9. (line 4662)
+pounds symbol: See 21.2. (line 4248)
+preamble, defined: See 2. (line 312)
+predefined lengths: See 12.6. (line 2559)
+prompt, *: See 26. (line 4738)
+quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying:See 8.19. (line 1658)
+quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying:See 8.20.
+ (line 1673)
+ragged left text: See 8.12.1. (line 1210)
+ragged left text, environment for: See 8.12. (line 1197)
+ragged right text: See 8.11.1. (line 1184)
+ragged right text, environment for: See 8.11. (line 1171)
+redefining environments: See 10.5. (line 2304)
+remarks in the margin: See 15.4. (line 2771)
+reserved characters: See 21.1. (line 4191)
+right quote: See 21.2. (line 4251)
+right-justifying text: See 8.12.1. (line 1210)
+right-justifying text, environment for: See 8.12. (line 1197)
+robust commands: See 10.8. (line 2393)
+roman font: See 4.1. (line 514)
+running header and footer: See 5.5. (line 706)
+running header and footer style: See 18.3. (line 3824)
+sans serif font: See 4.1. (line 520)
+script letters for math: See 4.1. (line 505)
+section number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 859)
+section symbol: See 21.2. (line 4254)
+sectioning: See 6. (line 756)
+setspace package: See 4.3. (line 615)
+setting counters: See 11.4. (line 2478)
+sharp S letters: See 21.4. (line 4352)
+simulating typed text: See 8.27. (line 2105)
+sizes of text: See 4.2. (line 532)
+slanted font: See 4.1. (line 523)
+small caps font: See 4.1. (line 517)
+space, inserting vertical: See 19.9. (line 3967)
+spaces: See 19. (line 3869)
+spacing within math mode: See 16.5. (line 3658)
+special characters: See 21.4. (line 4328)
+splitting the input file: See 22. (line 4388)
+starting & ending: See 2. (line 301)
+starting a new page: See 14.3. (line 2700)
+starting a new page and clearing floats: See 14.2. (line 2694)
+starting on a right-hand page: See 14.1. (line 2686)
+sterling symbol: See 21.2. (line 4248)
+stretch, omitting vertical: See 5.4. (line 700)
+styles of text: See 4.1. (line 424)
+styles, page: See 18. (line 3767)
+subscript: See 16.1. (line 2856)
+superscript: See 16.1. (line 2856)
+symbols, math: See 16.2. (line 2865)
+tab stops, using: See 8.21. (line 1688)
+table of contents entry, manually adding: See 23.1.1. (line 4467)
+table of contents, creating: See 23.1. (line 4447)
+tables, creating: See 8.22. (line 1780)
+terminal Input/Output: See 25. (line 4696)
+TeX logo: See 21.2. (line 4257)
+text symbols: See 21.2. (line 4222)
+thanks, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3789)
+theorems, defining: See 10.6. (line 2340)
+theorems, typesetting: See 8.25. (line 2075)
+tie-after accent: See 21.3. (line 4316)
+tilde accent: See 21.3. (line 4291)
+tilde accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3643)
+title pages, creating: See 8.26. (line 2088)
+title, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3793)
+titles, making: See 18.1. (line 3773)
+two-column output: See 5.2. (line 645)
+typed text, simulating: See 8.27. (line 2105)
+typeface sizes: See 4.2. (line 532)
+typeface styles: See 4.1. (line 424)
+typefaces: See 4. (line 418)
+typewriter font: See 4.1. (line 526)
+typewriter labels in lists: See 8.4. (line 988)
+umlaut accent: See 21.3. (line 4269)
+unordered lists: See 8.13. (line 1223)
+using BibTeX: See 8.24.4. (line 2035)
+variables, a list of: See 11. (line 2405)
+vector symbol, math: See 16.4. (line 3646)
+verbatim text: See 8.27. (line 2105)
+verbatim text, inline: See 8.27.1. (line 2122)
+vertical space: See 19.9. (line 3967)
+vertical space before paragraphs: See 15.3. (line 2765)
+visible space: See 8.27.1. (line 2133)
+wide hat accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3649)
+wide tile accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3652)
+xindy program: See 23.3. (line 4540)
+Command Index
+*************
