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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex index e2e053ae5a9..22f2ba8f224 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/covington/covington.tex @@ -1,77 +1,173 @@ -% File: covington.tex (in LaTeX2e) -% Documentation for covington.sty +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File covington.tex +%% +%% Documentation of covington.sty +%% +%% This file is part of the covington LaTeX package +%% +%% Original author: +%% ================ +%% Michael A. Covington +%% Artificial Intelligence Programs +%% The University of Georgia +%% Athens, Georgia 30602-7415 USA +%% mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu +%% +%% Current maintainer: +%% =================== +%% Juergen Spitzmueller <juergen@spitzmueller.org> +%% +%% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the +%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 +%% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +%% The latest version of this license is in +%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +%% version 2003/12/01 or later. +%% +%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained". +%% +%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Juergen Spitzmueller. +%% +%% Code repository and issue tracker: https://github.com/jspitz/covington +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\documentclass[english]{article} + +\usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath} +\usepackage[osf]{libertine} +\usepackage[scaled=0.75]{beramono} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc} -\documentclass{article} \usepackage{covington} -\title{\bf Typing Linguistics with {\tt covington.sty}} + +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{microtype} +\usepackage{babel} + +\usepackage{listings} +\lstset{language={[LaTeX]TeX}, + basicstyle={\small\ttfamily}, + frame=single} + +% markup +\newcommand*\jmacro[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jenv[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jcsmacro[1]{\jmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}} +\newcommand*\joption[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jfmacro[1]{\texttt{#1}} +\newcommand*\jfenv[1]{\texttt{#1}} +\newcommand*\jfcsmacro[1]{\jfmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}} + +\def\pversion{Version 1.1} +\def\pdate{July 6, 2016} + +\title{\textbf{Typing Linguistics with \texttt{covington.sty}}} \author{Michael A. Covington \\ \small Artificial Intelligence Center \\ \small The University of Georgia \\ - \small Athens, Georgia 30602 \sc u.s.a.\\ + \small Athens, Georgia 30602 \textsc{u.\,s.\,a.}\\ mcovingt@ai.uga.edu\\ - http://www.ai.uga.edu/$\sim$mc} -\date{2001 March 27} + \url{http://www.ai.uga.edu/~mc}} + +\date{\pversion, \pdate\thanks{Current maintainer: J\"urgen Spitzm\"uller. + Please report issues via \protect\url{https://github.com/jspitz/covington}}} \begin{document} + \maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +\noindent This package, initially a collection of Michael Covington's private macros, provides +numerous minor \LaTeX\ enhancements for linguistics, including multiple accents on the +same letter, interline glosses (word-by-word translations), Discourse Representation +Structures, and example numbering. The package works both with \LaTeX\ 2.09 and \LaTeXe. +\end{abstract} + {\footnotesize \tableofcontents} \typeout{Run LaTeX twice to get a correct table of contents.} -\section*{New in This Version} + +\section*{New in this version} + +\begin{itemize} +\item The package now uses \textsc{psnfss} font commands if available (fallback for \LaTeX\ 2.09 is still provided). +\item Work around clash with classes\slash packages that define their own \jenv{example} and \jenv{examples} environments (most notably the \texttt{beamer} class) as well as \jenv{execise} environments. The \texttt{covington} package no longer blindly attempts to define these environments. By default, it does not define them if they are already defined (\texttt{covington's} own environments, however, are still available via aliases). By means of a new package option, a redefinition can also be forced. See sec.~\ref{sec:ex} and \ref{sec:exs} +for details. +\item New length \jcsmacro{twoaccsep} allows for the adjustment of the distance between stacked accents (see sec.~\ref{sec:accents}). +\item Update manual. +\item New maintainer: J. Spitzm\"uller. +\item License has been changed to \textsc{lppl} (in agreement with M. Covington) +\item Introduce version numbers. Arbitrarily, we start with 1.1. +\end{itemize} + + +\section*{New in preceding versions} + +\subsection*{2014 May 16} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Patches by Robin Fairbairns: + \begin{itemize} + \item Setting of \jfcsmacro{textfloatsep} uses \jfcsmacro{setlength} rather than \jfcsmacro{renewcommand} + \item Style file converted to un*x line endings + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{2001 March 27} + \begin{itemize} -\item It is no longer necessary to type \verb"\it" to get proper italic type in feature structures. +\item It is no longer necessary to type \jfcsmacro{it} to get proper italic type in feature structures. \item Instructions have been rewritten with \LaTeXe\ users in mind. \end{itemize} -\section*{New in Preceding Versions} +\subsection*{Older versions} + \begin{itemize} -\item Multiple accents on a single letter (e.g., \emph{\acm{a}}) are supported. -\item This package is now called {\tt covington} (with the o) -and is compatible with \LaTeXe\ and NFSS as well as \LaTeX\ 2.09. +\item Multiple accents on a single letter (e.