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-\documentclass{elsart}
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\usepackage{graphicx,amssymb,lineno}
-\ifpdf
-\usepackage[%
- pdftitle={Instructions for use of the document class
- elsart},%
- pdfauthor={Simon Pepping},%
- pdfsubject={The preprint document class elsart},%
- pdfkeywords={instructions for use, elsart, document class},%
- pdfstartview=FitH,%
- bookmarks=true,%
- bookmarksopen=true,%
- breaklinks=true,%
- colorlinks=true,%
- linkcolor=blue,anchorcolor=blue,%
- citecolor=blue,filecolor=blue,%
- menucolor=blue,pagecolor=blue,%
- urlcolor=blue]{hyperref}
-\else
-\usepackage[%
- breaklinks=true,%
- colorlinks=true,%
- linkcolor=blue,anchorcolor=blue,%
- citecolor=blue,filecolor=blue,%
- menucolor=blue,pagecolor=blue,%
- urlcolor=blue]{hyperref}
-\fi
-
-\renewcommand\floatpagefraction{.2}
-\makeatletter
-\def\elsartstyle{%
- \def\normalsize{\@setfontsize\normalsize\@xiipt{14.5}}
- \def\small{\@setfontsize\small\@xipt{13.6}}
- \let\footnotesize=\small
- \def\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xivpt{18}}
- \def\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xviipt{22}}
- \skip\@mpfootins = 18\p@ \@plus 2\p@
- \normalsize
-}
-\@ifundefined{square}{}{\let\Box\square}
-\makeatother
-
-\def\file#1{\texttt{#1}}
-
-\pagestyle{plain}
-\begin{document}
-
-\begin{frontmatter}
-\title{Instructions for use\\of the document class \file{elsart}}
-
-\author{Simon Pepping}
-\address{Elsevier, P.O. Box 103, 1000 AC Amsterdam,
-Netherlands}
-
-\ead{s.pepping@elsevier.com}
-\ead[url]{authors.elsevier.com/locate/latex}
-
-\begin{abstract}
-This article discusses several features of preparing articles
-with the \file{elsart} document style, using numbered style bibliographic
-references.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\begin{keyword}
-\file{elsart}, document class, instructions for use
-\PACS 01.30.$-$y
-\end{keyword}
-\end{frontmatter}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-\label{intro}
-
-This article discusses how to prepare articles with the \file{elsart}
-document class. For more general information about \LaTeX{}, see the
-\LaTeX{} manual written by Lamport \cite{Lamp86}.
-
-Elsevier has prepared the following \LaTeX{} support files for
-authors:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item The document class \file{elsart.cls}, which provides a preprint
- layout.
-\item The document classes \file{elsart1p.cls}, \file{elsart3p.cls},
- \file{elsart5p.cls}, which each provide a layout in one of
- Elsevier's standard journal styles, called 1+, 3+ and 5+.
-\item The instructions for use of \file{elsart},
- \file{instructions-harv} for use with a Harvard-style bibliography,
- and \file{instructions-num} for use with a numbered style
- bibliography.
-\item Template files for a quick start of your \LaTeX{} article with
- \file{elsart},
- \newline
- \file{template-harv.tex} for use with a Harvard-style
- bibliography, and
- \newline
- \file{template-num.tex} for use with a numbered
- style bibliography.
-\item Styles for BibTeX, \file{elsart-harv.bst} for a Harvard-style
- bibliography, and \file{elsart-num.bst} for a numbered style
- bibliography.
-\end{itemize}
-The files are freely available from Elsevier's Author Gateway
-\url{http://authors.elsevier.com/locate/latex}.
-
-On Elsevier's Author Gateway you will also find support files for CRC
-journal articles. Support for monographs or contributed book chapters
-may be obtained via the publisher of the book.