+
+$: See 16. (line 2838)
+10pt option: See 3.1. (line 344)
+11pt option: See 3.1. (line 344)
+12pt option: See 3.1. (line 344)
+@{...}: See 8.2. (line 917)
+\" (umlaut accent): See 21.3. (line 4269)
+\#: See 21.1. (line 4196)
+\$: See 21.1. (line 4196)
+\%: See 21.1. (line 4196)
+\&: See 21.1. (line 4196)
+\' (acute accent): See 21.3. (line 4272)
+\' (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1727)
+\(: See 16. (line 2830)
+\): See 16. (line 2830)
+\*: See 16.6. (line 3679)
+\+: See 8.21. (line 1719)
+\,: See 16.5. (line 3671)
+\-: See 8.21. (line 1723)
+\- (hyphenation): See 13.4. (line 2616)
+\. (dot-over accent): See 21.3. (line 4277)
+\/: See 19.6. (line 3936)
+\:: See 16.5. (line 3668)
+\;: See 16.5. (line 3664)
+\<: See 8.21. (line 1715)
+\= (macron accent): See 21.3. (line 4280)
+\= (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1709)
+\> <1>: See 16.5. (line 3668)
+\>: See 8.21. (line 1713)
+\> (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1712)
+\@: See 19.4. (line 3915)
+\[: See 16. (line 2830)
+\\ (for \shortstack objects): See 8.18.13. (line 1642)
+\\ (for array): See 8.2. (line 914)
+\\ (for center): See 8.3. (line 946)
+\\ (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1071)
+\\ (for flushright): See 8.12. (line 1203)
+\\ for \author: See 18.1. (line 3779)
+\\ for \title: See 18.1. (line 3793)
+\\ for flushleft: See 8.11. (line 1177)
+\\ for letters: See 24. (line 4573)
+\\ for tabular: See 8.23. (line 1833)
+\\ for verse: See 8.28. (line 2150)
+\\ force line break: See 13.1. (line 2590)
+\\ tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1706)
+\\* (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1076)
+\]: See 16. (line 2830)
+\^: See 21.1. (line 4206)
+\^ (circumflex accent): See 21.3. (line 4283)
+\_: See 21.1. (line 4196)
+\` (grave accent): See 21.3. (line 4286)
+\` (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1733)
+\a (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1742)
+\a' (acute accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743)
+\a= (macron accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743)
+\a` (grave accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1743)
+\AA (AA): See 21.4. (line 4333)
+\aa (aa): See 21.4. (line 4333)
+\acute: See 16.4. (line 3615)
+\addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.1. (line 4467)
+\address: See 24.1. (line 4583)
+\addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.2. (line 4498)
+\addtocounter: See 11.5. (line 2488)
+\addtolength: See 12.2. (line 2531)
+\addvspace: See 19.9. (line 3967)
+\AE (AE): See 21.4. (line 4337)
+\ae (ae): See 21.4. (line 4337)
+\aleph: See 16.2. (line 2873)
+\Alph: See 11.1. (line 2427)
+\alph: See 11.1. (line 2424)
+\Alph example: See 8.7. (line 1060)
+\alpha: See 16.2. (line 2876)
+\amalg: See 16.2. (line 2879)
+\and for \author: See 18.1. (line 3779)
+\angle: See 16.2. (line 2882)
+\appendix: See 6. (line 794)
+\approx: See 16.2. (line 2885)
+\arabic: See 11.1. (line 2430)
+\arccos: See 16.3. (line 3505)
+\arcsin: See 16.3. (line 3508)
+\arctan: See 16.3. (line 3511)
+\arg: See 16.3. (line 3514)
+\arraycolsep: See 8.2. (line 929)
+\arrayrulewidth: See 8.23. (line 1900)
+\arraystretch: See 8.23. (line 1904)
+\ast: See 16.2. (line 2888)
+\asymp: See 16.2. (line 2891)
+\author{NAME \and NAME2}: See 18.1. (line 3778)
+\b (bar-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4294)
+\backslash <1>: See 21.1. (line 4201)
+\backslash: See 16.2. (line 2894)
+\bar (macron, bar-over accent): See 21.3. (line 4297)
+\baselineskip: See 4.3. (line 609)
+\baselinestretch: See 4.3. (line 615)
+\begin: See 8. (line 871)
+\beta: See 16.2. (line 2897)
+\bf: See 4.1. (line 501)
+\bfseries: See 4.1. (line 450)
+\bibitem: See 8.24.1. (line 1995)
+\bibliography: See 8.24.4. (line 2035)
+\bibliographystyle: See 8.24.4. (line 2035)
