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+% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-localstructure.tex,v 1.15 2004/10/28 16:42:54 tantau Exp $
+
+% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>.
+%
+% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
+% of the GNU Public License, version 2.
+
+\section{Structuring a Presentation: The Local Structure}
+
+\LaTeX\ provides different commands for structuring text ``locally,''
+for example, via the |itemize| environment. These environments
+are also available in the \beamer\ class, although their appearance has
+been slightly changed. Furthermore, the \beamer\ class also defines
+some new commands and environments, see below, that may help you to
+structure your text.
+
+
+\subsection{Itemizations, Enumerations, and Descriptions}
+
+\label{section-enumerate}
+
+There are three predefined environments for creating lists, namely
+|enumerate|, |itemize|, and |description|. The first
+two can be nested to depth three, but nesting them to this depth
+creates totally unreadable slides.
+
+The |\item| command is overlay-specification-aware. If an overlay
+specification is provided, the item will only be shown on the
+specified slides, see the following example. If the |\item|
+command is to take an optional argument and an overlay specification,
+the overlay specification can either come first as in |\item<1>[Cat]|
+or come last as in |\item[Cat]<1>|.
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}
+ There are three important points:
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item<1-> A first one,
+ \item<2-> a second one with a bunch of subpoints,
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item first subpoint. (Only shown from second slide on!).
+ \item<3-> second subpoint added on third slide.
+ \item<4-> third subpoint added on fourth slide.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item<5-> and a third one.
+ \end{enumerate}
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{itemize}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}}
+ Used to display a list of items that do not have a special
+ ordering. Inside the environment, use an |\item| command for
+ each topic.
+
+ If the optional parameter \meta{default overlay specification} is
+ given, in every occurrence of an |\item| command that does not have
+ an overlay specification attached to it, the \meta{default overlay
+ specification} is used. By setting this specification to be an
+ incremental overlay specification, see
+ Section~\ref{section-incremental}, you can implement, for example, a
+ step-wise uncovering of the items. The \meta{default overlay
+ specification} is inherited by subenvironments. Naturally, in a
+ subenvironment you can reset it locally by setting it to |<1->|.
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item This is important.
+\item This is also important.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{itemize}[<+->]
+\item This is shown from the first slide on.
+\item This is shown from the second slide on.
+\item This is shown from the third slide on.
+\item<1-> This is shown from the first slide on.
+\item This is shown from the fourth slide on.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>]
+\item This is shown from the first slide on and alerted on the first slide.
+\item This is shown from the second slide on and alerted on the second slide.
+\item This is shown from the third slide on and alerted on the third slide.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newenvironment{mystepwiseitemize}{\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>]}{\end{itemize}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \lyxnote
+ Unfortunately, currently you cannot specify optional arguments with
+ the |itemize| environment. You can, however, use the command
+ |\beamerdefaultoverlayspecification| before the environment to get
+ the desired effect.
+
+ The appearance of an |itemize| list is governed by several
+ templates. The first template concerns the way the little marker
+ introducing each item is typeset:
+ \begin{element}{itemize items}\semiyes\no\no
+ This template is a parent template, whose children are
+ |itemize item|, |itemize subitem|, and |itemize subsubitem|. This
+ means that if you use the |\setbeamertemplate| command on this
+ template, the command is instead called for all of these children
+ (with the same arguments).
+
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+ The default item marker is a small triangle colored with the
+ foreground of the \beamer-color |itemize item| (or, for
+ subitems, |itemize subitem| etc.). Note that these colors will
+ automatically change under certain circumstances such as inside
+ an example block or inside an |alertenv| environment.
+ \itemoption{triangle}{}
+ Alias for the default.
+ \itemoption{circle}{}
+ Uses little circles (or dots) as item markers.
+ \itemoption{square}{}
+ Uses little squares as item markers.
+ \itemoption{ball}{}
+ Uses little balls as item markers.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{itemize item}\yes\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{item}
+ This template (with |item| instead of |items|) governs how the
+ marker in front of a first-level item is typeset. ``First-level''
+ refers to the level of nesting. See the |itemize items| template
+ for the \meta{options} that may be given.
+
+ When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color
+ |itemize item| is installed. Typically, the font is ignored by the
+ template as some special symbol is drawn anyway, by the font may
+ be important if an optional argument is given to the
+ |\item| command as in |\item[First]|.
+
+ The font and color inherit from the |item| font and color, which
+ are explained at the end of this section.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{itemize subitem}\yes\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{subitem}
+ Like |itemize item|, only for second-level items. An
+ item of an itemize inside an enumerate counts a second-level item.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{itemize subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{subsubitem}
+ Like |itemize item|, only for third-level items.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{enumerate}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{mini template}}
+ Used to display a list of items that are ordered. Inside the
+ environment, use an |\item| command for each topic. By default,
+ before each item increasing Arabic numbers followed by a dot are
+ printed (as in ``1.'' and ``2.''). This can be changed by specifying
+ a different template, see below.
+
+ The first optional argument \meta{default overlay specification} has
+ exactly the same effect as for the |itemize| environment. It is
+ ``detected'' by the opening |<|-sign in the \meta{default overlay
+ specification}. Thus, if there is only one optional argument and
+ if this argument does not start with |<|, then it is considered to
+ be a \meta{mini template}.
+
+ The syntax of the \meta{mini template} is the same as
+ the syntax of mini templates in the |enumerate| package (you do not
+ need to include the
+ |enumerate| package, this is done automatically). Roughly spoken,
+ the text of the \meta{mini template} is printed before each item,
+ but any occurrence of a |1| in the mini template is replaced by the
+ current item number, an occurrence of the letter |A| is replaced by
+ the $i$th letter of the alphabet (in uppercase) for the $i$th item,
+ and the letters |a|, |i|, and |I| are replaced by the corresponding
+ lowercase letters, lowercase Roman letters, and uppercase Roman
+ letters, respectively. So the mini template |(i)| would yield the
+ items (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and so on. The mini template |A.)|
+ would yield the items A.), B.), C.), D.) and so on. For more details
+ on the possible mini templates, see the documentation of the
+ |enumerate| package. Note that there is also a template that governs
+ the appearance of the mini template.
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item This is important.
+\item This is also important.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
+\item First Roman point.
+\item Second Roman point.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\begin{enumerate}[<+->][(i)]
+\item First Roman point.
+\item Second Roman point, uncovered on second slide.