-
-Elsevier's \LaTeX{} support files can also be obtained from one of the
-servers of the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) in the
-directory\newline
-\href{ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/elsevier}%
-{\texttt{/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/elsevier}}. CTAN is a
-mirrored network of FTP servers, with the following web front ends:
-\href{http://www.tex.ac.uk}{\texttt{www.tex.ac.uk}},
-\href{http://www.dante.de/software/ctan}{\texttt{www.dante.de/software/ctan}}
-(in German) and \href{http://www.ctan.org}{\texttt{www.ctan.org}}. The
-network is widely mirrored, see
-\url{http://www.tug.org/tex-archive/CTAN.sites}. It holds up-to-date
-copies of all the public-domain versions of \TeX, \LaTeX, Metafont and
-ancillary programs.
-
-Note that CTAN is not related to Elsevier, and that Elsevier's author
-support cannot accept complaints or answer questions about the
-availability of any CTAN server.
-
-The non-Elsevier macro packages recommended later in this document and
-many other useful macro packages can also be obtained from CTAN.
-
-In the following sections we show how you may use the \file{elsart}
-document class.
-
-\section{Options}
-
-The \file{elsart} document class enables the following options:
-
-\begin{description}
-
-\item[doublespacing, reviewcopy] This is a single option with two
- names to obtain double line spacing, as is sometimes required for
- copies submitted for review.
-
-\item[seceqn, secthm] The option \texttt{seceqn} numbers the equation
- environments per section. The option \texttt{secthm} does the same
- for the \texttt{thm} environment. In elsart all predefined theorem
- environments except Algorithm, Note, Summary and Case use the same
- counter as the \texttt{thm} environment.
-
-\item[draft, final] As in many other document classes, these are
- options to produce draft and final layout. In the draft layout you
- will see warnings for overfull boxes. You also need draft layout to
- test your formulas on a narrower display width, see option
- \texttt{narrowdisplay}.
-
-\item[narrowdisplay] Many Elsevier journals print their text in two
- columns. Because the preprint layout uses a larger line width
- than such columns, the formulas are too wide for the line width in
- print. In draft mode (see the \texttt{draft} option) you can use the
- \texttt{narrowdisplay} option to force a narrower width for
- displayed formulas. The width is roughly equal to the column width
- of the printed journals, compensated for the larger font size of the
- preprint layout. The \texttt{narrowdisplay} option is ineffective
- with packages which redefine the equation environments, such as
- \texttt{amsmath}.
-
- The \texttt{narrowdisplay} option is especially useful for journals
- for which the articles are printed from the author's \LaTeX{} file.
- This is the case for a number of mathematics journals. When you
- break your formulas such that they fit in the narrow column width,
- the typesetter will be able to retain most of your breaks. Article
- for other journals are printed after transformation to an XML file.
- For such journals the formula layout in the \LaTeX{} file is always
- lost in the transformation.
-
- The narrow display width is obtained by giving the formulas a larger
- indent. Too wide formulas in the one-line display environments
- \texttt{equation} and \texttt{displaymath} will show an overfull
- rule:
-
- \def\testformula{%
- \sum_{i=0}^{\infty}A^n\int \mathrm{d}x\, \frac{F_n(x)}{A_n + B_n} =
- B^n C^n \int\mathrm{d}x\,\int \mathrm{d}y\,
- \frac{G_n(x,y)}{\mathcal{A}_n{x} + \mathcal{B}_n{y}}
- }
- \overfullrule 5pt
- \mathindent\linewidth\relax
- \advance\mathindent-259pt
- \begin{equation}
- \label{eq:1}
- \testformula.
- \end{equation}
-
- This is not the case for the multiline display environment
- \texttt{eqnarray}. But in both cases too wide formulas will extend
- into the right margin, giving you visual feedback:
-
- \begin{eqnarray}
- \label{eq:2}
- \testformula,\nonumber\\
- \testformula.
- \end{eqnarray}
-
- When you switch off draft mode, the formulas will have their normal
- indentation, and too wide formulas will no longer be signalled.
-
-\end{description}
-
-\section{Print layout}
-\label{printlayout}
-
-Elsevier also makes available a few document classes that roughly
-reproduce the layout of the printed journals. The majority of Elsevier
-journals use one of a small set of standard layouts. We have document
-classes for three of those layouts:
-
-\begin{description}
-\item[elsart1p] text width 32 picas (134 mm), text height 47 lines,
- one column.