\,g., \emph{\acm{a}}) are supported. +\item This package is now called \texttt{covington} (with the o) +and is compatible with \LaTeXe\ and \textsc{nfss} as well as \LaTeX\ 2.09. \item The vertical placement of labeled feature structures has been changed so that the category labels line up regardless of the size of the structures. \end{itemize} + \section*{Introduction} -This file, {\tt covington.tex}, is the documentation for the -March 2001 version of {\tt covington.sty}, which is a \LaTeX\ style -option for typing many of the special notations common in linguistics. - -{\footnotesize -In em\TeX\ under MS-DOS, {\tt covington.sty} is called {\tt covingto.sty}. -The missing $n$ has no effect.} - -To use {\tt covington.sty}, you should have a copy of it in either your -current directory or the directory where \LaTeX\ styles are kept on your -system. - -Then, under \LaTeXe, -include the command -\verb"\usepackage{covington}" -after your \verb"\documentclass" command. - -{\footnotesize -In \LaTeX\ 2.09, -include {\tt covington} among the optional parameters of -\verb"\documentstyle", like this: \hfill\\ -{\tt -\verb"\documentstyle[12pt,"\underline{covington}\verb"]{article}" -}\hfill\\ -Note the spelling {\tt covington} (9 letters). -} - -In what follows I presume that you know how to use \LaTeX\ and have -access to the \LaTeX\ manual. Note that {\tt covington.sty} does not + +This file, \texttt{covington.tex}, is the documentation for \MakeLowercase{\pversion} +of \texttt{covington.sty} (\pdate), which is a \LaTeX\ package providing macros +for typing some special notations common in linguistics.% +\footnote{The package has a long history. It started off as a collection of private macros back in the \LaTeX\ 2.09 days and was initially released as \texttt{covingtn.sty} (following the old 8.3 \textsc{fat} file name limit). In em\TeX\ under \textsc{ms-dos}, the file was distributed as \texttt{covingto.sty}. Eventually, it has been renamed to \texttt{covington.sty} and adapted to \LaTeXe. Its \LaTeX\ 2.09 traces are however still visible, and the style should actually still work with \LaTeX\ 2.09 (if not, drop us a note).} + +To use \texttt{covington.sty} with \LaTeXe, simply add the command +\lstinline"\usepackage{covington}" to your document preamble. + +\begin{quote} + \footnotesize + In \LaTeX\ 2.09, + include \texttt{covington} among the optional parameters of + \lstinline"\documentstyle", as in:\\ + \lstinline"\documentstyle[12pt,"\underline{covington}\verb"]{article}" +\end{quote} +The package has the following options: +\begin{itemize} + \item \joption{force}: Force the redefinition of environments that are already defined. This applies to the \jenv{example}, \jenv{examples} and \jenv{exercise} environments, which are by default not touched if they are already defined before \texttt{covington} is loaded. See sec.~\ref{sec:ex}, \ref{sec:exs} and \ref{sec:exercises} for details. +\end{itemize} + +In what follows we presume that you know how to use \LaTeX\ and have +access to \LaTeX\ manuals. Note that \texttt{covington.sty} does not provide any special fonts or character sets. However, it can be used in combination with other style sheets that do. -If you are using {\tt covington.sty} and {\tt uga.sty} (UGa thesis style) -together, you should mention {\tt uga} before {\tt covington}. +If you are using \texttt{covington.sty} and \texttt{uga.sty} (UGa thesis style) +together, you should load \texttt{uga} before \texttt{covington}. -\section{Accents} +\section{Stacked accents}\label{sec:accents} \LaTeX\ provides a generous range of accents that can be placed on any letter, such as: @@ -79,51 +175,65 @@ letter, such as: \`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} \end{flushleft} which are typed, respectively, as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting} \`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} -\end{verbatim} -\LaTeX also provides the foreign characters +\end{lstlisting} +\LaTeX\ also provides support for many non-\textsc{ascii} characters, such as\footnote{Please refer to \cite{pakin} for a comprehensive list of special characters and symbols.}: \begin{flushleft}\obeyspaces \i \j \ae \AE \oe \OE \aa \AA \o \O \l \L \ss ?` !` \end{flushleft} -which are typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +via the macros: +\begin{lstlisting} \i \j \ae \AE \oe \OE \aa \AA \o \O \l \L \ss ?` !