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \articlenote
+ To use the \meta{mini template}, you have to include the package
+ |enumerate|.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ The same constraints as for |itemize| apply.
+
+ \begin{element}{enumerate items}\semiyes\no\no
+ Similar to |itemize items|, this template is a parent template,
+ whose children are |enumerate item|, |enumerate subitem|,
+ |enumerate subsubitem|, and |enumerate mini template|. These
+ templates govern how the text (the number) of an enumeration is
+ typeset.
+
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+ The default enumeration marker uses the scheme 1., 2., 3.\ for
+ the first level, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 for the second level and 1.1.1,
+ 1.1.2, 1.1.3 for the third level.
+ \itemoption{circle}{}
+ Places the numbers inside little circles. The colors are taken
+ from |item projected| or |subitem projected| or
+ |subsubitem projected|.
+ \itemoption{square}{}
+ Places the numbers on little squares.
+ \itemoption{ball}{}
+ ``Projects'' the numbers onto little balls.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{enumerate item}\yes\yes\yes
+ This template governs how the number in front of a first-level
+ item is typeset. The level here refers to the level of enumeration
+ nesting only. Thus an enumerate inside an itemize is a first-level
+ enumerate (but it uses the second-level
+ |itemize/enumerate body|).
+
+ When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color
+ |enumerate item| are installed.
+
+ The following command is useful for this template:
+ \begin{templateinserts}
+ \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel}
+ inserts the current number of the top-level enumeration (as an
+ Arabic number). This insert is also available in the next two
+ templates.
+ \end{templateinserts}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{enumerate subitem}\yes\yes\yes
+ Like |enumerate item|, only for second-level items.
+
+ \begin{templateinserts}
+ \iteminsert{\insertsubenumlabel}
+ inserts the current number of the second-level enumeration (as an
+ Arabic number).
+ \end{templateinserts}
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{enumerate subitem}{\insertenumlabel-\insertsubenumlabel}
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{enumerate subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes
+ Like |enumerate item|, only for third-level items.
+
+ \begin{templateinserts}
+ \iteminsert{\insertsubsubenumlabel}
+ inserts the current number of the second-level enumeration (as an
+ Arabic number).
+ \end{templateinserts}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{enumerate mini template}\yes\yes\yes
+ This template is used to typeset the number that arises from a
+ mini template.
+
+ \begin{templateinserts}
+ \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel}
+ inserts the current number rendered by this mini template. For
+ example, if the \meta{mini template} is |(i)| and this command
+ is used in the fourth item, |\insertenumlabel| would yield
+ |(iv)|.
+ \end{templateinserts}
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+The following templates govern how the \emph{body} of an |itemize| or
+an |enumerate| is typeset.
+\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body begin}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the beginning of a first-level
+ |itemize| or |enumerate| environment. Furthermore, before this
+ template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color
+ |itemize/enumerate body| is used.
+\end{element}
+\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body end}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the end of a first-level
+ |itemize| or |enumerate| environment.
+\end{element}
+There exist corresponding templates like
+|itemize/enumerate subbody being| from second- and third-level itemize
+or enumerates.
+
+\begin{element}{items}\semiyes\no\no
+ This template is a parent template of |itemize items| and
+ |enumerate items|.
+ \example |\setbeamertemplate{items}[circle]| will cause all items in
+ |itemize| or |enumerate| environments to become circles (of the
+ appropriate size, color, and font).
+\end{element}
+
+
+\label{section-descriptions}
+
+\begin{environment}{{description}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{long text}}
+ Like |itemize|, but used to display a list that explains or defines
+ labels. The width of \meta{long text} is used to set the
+ indentation. Normally, you choose the widest label in the
+ description and copy it here. If you do not give this argument, the
+ default width is used, which can be changed using |\setbeamersize|
+ with the argument |description width=|\meta{width}.
+
+ As for |enumerate|, the \meta{default overlay specification} is
+ detected by an opening~|<|. The effect is the same as for
+ |enumerate| and |itemize|.
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{description}
+\item[Lion] King of the savanna.
+\item[Tiger] King of the jungle.
+\end{description}
+
+\begin{description}[longest label]
+\item<1->[short] Some text.
+\item<2->[longest label] Some text.
+\item<3->[long label] Some text.
+\end{description}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \example The following has the same effect as the previous example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{description}[<+->][longest label]
+\item[short] Some text.
+\item[longest label] Some text.
+\item[long label] Some text.
+\end{description}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \lyxnote
+ Since you cannot specify the optional argument in \LyX, if you wish
+ to specify the width, you may wish to use the following command
+ shortly before the environment:
+
+ |\setbeamersize{description width of={|\marg{text}|}}|
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamersize{description width of={longest label}}
+\begin{description}
+\item<1->[short] Some text.
+\item<2->[longest label] Some text.
+\item<3->[long label] Some text.
+\end{description}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \begin{element}{description item}\yes\yes\yes
+ This template is used to typeset the description items. When this
+ template is called, the \beamer-font and -color |description item|
+ are installed.
+
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+ By default, the description item text is just inserted without
+ any modification.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+
+ The main insert that is useful inside this template is:
+ \begin{templateinserts}
+ \iteminsert{\insertdescriptionitem} inserts the text of the
+ current description item.
+ \end{templateinserts}
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+
+In order to simplify changing the color or font of items, the
+different kinds of items inherit form or just use the following
+``general'' \beamer-color and fonts:
+
+\begin{element}{item}\no\yes\yes
+ \colorparents{local structure}
+ \fontparents{structure}
+
+ This color/font serves as a parent for the individual items of
+ |itemize| and |enumerate| environments, but also for items in the
+ table of contents. Since its color parent is the |local structure|,
+ a change of that color causes the color of items to change
+ accordingly.
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{item projected}\no\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{item}
+
+ This is a special ``version'' of the |item| color and font that
+ should be used by templates that render items with text (as in an
+ enumeration) and which to ``project'' this text onto something like
+ a ball or a square or whatever. While the normal |item| color
+ typically has a transparent background, the |item projected|
+ typically has a colored background and, say, a white foreground.
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subitem}\no\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{item}
+ Same as |item| for subitems, that is, for items on the second level of
+ indentation.
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subitem projected}\no\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{item projected}
+ Same as |item projected| for subitems, that is, for items on the
+ second level of indentation.
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsubitem}\no\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{subitem}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsubitem projected}\no\yes\yes
+ \colorfontparents{subitem projected}
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Hilighting}
+
+The \beamer\ class predefines commands and environments for
+hilighting text. Using these commands makes is easy to change the
+appearance of a document by changing the theme.