-\item[elsart3p] text width 39 picas (164 mm), text height 51 lines,
- one or two columns.
-\item[elsart5p] text width 43.5 picas (183 mm), text height 57 lines,
- two columns.
-\end{description}
-
-These classes can be used in the same way as elsart. If you prepared
-an article for elsart, you can run it with one of these print layout
-classes without changes to the markup. In fact, they use elsart and
-you must have elsart on your system as well.
-
-Note that the layout is only roughly the same as that of the printed
-journal. One major source of differences is the font. The printer uses
-a different font with different character widths, which will cause
-deviations in layout. There are various other sources of small
-differences. You cannot use the layout of one of these classes to make
-claims on the final layout of your article.
-
-\section{Frontmatter}
-\label{frontmatter}
-
-The \texttt{elsart} document class has a separate
-\texttt{frontmatter} environment for the title, authors, addresses,
-abstract and keywords.
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \verb|\title|: As in standard \LaTeX, e.g.
-\verb|\title{Model}|.
-\item \verb|\author|: Different from standard \LaTeX, the \verb|\author|
-command contains only one author and no address.
-Multiple authors go into multiple \verb|\author| commands,
-separated from each other by commas.
-The address goes into a separate
-\verb|\address| command.
-Example: \verb|\author{D.E. Knuth}|.
-\item \verb|\address|: Here goes the address, e.g.
-\verb|\address{CERN, Geneva}|.
-\item \verb|\thanks| and \verb|\thanksref|:
-These provide footnotes to the title, authors and addresses.
-The \verb|\thanksref| command takes a label: \verb|\thanksref{label}|
-to relate it to the \verb|\thanks| command with
-the same label: \verb|\thanks[label]|. There can be several
-references to a single \verb|\thanks| command. Example:\\
-\verb|\title{Model\thanksref{titlefn}}| and\\
-\verb|\thanks[titlefn]{Supported by grants.}|
-\item \verb|\corauth| and \verb|\corauthref|:
-These provide footnotes to mark the corresponding author and the
-correspondence address. They are used in the same manner as
-\verb|\thanks| and \verb|\thanksref|. Example:\\
-\verb|\author{A. Name\corauthref{cor}}| and\\
-\verb|\corauth[cor]{Corresponding author. Address: ... .}|
-\item \verb|\ead|:
-This command should be used for the email address or the URL of the
-author. It refers to the `current author', i.e., the author last
-mentioned before the command.
-When it holds a URL, this should be indicated by setting the
-optional argument to `url'. Example:
-\verb|\ead{s.pepping@elsevier.com}|,
-\verb|\ead[url]{authors.elsevier.com/locate/latex}|.
-\end{itemize}
-
-It is not necessary to give a \verb|\maketitle| command. The title,
-authors and addresses are printed as soon as \TeX{} sees them.
-
-The authors and addresses can be combined in one of two ways:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item The simplest way lists the authors of one address or one group
- of addresses, followed by the address or addresses, and so on for
- all addresses or groups of addresses.
-\item The other way first lists all authors, and then all addresses.
-The authors and addresses are related to each other by labels:
-\verb|\author[label1]{Name1}| corresponds to
-\verb|\address[label1]{Address1}|. Example:
-\begin{verbatim}
-\author[South]{T.R. Marsh},
-\author[Oxford]{S.R. Duck}
-\address[South]{University of Southampton, UK}
-\address[Oxford]{University of Oxford, UK}
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{itemize}
-
-See the extensive examples in figs.
-\ref{ex:explinput}, \ref{ex:exploutput},
-\ref{ex:implinput}, \ref{ex:imploutput}.
-
-If you put the frontmatter in an included file, that file should
-contain the whole frontmatter, including its \texttt{begin} and
-\texttt{end} commands. Otherwise, the labels of the frontmatter will
-remain undefined.