+\bigcap: See 16.2. (line 2900)
+\bigcirc: See 16.2. (line 2903)
+\bigcup: See 16.2. (line 2906)
+\bigodot: See 16.2. (line 2909)
+\bigoplus: See 16.2. (line 2912)
+\bigotimes: See 16.2. (line 2915)
+\bigskip: See 19.10. (line 3981)
+\bigskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3981)
+\bigsqcup: See 16.2. (line 2924)
+\bigtriangledown: See 16.2. (line 2918)
+\bigtriangleup: See 16.2. (line 2921)
+\biguplus: See 16.2. (line 2927)
+\bigwedge: See 16.2. (line 2933)
+\bmod: See 16.3. (line 3517)
+\boldmath: See 16. (line 2843)
+\bot: See 16.2. (line 2936)
+\bottomfraction: See 8.10. (line 1138)
+\bowtie: See 16.2. (line 2939)
+\Box: See 16.2. (line 2942)
+\breve: See 16.4. (line 3618)
+\bullet: See 16.2. (line 2945)
+\c (cedilla accent): See 21.3. (line 4300)
+\cal: See 4.1. (line 504)
+\cap: See 16.2. (line 2948)
+\caption: See 8.10. (line 1134)
+\cc: See 24.2. (line 4596)
+\cdot: See 16.2. (line 2951)
+\cdots: See 16.6. (line 3683)
+\centering: See 8.3.1. (line 953)
+\chapter: See 6. (line 760)
+\check: See 16.4. (line 3621)
+\chi: See 16.2. (line 2954)
+\circ: See 16.2. (line 2957)
+\circle: See 8.18.1. (line 1470)
+\cite: See 8.24.2. (line 2012)
+\cleardoublepage: See 14.1. (line 2686)
+\clearpage: See 14.2. (line 2694)
+\cline: See 8.23.2. (line 1944)
+\closing: See 24.3. (line 4606)
+\clubsuit: See 16.2. (line 2960)
+\columnsep: See 5.2. (line 655)
+\columnseprule: See 5.2. (line 658)
+\columnwidth: See 5.2. (line 662)
+\cong: See 16.2. (line 2963)
+\contentsline: See 23.1.1. (line 4492)
+\coprod: See 16.2. (line 2966)
+\copyright: See 21.2. (line 4225)
+\cos: See 16.3. (line 3520)
+\cosh: See 16.3. (line 3523)
+\cot: See 16.3. (line 3526)
+\coth: See 16.3. (line 3529)
+\csc: See 16.3. (line 3532)
+\cup: See 16.2. (line 2969)
+\d (dot-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4303)
+\dag: See 21.2. (line 4228)
+\dagger: See 16.2. (line 2972)
+\dashbox: See 8.18.4. (line 1518)
+\dashv: See 16.2. (line 2975)
+\date{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3784)
+\day: See 11.8. (line 2507)
+\dblfloatpagefraction: See 5.2. (line 674)
+\dblfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 678)
+\dbltextfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 683)
+\dbltopfraction: See 5.2. (line 669)
+\ddag: See 21.2. (line 4231)
+\ddagger: See 16.2. (line 2978)
+\ddot: See 16.4. (line 3624)
+\ddots: See 16.6. (line 3687)
+\deg: See 16.3. (line 3535)
+\delta: See 16.2. (line 2984)
+\Delta: See 16.2. (line 2981)
+\depth: See 12.6. (line 2563)
+\det: See 16.3. (line 3538)
+\diamond: See 16.2. (line 2990)
+\Diamond: See 16.2. (line 2987)
+\diamondsuit: See 16.2. (line 2993)
+\dim: See 16.3. (line 3541)
+\displaystyle: See 16. (line 2848)
+\div: See 16.2. (line 2996)
+\documentclass: See 3. (line 319)
+\dot: See 16.4. (line 3627)
+\doteq: See 16.2. (line 2999)
+\dotfill: See 19.8. (line 3961)
+\doublerulesep: See 8.23. (line 1908)
+\Downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3005)
+\downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3002)
+\ell: See 16.2. (line 3008)
+\em: See 4.1. (line 507)
+\emph: See 4.1. (line 444)
+\emptyset: See 16.2. (line 3011)
+\encl: See 24.4. (line 4616)
+\end: See 8. (line 871)
+\enlargethispage: See 14.4. (line 2706)
+\enumi: See 8.7. (line 1050)
+\enumii: See 8.7. (line 1050)
+\enumiii: See 8.7. (line 1050)
+\enumiv: See 8.7. (line 1050)
+\epsilon: See 16.2. (line 3014)
+\equiv: See 16.2. (line 3017)
+\eta: See 16.2. (line 3020)
+\evensidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385)
+\exists: See 16.2. (line 3023)
+\exp: See 16.3. (line 3544)
+\fbox: See 20.2. (line 4032)
+\fboxrule <1>: See 20.2. (line 4042)
+\fboxrule: See 8.18.3. (line 1511)
+\fboxsep <1>: See 20.2. (line 4042)
+\fboxsep: See 8.18.3. (line 1511)
+\fill: See 19.2. (line 3897)
+\flat: See 16.2. (line 3026)
+\floatpagefraction: See 8.10. (line 1141)