+
+
+\begin{command}{\structure\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{text}}
+ The given text is marked as part of the structure, that is, it is
+ supposed to help the audience see the structure of your
+ presentation. If the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the
+ command only has an effect on the specified slides.
+ \example|\structure{Paragraph Heading.}|
+
+ Internally, this command just puts the \emph{text} inside a
+ |structureenv| environment.
+
+ \articlenote
+ Structure text is typeset as bold text. This can be changed by
+ modifying the templates.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ You need to use \TeX-mode to insert this command.
+
+ \begin{element}{structure}\no\yes\yes
+ This color/font is used when structured text is typeset, but it is
+ also widely used as a base for many other colors including the
+ headings of blocks, item buttons, and titles. In most color
+ themes, the colors for navigational elements in the headline or
+ the footline are derived from the foreground color of
+ |structure|. By changing the structure color you can easily change
+ the ``basic color'' of your presentation, other than the color of
+ normal text. See also the related color |local structure| and the
+ related font |tiny structure|.
+
+ Inside the |\structure| command, the background of the color is
+ ignored, but this is not necessarily true for elements that
+ inherit their color from |structure|. There is no template
+ |structure|, use |structure begin| and |structure end| instead.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{local structure}\no\yes\no
+ This color should be used to typeset structural elements that change
+ their color according to the ``local environment.'' For example, the
+ color of an item ``button'' in an |itemize| environment changes its
+ color according to circumstances. If it is used inside an example
+ block, it should have the |example text| color; if it is currently
+ ``alerted'' it should have the |alerted text| color. This color
+ will setup by certain environments to have the color that should be
+ used to typset things like item buttons. Since the color used for
+ items, |item|, inherits from this color by default, items
+ automatically change their color according to the current
+ situation.
+
+ If you write your own environment in which the item buttons are
+ similar structural elements should have a different color, you
+ should change the color |local structure| inside these
+ environments.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{tiny structure}\no\no\yes
+ This special font is used for ``tiny'' structural text. Basically,
+ this font should be used whenever a structural element uses a tiny
+ font. The idea is that the tiny versions of the |structure| font
+ often are not suitable. For example, it is often necessary to use a
+ boldface version for them. Also, one might wish to have serif smallcaps
+ structural text, but still retain normal sans-serif tiny structural
+ text.
+ \end{element}
+\end{command}
+
+\begin{environment}{{structureenv}\sarg{overlay specification}}
+ Environment version of the |\structure| command.
+
+ \begin{element}{structure begin}\yes\no\no
+ This text is inserted at the beginning of a |structureenv|
+ environment.
+
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+
+ \articlenote
+ The text is typeset in boldface.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{structure end}\yes\no\no
+ This text is inserted at the end of a |structureenv| environment.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+\begin{command}{\alert\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{hilighted text}}
+ The given text is hilighted, typically by coloring the text red. If
+ the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the command only has an
+ effect on the specified slides.
+ \example |This is \alert{important}.|
+
+ Internally, this command just puts the \emph{hilighted text} inside
+ an |alertenv|.
+
+ \articlenote
+ Alerted text is typeset as emphasized text. This can be changed by
+ modifying the templates, see below.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ You need to use \TeX-mode to insert this command (which is not very
+ convenient).
+
+ \begin{element}{alerted text}\no\yes\yes
+ This color/font is used when alerted text is typeset. The
+ background is currently ignored. There is no template
+ |alerted text|, rather there are templates |alerted text begin|
+ and |alerted text end| that are inserted before and after alerted
+ text.
+ \end{element}
+\end{command}
+
+\begin{environment}{{alertenv}\sarg{overlay specification}}
+ Environment version of the |\alert| command.
+
+ \begin{element}{alerted text begin}\yes\no\no
+ This text is inserted at the beginning of a an |alertenv|
+ environment.
+
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+
+ \beamernote
+ This changes the color |local structure| to |alerted text|. This
+ causes things like buttons or items to be colored in the same
+ color as the alerted text, which is often visually pleasing. See
+ also the |\structure| command.
+
+ \articlenote
+ The text is emphasized.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{alerted text end}\yes\no\no
+ This text is inserted at the end of an |alertenv| environment.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Block Environments}
+\label{predefined}
+
+The \beamer\ class predefines an environment for typesetting a
+``block'' of text that has a heading. The appearance of blocks can
+easily be changed using the following template:
+
+\begin{element}{blocks}\semiyes\no\no
+ Changining this parent template changes the templates of normal
+ blocks, alerted blocks, and example blocks.
+
+ \example |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[default]|
+ \example |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=true]|
+
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+ The default setting typesets the block title on its own line. If a
+ background is specified either for the |block title| or for the
+ |block body|, this background color is used as background of the
+ title or body, respectively. For alerted and example blocks, the
+ corresponding \beamer-colors and -fonts are used, instead.
+ \itemoption{rounded}{\oarg{shadow=true}}
+ Makes the blocks ``rounded.'' This means that the corners of the
+ backgrounds of the blocks are ``rounded off.'' If the
+ |shadow=true| option is given, a ``shadow'' is drawn behind the
+ block.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{block}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block
+ title}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Only one \meta{action specification} may be given.
+ Inserts a block, like a definition or a theorem, with the title
+ \meta{block title}. If the \meta{action specification} is present,
+ the given actions are taken on the specified slides, see
+ Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}. In the example, the
+ definition is shown only from slide 3 onward.
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \begin{block}<3->{Definition}
+ A \alert{set} consists of elements.
+ \end{block}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \articlenote
+ The block name is typeset in bold.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ The argument of the block must (currently) be given in
+ \TeX-mode. More precisely, there must be an opening brace in
+ \TeX-mode and a closing brace in \TeX-mode around it. The text
+ in between can also be typeset using \LyX. I hope to get rid of this
+ some day.
+
+ \begin{element}{block begin}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the beginning of a block before the
+ \meta{environment contents}. Inside this
+ template, the block title can be accessed via the following
+ insert:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \iteminsert{\insertblocktitle}
+ Inserts the \meta{block title} into the template.
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ When the template starts, no special color or font is installed
+ (for somewhat complicated reasons). Thus, this template should
+ install the correct colors and fonts for the title and the body itself.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block end}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the end of a block.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block title}\no\yes\yes
+ This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the title of
+ the block. Since neither the color nor the font are setup
+ automatically, the template |block begin| must do so itself.