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%ex:explinput%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\begin{figure}[p]
-
-\caption{Article opening with explicit links (input)} \label{ex:explinput}
-\vspace{1pc}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentclass{elsart}
-\usepackage{graphicx,amssymb}
-\journal{New Astronomy}
-\begin{document}
-\begin{frontmatter}
-
-\title{Stroboscopic Doppler tomography of FO Aqr}
-\author[South]{T.R. Marsh\corauthref{cor}},
-\corauth[cor]{Corresponding author.}
-\ead{trm@astro.soton.ac.uk}
-
-\author[Oxford]{S.R. Duck\thanksref{now}}
-\thanks[now]{Present address: Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd.,
-Beckington Castle, PO Box 800, Bath BA3 6TB, UK.}
-\ead{srd@sea.co.uk}
-
-\address[South]{University of Southampton, Department of Physics,
-Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK}
-\address[Oxford]{University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Nuclear
-Physics Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK}
-
-\begin{abstract}
-FO Aqr is a close binary star in
-which a magnetic white dwarf accretes from a cool companion. Light
-curves and spectra show variations on the orbital frequency, the
-white dwarf's spin frequency and combinations of the two.
-\end{abstract}
-\begin{keyword}
-Accretion, accretion disks \sep Line: profiles \sep
-Binaries: close \sep Novae, cataclysmic variables
-\PACS 97.10.Gz \sep 97.30.Qt \sep 97.80.Gm
-\end{keyword}
-\end{frontmatter}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-FO Aqr is a member of the DQ~Her class of stars which
-are close binary stars in which a magnetic white dwarf accretes from
-a late-type main-sequence secondary star. These stars have most
-recently been reviewed in Ref. \cite{Patterson94}.
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\end{figure}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%ex:exploutput%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\begin{figure}[p]
-\caption{Article opening with explicit links (output)\label{ex:exploutput}}
-\vspace{1pc}
-
-\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
-\elsartstyle
-\parskip 12pt
-%
-\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\fnsymbol{mpfootnote}}
-%
-\leftskip=2pc
-%
-\begin{center}
-{\LARGE Stroboscopic Doppler tomography of FO Aqr}\\[30pt]
-%
-\large
-T.R. Marsh$^{\mathrm{a},*}$,
-S.R. Duck$^{\mathrm{b},1}$\\[12pt]
-%
-\small\itshape
-$^a$University of Southampton, Department of Physics,\\
-Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK\\
-$^b$University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Nuclear Physics\\
-Laboratory, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
-
-\end{center}
-
-\bigskip
-\leftskip=0pt
-
-\hrule\vskip 8pt
-\begin{small}
-{\bfseries Abstract}
-\parindent 1em
-
-FO Aqr is a close binary star in
-which a magnetic white dwarf accretes from a cool companion. Light
-curves and spectra show variations on the orbital frequency, the
-white dwarf's spin frequency and combinations of the two.
-
-\noindent\textit{Key words:}
-Accretion, accretion disks, Line: profiles,
-Binaries: close, Novae, cataclysmic variables\\
-\textit{PACS:} 97.10.Gz, 97.30.Qt, 97.80.Gm
-\end{small}
-%
-\vskip 10pt\hrule
-
-\leftskip=0pt
-
-\vspace{24pt}
-
-\textbf{Introduction}
-
-FO Aqr is a member of the DQ~Her class of stars which
-are close binary stars in which a magnetic white dwarf accretes from
-a late-type main-sequence secondary star. These stars have most
-recently been reviewed in Ref. [1].
-
-\begin{footnotesize}
-\leavevmode
-\rlap{$^*$}\hspace{1pc}Corresponding author.\\
-\rlap{$^1$}\hspace{1pc}Present address: Systems Engineering and
-Assessment Ltd., Beckington Castle, PO Box 800, Bath BA3 6TB, UK.\\
-\rlap{}\hspace{1pc}\textit{Email addresses:} trm@astro.soton.ac.uk
-(T.R. Marsh), srd@sea.co.uk (S.R. Duck).