+\floatsep: See 8.10. (line 1145)
+\flushbottom: See 5.3. (line 691)
+\fnsymbol: See 11.1. (line 2439)
+\fontencoding: See 4.3. (line 563)
+\fontfamily: See 4.3. (line 566)
+\fontseries: See 4.3. (line 577)
+\fontshape: See 4.3. (line 592)
+\fontsize: See 4.3. (line 609)
+\footnote: See 9.1. (line 2165)
+\footnotemark: See 9.2. (line 2180)
+\footnoterule: See 9.4. (line 2209)
+\footnotesep: See 9.4. (line 2215)
+\footnotesize: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\footnotetext: See 9.3. (line 2195)
+\footskip: See 5.5. (line 716)
+\forall: See 16.2. (line 3029)
+\frac: See 16.6. (line 3691)
+\frac{num}{den}: See 16.6. (line 3690)
+\frame: See 8.18.5. (line 1531)
+\framebox <1>: See 20.2. (line 4032)
+\framebox: See 8.18.3. (line 1503)
+\frown: See 16.2. (line 3032)
+\fussy: See 13.5. (line 2628)
+\gamma: See 16.2. (line 3038)
+\Gamma: See 16.2. (line 3035)
+\gcd: See 16.3. (line 3547)
+\ge: See 16.2. (line 3041)
+\geq: See 16.2. (line 3044)
+\gets: See 16.2. (line 3047)
+\gg: See 16.2. (line 3050)
+\glossary: See 23.2. (line 4515)
+\glossaryentry: See 23.2. (line 4518)
+\grave: See 16.4. (line 3630)
+\H (Hungarian umlaut accent): See 21.3. (line 4306)
+\hat: See 16.4. (line 3633)
+\hbar: See 16.2. (line 3053)
+\headheight: See 5.5. (line 706)
+\headsep: See 5.5. (line 711)
+\heartsuit: See 16.2. (line 3056)
+\height: See 12.6. (line 2561)
+\hfill: See 19.2. (line 3894)
+\hline: See 8.23.3. (line 1955)
+\hom: See 16.3. (line 3550)
+\hookleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3059)
+\hookrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3062)
+\hrulefill: See 19.7. (line 3954)
+\hspace: See 19.1. (line 3878)
+\Huge: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\huge: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\hyphenation: See 13.7. (line 2646)
+\i (dotless i): See 21.3. (line 4310)
+\iff: See 16.2. (line 3065)
+\Im: See 16.2. (line 3068)
+\imath: See 16.4. (line 3636)
+\in: See 16.2. (line 3071)
+\include: See 22.1. (line 4397)
+\includeonly: See 22.2. (line 4415)
+\indent: See 15.1. (line 2747)
+\index: See 23.3. (line 4530)
+\indexentry: See 23.3. (line 4533)
+\inf: See 16.3. (line 3553)
+\infty: See 16.2. (line 3074)
+\input: See 22.3. (line 4429)
+\int: See 16.2. (line 3077)
+\intextsep: See 8.10. (line 1149)
+\iota: See 16.2. (line 3080)
+\it: See 4.1. (line 510)
+\item <1>: See 8.13. (line 1223)
+\item <2>: See 8.7. (line 1037)
+\item: See 8.4. (line 984)
+\itemindent: See 8.13. (line 1269)
+\itemsep: See 8.13. (line 1292)
+\itshape: See 4.1. (line 441)
+\j (dotless j): See 21.3. (line 4313)
+\jmath: See 16.4. (line 3639)
+\Join: See 16.2. (line 3083)
+\kappa: See 16.2. (line 3086)
+\ker: See 16.3. (line 3556)
+\kill: See 8.21. (line 1747)
+\L (/L): See 21.4. (line 4341)
+\l (/l): See 21.4. (line 4341)
+\label: See 7.1. (line 813)
+\labelenumi: See 8.7. (line 1054)
+\labelenumii: See 8.7. (line 1054)
+\labelenumiii: See 8.7. (line 1054)
+\labelenumiv: See 8.7. (line 1054)
+\labelitemi: See 8.13. (line 1249)
+\labelitemii: See 8.13. (line 1249)
+\labelitemiii: See 8.13. (line 1249)
+\labelitemiv: See 8.13. (line 1249)
+\labelsep: See 8.13. (line 1272)
+\labelwidth: See 8.13. (line 1275)
+\lambda: See 16.2. (line 3092)
+\Lambda: See 16.2. (line 3089)
+\land: See 16.2. (line 3095)
+\langle: See 16.2. (line 3098)
+\LARGE: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\Large: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\large: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\LaTeX: See 21.2. (line 4234)
+\lbrace: See 16.2. (line 3101)
+\lbrack: See 16.2. (line 3104)
+\lceil: See 16.2. (line 3107)
+\ldots: See 21.2. (line 4237)
+\le: See 16.2. (line 3110)
+\leadsto: See 16.2. (line 3113)
+\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: See 16.6. (line 3693)
+\leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3118)