+
+ The default block template and also the |rounded| version honor
+ the background of this color.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block body}\no\yes\yes
+ This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the body of the
+ block, that is, the \meta{environment contents}. As for
+ |block title|, the color and font must be setup by the template
+ |block begin|.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{alertblock}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block
+title}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Inserts a block whose title is hilighted. Behaves like the |block|
+ environment otherwise.
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \begin{alertblock}{Wrong Theorem}
+ $1=2$.
+ \end{alertblock}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \articlenote
+ The block name is typeset in bold and is emphasized.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ Same applies as for |block|.
+
+ \begin{element}{block alerted begin}\yes\no\no
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block alerted end}\yes\no\no
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block title alerted}\no\yes\yes
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block body alerted}\no\yes\yes
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+\begin{environment}{{exampleblock}\sarg{action
+specification}\marg{block title}\sarg{overlay specification}}
+ Inserts a block that is supposed to be an example. Behaves like the
+ |block| environment otherwise.
+
+ \example In the following example, the block is completely
+ suppressed on the first slide (it does not even occupy any space).
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \begin{exampleblock}{Example}<only@2->
+ The set $\{1,2,3,5\}$ has four elements.
+ \end{exampleblock}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \articlenote
+ The block name is typeset in italics.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ Same applies as for |block|.
+
+ \begin{element}{block example begin}\yes\no\no
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block example end}\yes\no\no
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block title example}\no\yes\yes
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{block body example}\no\yes\yes
+ Same applies as for normal blocks.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+\lyxnote
+Overlay specifications must be given right at the beginning of the
+environments and in \TeX-mode.
+
+
+
+\subsection{Theorem Environments}
+\label{section-theorems}
+
+The \beamer\ class predefines several environments, like |theorem| or
+|definition| or |proof|, that you can use to typeset things like,
+well, theorems, definitions, or proofs. The complete list is the
+following: |theorem|, |corollary|, |definition|,
+|definitions|, |fact|, |example|, and |examples|. The following German
+block environments are also predefined: |Problem|, |Loesung|,
+|Definition|, |Satz|, |Beweis|, |Folgerung|, |Lemma|, |Fakt|,
+|Beispiel|, and |Beispiele|.
+
+Here is a typical example on how to use them:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{A Theorem on Infinite Sets}
+
+ \begin{theorem}<1->
+ There exists an infinite set.
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ \begin{proof}<2->
+ This follows from the axiom of infinity.
+ \end{proof}
+
+ \begin{example}<3->[Natural Numbers]
+ The set of natural numbers is infinite.
+ \end{example}
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+In the following, only the English versions are discussed. The German
+ones behave analogously.
+
+\begin{environment}{{theorem}\sarg{action
+ specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Inserts a theorem. Only one \meta{action specification} may be
+ given. If present, the \meta{additional text} is shown behind the
+ word ``Theorem'' in rounded brackets (although this can be changed by
+ the template).
+
+ The appearance of the theorem is governed by the templates
+ |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see their description later on
+ for details on how to change these. Every theorem is put into a
+ |block| environment, thus the templates for blocks also apply.
+
+ The theorem style (a concept from |amsthm|) used for this
+ environment is |plain|. In this style, the body of a theorem should
+ be typeset in italics. The head of the theorem should be typeset in
+ a bold font, but this is usually overruled by the templates.
+
+ If the option |envcountsect| is given either as class option in one
+ of the |presentation| modes or as an option to the package
+ |beamerarticle| in |article| mode, then the numbering of the
+ theorems is local to each section with the section number prefixing
+ the theorem number; otherwise they are numbered consecutively
+ throughout the presentation or article. I recommend using this
+ option in |article| mode.
+
+ By default, no theorem numbers are shown in the |presentation| modes.
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{theorem}[Kummer, 1992]
+ If $\#^_A^n$ is $n$-enumerable, then $A$ is recursive.
+\end{theorem}
+
+\begin{theorem}<2->[Tantau, 2002]
+ If $\#_A^2$ is $2$-fa-enumerable, then $A$ is regular.
+\end{theorem}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \lyxnote
+ If present, the optional argument and the action specification must
+ be given in \TeX-mode at the beginning of the environment.
+\end{environment}
+
+The environments \declare{|corollary|}, \declare{|fact|}, and
+\declare{|lemma|} behave exactly the same way.
+
+\begin{classoption}{envcountsect}
+ Causes theorems, definitions, and so on to be numbered locally to
+ each section. Thus, the first theorem of the second section would be
+ Theorem~2.1 (assuming that there are no definitions, lemmas, or
+ corollaries earlier in the section).
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{environment}{{definition}\sarg{action
+ specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem
+ style |definition| is used. In this style, the body of a theorem is
+ typeset in an upright font.
+\end{environment}
+
+The environment \declare{|definitions|} behaves exactly the same way.
+
+\begin{environment}{{example}\sarg{action
+ specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem
+ style |example| is used. A side-effect of using this theorem style
+ is that the \meta{environment contents} is put in an |exampleblock|
+ instead of a |block|.
+\end{environment}
+
+The environment \declare{|examples|} behaves exactly the same way.
+
+\beamernote
+The default template for typesetting theorems suppresses the theorem
+number, even if this number is ``available'' for typesetting (which it
+is by default in all predefined environments; but if you define your
+own environment using |\newtheorem*| no number will be available).
+
+\articlenote
+In |article| mode, theorems are automatically numbered. By specifying
+the class option |envcountsect|, theorems will be numbered locally to each
+section, which is usually a good idea, except for very short
+articles.
+
+\begin{environment}{{proof}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{proof
+name}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Typesets a proof. If the optional \meta{proof name} is given, it
+ completely replaces the word ``Proof.'' This is different from
+ normal theorems, where the optional argument is shown in brackets.
+
+ At the end of the theorem, a |\qed| symbol is shown, except if you
+ say |\qedhere| earlier in the proof (this is exactly as in
+ |amsthm|). The default |\qed| symbol is an open rectangle. To
+ completely suppress the symbol, write |\def\qedsymbol{}| in
+ your preamble. To get an closed rectangle, say
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{qed symbol}{\vrule width1.5ex height1.5ex depth0pt}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ If you use |babel| and a different language, the text ``Proof'' is
+ replaced by whatever is appropriate in the selected language.
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{proof}<2->[Sketch of proof]
+ Suppose ...