-\end{footnotesize}
-
-\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\small\slshape Preprint submitted to New Astronomy
-\hfil 21 August 1997}
-
-\end{minipage}
-
-\bigskip
-
-\end{figure}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%ex:implinput%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\begin{figure}[p]
-\caption{Article opening with implicit links (input)\label{ex:implinput}}
-\vspace{1pc}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentclass{elsart}
-
-\begin{document}
-\begin{frontmatter}
-\title{Integrability in
- random matrix models\thanksref{talk}}
-\thanks[talk]{Expanded version of a talk
- presented at the Singapore Meeting on
- Particle Physics (Singapore, August 1990).}
-
-\author{L. Alvarez-Gaum\'{e}\corauthref{cor}}
-\address{Theory Division, CERN,
- CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland}
-\corauth[cor]{Corresponding author.}
-\ead{lag@cern.ch}
-
-\author{C. Gomez\corauthref{cor}\thanksref{SNSF}}
-\address{D\'{e}partment de Physique Th\'{e}orique,
- Universit\'{e} de Gen\`{e}ve,
- CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland}
-\ead{cg@ug.ch}
-
-\author{J. Lacki}
-\address{School of Natural Sciences,
- Institute for Advanced Study,
- Princeton, NJ 08540, USA}
-\ead[url]{www.ias.edu/~jl}
-\thanks[SNSF]{Supported by the
- Swiss National Science Foundation}
-
-\begin{abstract}
-We prove the equivalence between the recent matrix
-model formulation of 2D gravity and lattice
-integrable models. For even potentials this
-system is the Volterra hierarchy.
-\end{abstract}
-\end{frontmatter}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-Some aspects of the recently discovered
-non-perturbative solutions to non-critical strings
-\cite{Patterson94} can be better understood and
-clarified directly in terms of the integrability
-properties of the random matrix model.
-...
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\end{figure}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%ex:imploutput%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\begin{figure}[p]
-\caption{Article opening with implicit links (output)\label{ex:imploutput}}
-\vspace{1pc}
-
-\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
-\elsartstyle
-%
-\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\fnstar{mpfootnote}}
-%
-\leftskip=2pc
-%
-\begin{center}
-{\LARGE Integrability in random matrix models$^\star$}\\[30pt]
-\footnotetext[1]{\upshape Expanded version of a talk presented at the
-Singapore Meeting on Particle Physics (Singapore, August 1990).}
-%
-\large
-L. Alvarez-Gaum\'{e}$^*$ \\[6pt]
-{\small\itshape Theory Division, CERN,
- CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland}\\[18pt]
-C. Gomez$^{*,1}$ \\[6pt]
-{\small\itshape D\'{e}partment de Physique Th\'{e}orique,
- Universit\'{e} de Gen\`{e}ve,
- CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} \\[15pt]
-J. Lacki \\[6pt]
-{\small\itshape School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study,
- Princeton, NJ 08540, USA}
-% BW:
-\end{center}
-%
-\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\astsymbol{mpfootnote}}
-\footnotetext[1]{Corresponding author.}
-\setbox0=\hbox{\footnotesize 1}
-\edef\thempfootnote{\hskip\wd0}
-\footnotetext[0]{\textit{Email adresses:} lag@cern.ch
- (L. Alvarez-Gaum\'{e}), cg@ug.ch (C. Gomez).}
-\footnotetext[1]{\textit{URL:} www.ias.edu/\~{ }jl (J. Lacki).}
-\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}
-\footnotetext[1]{Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation}
-
-\bigskip
-\leftskip=0pt
-
-\hrule\vskip 8pt
-\begin{small}
-{\bfseries Abstract}
-\parindent 1em
-
-We prove the equivalence between the recent matrix model
-formulation of 2D gravity and lattice integrable models. For even
-potentials this system is the Volterra hierarchy.\par
-\end{small}
-\vskip 10pt\hrule
-
-\medskip
-
-\section*{1. Introduction}
-
-Some aspects of the recently discovered non-perturbative
-solutions to non-critical strings [1] can be better
-understood and clarified directly in terms of the
-integrability properties of the random matrix model.
-
-...
-\end{minipage}
-
-\bigskip
-
-\end{figure}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end of figures %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\section{Abstract}
-
-The abstract should be self-contained. Therefore, do not refer to the
-list of references. Instead, quote the reference in full, as follows:
-Wettig \& Brown (1996, NewA, 1, 17).