` -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} -But by itself, \LaTeX\ doesn't give you a convenient way to put two -accents on the same letter. To fill this gap, {\tt covington.sty} provides +But out of the box, \LaTeX\ doesn't give you a convenient way to put \emph{two} +accents on the same letter. To fill this gap, \texttt{covington.sty} provides the following macros: \begin{flushleft} -\verb,\twoacc[...|...], \quad to combine any 2 accents, e.g., - \verb.\twoacc[\~|\={a}]. = \twoacc[\~|\={a}]\\[6pt] -\verb,\acm{...}, \quad for acute over macron, e.g., \verb.\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ -\verb,\grm{...}, \quad for grave over macron, e.g., \verb.\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ -\verb,\cim{...}, \quad for circumflex over macron, e.g., \verb.\cim{a}. = \cim{a} + \jcsmacro{twoacc[\ldots|\ldots]} \quad to combine any two accents, e.\,g., + \lstinline[moretexcs={twoacc}].\twoacc[\~|\={a}]. = \twoacc[\~|\={a}]\\[6pt] + \jcsmacro{acm\{\ldots\}} \quad for acute over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={acm}].\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{grm\{\ldots\}} \quad for grave over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={grm}].\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{cim\{\ldots\}} \quad for circumflex over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={cim}].\cim{a}. = \cim{a} \end{flushleft} The first of these is the general case and the latter three are special -cases that occur often in transcribing Greek. Now you can type +cases that are often used in Greek transcription. Now you can type \emph{Koin\acm{e}} with both accents in place. -Note the peculiar syntax of \verb.\twoacc. --- its arguments are in +The distance between the two accents can be adjusted via the length +\verb"\twoaccsep", which is preset to \texttt{-0.8ex}. +For instance, if you use \verb"\setlength{\twoaccsep}{-1.05ex}", the above examples will come out as + +\setlength{\twoaccsep}{-1.05ex} +\begin{flushleft} + \jcsmacro{twoacc[\ldots|\ldots]} \quad to combine any two accents, e.\,g., + \lstinline[moretexcs={twoacc}].\twoacc[\~|\={a}]. = \twoacc[\~|\={a}]\\[6pt] + \jcsmacro{acm\{\ldots\}} \quad for acute over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={acm}].\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{grm\{\ldots\}} \quad for grave over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={grm}].\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{cim\{\ldots\}} \quad for circumflex over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={cim}].\cim{a}. = \cim{a} +\end{flushleft} +with a slightly better matching distance for the font used here. + +Note the peculiar syntax of \jcsmacro{twoacc} --- its arguments are in square brackets, not curly brackets, and are separated by \verb.|.. The first argument is the upper accent (only) and the second argument is the letter with the lower accent indicated. -Note also that not all accents work in the {\tt tabbing} environment. -Use {\tt tabular} or see the \LaTeX\ manual for workarounds. +Note also that not all accents work in the \jfenv{tabbing} environment. +Use \jfenv{tabular} or refer to \cite{pakin} for alternative solutions. \section{Example numbers} Linguistics papers often include numbered examples. -The macro \verb"\exampleno" generates a new example number and can be +The macro \jcsmacro{exampleno} generates a new example number and can be used anywhere you want the number to appear. For example, to display a sentence with a number at the extreme right, do this: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={exampleno}] \begin{flushleft} This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) \end{flushleft} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} Here's what you get: \begin{flushleft} This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) @@ -131,41 +241,48 @@ This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) The example counter is actually the same as \LaTeX's equation counter, so that if you use equations and numbered examples in the same paper, you get a single continuous series of numbers. If you want to -access the number without changing it, use \verb"\theequation". +access the number without changing it, use \jfcsmacro{theequation}. -Also, you can use \verb"\label" and \verb"\ref" with example numbers in -exactly the same way as with equation numbers. See the \LaTeX\ manual for -details. This applies to the {\tt example} and {\tt examples} -environments, described next, as well as to \verb"\exampleno" itself. +Also, you can use \jfcsmacro{label} and \jfcsmacro{ref} with example numbers in +exactly the same way as with equation numbers. Refer to your \LaTeX\ manual for +details. This applies to the \jenv{example} and \jenv{examples} +environments, described next, as well as to \jcsmacro{exampleno} itself. -\section{The {\tt example} environment} +\section{The \jenv{example} environment}\label{sec:ex} -The {\tt example} environment displays a single example +The \jenv{example} environment (alias \jenv{covexample}) displays