+\end{proof}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \begin{element}{qed symbol}\yes\yes\yes
+ The symbol is shown at the end of every proof.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+You can define new environments using the following command:
+
+\begin{command}{\newtheorem\opt{|*|}\marg{environment name}\oarg{numbered same
+ as}\marg{head text}\oarg{number within}}
+ This command is used exactly the same way as in the |amsthm| package
+ (as a matter of fact, it is the command from that package), see its
+ documentation. The only difference is that environments declared using
+ this command are overlay-specification-aware in \beamer\ and that,
+ when typeset, are typeset according to \beamer's templates.
+
+ \articlenote
+ Environments declared using this command are also
+ overlay-specification-aware in |article| mode.
+
+ \example |\newtheorem{observation}[theorem]{Observation}|
+\end{command}
+
+You can also use |amsthm|'s command |\newtheoremstyle| to define new
+theorem styles. Note that the default template for theorems will
+ignore any head font setting, but will honor the body font setting.
+
+If you wish to define the environments like |theorem| differently (for
+example, have it numbered within each subsection), you can use the
+following class option to disable the definition of the predefined
+environments:
+
+\begin{classoption}{notheorems}
+ Switches off the definition of default blocks like |theorem|, but
+ still loads |amsthm| and makes theorems
+ overlay-specificiation-aware.
+\end{classoption}
+
+The option is also available as a package option for
+|beamerarticle| and has the same effect.
+
+\articlenote
+In the |article| version, the package |amsthm| sometimes clashes with
+the document class. In this case you can use the following option,
+which is once more available as a class option for \beamer\ and as a
+package option for |beamerarticle|, to switch off the loading of
+|amsthm| altogether.
+
+\begin{classoption}{noamsthm}
+ Does not load |amsthm| and also not |amsmath|. Environments like
+ |theorem| or |proof| will not be available.
+\end{classoption}
+
+
+
+\begin{element}{theorems}\semiyes\no\no
+ This template is a parent of |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see
+ the first for a detailed discussion of how the theorem templates are
+ set.
+
+ \example |\setbeamertemplate{theorems}[numbered]|
+
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+ By default, theorems are typeset as follows: The font specification for
+ the body is honored, the font specification for the head is
+ ignored. No theorem number is printed.
+ \itemoption{normal font}{}
+ Like the default, except all font specifications for the body are
+ ignored. Thus, the fonts are used that are normally used for
+ blocks.
+ \itemoption{numbered}{}
+ This option is like the default, except that the theorem
+ number is printed for environments that are numbered.
+ \itemoption{ams style}{}
+ This causes theorems to be put in a |block| or |exampleblock|, but
+ to be otherwise typeset as is normally done in |amsthm|. Thus the
+ head font and body font depend on the setting for the theorem to be
+ typeset and theorems are numbered.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+
+\begin{element}{theorem begin}\yes\no\no
+ Whenever an environment declared using the command |\newtheorem| is
+ to be typeset, this template is inserted at the beginning and the
+ template |theorem end| at the end. If there is a overlay
+ specification when an environment like |theorem| is
+ used, this overlay specification will directly follow the
+ \meta{block beginning template} upon invocation. This is even true
+ if there was an optional argument to the |theorem| environment. This
+ optional argument is available via the insert |\inserttheoremaddition|.
+
+ Numerous inserts are available in this template, see below.
+
+ Before the template starts, the font is set to the body font
+ prescribed by the environment to be typeset.
+
+ \example The following typesets theorems like |amsthm|:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin}
+{%
+ \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv}
+ {%
+ \inserttheoremheadfont
+ \inserttheoremname
+ \inserttheoremnumber
+ \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi%
+ \inserttheorempunctuation
+ }%
+}
+\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \example In the following example, all font ``suggestions'' for the
+ environment are suppressed or ignored; and the theorem number is
+ suppressed.
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin}
+{%
+ \normalfont% ignore body font
+ \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv}
+ {%
+ \inserttheoremname
+ \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi%
+ }%
+}
+\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ The following inserts are available inside this template:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \iteminsert{\inserttheoremblockenv}
+ This will normally expand to |block|, but if a theorem that has
+ theorem style |example| is typeset, it will expand to
+ |exampleblock|. Thus you can use this insert to decide which
+ environment should be used when typesetting the theorem.
+
+ \iteminsert{\inserttheoremheadfont}
+ This will expand to a font changing command that switches to the
+ font to be used in the head of the theorem. By not inserting it, you
+ can ignore the head font.
+
+ \iteminsert{\inserttheoremname}
+ This will expand to the name of the environment to be typeset (like
+ ``Theorem'' or ``Corollary'').
+
+ \iteminsert{\inserttheoremnumber}
+ This will expand to the number of the current theorem preceeded by a
+ space or to nothing, if the current theorem does not have a number.
+
+ \iteminsert{\inserttheoremaddition}
+ This will expand to the optional argument given to the environment
+ or will be empty, if there was no optional argument.
+
+ \iteminsert{\inserttheorempunctuation}
+ This will expand to the punctuation character for the current
+ environment. This is usually a period.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{theorem end}\yes\no\no
+ Inserted at the end of a theorem.
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Framed and Boxed Text}
+
+In order to draw a frame (a rectangle) around some text, you can use
+\LaTeX s standard command |\fbox| and also |\frame| (inside a \beamer\
+frame, the |\frame| command changes its meaning to the normal \LaTeX\
+|\frame| command). More frame types are offered by the
+package |fancybox|, which defines the following commands:
+|\shadowbox|, |\doublebox|, |\ovalbox|, and |\Ovalbox|. Please consult
+the \LaTeX\ Companion for details on how to use these commands.
+
+The \beamer\ class also defines two environments for creating coloured
+boxes.
+
+\begin{environment}{{beamercolorbox}\oarg{options}\marg{beamer color}}
+ This environment can be used to conveniently typeset some text using
+ some \beamer-color. Basically, the following two command blocks do
+ the same:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{beamercolorbox}{beamer color}
+ Text
+\end{beamercolorbox}
+
+{
+ \usebeamercolor{beamer color}
+ \colorbox{bg}{
+ \color{fg}
+ Text
+ }
+}
+\end{verbatim}
+ In other words, the environment installs the \meta{beamer color} and
+ uses the background for the background of the box and the foreground
+ for the text inside the box. However, in reality, numerous
+ \meta{options} can be given to specify in much greater detail how
+ the box is rendered.
+
+ If the background color of \meta{beamer color} is empty, no
+ background is drawn behind the text, that is, the background is
+ ``transparent.''