-
-\section{Keywords}
-\label{keywd}
-\enlargethispage*{2.5pc}
-
-In electronic publications a proper classification is more important
-than ever. Elsevier's physics journals use several keyword
-schemes:\
-
-\begin{description}
-\item[Keywords:] Uncontrolled keywords.
-\item[PACS:] The PACS scheme, developed and maintained by the AIP,
-covers the whole field of Physics.
-See \url{http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs.html}
-or \url{http://www.elsevier.com/locate/pacs}.
-\item[MSC:] The MSC scheme, developed and maintained by the AMS,
-covers the whole field of Mathematics.
-See \url{http://www.ams.org/msc}
-or \url{http://www.elsevier.com/locate/msc}.
-\end{description}
-
-Keywords are entered below the abstract in the following way:
-\pagebreak[4]
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{keyword}
-Keyword \sep Keyword
-\PACS PACS code \sep PACS code
-\MSC MSC code \sep MSC code
-\end{keyword}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\section{Cross-references}
-\label{xrefs}
-
-In electronic publications articles may be internally hyperlinked.
-Hyperlinks are generated from proper cross-references in the article.
-
-For example, the words Fig. 1 will never be more than simple text,
-whereas the proper cross-reference \verb|\ref{mapfigure}| may be
-turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself.
-
-In the same way, the words Ref. [1] will fail to
-turn into a hyperlink; the proper cross-reference is
-\verb|\cite{Gea97}|.
-
-Cross-referencing is possible in \LaTeX{} for sections, subsections,
-formulae, figures, tables, and literature references.
-
-\section{PostScript figures}
-\label{psfigs}
-
-\LaTeX{} and PostScript have had a long and successful relationship.
-There are three packages for including PostScript figures:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \texttt{graphics}.
-This simple package provides the command\\
-\verb|\includegraphics*[<llx,lly>][<urx,ury>]{file}|.
-The \texttt{*} is optional; it enables the PostScript feature of clipping.
-In its simplest form,\\
-\verb|\includegraphics{file}|,
-it includes the figure in the PostScript file \texttt{file}
-without resizing.
-\item \texttt{graphicx}.
-This package provides the command\\
-\verb|\includegraphics*[key--value list]{file}|.
-The \texttt{*} is optional; it enables the PostScript feature of clipping.
-Often used keys are:
-\def\labelitemii{--}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \texttt{scale=.40} to scale the size of the figure with 40\%,
-\item \texttt{width=25pc}, \texttt{height=15pc} to set the width or
-height of the figure,
-\item \texttt{angle=90} to rotate the figure over $90^\circ$.
-\end{itemize}
-\item \texttt{epsfig}.
-This package is really the \texttt{graphicx} package,
-but it allows one to include PostScript figures using
-the familiar commands from
-the earlier packages \texttt{epsfig} and \texttt{psfig}.
-\end{itemize}
-For detailed information, see the documentation of the \texttt{graphics}
-packages, in particular the file \texttt{grfguide.tex}.
-\begin{figure}
-\leftmargin=2pc
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{figure}
-\begin{center}
-\includegraphics*[width=5cm]{name.eps}
-\end{center}
-\caption{An example of a figure.}
-\label{fig:exmp}
-\end{figure}
-\end{verbatim}
-\caption{An example of a figure.}
-\label{fig:exmp}
-\end{figure}
-
-\section{Mathematical symbols}
-\label{symbols}
-
-Many physics authors require more mathematical symbols than the
-few that are provided in standard \LaTeX. A useful package for
-additional symbols is the \texttt{amssymb} package, developed by the American
-Mathematical Society. This package includes such oft used symbols as
-\verb|\lesssim| for $\lesssim$, \verb|\gtrsim| for $\gtrsim$ or
-\verb|\hbar| for $\hbar$. Note that your \TeX{} system should have
-the \texttt{msam} and \texttt{msbm} fonts installed.
-If you need only a few symbols, such as \verb|\Box| for $\Box$,
-you might try the package \texttt{latexsym}.