a single example with a generated example number to the left of it. If you type -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{example} This is a sentence. \end{example} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} +or +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covexample} +This is a sentence. +\end{covexample} +\end{lstlisting} you get: \begin{example} This is a sentence. \end{example} -The {\tt example} environment is a lot like {\tt flushleft}. The example -can be of any length; it can consist of many lines (separated by \verb"\\"), -or even whole paragraphs. +The example can be of any length; it can consist of many lines (separated by \verb"\\"), or even whole paragraphs. + +Note that, as of version 1.1, \texttt{covington} checks if there is already an \jenv{example} environment defined (e.\,g., by the class). If so, \texttt{covington} does not +define its own one. However, there is always the alias environment \jenv{covexample} which can be used in order to produce \texttt{covington's} example. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \texttt{covington} will override existing \jenv{example} environments. In any case, the package will issue a warning if \jenv{example} is already defined (this is the case, for instance, if you use \texttt{covington} with the \texttt{beamer} class). -One way to number sub--examples is to use {\tt itemize} or {\tt -enumerate} within an example, like this: -\begin{verbatim} +One way to number sub-examples is to use \jfenv{itemize} or \jfenv{enumerate} +within an example, like this: +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{example} \begin{itemize} \item[(a)] This is the first sentence. \item[(b)] This is the second sentence. \end{itemize} \end{example} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} This prints as: \begin{example} \begin{itemize} @@ -173,76 +290,84 @@ This prints as: \item[(b)] This is the second sentence. \end{itemize} \end{example} -However, the {\tt examples} environment, described next, is usually more +However, the \jenv{examples} environment, described next, is usually more convenient. -\section{The {\tt examples} environment} +\section{The \jenv{examples} environment}\label{sec:exs} To display a series of examples together, each with its own example -number, use {\tt examples} instead of {\tt example}. The only +number, use \jenv{examples} (or \jenv{covexamples}) instead of \jenv{example} or \jenv{covexample}. The only difference is that there can be more than one example, and each of them -has to be introduced by \verb"\item", like this: -\begin{verbatim} +has to be introduced by \jfcsmacro{item}, like this: +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{examples} \item This is the first sentence. \item This is the second sentence. \end{examples} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} +or, respectively: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covexamples} +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{covexamples} +\end{lstlisting} This prints as: \begin{examples} \item This is the first sentence. \item This is the second sentence. \end{examples} +As for \jenv{example}, \texttt{covington} checks if there is already an \jenv{examples} environment defined, and if this is the case, \texttt{covington} does not define its own one. The alias environment \jenv{covexamples} is always available as a fallback. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \texttt{covington} will override existing \jenv{examples} environments. The package will issue a warning if \jenv{examples} is already defined (this is the case, for instance, if you use \texttt{covington} with the \texttt{beamer} class), telling you how it has dealt with the situation. -\section{Glossing sentences word--by--word} +\section{Glossing sentences word-by-word} -To gloss a sentence is to annotate it word--by--word. Most commonly, a -sentence in a foreign language is followed by a word--for--word +To gloss a sentence is to annotate it word-by-word. Most commonly, a +sentence in a foreign language is followed by a word-for-word translation (with the words lined up vertically) and then a smooth translation (not lined up), like this:% \footnote{The macros for handling glosses are adapted with permission -from {\tt gloss.tex}, by Marcel R. van der Goot.} +from \texttt{gloss.tex}, by Marcel R. van der Goot.