+
+ This command is used extensively by the default inner and outer
+ themes for typesetting the headlines and footlines. It is not really
+ intended to be used in normal frames (for example, it is not
+ available inside |article| mode). You should prefer using
+ structuring elements like blocks or theorems that automatically
+ insert colored boxes as needed.
+
+ \example The following example could be used to typeset a headline
+ with two lines, the first showing the document title, the second
+ showing the author's name:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{title in head/foot}
+ \usebeamerfont{title in head/foot}
+ \insertshorttitle
+\end{beamercolorbox}%
+\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{author in head/foot}
+ \usebeamerfont{author in head/foot}
+ \insertshortauthor
+\end{beamercolorbox}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \example Typesetting a postit:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamercolor{postit}{fg=black,bg=yellow}
+\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=1em,wd=5cm]{postit}
+ Place me somewhere!
+\end{beamercolorbox}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+ The following \meta{options} can be given:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \declare{|wd=|\marg{width}} sets the width of the box. This
+ command has two effects: First, \TeX's |\hsize| is set to
+ \meta{width}. Second, after the box has been typeset, its width is
+ set to \meta{width} (no matter what it actually turned out to
+ be). Since setting the |\hsize| does not automatically change some
+ of \LaTeX's linewidth dimensions, you should consider using a
+ minipage inside this environment if you fool around with the
+ width.
+
+ If the width is larger than the normal text width, as specified by
+ the value of |\textwidth|, the width of the resulting box is reset
+ to the width |\textwidth|, but intelligent negative skips are
+ inserted at the left and right end of the box. The net effect of
+ this is that you can use a width larger than the text width for a
+ box and can insert the resulting box directly into normal text
+ without getting annoying warnings and having the box positioned
+ sensibly.
+ \item \declare{|dp=|\marg{depth}} sets the depth of the box,
+ overriding the real depth of the box. The box is first typeset
+ normally, then the depth is changed afterwards. This option is
+ useful for creating boxes that have guaranteed size.
+
+ If the option is not given, the box has its ``natural'' depth,
+ which results from the typesetting. For example, a box containing
+ only the letter ``a'' will have a different depth from a box
+ containing only the letter ``g.''
+ \item \declare{|ht=|\meta{height}} sets the height of the box,
+ overriding the real height. Note that the ``height'' does not
+ include the depth (see, for example, the \TeX-book for
+ details). If you want a one-line box that always has the same
+ size, setting the height to 2.25ex and the depth to 1ex is usually
+ a good option.
+ \item \declare{|left|} causes the text inside the box to be typeset
+ left-aligned and with a (radically) ragged right border. This is
+ the default. To get a better ragged right border, use the
+ |rightskip| option.
+ \item \declare{|right|} causes the text to be right-aligned with a
+ (radically) ragged left border.
+ \item \declare{|center|} centers the text inside the box.
+ \item \declare{|leftskip=|\meta{left skip}} installs the \meta{left
+ skip} inside the box as the left skip. \TeX's left skip is a
+ glue that is inserted at the left end of every line. See the
+ \TeX-book for details.
+ \item \declare{|rightskip=|\meta{right skip}} install the
+ \meta{right skip}. To get a good ragged right border, try, say,
+ |\rightskip=0pt plus 4em|.
+ \item \declare{|sep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the size of extra
+ space around the text. This space is added ``inside the box,''
+ which means that if you specify a |sep| of 1cm and insert the box
+ normally into the vertical list, then the left border of the box
+ will be aligned with the left border of the slide text, while the
+ left border of the text inside the box will be 1cm to the right of
+ this left border. Likewise, the text inside the box will stop 1cm
+ before the right border of the normal text.
+ \item \declare{|colsep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the extra ``color
+ separation space'' around the text. This space behaves the
+ same way as the space added by |sep|, only this space is only
+ inserted if the box has a colored background, that is, if the
+ background of the \meta{beamer color} is not empty. This command
+ can be used together with |sep|, the effects accumulate.
+ \item \declare{|colsep*=|\meta{dimension}} sets an extra color
+ separation space around the text that is \emph{horizontally
+ outside the box}. This means that if the box has a background,
+ this background will protrude by \meta{dimension} to the left and
+ right of the text, but this protruding background will not be
+ taken intro consideration by \TeX\ for typesetting purposes.
+
+ A typical example usage of this option arises when you insert a
+ box with a coloured background in the middle of normal text. In
+ this case, if the background color is set, you would like a
+ background to be drawn behind the text \emph{and} you would like a
+ certain extra space around this text (the background should not
+ stop immediately at the borders of the text, this looks silly)
+ \emph{and} you would like the normal text always to be at the same
+ horizontal position, independently of whether a background is
+ present or not. In this case, using |colsep*=4pt| is a good
+ option.
+ \item \declare{|shadow|}\opt{|=|\meta{true or false}} draws a shadow
+ behind the box. Currently, this option only has an effect if
+ used together with the |rounded| option, but that may change.
+ \item \declare{|rounded|}\opt{|=|\meta{true or false}} causes the
+ borders of the box to be rounded off if there is a background
+ installed. This command internally calls |beamerboxesrounded|.
+ \item \declare{|ignorebg|} causes the background color of the
+ \meta{beamer color} to be ignored, that is, to be treated as if it
+ were set to ``transparent'' or ``empty.''
+ \item \declare{vmode} causes \TeX\ to be in vertical mode when the
+ box starts. Normally, \TeX\ will be in horizontal mode at the
+ start of the box (a |\leavevmode| is inserted automatically at the
+ beginning of the box unless this option is given). Only
+ \TeX perts need this option, so, if you use it, you will
+ probably know what you are doing anyway.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{beamerboxesrounded}\oarg{options}\marg{head}}
+ The text inside the environment is framed by a rectangular area with
+ rounded corners. For the large rectangular area, the \beamer-color
+ specified with the |lower| option is used. Its background is used
+ for the background, its foreground for the foreground. If the
+ \meta{head} is not empty, \meta{head} is drawn in the
+ upper part of the box using the \beamer-color specified with the
+ |upper| option for the fore- and background. The following options
+ can be given:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \declare{|lower=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color
+ to be used for the lower (main) part of the box. Its background is
+ used for the background, its foreground for the foreground of the
+ main part of the box. If either is empty, the current background
+ or foreground is used. The box will never be transparent.
+ \item \declare{|upper=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color
+ used for the upper (head) part of the box. It is only used if the
+ \meta{head} is not empty.