-
-In the \texttt{elsart} document class vectors are preferably coded as
-\verb|\vec{a}| instead of \verb|\bf{a}| or \verb|\pol{a}|.
-
-\section{Line numbering}
-\label{linenumbering}
-
-\begin{linenumbers}
-Reviewing an electronic version of an article has many
-advantages. However, reviewers have a harder task indicating remarks
-and desired changes to the article. Their task is made easier if the
-lines of the article are numbered. \LaTeX's \texttt{lineno} package
-performs this task. It is compatible with \texttt{elsart}.
-\end{linenumbers}
-
-\section{The Bibliography}
-\label{thebib}
-
-In \LaTeX{} literature references are listed in the
-\verb|thebibliography| environment. Each reference is a
-\verb|\bibitem|; each \verb|\bibitem| is identified by a label, by
-which it can be cited in the text: \verb|\bibitem{ESG96}| is cited as
-\verb|\cite{ESG96}|.
-
-Version 2.16 of \texttt{elsart} introduces the \texttt{subbibitems}
-environment. The references in a \texttt{subbibitems} environment
-have the same major reference number, and are counted by letters
-a, b, etc. The \texttt{subbibitems} environment has
-a label of its own: \verb|\begin{subbibitems}{label}|.
-It can therefore be referred to as \verb|\cite{label}|, which produces
-a citation like [7a--c]. A short citation like [7] can be produced by
-adding \texttt{:s} to the label: \verb|\cite{label:s}|. Example: See
-Refs. \cite{Lee}, or in short form, see Refs. \cite{Lee:s}.
-
-Version 2.16 of \texttt{elsart} also introduces the possibility to
-insert notes into the bibliography, by using the \verb|\note| command.
-In a \texttt{subbibitems} environment it must be the last item.
-Example: See Refs. \cite{note,x}.
-
-These options do not work well with the \texttt{natbib} package.
-
-\section{Template article}
-\label{templart}
-
-There is a template article \file{templat-num.tex}, which you can use as a
-skeleton for your own article. It is available from Elsevier's Author
-Gateway, \url{http://authors.elsevier.com/locate/latex}.
-
-\begin{thebibliography}{9}
-
-\bibitem{Lamp86}
-Leslie Lamport: \LaTeX, {\em A document preparation system},
-2nd edition, Addison-Wesley (Reading, Massachusetts, 1994).
-
-\bibitem{WB96}
-Wettig, T., \& Brown, G.E.,
-The evolution of relativistic binary pulsars,
-1996, NewA, 1, 17-34.
-
-\bibitem{ESG96}
-Elson, R.A.W., Santiago, B.X., \& Gilmore, G.F.,
-Halo stars, starbursts, and distant globular clusters:
-A survey of unresolved objects in the Hubble Deep Field,
-1996, NewA, 1, 1-16.
-% (\url{http://www.elsevier.com/PII/S1384107696000061})
-
-\bibitem{Gea97}
-Governato, F., Moore, B., Cen, R., Stadel, J., Lake, G., \& Quinn, T.,
-The Local Group as a test of cosmological models,
-1997, NewA 2, 91-106.
-
-\bibitem{note}%
- \note We consider an exactly solvable two-band model of electrons moving in
-one dimension and interacting with a $\delta$-function spin-exchange
-potential.
-
-\begin{subbibitems}{Lee}
-\bibitem{Lee:a} N.~Nagaosa and P.~A.~Lee, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 79}, 3755
-(1997).
-\bibitem{Lee:b}C.~P\'epin and P.~A.~Lee, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 81},
- 2779 (1998).
-\end{subbibitems}
-
-\bibitem{x} K.~Gorny, O.~M.~Vyasilev,
-J.~A.~Marindale, V.~A.~Nandor, C.~H.~Pennington, P.~C.~Hammel,
-W.~L.~Hults, J.~L.~Smith, P.~L.~Kuhns, A.~P.~Reyes and W.~G.~Moulton,
-Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 82}, 177 (1999).
-\note These references demonstrate that for some high-$T_c$ compounds
-the gap does not seem to depend on the magnetic field.
-
-\end{thebibliography}
-
-\end{document}