} \gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld. This is a Dutch example. \glt `This is an example in Dutch.' \glend That particular example would be typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] \gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld. This is a Dutch example. \glt `This is an example in Dutch.' \glend -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} Notice that the words do not have to be typed lining up; instead, \TeX\ counts them. If the words in the two languages do not correspond -one--to--one, you can use curly brackets to show the intended grouping. +one-to-one, you can use curly brackets to group words. For example, to print \gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands. This is a {little example} in {} Dutch. \glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' \glend you would type: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] \gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands. This is a {little example} in {} Dutch. \glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' \glend -\end{verbatim} -All together, {\tt covington.sty} gives you five macros for dealing with +\end{lstlisting} +All together, \texttt{covington.sty} provides five macros for dealing with glosses: \begin{itemize} -\item \verb"\gll" introduces two lines of words vertically aligned, and -activates an environment very similar to {\tt flushleft}. -\item \verb"\glll" is like \verb"gll" except that it introduces {\em -three} lines of lined--up words (useful for cited forms, morphology, +\item \jcsmacro{gll} introduces two lines of words vertically aligned, and +activates an environment very similar to \jfenv{flushleft}. +\item \jcsmacro{glll} is like \jcsmacro{gll} except that it introduces +\emph{three} lines of lined-up words (useful for cited forms, morphology, and translation). -\item \verb"\glt" ends the set of lined--up lines and introduces a line +\item \jcsmacro{glt} ends the set of lined-up lines and introduces a line (or more) of translation. -\item \verb"\gln" is like \verb"\glt" but does not start a new line +\item \jcsmacro{gln} is like \jcsmacro{glt} but does not start a new line (useful when no translation follows but you want to put a number on the right). -\item \verb"\glend" ends the special {\tt flushleft}--like environment. +\item \jcsmacro{glend} ends the special \jfenv{flushleft}-like environment. \end{itemize} Here are several examples. First, a sentence with three lines aligned, instead of just two: @@ -252,13 +377,13 @@ instead of just two: \glt `This is another example.' \glend This is typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={glll,glt,glend}] \glll Hoc est aliud exemplum. n.sg.nom 3.sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom This is another example. \glt `This is another example.' \glend -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} Next, an example with a gloss but no translation, with an example number at the right: \gll Hoc habet numerum. @@ -266,13 +391,13 @@ at the right: \gln \hfill (\exampleno) \glend That one was typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,gln,glend,exampleno}] \gll Hoc habet numerum. This has number \gln \hfill (\exampleno) \glend -\end{verbatim} -Finally we'll put a glossed sentence inside the {\tt example} +\end{lstlisting} +Finally we'll put a glossed sentence inside the \texttt{example} environment, which is a very common way of using it: \begin{example} \gll Hoc habet numerum praepositum. @@ -281,147 +406,173 @@ environment, which is a very common way of using it: \glend \end{example} This last example was, of course, typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] \begin{example} \gll Hoc habet numerum praepositum. This has number preposed \glt `This one has a number in front of it.' \glend \end{example} -\end{verbatim} -Notice that every glossed sentence begins with either \verb"\gll" or -\verb"\glll", then contains either \verb"\glt" or \verb"\gln", and ends -with \verb"\glend". Layout is critical in the part preceding -\verb"\glt" or \verb"\gln", and fairly free afterward. +\end{lstlisting} +Notice that every glossed sentence begins with either \jcsmacro{gll} or +\jcsmacro{glll}, then contains either \jcsmacro{glt} or \jcsmacro{gln}, and ends +with \jcsmacro{glend}. Layout is critical in the part preceding +\jcsmacro{glt} or \jcsmacro{gln}, and fairly free afterward. \section{Phrase structure rules} -To print the phrase structure rule \psr{S}{NP~VP} you can type -\verb"\psr{S}{NP~VP}", and likewise for other phrase structure rules. +To print phrase structure rules such as \psr{S}{NP~VP} you can use \texttt{covington's} macro +\lstinline[moretexcs={psr}]"\psr{<constituent>}{<sub-constituents>}" (for the given example, +\lstinline[moretexcs={psr}]"\psr{S}{NP~VP}"). \section{Feature structures} -To print a feature structure such as: +To print a feature structure such as \begin{flushleft} -%\fs{\it case:nom \\ \it person:P} -\fs{case:nom} +\fs{case:nom \\ person:P} \end{flushleft} you can type: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={fs}] \fs{case:nom \\ person:P} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} The feature structure can appear anywhere --- in continuous text, in a -displayed environment such as {\tt flushleft}, or inside a -phrase--structure rule, or even inside another feature structure. +displayed environment such as \jfenv{flushleft}, or inside a +phrase-structure rule, or even inside another feature structure. To put a category label at the top of the feature structure, like this, \begin{flushleft} \lfs{N}{case:nom \\ person:P} \end{flushleft} here's what you type: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={lfs}] \lfs{N}{case:nom \\ person:P} -\end{verbatim} -And here is an example of a PS--rule made of labeled feature structures: +\end{lstlisting} +And here is an example of a \textsc{ps}-rule made of labeled feature structures: \begin{flushleft} \psr{\lfs{S}{tense:T}} {\lfs{NP}{case:nom \\ number:N} \lfs{VP}{tense:T \\ number:N} } \end{flushleft} -which was of course typed as: -\begin{verbatim} +which was obviously coded as: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={lfs,psr}] \psr{\lfs{S}{tense:T}} {\lfs{NP}{case:nom \\ number:N} \lfs{VP}{tense:T \\ number:N} } -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} -\section{Discourse representation structures} +\section{Discourse Representation Structures} -Several macros in {\tt covington.sty} facilitate display of discourse -repsesentation structures (DRSes) in the box notation originally used by -Hans Kamp. The simplest is \verb"\drs", which takes two arguments: -a list of discourse variables joined by \verb"~", and a list of DRS +Several macros in \texttt{covington.sty} facilitate display of discourse +Representation Structures (\textsc{drs}es) in the box notation introduced by +Hans Kamp. The simplest one is \jcsmacro{drs}, which takes two arguments: +a list of discourse variables joined by \verb"~", and a list of \textsc{drs} conditions separated by \verb"\\". Nesting is permitted. Note that the -\verb"\drs" macro itself does not give you a displayed environment; you -must use {\tt flushleft} or the like to display the DRS. +\jcsmacro{drs} macro itself does not give you a displayed environment; you +must use \jfenv{flushleft} or the like to display the \textsc{drs}. Here are some examples: -\begin{verbatim} -\drs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} -\end{verbatim} + +\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={drs}] +\begin{flushleft} + \drs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +\end{minipage}\hfill +\begin{minipage}{.4\textwidth} \begin{flushleft} \drs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -\begin{verbatim} -\drs{X} -{named(X,`Pedro') \\ -\drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ - {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ - \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} -} -\end{verbatim} +\end{minipage} + +\medskip + +\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={drs}] +\begin{flushleft} + \drs{X} + {named(X,`Pedro') \\ + \drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ + {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ + \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} + } +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +\end{minipage}\hfill +\begin{minipage}{.4\textwidth} + \begin{flushleft} + \drs{X} + {named(X,`Pedro') \\ + \drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ + {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ + \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} + } + \end{flushleft} +\end{minipage} + +\medskip + +\noindent To display a sentence above the \textsc{drs}, use \jcsmacro{sdrs}, as in: + +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={sdrs}] \begin{flushleft} -\drs{X} -{named(X,`Pedro') \\ -\drs{Y}{donkey(Y)\\owns(X,Y)}~~ - {\large $\Rightarrow$}~ - \drs{~}{feeds(X,Y)} -} + \sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -To display a sentence above the DRS, use \verb"\sdrs", like this: -\begin{verbatim} -\sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} +which prints as: + \begin{flushleft} -\sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} + \sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -Some DRS connectives are also provided (normally for forming -DRSes that are to be nested within other DRSes). -The macro \verb"\negdrs" forms a DRS preceded by a negation symbol: -\begin{verbatim} + +Some \textsc{drs} connectives are also provided (normally for forming +\textsc{drs}es that are to be nested within other \textsc{drs}es). +The macro \jcsmacro{negdrs} forms a \textsc{drs} preceded by a negation symbol: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={negdrs}] \negdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} \begin{flushleft} \negdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} \end{flushleft} -Finally, \verb"\ifdrs" forms a pair of DRSes joined by a big arrow, +Finally, \jcsmacro{ifdrs} forms a pair of \textsc{drs}es joined by a big arrow, like this: -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={ifdrs}] \ifdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\hungry(X)} {~}{feeds(Pedro,X)} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} \begin{flushleft} \ifdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\hungry(X)} {~}{feeds(Pedro,X)} \end{flushleft} -If you have an ``if''--structure appearing among ordinary predicates -inside a DRS, you may prefer to use \verb"\alifdrs", which is just like -\verb"\ifdrs" but shifted slightly to the left for better alignment. +If you have an ``if''-structure appearing among ordinary predicates +inside a \textsc{drs}, you may prefer to use \jcsmacro{alifdrs}, which is just like +\jcsmacro{ifdrs} but shifted slightly to the left for better alignment. -\section{Exercises} +\section{Exercises}\label{sec:exercises} -The {\tt exercise} environment generates an exercise numbered according +The \jenv{exercise} environment (alias \jenv{covexercise}) generates an exercise numbered according to chapter, section, and subsection (suitable for use in a large book; -in this example, the subsection number is going to come out as 0). +in this example, the subsection number is going to come out as 0). Here is an example: \begin{exercise}[Project] Prove that the above assertion is true. \end{exercise} -This was typed as -\begin{verbatim} +This was coded as +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{exercise}[Project] Prove that the above assertion is true. \end{exercise} -\end{verbatim} -and the argument \verb"[Project]" is optional (actually, any word could -go there). +\end{lstlisting} +The argument (\verb"[Project]" in the example) is optional. + +Note that, as of version 1.1, \texttt{covington} checks if there is already an \jenv{exercise} environment defined (e.\,g., by the class). If so, \texttt{covington} does not define its own one. However, there is always the alias environment \jenv{covexercise} which can be used in order to produce \texttt{covington's} exercise. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \texttt{covington} will override existing \jenv{exercise} environments. In any case, the package will issue a warning if \jenv{exercise} is already defined. \section{Reference Lists} -To type an LSA--style hanging--indented reference list, use the {\tt -reflist} environment. ({\em Note:\/} {\tt reflist} is not presently +To type a simple \textsc{lsa}-style hanging-indented reference list, you can use the \jenv{reflist} +environment. (\emph{Note:} \jenv{reflist} is not presently integrated with Bib\TeX\ in any way.) For example, -\begin{verbatim} +\begin{lstlisting} \begin{reflist} Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. Computational complexity and natural language. Cambridge, @@ -431,9 +582,9 @@ Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Covington, Michael. 1993. Natural language processing for Prolog -programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice--Hall. +programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. \end{reflist} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} prints as: \begin{reflist} Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. @@ -444,7 +595,7 @@ Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Covington, Michael A. 1993. Natural--language processing for Prolog -programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice--Hall. +programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. \end{reflist} Notice that within the reference list, ``French spacing'' is in effect --- that is, spaces after periods are no wider than normal spaces. Thus @@ -454,31 +605,36 @@ people's initials. \section{Displayed sentences} -The macro \verb"\sentence" displays an italicized sentence (it is a -combination of {\tt flushleft} and \verb"\em"). If you type -\begin{verbatim} +The macro \jcsmacro{sentence} displays an italicized sentence (it is a +combination of \jfenv{flushleft} and \jfmacro{itshape}). If you type +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={sentence}] \sentence{This is a sentence.} -\end{verbatim} +\end{lstlisting} you get: \sentence{This is a sentence.} \section{Big curly brackets (disjunctions)} -Last of all, the 2--argument macro \verb"\either" expresses alternatives -within a sentence or PS--rule: +Last of all, the two-argument macro \jcsmacro{either} expresses alternatives +within a sentence or \textsc{ps}-rule: \begin{flushleft} -\verb"the \either{big}{large} dog" $=$ the \either{big}{large} dog \\ +\lstinline[moretexcs={either}]"the \either{big}{large} dog" $=$ the \either{big}{large} dog \\ \end{flushleft} \begin{flushleft} -\verb"\psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} " $=$ \psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} +\lstinline[moretexcs={either,psr}]"\psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} " $=$ \psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} \end{flushleft} -That's all there is. -Suggestions for improving {\tt covington.sty} are welcome, and bug -reports are actively solicited. Please note, however, that this is free -software, and the author makes no commitment to do any further work on +That's all there is for now. +Suggestions for improving \texttt{covington.sty} are welcome, and bug +reports are actively solicited (via \url{https://github.com/jspitz/covington}). Please note, however, that this is free +software, and the authors make no commitment to do any further work on it. +\begin{thebibliography}{99} + \bibitem{pakin} Pakin, Scott. The Comprehensive \LaTeX\ Symbol List. + 30 November 2015. \url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive}. +\end{thebibliography} + \end{document} |