+ \item \declare{|width=|\meta{dimension}} causes the width of the
+ text inside the box to be the specified \meta{dimension}. By
+ default, the |\textwidth| is used. Note that the box will protrude
+ 4pt to the left and right.
+ \item \declare{|shadow=|\meta{true or false}}. If set to |true|, a
+ shadow will be drawn.
+ \end{itemize}
+ If no \meta{head} is given, the head part is completely suppressed.
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[upper=block head,lower=block body,shadow=true]{Theorem}
+ $A = B$.
+\end{beamerboxesrounded}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \articlenote
+ This environment is not available in |article| mode.
+\end{environment}
+
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Figures and Tables}
+
+You can use the standard \LaTeX\ environments |figure| and
+|table| much the same way you would normally use them. However,
+any placement specification will be ignored. Figures and tables are
+immediately inserted where the environments start. If there are too
+many of them to fit on the frame, you must manually split them among
+additional frames or use the |allowframebreaks| option.
+
+\example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}
+ \begin{figure}
+ \pgfuseimage{myfigure}
+ \caption{This caption is placed below the figure.}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ \begin{figure}
+ \caption{This caption is placed above the figure.}
+ \pgfuseimage{myotherfigure}
+ \end{figure}
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{element}{caption}\yes\yes\yes
+ This template is used to render the caption.
+ \begin{templateoptions}
+ \itemoption{default}{}
+ typesets the caption name (a word like ``Figure'' or ``Abbildung''
+ or ``Table,'' depending on whether a table or figure is typeset
+ and depending on the currently installed language) before the
+ caption text. No number is printed, since these make little sense
+ in a normal presentation.
+ \itemoption{numbered}{}
+ adds the figure or table number to the caption. Use this option
+ only if your audience has a printed handout or printed lecture
+ notes that follow the same numbering.
+ \itemoption{caption name own line}{}
+ As the name suggests, this options puts the caption name (like
+ ``Figure'') on its own line.
+ \end{templateoptions}
+
+ Inside the template, you can use the following inserts:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \iteminsert{\insertcaption}
+ Inserts the text of the current caption.
+
+ \iteminsert{\insertcaptionname}
+ Inserts the name of the current caption. This word
+ is either ``Table'' or ``Figure'' or, if the |babel| package is
+ used, some translation thereof.
+
+ \iteminsert{\insertcaptionnumber}
+ Inserts the number of the current figure or table.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{caption name}\no\yes\yes
+ These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the caption name
+ (a word like ``Figure''). The |caption| template must directly
+ ``use'' them, they are not installed automatically by the
+ |\insertcaptionname| command.
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns}
+
+The \beamer\ class offers several commands and environments for
+splitting (perhaps only part of) a frame into multiple columns. These
+commands have nothing to do with \LaTeX's commands for creating
+columns. Columns are especially useful for placing a graphic next to a
+description/explanation.
+
+The main environment for creating columns is called |columns|. Inside
+this environment, you can either place several |column| environments,
+each of which creates a new column, or use the |\column| command to
+create new columns.
+
+\begin{environment}{{columns}\oarg{options}}
+ A multi-column area. Inside the environment you should place only
+ |column| environments or |\column| commands (see below). The
+ following \meta{options} may be given:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item
+ \declare{|b|} will cause the bottom lines of the columns to be
+ vertically aligned.
+ \item
+ \declare{|c|} will cause the columns to be centered vertically
+ relative to each other. Default, unless the global option
+ |t| is used.
+ \item
+ \declare{|onlytextwidth|} is the same as |totalwidth=\textwidth|.
+ \item
+ \declare{|t|} will cause the first lines of the columns to be
+ aligned. Default if global option |t| is used.
+ \item
+ \declare{|T|} is similar to the |t| option, but |T| aligns the
+ tops of the first lines while |t| aligns the so-called baselines
+ of the first lines. If strange things seem to happen in
+ conjunction with the |t| option (for example if a graphic suddenly
+ ``drops down'' with the |t| option instead of ``going up,''), try
+ using this option instead.
+ \item
+ \declare{|totalwidth=|\meta{width}} will cause the columns to occupy
+ not the whole page width, but only \meta{width}, all told.
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{columns}[t]
+ \begin{column}{5cm}
+ Two\\lines.
+ \end{column}
+ \begin{column}{5cm}
+ One line (but aligned).
+ \end{column}
+\end{columns}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{columns}[t]
+ \column{5cm}
+ Two\\lines.
+
+ \column[T]{5cm}
+ \includegraphis[height=3cm]{mygraphic.jpg}
+\end{columns}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+ \articlenote
+ This environment is ignored in |article| mode.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ Use ``Columns'' or ``ColumnsTopAligned'' to create a |columns|
+ environment. To pass options, insert them in \TeX-mode right at the
+ beginning of the environment in square brackets.
+\end{environment}
+
+To create a column, you can either use the |column| environment or the
+|\column| command.
+
+\begin{environment}{{column}\oarg{placement}\marg{column width}}
+ Creates a single column of width \meta{column width}. The vertical
+ placement of the enclosing |columns| environment can be overruled by
+ specifying a specific \meta{placement} (|t| and |T| for the two top
+ modes, |c| for centered, and |b| for bottom).
+
+ \example The following code has the same effect as the above examples:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{columns}
+ \begin{column}[t]{5cm}
+ Two\\lines.
+ \end{column}
+ \begin{column}[t]{5cm}
+ One line (but aligned).
+ \end{column}
+\end{columns}
+\end{verbatim}
+ \articlenote
+ This command is ignored in |article| mode.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ The ``Column'' styles insert the command version, see below.
+\end{environment}
+
+\begin{command}{{\column}\oarg{placement}\marg{column width}}
+ Starts a single column. The parameters and options are the same as
+ for the |column| environment. The column automatically ends with the
+ next occurrence of |\column| or of a |column| environment or of the
+ end of the current |columns| environment.
+
+ \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{columns}
+ \column[t]{5cm}
+ Two\\lines.
+ \column[t]{5cm}
+ One line (but aligned).
+\end{columns}
+\end{verbatim}
+ \articlenote
+ This command is ignored in |article| mode.
+
+ \lyxnote
+ In a ``Column'' style, the width of the column must be given as
+ normal text, not in \TeX-mode.