+\Leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3115)
+\lefteqn: See 8.8. (line 1084)
+\leftharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3121)
+\leftharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3124)
+\leftmargin: See 8.13. (line 1256)
+\leftmargini: See 8.13. (line 1256)
+\leftmarginii: See 8.13. (line 1256)
+\leftmarginiii: See 8.13. (line 1256)
+\leftmarginiv: See 8.13. (line 1256)
+\leftmarginv: See 8.13. (line 1256)
+\leftmarginvi: See 8.13. (line 1256)
+\leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3130)
+\Leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3127)
+\leq: See 16.2. (line 3133)
+\lfloor: See 16.2. (line 3136)
+\lg: See 16.3. (line 3559)
+\lhd: See 16.2. (line 3139)
+\lim: See 16.3. (line 3562)
+\liminf: See 16.3. (line 3565)
+\limsup: See 16.3. (line 3568)
+\line: See 8.18.6. (line 1542)
+\linebreak: See 13.8. (line 2662)
+\linethickness: See 8.18.7. (line 1557)
+\linewidth: See 5.5. (line 721)
+\listoffigures: See 23.1. (line 4457)
+\listoftables: See 23.1. (line 4457)
+\listparindent: See 8.13. (line 1278)
+\ll: See 16.2. (line 3142)
+\ln: See 16.3. (line 3571)
+\lnot: See 16.2. (line 3145)
+\location: See 24.5. (line 4625)
+\log: See 16.3. (line 3574)
+\longleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3148)
+\longleftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3151)
+\longmapsto: See 16.2. (line 3154)
+\longrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3157)
+\lor: See 16.2. (line 3160)
+\lq: See 21.2. (line 4241)
+\makebox: See 20.4. (line 4063)
+\makebox (picture): See 8.18.2. (line 1481)
+\makeglossary: See 23.2. (line 4513)
+\makeindex: See 23.3. (line 4528)
+\makelabels: See 24.6. (line 4633)
+\maketitle: See 18.1. (line 3773)
+\mapsto: See 16.2. (line 3163)
+\marginpar: See 15.4. (line 2771)
+\marginparpush: See 15.4. (line 2800)
+\marginparsep: See 15.4. (line 2804)
+\marginparwidth: See 15.4. (line 2808)
+\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3848)
+\markright{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3855)
+\mathbf: See 4.1. (line 474)
+\mathcal: See 4.1. (line 490)
+\mathnormal: See 4.1. (line 487)
+\mathrm: See 4.1. (line 471)
+\mathsf: See 4.1. (line 477)
+\mathtt: See 4.1. (line 480)
+\mathversion: See 4.1. (line 492)
+\max: See 16.3. (line 3577)
+\mbox: See 20.1. (line 4025)
+\mdseries: See 4.1. (line 447)
+\medskip: See 19.10. (line 3985)
+\medskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3985)
+\mho: See 16.2. (line 3166)
+\mid: See 16.2. (line 3168)
+\min: See 16.3. (line 3580)
+\models: See 16.2. (line 3171)
+\month: See 11.8. (line 2507)
+\mp: See 16.2. (line 3174)
+\mu: See 16.2. (line 3177)
+\multicolumn: See 8.23.1. (line 1921)
+\multiput: See 8.18.10. (line 1581)
+\nabla: See 16.2. (line 3180)
+\name: See 24.7. (line 4641)
+\natural: See 16.2. (line 3183)
+\ne: See 16.2. (line 3186)
+\nearrow: See 16.2. (line 3189)
+\neg: See 16.2. (line 3192)
+\neq: See 16.2. (line 3195)
+\newcommand: See 10.1. (line 2231)
+\newcounter: See 10.2. (line 2264)
+\newenvironment: See 10.5. (line 2304)
+\newfont: See 10.7. (line 2369)
+\newlength: See 10.3. (line 2279)
+\NEWLINE: See 19.3. (line 3904)
+\newline: See 13.3. (line 2609)
+\newpage: See 14.3. (line 2700)
+\newsavebox: See 10.4. (line 2294)
+\newtheorem: See 10.6. (line 2340)
+\ni: See 16.2. (line 3198)
+\nocite: See 8.24.3. (line 2027)
+\nofiles: See 23.1. (line 4461)
+\noindent: See 15.2. (line 2758)
+\nolinebreak: See 13.8. (line 2662)
+\nonumber: See 8.8. (line 1079)
+\nopagebreak: See 14.5. (line 2721)
+\normalfont: See 4.1. (line 468)
+\normalmarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2788)
+\normalsize: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\not: See 16.2. (line 3201)
+\notin: See 16.2. (line 3204)
+\nu: See 16.2. (line 3207)
+\nwarrow: See 16.2. (line 3210)
+\O (/O): See 21.4. (line 4345)
+\o (/o): See 21.4. (line 4345)
+\obeycr: See 13.2. (line 2600)
+\oddsidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385)
+\odot: See 16.2. (line 3213)
+\OE (OE): See 21.4. (line 4349)
+\oe (oe): See 21.4. (line 4349)
+\oint: See 16.2. (line 3216)
+\omega: See 16.2. (line 3222)
+\Omega: See 16.2. (line 3219)
+\ominus: See 16.2. (line 3225)
+\onecolumn: See 5.1. (line 639)
+\opening: See 24.8. (line 4649)
+\oplus: See 16.2. (line 3228)
+\oslash: See 16.2. (line 3231)
+\otimes: See 16.2. (line 3234)
+\oval: See 8.18.11. (line 1591)
+\overbrace{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3698)
+\overline{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3702)
+\owns: See 16.2. (line 3237)
+\P: See 21.2. (line 4244)
+\pagebreak: See 14.5. (line 2721)
+\pagenumbering: See 18.2. (line 3800)
+\pageref: See 7.2. (line 849)
+\pagestyle: See 18.3. (line 3824)
+\paragraph: See 6. (line 769)
+\parallel: See 16.2. (line 3240)
+\parbox: See 20.5. (line 4091)
+\parindent <1>: See 15.1. (line 2747)
+\parindent: See 8.17. (line 1387)
+\parsep: See 8.13. (line 1297)
+\parskip: See 15.3. (line 2765)
+\parskip example: See 8.13. (line 1320)
+\part: See 6. (line 758)
+\partial: See 16.2. (line 3243)
+\partopsep: See 8.13. (line 1307)
+\perp: See 16.2. (line 3246)
+\phi: See 16.2. (line 3249)
+\pi: See 16.2. (line 3255)
+\Pi: See 16.2. (line 3252)
+\pm: See 16.2. (line 3258)
+\pmod: See 16.3. (line 3583)
+\poptabs: See 8.21. (line 1753)
+\pounds: See 21.2. (line 4247)
+\Pr: See 16.3. (line 3586)
+\prec: See 16.2. (line 3261)
+\preceq: See 16.2. (line 3264)
+\prime: See 16.2. (line 3267)
+\prod: See 16.2. (line 3270)
+\propto: See 16.2. (line 3273)
+\protect: See 10.8. (line 2383)
+\ps: See 24.9. (line 4662)
+\psi: See 16.2. (line 3279)
+\Psi: See 16.2. (line 3276)
+\pushtabs: See 8.21. (line 1756)
+\put: See 8.18.12. (line 1618)
+\raggedbottom: See 5.4. (line 700)
+\raggedleft: See 8.12.1. (line 1210)
+\raggedright: See 8.11.1. (line 1184)
+\raisebox: See 20.6. (line 4135)
+\rangle: See 16.2. (line 3282)
+\rbrace: See 16.2. (line 3285)
+\rbrack: See 16.2. (line 3288)
+\rceil: See 16.2. (line 3291)
+\Re: See 16.2. (line 3294)
+\ref: See 7.3. (line 859)
+\refstepcounter: See 11.6. (line 2494)
+\renewenvironment: See 10.5. (line 2304)
+\restorecr: See 13.2. (line 2600)
+\reversemarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2788)
+\rfloor: See 16.2. (line 3297)
+\rhd: See 16.2. (line 3300)
+\rho: See 16.2. (line 3303)
+\right: See 16.6. (line 3694)
+\rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3309)
+\Rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3306)
+\rightharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3312)
+\rightharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3315)
+\rightleftharpoons: See 16.2. (line 3318)
+\rightmargin: See 8.13. (line 1282)
+\rm: See 4.1. (line 513)
+\rmfamily: See 4.1. (line 438)
+\roman: See 11.1. (line 2433)
+\rq: See 21.2. (line 4250)
+\rule: See 21.5. (line 4358)
+\S: See 21.2. (line 4253)
+\savebox: See 20.7. (line 4151)
+\sbox: See 20.8. (line 4163)
+\sc: See 4.1. (line 516)
+\scriptsize: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\scshape: See 4.1. (line 462)
+\searrow: See 16.2. (line 3321)
+\sec: See 16.3. (line 3589)
+\section: See 6. (line 763)
+\selectfont: See 4.3. (line 623)
+\setcounter: See 11.4. (line 2478)
+\setlength: See 12.1. (line 2524)
+\setminus: See 16.2. (line 3324)
+\settodepth: See 12.3. (line 2537)
+\settoheight: See 12.4. (line 2545)
+\settowidth: See 12.5. (line 2553)
+\sf: See 4.1. (line 519)
+\sffamily: See 4.1. (line 459)
+\sharp: See 16.2. (line 3327)
+\shortstack: See 8.18.13. (line 1626)
+\sigma: See 16.2. (line 3333)
+\Sigma: See 16.2. (line 3330)
+\signature: See 24.10. (line 4668)
+\sim: See 16.2. (line 3336)
+\simeq: See 16.2. (line 3339)
+\sin: See 16.3. (line 3592)
+\sinh: See 16.3. (line 3595)
+\sl: See 4.1. (line 522)
+\slshape: See 4.1. (line 456)
+\small: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\smallint: See 16.2. (line 3342)
+\smallskip: See 19.10. (line 3989)
+\smallskipamount: See 19.10. (line 3989)
+\smile: See 16.2. (line 3345)
+\SPACE: See 19.3. (line 3904)
+\spadesuit: See 16.2. (line 3348)
+\sqcap: See 16.2. (line 3351)
+\sqcup: See 16.2. (line 3354)
+\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: See 16.6. (line 3705)
+\sqsubset: See 16.2. (line 3357)
+\sqsubseteq: See 16.2. (line 3360)
+\sqsupset: See 16.2. (line 3363)
+\sqsupseteq: See 16.2. (line 3366)
+\ss (ss): See 21.4. (line 4352)
+\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: See 16.6. (line 3711)
+\star: See 16.2. (line 3369)
+\startbreaks: See 24.11. (line 4674)
+\stepcounter: See 11.7. (line 2501)
+\stop: See 26. (line 4738)
+\stopbreaks: See 24.12. (line 4681)
+\subparagraph: See 6. (line 771)
+\subsection: See 6. (line 765)
+\subset: See 16.2. (line 3372)
+\subseteq: See 16.2. (line 3375)
+\subsubsection: See 6. (line 767)
+\succ: See 16.2. (line 3378)
+\succeq: See 16.2. (line 3381)
+\sum: See 16.2. (line 3384)
+\sup: See 16.3. (line 3598)
+\supset: See 16.2. (line 3387)
+\supseteq: See 16.2. (line 3390)
+\surd: See 16.2. (line 3393)
+\swarrow: See 16.2. (line 3396)
+\symbol: See 21.1. (line 4210)
+\t (tie-after accent): See 21.3. (line 4316)
+\TAB: See 19.3. (line 3904)
+\tabbingsep: See 8.21. (line 1761)
+\tabcolsep: See 8.23. (line 1912)
+\tableofcontents: See 23.1. (line 4447)
+\tan: See 16.3. (line 3601)
+\tanh: See 16.3. (line 3604)
+\tau: See 16.2. (line 3399)
+\telephone: See 24.13. (line 4688)
+\TeX: See 21.2. (line 4256)
+\textbf: See 4.1. (line 450)
+\textfloatsep: See 8.10. (line 1154)
+\textfraction: See 8.10. (line 1158)
+\textheight: See 5.5. (line 727)
+\textit: See 4.1. (line 441)
+\textmd: See 4.1. (line 447)
+\textnormal: See 4.1. (line 468)
+\textrm: See 4.1. (line 438)
+\textsc: See 4.1. (line 462)
+\textsf: See 4.1. (line 459)
+\textsl: See 4.1. (line 456)
+\texttt: See 4.1. (line 465)
+\textup: See 4.1. (line 453)
+\textwidth: See 5.5. (line 734)
+\thanks{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3788)
+\theta: See 16.2. (line 3402)
+\thicklines: See 8.18.8. (line 1567)
+\thinlines: See 8.18.9. (line 1574)
+\thinspace: See 19.5. (line 3929)
+\thispagestyle: See 18.4. (line 3862)
+\tilde: See 16.4. (line 3642)
+\times: See 16.2. (line 3405)
+\tiny: See 4.2. (line 537)
+\title{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3792)
+\to: See 16.2. (line 3408)
+\today: See 21.6. (line 4377)
+\top: See 16.2. (line 3411)
+\topfraction: See 8.10. (line 1163)
+\topmargin: See 5.5. (line 740)
+\topsep: See 8.13. (line 1301)
+\topskip: See 5.5. (line 747)
+\totalheight: See 12.6. (line 2565)
+\triangle: See 16.2. (line 3414)
+\triangleleft: See 16.2. (line 3417)
+\triangleright: See 16.2. (line 3420)
+\tt: See 4.1. (line 525)
+\ttfamily: See 4.1. (line 465)
+\twocolumn: See 5.2. (line 645)
+\typein: See 25.1. (line 4699)
+\typeout: See 25.2. (line 4713)
+\u (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4319)
+\unboldmath: See 16. (line 2843)
+\underbrace{math}: See 16.6. (line 3715)
+\underline{text}: See 16.6. (line 3718)
+\unitlength: See 8.18. (line 1408)
+\unlhd: See 16.2. (line 3423)
+\unrhd: See 16.2. (line 3426)
+\uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3432)
+\Uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3429)
+\updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3438)
+\Updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3435)
+\uplus: See 16.2. (line 3441)
+\upshape: See 4.1. (line 453)
+\upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3447)
+\Upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3444)
+\usebox: See 20.9. (line 4175)
+\usecounter: See 11.2. (line 2453)
+\usefont: See 4.3. (line 627)
+\usepackage: See 3.1. (line 404)
+\v (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4322)
+\value: See 11.3. (line 2464)
+\varepsilon: See 16.2. (line 3450)
+\varphi: See 16.2. (line 3453)
+\varpi: See 16.2. (line 3456)
+\varrho: See 16.2. (line 3459)
+\varsigma: See 16.2. (line 3462)
+\vartheta: See 16.2. (line 3465)
+\vdash: See 16.2. (line 3468)
+\vdots: See 16.6. (line 3722)
+\vec: See 16.4. (line 3645)
+\vector: See 8.18.14. (line 1647)
+\vee: See 16.2. (line 3471)
+\verb: See 8.27.1. (line 2122)
+\vert: See 16.2. (line 3477)
+\Vert: See 16.2. (line 3474)
+\vfill: See 19.11. (line 3998)
+\vline: See 8.23.4. (line 1962)
+\vspace: See 19.12. (line 4005)
+\wedge: See 16.2. (line 3480)
+\widehat: See 16.4. (line 3648)
+\width: See 12.6. (line 2559)
+\wp: See 16.2. (line 3483)
+\wr: See 16.2. (line 3486)
+\xi: See 16.2. (line 3492)
+\Xi: See 16.2. (line 3489)
+\year: See 11.8. (line 2507)
+\zeta: See 16.2. (line 3495)
+\{: See 21.1. (line 4196)
+\|: See 16.2. (line 2870)
+\}: See 21.1. (line 4196)
+\~: See 21.1. (line 4206)
+\~ (tilde accent): See 21.3. (line 4291)
+^: See 16.1. (line 2856)
+_: See 16.1. (line 2856)
+a4paper option: See 3.1. (line 349)
+a5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349)
+abstract environment: See 8.1. (line 881)
+array environment: See 8.2. (line 892)
+article class: See 3. (line 326)
+b5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349)
+book class: See 3. (line 326)
+center environment: See 8.3. (line 939)
+description environment: See 8.4. (line 976)
+displaymath environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818)
+displaymath environment: See 8.5. (line 999)
+document environment: See 8.6. (line 1018)
+draft option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+enumerate environment: See 8.7. (line 1024)
+eqnarray environment: See 8.8. (line 1065)
+equation environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818)
+equation environment: See 8.9. (line 1091)
+executivepaper option: See 3.1. (line 349)
+figure: See 8.10. (line 1104)
+final option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+fleqn option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+flushleft environment: See 8.11. (line 1171)
+flushright environment: See 8.12. (line 1197)
+itemize environment: See 8.13. (line 1223)
+landscape option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+legalpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349)
+leqno option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+letter: See 8.14. (line 1336)
+letter class: See 3. (line 326)
+letterpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349)
+list: See 8.15. (line 1341)
+lR box: See 8.18. (line 1460)
+lrbox: See 20.3. (line 4053)
+math environment <1>: See 16. (line 2818)
+math environment: See 8.16. (line 1363)
+minipage environment: See 8.17. (line 1375)
+notitlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+onecolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379)
+oneside option: See 3.1. (line 379)
+openany option: See 3.1. (line 379)
+openbib option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+openright option: See 3.1. (line 379)
+picture: See 8.18. (line 1404)
+quotation: See 8.19. (line 1658)
+quote: See 8.20. (line 1673)
+report class: See 3. (line 326)
+slides class: See 3. (line 326)
+tabbing environment: See 8.21. (line 1688)
+table: See 8.22. (line 1780)
+tabular environment: See 8.23. (line 1816)
+thebibliography: See 8.24. (line 1970)
+theorem environment: See 8.25. (line 2075)
+titlepage environment: See 8.26. (line 2088)
+titlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354)
+twocolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379)
+twoside option: See 3.1. (line 379)
+verbatim environment: See 8.27. (line 2105)
+verse environment: See 8.28. (line 2139)