+\end{command}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely}
+
+Normally, \beamer\ uses \TeX's normal typesetting mechanism to
+position text and graphics on the page. In certain situation you may
+instead wish a certain text or graphic to appear at a
+page position that is specified \emph{absolutely}. This means that the
+position is specified relative to the upper left corner of the slide.
+
+The package |textpos| provides several commands for positioning text
+absolutely and it works together with \beamer. When using this
+package, you will typically have to specify the options |overlay| and
+perhaps |absolute|. For details on how to use the package, please see
+its documentation.
+
+
+
+\subsection{Verbatim and Fragile Text}
+
+If you wish to use a |{verbatim}| environment in a frame, you have to
+add the option |[fragile]| to the |{frame}| environment. In this case,
+you really have to use the |{frame}| environment (not the |\frame|
+command) and the |\end{frame}| must be alone on a single line. Using
+this option will cause the frame contents to be written to an external
+file and the read back. See the description of the |{frame}|
+environment for more details.
+
+You must also use the |[fragile]| option for frames that include any
+``fragile'' text, which is any text that is not ``interpreted the way
+text is usually interpreted by \TeX.'' For example, if you use a
+package that (locally) redefined the meaning of, say, the character
+|&|, you must use this option.
+
+Inside |{verbatim}| environments you obviously cannot use commands
+like |\alert<2>| to highlight part of code since the text is written
+in, well, verbatim. There are several good packages like |alltt| or
+|listings| that allow you to circumvent this problem. For simple
+cases, the following environment can be used, which is defined by
+\beamer:
+
+\begin{environment}{{semiverbatim}}
+ The text inside this environment is typeset like verbatim
+ text. However, the characters |\|, |{|, and |}| retain their
+ meaning. Thus, you can say things like
+\begin{verbatim}
+\alert<1->{std::cout << "AT&T likes 100% performance";}
+\end{verbatim}
+ To typeset the three characters |\|, |{|, and |}| you can use the
+ commands |\\| (which is redefined inside this environment---you do
+ not need it anyway), |\{|, and |\}|. Thus in order to get typeset
+ ``|\alert<1>{X}|'' you can write |\\alert<1>\{X\}|.
+\end{environment}
+
+
+\subsection{Abstract}
+
+The |abstract| environment is overlay-specificiation-aware in \beamer:
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{abstract}\sarg{action specification}}
+ You can use this environment to typeset an abstract.
+
+ \begin{element}{abstract}\no\yes\yes
+ These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the abstract. If
+ a background color is set, this background color is used as
+ background for the whole abstract by default.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{abstract title}\yes\yes\yes
+ \colorparents{titlelike}
+ This template is used for the title. By default, this inserts
+ the word |\abstractname|, centered. The background color is ignored.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{abstract begin}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the very beginning of the abstract,
+ before the abstract title and the \meta{environment
+ contents} is inserted.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{abstract end}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the end of the abstract, after the
+ \meta{environment contents}.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Verse, Quotations, Quotes}
+
+\LaTeX\ defines three environments for typesetting quotations and
+verses: |verse|, |quotation|, and |quote|. These environments are also
+available in the \beamer\ class, where they are
+overlay-specification-aware. If an overlay specification is given, the
+verse or quotation is shown only on the specified slides and is
+covered otherwise. The difference between a |quotation| and a |quote|
+is that the first has paragraph indentation, whereas the second does
+not.
+
+You can change the font and color used for these by changing the
+\beamer-colors and -fonts listed below. Unlike the standard \LaTeX\
+environments, the default font theme typesets a verse in an italic
+serif font, quotations and quotes are typeset using an italic font
+(whether serif or sans-serif depends on the standard document font).
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{verse}\sarg{action specification}}
+ You can use this environment to typeset a verse.
+
+ \begin{element}{verse}\no\yes\yes
+ These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the verse. If
+ a background color is set, this background color is used as
+ background for the whole abstract. The default font is italic
+ serif.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{verse begin}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the beginning of the verse.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{verse end}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the end of the verse.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{quotation}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Use this environment to typeset multi-paragraph quotations. Think
+ again, before presenting multi-paragraph quotations.
+
+ \begin{element}{quotation}\no\yes\yes
+ These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quotation.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{quotation begin}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the beginning of the quotation.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{quotation end}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the end of the quotation.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+\begin{environment}{{quote}\sarg{action specification}}
+ Use this environment to typeset a single-paragraph quotation.
+
+ \begin{element}{quote}\no\yes\yes
+ These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quote.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{quote begin}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the beginning of the quote.
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{quote end}\yes\no\no
+ This template is inserted at the end of the quote.
+ \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+
+\subsection{Footnotes}
+
+First a word of warning: Using footnotes is usually not a good
+idea. They disrupt the flow of reading.
+
+You can use the usual |\footnote| command. It has been augmented to
+take an additional option, for placing footnotes at the frame
+bottom instead of at the bottom of the current minipage.
+
+\begin{command}{\footnote\sarg{overlay
+ specification}\oarg{options}\marg{text}}
+ Inserts a footnote into the current frame. Footnotes will always be
+ shown at the bottom of the current frame; they will never be
+ ``moved'' to other frames. As usual, one can give a number as
+ \meta{options}, which will cause the footnote to use that
+ number. The \beamer\ class adds one additional option:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \declare{|frame|} causes the footnote to be shown at the
+ bottom of the frame. This is normally the default behavior anyway,
+ but in minipages and certain blocks it makes a difference. In a
+ minipage, the footnote is usually shown as part of the minipage
+ rather than as part of the frame.
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ If an \meta{overlay specification} is given, this causes the
+ footnote \meta{text} to be shown only on the specified slides. The
+ footnote symbol in the text is shown on all slides.
+
+ \example |\footnote{On a fast machine.}|
+ \example |\footnote[frame,2]{Not proved.}|
+ \example |\footnote<.->{Der Spiegel, 4/04, S.\ 90.}|
+
+ \begin{element}{footnote}\yes\yes\yes
+ This template will be used to render the footnote. Inside this
+ template, the following two inserts can be used:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \iteminsert{\insertfootnotetext}
+ Inserts the current footnote text.
+ \iteminsert{\insertfootnotemark}
+ Inserts the current footnote mark (like a raised number). This mark
+ is computed automatically.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{element}
+
+ \begin{element}{footnote mark}\no\yes\yes
+ This \beamer-color/-font is used when rendering the footnote mark,
+ both in the text and at the beginning of the footnote itself.
+ \end{element}
+\end{command}
+
+
+%%% Local Variables:
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide"
+%%% End: