diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-frames.tex')
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-frames.tex | 1765 |
1 files changed, 1765 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-frames.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-frames.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d0a7fd18ac2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-frames.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1765 @@ +% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-frames.tex,v 1.29 2005/04/18 16:33:59 tantau Exp $ + +% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>. +% +% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms +% of the GNU Public License, version 2. + +\section{Creating Frames} + +\label{section-frames} + +\subsection{The Frame Environment} + +A presentation consists of a series of frames. Each frame consists of +a series of slides. You create a frame using the command +|\frame| or the environment |frame|, which do the same. The command +takes one parameter, namely the contents of the frame. All of the +text that is not tagged by overlay specifications is shown on all +slides of the frame. (Overlay specifications are explained +in more detail in later sections. For the moment, let's just say +that an overlay specification is a list of numbers or number ranges in +pointed brackets that is put after certain commands as in +|\uncover<1,2>{Text}|.) If a frame contains commands that have an +overlay specification, the frame will contain multiple slides; +otherwise it contains only one slide. + +\begin{environment}{{frame}\sarg{overlay specification}% + \opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{options}\opt{\marg{title}\marg{subtitle}}} + The \meta{overlay specification} dictates which slides of a frame are + to be shown. If left out, the number is calculated automatically. + The \meta{environment contents} can be normal \LaTeX\ text, but may not contain + |\verb| commands or |verbatim| environments or any environment that + changes the character codes, unless the |fragile| options + is given. + + The optional \meta{title} is detected by an opening brace, that is, + if the first thing in the frame is an opening brace then it is + assumed that a frame title follows. Likewise, the optional + \meta{subtitle} is detected the same way, that is, by an opening + brace following the \meta{title}. The title and subtitle can also be + given using the |\frametitle| and |\framesubtitle| commands. + + The normal \LaTeX\ command |\frame| is available \emph{inside} + frames with its usual meaning. Both outside and inside frames it is + always available as {\color{red!75!black}|\framelatex|}. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}{A title} + Some content. +\end{frame} +%% Same effect: +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{A title} + Some content. +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}<beamer>{Outline} % frame is only shown in beamer mode + \tabelofcontent[current] +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + + Normally, the complete \meta{environment contents} is put on a slide. If + the text does not fit on a slide, being too high, it will be + squeezed as much as possible, a warning will be issued, and the text + just extends unpleasantly over the bottom. You can use the option + |allowframebreaks| to cause the \meta{frame text} to be split among several + slides, though you cannot use overlays then. See the explanation of + the |allowframebreaks| option for details. + + The \meta{default overlay specification} is an optional argument + that is ``detected'' according to the following rule: If the first + optional argument in square brackets starts with a |<|, then this + argument is a \meta{default overlay specification}, otherwise it is + a normal \meta{options} argument. Thus |\begin{frame}[<+->][plain]| would + be legal, but also |\begin{frame}[plain]|. + + The effect of the \meta{default overlay specification} is the + following: Every command or environment \emph{inside the frame} that + accepts an action specification, see + Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}, (this includes the + |\item| command, the |actionenv| environment, |\action|, and all + block environments) and that is not followed by + an overlay specification gets the \meta{default overlay + specification} as its specification. By providing an incremental + specification like |<+->|, see Section~\ref{section-incremental}, + this will essentially cause all blocks and all enumerations to be + uncovered piece-wise (blocks internally employ action + specifications). + + \example In this frame, the theorem is shown from the first slide + on, the proof from the second slide on, with the first two itemize + points shown one after the other; the last itemize point is shown + together with the first one. In total, this frame will contain four + slides. +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}[<+->] + \begin{theorem} + $A = B$. + \end{theorem} + \begin{proof} + \begin{itemize} + \item Clearly, $A = C$. + \item As shown earlier, $C = B$. + \item<3-> Thus $A = B$. + \end{itemize} + \end{proof} +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + + The following \meta{options} may be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item + \declare{|allowdisplaybreaks|}\opt{|=|\meta{break + desirability}} causes the AMS\TeX\ command + |\allowdisplaybreaks|\penalty0|[|\meta{break desirability}|]| to be issued + for the current frame. The \meta{break desirability} can be a + value between 0 (meaning formulas may never be broken) and 4 (the + default, meaning that formulas can be broken anywhere without any + penalty). The option is just a convenience and makes sense only + together with the |allowsframebreaks| option. + \item + \declare{|allowframebreaks|}\opt{|=|\meta{fraction}}. When this option is + given, the frame will be automatically broken up into several + frames if the text does not fit on a single slide. In detail, when this + option is given, the following things happen: + \begin{enumerate} + \item + Overlays are not supported. + \item + Any notes for the frame created using the |\note| command will + be inserted after the first page of the frame. + \item + Any footnotes for the frame will be inserted on the last page of + the frame. + \item + If there is a frame title, each of the pages will have this + frame title, with a special note added indicating which page of + the frame that page is. By default, this special note is a + Roman number. However, this can be changed using the following + template. + \begin{element}{frametitle continuation}\yes\yes\yes + The text of this template is inserted at the end of every + title of a frame with the |allowframebreaks| option set. + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + Installs a Roman number as the template. The number + indicates the current page of the frame. + + \itemoption{roman}{} + Alias for the default. + + \itemoption{from second}{\oarg{text}} + Installs a template that inserts \meta{text} from the second + page of a frame on. By default, the text inserted is + |\insertcontinuationtext|, which in turn is |(cont.)| by + default. + \end{templateoptions} + The following inserts are available: + \begin{templateinserts} + \iteminsert{\insertcontinuationcount} + inserts the current page of the frame as an arabic number. + \iteminsert{\insertcontinuationcountroman} + inserts the current page of the frame as an (uppercase) + Roman number. + \iteminsert{\insertcontinuationtext} + just inserts the text |(cont.)| or, possibly, a translation + thereof (like |(Forts.)| in German). + \end{templateinserts} + \end{element} + \end{enumerate} + If a frame needs to be broken into several pages, the material on + all but the last page fills only 95\% of each page by + default. Thus, there will be some space left at the top and/or + bottom, depending on the vertical placement option for the + frame. This yields a better visual result than a 100\% filling, + which typically looks crowded. However, you can change this + percentage using the optional argument \meta{fraction}, where 1 + means 100\% and 0.5 means 50\%. This percentage includes + the frame title. Thus, in order to split a frame ``roughly in + half,'' you should give 0.6 as \meta{fraction}. + + Most of the fine details of normal \TeX\ page breaking also apply + to this option. For example, when you wish equations to be broken + automatically, be sure to use the |\allowdisplaybreaks| + command. You can insert |\break|, |\nobreak|, and |\penalty| + commands to control where breaks should occur. The commands + |\pagebreak| and |\nopagebreak| also work, including their + options. Since you typically do not want page breaks for the frame + to apply also to the |article| mode, you can add a mode + specification like |<presentation>| to make these commands apply + only to the presentation modes. The command + \declare{|\string\framebreak|} is a shorthand for + |\pagebreak<presentation>| and \declare{|\string\noframebreak|} is + a shorthand for |\nopagebreak<presentation>|. + + The use of this option \emph{evil}. In a (good) presentation you + prepare each slide carefully and think twice before putting something + on a certain slide rather than on some different slide. Using the + |allowframebreaks| option invites the creation of horrible, endless + presentations that resemble more a ``paper projected on the wall'' + than a presentation. Nevertheless, the option does have its + uses. Most noticeably, it can be convenient for automatically + splitting bibliographies or long equations. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]{References} + \begin{thebibliography}{XX} + + \bibitem... + \bibitem... + ... + \bibitem... + \end{thebibliography} +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks,allowdisplaybreaks]{A Long Equation} + \begin{align} + \zeta(2) &= 1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + \cdots \\ + &= ... \\ + ... + &= \pi^2/6. + \end{align} +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + \item + \declare{|b|}, \declare{|c|}, \declare{|t|} will cause the frame + to be vertically aligned at the bottom/center/top. This overrides + the global placement policy, which is governed by the class + options |t| and |c|. + \item + \declare{|fragile|\opt{|=singleslide|}} tells \beamer\ + that the frame contents is ``fragile.'' This means that the frame + contains text that is not ``interpreted as usual.'' For example, + this applies to verbatim text, which is, obviously, interpreted + somewhat differently from normal text. + + If a frame contains fragile text, different internal mechanisms + are used to typeset the frame to ensure that inside the frame the + character codes can be reset. The price of switching to another + internal mechanism is that either you cannot use overlays or an + external file needs to be written and read back (which is not + always desirable). + + In detail, the following happens when this option is given for + normal (pdf)\LaTeX: The contents of the frame is scanned and then + written to a special file named \meta{jobname}|.vrb| or, if a + label has been assigned to the frame, + \meta{jobname}|.|\meta{current frame number}|.vrb|. Then, the + frame is started anew and the content of this file is read + back. Since, upon reading of a file, the character codes can be + modified, this allows you to use both verbatim text and overlays. + + To determine the end of the frame, the following rule is used: The + first occurence of a single line containing exactly + |\end{|\meta{frame environment name}|}| ends the frame. The + \meta{environment name} normally |frame|, but it can be changed + using the |environment| option. This special rule is needed since + the frame contents is, after all, not interpreted when it is + gathered. + + You can also add the optional information |=singleslide|. This + tells \beamer\ that the frame contains only a single slide. In + this case, the frame contents is \emph{not} written to a special + file, but interpreted directly, which is ``faster and cleaner.'' + \item + \declare{|environment=|\meta{frame environment name}}. This option + is useful only in conjuction with the |fragile| option (but it + is not used for |fragile=singleslide|, only for the plain + |fragile|). The \meta{frame environment name} is used to determine + the end of the scanning when gathering the frame + contents. Normally, the frame ends when a line reading + |\end{frame}| is reached. However, if you use |\begin{frame}| + inside another environment, you need to use this option: + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\newenvironment{slide}[1] + {\begin{frame}[fragile,environment=slide] + \frametitle{#1}} + {\end{frame}} + +\begin{slide}{My title} + Text. +\end{slide} +\end{verbatim} + If you did not specify the option |environment=slide| in the above + example, \TeX\ would ``miss'' the end of the slide since it does + not interpret text while gathering the frame contents. + \item + \declare{|label=|\meta{name}} causes the frame's contents to + be stored under the name \meta{name} for later resumption using + the command |\againframe|. Furthermore, on each slide of the frame + a label with the name \meta{name}|<|\meta{slide number}|>| is created. On the + \emph{first} slide, furthermore, a label with the name \meta{name} + is created (so the labels \meta{name} and \meta{name}|<1>| point + to the same slide). Note that labels in general, and these labels + in particular, can be used as targets for hyperlinks. + + You can use this option together with |fragile|. + \item + \declare{|plain|} causes the headlines, footlines, + and sidebars to be suppressed. This is useful for creating single + frames with different head- and footlines or for creating frames + showing big pictures that completely fill the frame. + + \example A frame with a picture completely filling the frame: +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}[plain] + \begin{centering}% + \pgfimage[height=\paperheight]{somebigimagefile}% + \par% + \end{centering}% +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + + \example A title page, in which the head- and footlines are replaced + by two graphics. +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{title page} +{ + \pgfuseimage{toptitle} + \vskip0pt plus 1filll + + \begin{centering} + {\usebeamerfont{title}\usebeamercolor[fg]{title}\inserttitle} + + \insertdate + \end{centering} + + \vskip0pt plus 1filll + \pgfuseimage{bottomtitle} +} +\begin{frame}[plain] + \titlepage +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + \item + \declare{|shrink|}\opt{|=|\meta{minimum shrink percentage}}. This + option will cause the text of the frame to be shrunk if it is + too large to fit on the frame. \beamer\ will first normally + typeset the whole frame. Then it has a look at vertical size of + the frame text (excluding the frame title). If this vertical size + is larger than the text height minus the frame title height, + \beamer\ computes a shrink factor and scales down the frame text + by this factor such that the frame text then fills the frame + completely. Using this option will automatically cause the + |squeeze| option to be used, also. + + Since the shrinking takes place only after everything has been + typeset, shrunk frame text will not fill the frame completely + horizontally. For this reason, you can specify a \meta{minimum + shrink percentage} like |20|. If this percentage is specified, the + frame will be shrunk \emph{at least} by this percentage. Since + \beamer\ knows this, it can increase the horizontal width + proportionally such that the shrunk text once more fills the + entire frame. If, however, the percentage is not enough, the text + will be shrunk as needed and you will be punished with a warning + message. + + The best way to use this option is to identify frames that are + overly full, but in which all text absolutely has to be fit on a + single frame. Then start specifying first |shrink=5|, then + |shrink=10|, and so on, until no warning is issued any more (or + just ignore the warning when things look satisfactory). + + Using this option is \emph{very evil}. It will + result in changes of the font size from slide to slide, which is a + typographic nightmare. Its usage can \emph{always} be avoided by + restructuring and simplifying frames, which will result in a + better presentation. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}[shrink=5] + Some evil endless slide that is 5\% too large. +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + \item + \declare{|squeeze|} causes all vertical spaces in the text to be + squeezed together as much as possible. Currently, this just causes + the vertical space in enumerations or itemizations to be reduced + to zero. + + Using this option is not good, but also not evil. + \end{itemize} + + \lyxnote + Use the style ``BeginFrame'' to start a frame and the style + ``EndFrame'' to end it. A frame is automatically ended by the start + of a new frame and by the start of a new section or section (but + not by the end of the document!). + + \lyxnote + You can pass options and an overlay specification to a frame by + giving these in \TeX-mode as the first thing in the frame + title. (Some magic is performed to extract them in \LyX-mode from + there.) + + \lyxnote + The style ``BeginPlainFrame'' is included as a convenience. It + passes the |plain| option to the frame. To pass further options to a + plain frame, you should use the normal ``BeginFrame'' style and + specify all options (including |plain|). + + \lyxnote + In \LyX, you can insert verbatim text directly even in overlayed + frames. The reason is that \LyX\ uses a different internal mechanism + for typesetting verbatim text, that is easier to handle for \beamer. + + \articlenote + In |article| mode, the |frame| environment does not create any visual + reference to the original frame (no frame is drawn). Rather, the + frame text is inserted into the normal text. To change this, you can + modify the templates |frame begin| and |frame end|, see below. To + suppress a frame in |article| mode, you can, for example, specify + |<presentation>| as overlay specification. + + \begin{element}{frame begin}\yes\no\no + The text of this template is inserted at the beginning of each + frame in |article| mode (and only there). You can use it, say, to + start a |minipage| environment at the beginning of a frame or to + insert a horizontal bar or whatever. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{frame end}\yes\no\no + The text of this template is inserted at the end of each + frame in |article| mode. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + +You \emph{can} use the |frame| environment inside other +environments like this +\begin{verbatim} +\newenvironment{slide}{\begin{frame}}{\end{frame}} +\end{verbatim} +or like this +\begin{verbatim} +\newenvironment{myframe}[1] + {\begin{frame}[fragile,environment=myframe]\frametitle{#1}} + {\end{frame}} +\end{verbatim} +However, the actual mechanics are somewhat sensitive since the +``collecting'' of the frame contents is not easy, so +do not attempt anything too fancy. As a rule, the beginning of the +environment can be pretty arbitrary, but the ending must end with +|\end{frame}| and should not contain any |\end{xxx}|. Anything really +complex is likely to fail. If you need some |\end{xxx}| there, define +a new command that contains this stuff as in the following example: +\begin{verbatim} +\newenvironment{itemizeframe} + {\begin{frame}\startitemizeframe} + {\stopitemizeframe\end{frame}} + +\newcommand\startitemizeframe{\begin{bfseries}\begin{itemize}} +\newcommand\stopitemizeframe{\end{itemize}\end{bfseries}} + +\begin{itemizeframe} +\item First item +\end{itemizeframe} + +\end{verbatim} + + + +\subsection{Components of a Frame} + +Each frame consists of several components: +\begin{enumerate}\itemsep=0pt\parskip=0pt +\item a headline and a footline, +\item a left and a right sidebar, +\item navigation bars, +\item navigation symbols, +\item a logo, +\item a frame title, +\item a background, and +\item some frame contents. +\end{enumerate} + +A frame need not have all of these components. Usually, the first +three components are automatically setup by the theme you are using. + + +\subsubsection{The Headline and Footline} + +The headline of a frame is the area at the top of the frame. If it is +not empty, it should show some information that helps the audience +orientate itself during your talk. Likewise, the footline is the area +at the bottom of the frame. + +\beamer\ does not use the standard \LaTeX\ mechanisms for typesetting +the headline and the footline. Instead, the special |headline| and +|footline| templates are used to typeset them. + +The size of the headline and the footline is determined as follows: +Their width is always the paper width. Their height is determined by +tentatively typesetting the headline and the footline right after the +|\begin{document}| command. The head of the headline and the footline +at that point is ``frozen'' and will be used throughout the whole +document, even if the headline and footline vary in height later on +(which they should not). + +The appearance of the headline and footline is determined by the +following templates: + +\begin{element}{headline}\yes\yes\yes + This template is used to typeset the headline. The \beamer-color and + -font |headline| are installed at the beginning. The background of + the \beamer-color is not used by default, that is, no background + rectangle is drawn behind the headline and footline (this may change + in the future with the introduction of a headline and a footline + canvas). + + The width of the headline is the whole paper width. The height is + determined automatically as described above. The headline is typeset + in vertical mode with interline skip turned off and the paragraph + skip set to zero. + + Inside this template, the |\\| command is changed such that it + inserts a comma instead. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{headline} +{% + \begin{beamercolorbox}{section in head/foot} + \vskip2pt\insertnavigation{\paperwidth}\vskip2pt + \end{beamercolorbox}% +} +\end{verbatim} + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + The default is just an empty headline. To get the default headline + of earlier versions of the \beamer\ class, use the |compatibility| + theme. + \itemoption{infolines theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |infolines| + outer theme is loaded. The headline shows current section and subsection. + \itemoption{miniframes theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |miniframes| + outer theme is loaded. The headline shows the sections with small + clickable mini frames below them. + \itemoption{sidebar theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |sidebar| + outer theme is loaded and if the head height (and option of the + |sidebar| theme) is not zero. In this case, the headline is an + empty bar of the background color |frametitle| with the logo to + the left or right of this bar. + \itemoption{smoothtree theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |smoothtree| + outer theme is loaded. A ``smoothed'' navigation + tree is shown in the headline. + \itemoption{smoothbars theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |smoothbars| + outer theme is loaded. A ``smoothed'' version of the + |miniframes| headline is shown. + \itemoption{tree}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |tree| + outer theme is loaded. A navigational tree is shown in the headline. + \itemoption{split theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |split| + outer theme is loaded. The headline is split into a left part + showing the sections and a right part showing the subsections. + \itemoption{text line}{\marg{text}} + The headline is typeset more or less as if it were a normal text + line with the \meta{text} as contents. The left and right margin + are setup such that they are the same as the margins of normal + text. The \meta{text} is typeset inside an |\hbox|, while the + headline is normally typeset in vertical mode. + \end{templateoptions} + + Inside the template numerous inserts can be used: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertnavigation\marg{width}} + Inserts a horizontal navigation bar of the given \meta{width} into a + template. The bar lists the sections and below them mini frames for + each frame in that section. + + \iteminsert{\insertpagenumber} + Inserts the current page number into a template. + + \iteminsert{\insertsection} + Inserts the current section into a template. + + \iteminsert{\insertsectionnavigation}\marg{width} + Inserts a vertical navigation bar containing all sections, with the + current section hilighted. + + \iteminsert{\insertsectionnavigationhorizontal}\marg{width}\marg{left insert}\marg{right insert} + Inserts a horizontal navigation bar containing all sections, with + the current section hilighted. The \meta{left insert} will be + inserted to the left of the sections, the \marg{right insert} to the + right. By inserting a triple fill (a + |filll|) you can flush the bar to the left or right. + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\insertsectionnavigationhorizontal{.5\textwidth}{\hskip0pt plus1filll}{} +\end{verbatim} + + \iteminsert{\insertshortauthor}\oarg{options} + Inserts the short version of the author into a template. The text + will be printed in one long line, line breaks introduced using the + |\\| command are suppressed. The + following \meta{options} may be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item + \declare{|width=|\meta{width}} + causes the text to be put into a multi-line minipage of the given + size. Line breaks are still suppressed by default. + \item + \declare{|center|} + centers the text inside the minipage created using the |width| + option, rather than having it left aligned. + \item + \declare{|respectlinebreaks|} + causes line breaks introduced by the |\\| command to be honored. + \end{itemize} + + \example |\insertauthor[width={3cm},center,respectlinebreaks]| + + \iteminsert{\insertshortdate}\oarg{options} + Inserts the short version of the date into a template. The same + options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. + + \iteminsert{\insertshortinstitute}\oarg{options} + Inserts the short version of the institute into a template. The same + options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. + + \iteminsert{\insertshortpart}\oarg{options} + Inserts the short version of the part name into a template. The same + options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. + + \iteminsert{\insertshorttitle}\oarg{options} + Inserts the short version of the document title into a template. Same + options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. + + \iteminsert{\insertshortsubtitle}\oarg{options} + Inserts the short version of the document subtitle. Same + options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsection} + Inserts the current subsection into a template. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsubsection} + Inserts the current subsection into a template. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionnavigation}\marg{width} + Inserts a vertical navigation bar containing all subsections of the + current section, with the current subsection hilighted. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionnavigationhorizontal}\marg{width}\marg{left + insert}\marg{right insert} + + See |\insertsectionnavigationhorizontal|. + + \iteminsert{\insertverticalnavigation}\marg{width} + Inserts a vertical navigation bar of the given \meta{width} into a + template. The bar shows a little table of contents. The individual + lines are typeset using the templates + |section in head/foot| and |subsection in head/foot|. + + \iteminsert{\insertframenumber} + Inserts the number of the current frame (not slide) into a template. + + \iteminsert{\inserttotalframenumber} + Inserts the total number of the frames (not slides) into a + template. The number is only correct on the second run of \TeX\ on + your document. + + \iteminsert{\insertframestartpage} + Inserts the page number of the first page of the current frame. + + \iteminsert{\insertframeendpage} + Inserts the page number of the last page of the current frame. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionstartpage} + Inserts the page number of the first page of the current subsection. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionendpage} + Inserts the page number of the last page of the current subsection. + + \iteminsert{\insertsectionstartpage} + Inserts the page number of the first page of the current section. + + \iteminsert{\insertsectionendpage} + Inserts the page number of the last page of the current section. + + \iteminsert{\insertpartstartpage} + Inserts the page number of the first page of the current part. + + \iteminsert{\insertpartendpage} + Inserts the page number of the last page of the current part. + + \iteminsert{\insertpresentationstartpage} + Inserts the page number of the first page of the presentation. + + \iteminsert{\insertpresentationendpage} + Inserts the page number of the last page of the presentation + (excluding the appendix). + + + \iteminsert{\insertappendixstartpage} + Inserts the page number of the first page of the appendix. If there + is no appendix, this number is the last page of the document. + + \iteminsert{\insertappendixendpage} + Inserts the page number of the last page of the appendix. If there + is no appendix, this number is the last page of the document. + + \iteminsert{\insertdocumentstartpage} + Inserts 1. + + \iteminsert{\insertdocumentendpage} + Inserts the page number of the last page of the document (including + the appendix). + \end{itemize} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{footline}\yes\yes\yes + This template behaves exactly the same way as the headline. Note + that, sometimes quite annoyingly, \beamer\ currently adds a space of + 4pt between the bottom of the frame's text and the top of the + footline. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + The default is an empty footline. Note that the navigational + symbols are \emph{not} part of the footline by default. Rather, + they are part of an (invisible) right sidebar. + \itemoption{infolines theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |infolines| + outer theme is loaded. The footline shows things like the author's + name and the title of the talk. + \itemoption{miniframes theme}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |miniframes| + outer theme is loaded. Depending on the exact options that are + used when the |miniframes| theme is loaded, different things can + be shown in the footline. + \itemoption{page number}{} + Shows the current page number in the footline. + \itemoption{frame number}{} + Shows the current frame number in the footline. + \itemoption{split}{} + This option becomes available (and is used) if the |split| + outer theme is loaded. The footline (just like the headline) is + split into a left part showing the author's name and a right part + showing the talk's title. + \itemoption{text line}{\marg{text}} + The footline is typeset more or less as if it were a normal text + line with the \meta{text} as contents. The left and right margin + are setup such that they are the same as the margins of normal + text. The \meta{text} is typeset inside an |\hbox|, while the + headline is normally typeset in vertical mode. Using the |\strut| + command somewhere in such a line might be a good idea. + \end{templateoptions} + + The same inserts as for headlines can be used. + + \begin{element}{page number in head/foot}\no\yes\yes + These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the page number + or frame number in the footline. + \end{element} +\end{element} + + + + +\subsubsection{The Sidebars} + + +Sidebars are vertical areas that stretch from the lower end of the +headline to the top of the footline. There can be a sidebar at the +left and another one at the right (or even both). Sidebars can show a +table of contents, but they could also be added for purely aesthetic +reasons. + +When you install a sidebar template, you must explicitly specify the +horizontal size of the sidebar using the command |\setbeamesize| with +the option |sidebar left width| or |sidebar right width|. The vertical +size is determined automatically. Each sidebar has its own background +canvas, which can be setup using the sidebar canvas templates. + +Adding a sidebar of a certain size, say 1cm, will make the main text +1cm narrower. The distance between the inner side of a side +bar and the outer side of the text, as specified by +the command |\setbeamersize| with the option |text margin left| and +its counterpart for the right margin, is not changed when a sidebar is +installed. + +Internally, the sidebars are typeset by showing them as part of the +headline. The \beamer\ class keeps track of six dimensions, three +for each side: the variables |\beamer@leftsidebar| and +|\beamer@rightsidebar| store the (horizontal) sizes of the side +bars, the variables |\beamer@leftmargin| and +|\beamer@rightmargin| store the distance between sidebar and +text, and the macros |\Gm@lmargin| and |\Gm@rmargin| store +the distance from the edge of the paper to the edge of the text. Thus +the sum |\beamer@leftsidebar| and |\beamer@leftmargin| is +exactly |\Gm@lmargin|. Thus, if you wish to put some text right +next to the left sidebar, you might write +|\hskip-\beamer@leftmargin| to get there. + +\begin{element}{sidebar left}\yes\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{sidebar} + The template is used to typeset the left sidebar. As mentioned + above, the size of the left sidebar is set using the command +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamersize{sidebar width left=2cm} +\end{verbatim} + \beamer\ will not clip sidebars automatically if they are too + large. + + When the sidebar is typeset, it is put inside a |\vbox|. You should + currently setup things like the |\hsize| or the |\parskip| + yourself. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + installs an empty template. + \itemoption{sidebar theme}{} + This option is available if the outer theme |sidebar| is loaded + with the |left| option. In this case, this options is selected + automatically. It shows a mini table of contents in the sidebar. + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{sidebar right}\yes\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{sidebar} + This template works the same way as the template for the left. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + The default right sidebar has zero width. Nevertheless, it shows + navigational symbols and, if installed, a logo at the bottom of + the sidebar, protruding to the left into the text. + \itemoption{sidebar theme}{} + This option is available, if the outer theme |sidebar| is loaded + with the |left| option. In this case, this options is selected + automatically. It shows a mini table of contents in the sidebar. + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{sidebar canvas left}\yes\no\no + Like the overall background canvas, this canvas is drawn behind the + actual text of the sidebar. This template should normally insert a + rectangle of the size of the sidebar, though a too large height will + not lead to an error or warning. When this template is called, the + \beamer-color |sidebar left| will have been installed. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \item{default}{} + uses a large rectangle colored with |sidebar.bg| as the sidebar + canvas. However, if the background of |sidebar| is empty, nothing + is drawn and the canvas is ``transparent.'' + + \itemoption{vertical shading}{\oarg{color options}} + installs a vertically shaded background. The following + \meta{color options} may be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item \declare{|top=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the + top of the sidebar. By default, 25\% of the foreground of the + \beamer-color |palette primary| is used. + \item \declare{|bottom=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the + bottom of the sidebar (more precisely, at a distance of the page + height below the top of the sidebar). By default, the background of + |normal text| at the moment of invocation of this command is + used. + \item \declare{|middle=|\meta{color}} specifies the color + for the middle of the sidebar. Thus, if this option is given, the + shading changes from the bottom color to this color and then + to the top color. + \item \declare{|midpoint=|\meta{factor}} specifies at which + point of the page the middle color is used. A factor of |0| is + the bottom of the page, a factor of |1| is the top. The + default, which is |0.5|, is in the middle. + \end{itemize} + Note that you must give ``real'' \LaTeX\ colors here. This often + makes it necessary to invoke the command |\usebeamercolor| before + this command can be used. + + Also note, that the width of the sidebar should be setup before + this option is used. + + \example A stylish, but not very useful shading: +\begin{verbatim} +{\usebeamercolor{palette primary}} +\setbeamertemplate{sidebar canvas}[vertical shading] +[top=palette primary.bg,middle=white,bottom=palette primary.bg] +\end{verbatim} + + \itemoption{horizontal shading}{\oarg{color options}} + installs a horizontally shaded background. The following + \meta{color options} may be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item \declare{|left=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the + left of the sidebar. + \item \declare{|right=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the + right of the sidebar. + \item \declare{|middle=|\meta{color}} specifies the color + in the middle of the sidebar. + \item \declare{|midpoint=|\meta{factor}} specifies at which + point of the sidebar the middle color is used. A factor of |0| is + the left of the sidebar, a factor of |1| is the right. The + default, which is |0.5|, is in the middle. + \end{itemize} + + \example Adds two ``pillars'' +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamersize{sidebar width left=0.5cm,sidebar width right=0.5cm} + +{\usebeamercolor{sidebar}} + +\setbeamertemplate{sidebar canvas left}[horizontal shading] +[left=white,middle=sidebar.bg,right=white] +\setbeamertemplate{sidebar canvas right}[horizontal shading] +[left=white,middle=sidebar.bg,right=white] +\end{verbatim} + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{sidebar canvas right}\yes\no\no + Works exactly as for the left side. +\end{element} + + + +\subsubsection{Navigation Bars} +\label{section-navigation-bars} + +Many themes install a headline or a sidebar that shows a +\emph{navigation bar}. Although these navigation bars take up quite +a bit of space, they are often useful for two reasons: + +\begin{itemize} +\item + They provide the audience with a visual feedback of how much of your + talk you have covered and what is yet to come. Without such + feedback, an audience will often puzzle whether something you are + currently introducing will be explained in more detail later on or + not. +\item + You can click on all parts of the navigation bar. This will directly + ``jump'' you to the part you have clicked on. This is particularly + useful to skip certain parts of your talk and during a ``question + session,'' when you wish to jump back to a particular frame someone + has asked about. +\end{itemize} + +Some navigation bars can be ``compressed'' using the following option: + +\begin{classoption}{compress} + Tries to make all navigation bars as small as possible. For example, + all small frame representations in the navigation bars for a single + section are shown alongside each other. Normally, the representations + for different subsections are shown in different lines. Furthermore, + section and subsection navigations are compressed into one line. +\end{classoption} + + + +Some themes use the |\insertnavigation| to insert a navigation bar +into the headline. Inside this bar, small icons are shown (called +``mini frames'') that represent the frames of a presentation. +When you click on such an icon, the +following happens: +\begin{itemize} +\item + If you click on (the icon of) any frame other than the current frame, the + presentation will jump to the first slide of the frame you clicked + on. +\item + If you click on the current frame and you are not on the last slide + of this frame, you will jump to the last slide of the frame. +\item + If you click on the current frame and you are on the last slide, you + will jump to the first slide of the frame. +\end{itemize} +By the above rules you can: +\begin{itemize} +\item + Jump to the beginning of a frame from somewhere else by clicking on + it once. +\item + Jump to the end of a frame from somewhere else by clicking on it + twice. +\item + Skip the rest of the current frame by clicking on it once. +\end{itemize} + +I also tried making a jump to an already-visited frame jump +automatically to the last slide of this frame. However, this turned +out to be more confusing than helpful. With the current implementation +a double-click always brings you to the end of a slide, regardless +from where you ``come.'' + +\begin{element}{mini frames}\semiyes\no\no + This parent template has the children |mini frame| and + |mini frame in current subsection|. + + \example |\setbeamertemplate{mini frames}[box]| + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + shows small circles as mini frames. + \itemoption{box}{} + shows small rectangles as mini frames. + \itemoption{tick}{} + shows small vertical bars as mini frames. + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{mini frame}\yes\yes\yes + The template is used to render the mini frame of the current frame + in a navigation bar. + + The width of the template is ignored. Instead, when multiple mini + frames are shown, their position is calculated based on the + \beamer-sizes |mini frame size| and |mini frame offset|. See the + command |\setbeamersize| for a description of how to change them. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{mini frame in current subsection}\yes\no\no + This template is used to render the mini frame of frames in the + current subsection that are not the current frame. The + \beamer-color/-font |mini frame| is installed prior to the usage of + this template is invoked. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{mini frame in other subsection}\yes\no\no + This template is used to render mini frames of frame from + subsections other than the current one. + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}} + By default, this template shows |mini frame in current subsection|, except that the color is first + changed to |fg!|\meta{percentage}|!bg|. The default + \meta{percentage} is 50\%. + + \example To get an extremely ``shaded'' rendering of the frames + outside the current subsection you can use the following: +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{mini frame in other subsection}[default][20] +\end{verbatim} + + \example To render all mini frames other than the current one in + the same way, use +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{mini frame in other subsection}[default][100] +\end{verbatim} + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + + + +Some themes show sections and/or subsections in the navigation bars. +By clicking on a section or subsection in the navigation bar, you will +jump to that section. Clicking on a section is particularly useful if +the section starts with a |\tableofcontents[currentsection]|, since you +can use it to jump to the different subsections. + +\begin{element}{section in head/foot}\yes\yes\yes + This template is used to render a section entry if it occurs in the + headline or the footline. The background of the \beamer-color is + typically used as the background of the whole ``area'' where section + entries are shown in the headline. You cannot usually use this + template yourself since the insert |\insertsectionhead| is setup + correctly only when a list of sections is being typeset in the + headline. + + The default template just inserts the section name. The following + inserts are useful for this template: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertsectionhead} + inserts the name of the section that is to be typeset in a + navigation bar. + + \iteminsert{\insertsectionheadnumber} + inserts the number of the section that is to be typeset in a + navigation bar. + + \iteminsert{\insertpartheadnumber} + inserts the number of the part of the current section or subsection + that is to be typeset in a navigation bar. + \end{itemize} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{section in head/foot shaded}\yes\no\no + This template is used instead of |section in head/foot| for + typesetting sections that are currently shaded. Such shading is + usually applied to all sections but the current one. + + Note that this template does \emph{not} have its own color and + font. When this template is called, the \beamer-font and color + |section in head/foot| will have been setup. Then, at the start of + the template, you will typically change the current color or start a + |colormixin| environment. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}} + The default template changes the current color to + |fg!|\meta{percentage}|!bg|. This causes the current color to + become ``washed out'' or ``shaded.'' The default percentage is + |50|. + + \example You can use the following command to make the shaded + entries very ``light'': +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{section in head/foot shaded}[default][20] +\end{verbatim} + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + + + +\begin{element}{section in sidebar}\yes\yes\yes + This template is used to render a section entry if it occurs in the + sidebar, typically as part of a mini table of contents shown + there. The background of the \beamer-color is used as background for + the entry. Just like |section in head/foot|, you cannot usually use + this template yourself and you should also use |\insertsectionhead| + to insert the name of the section that is to be typeset. + + For once, no default is installed for this template. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{sidebar theme}{} + This template, which is only available if the |sidebar| outer + theme is loaded, inserts a bar with the \beamer-color's + foreground and background that shows the section name. The width of + the bar is the same as the width of the whole sidebar. + \end{templateoptions} + + The same inserts as for |section in head/foot| can be used. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{section in sidebar shaded}\yes\yes\no + This template is used instead of |section in sidebar| for + typesetting sections that are currently shaded. Such shading is + usually applied to all sections but the current one. + + Differently from |section in head/foot shaded|, this template + \emph{has} its own \beamer-color. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{sidebar theme}{} + Does the same as for the nonshaded version, except that a + different \beamer-color is used. + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + + +\begin{element}{subsection in head/foot}\yes\yes\yes + This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot|, only for + subsections. + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionhead} + works like |\insertsectionhead|. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionheadnumber} + works like |\insertsectionheadnumber|. + \end{itemize} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsection in head/foot shaded}\yes\no\no + This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot shaded|, + only for subsections. + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}} + works like the corresponding option for sections. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{section in head/foot shaded}[default][20] +\setbeamertemplate{subsection in head/foot shaded}[default][20] +\end{verbatim} + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsection in sidebar}\yes\yes\yes + This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar|, only for + subsections. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsection in sidebar shaded}\yes\no\no + This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar shaded|, + only for subsections. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsubsection in head/foot}\yes\yes\yes + This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot|, only for + subsubsections. Currently, it is not used by the default themes. + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertsubsubsectionhead} + works like |\insertsectionhead|. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsubsectionheadnumber} + works like |\insertsectionheadnumber|. + \end{itemize} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsubsection in head/foot shaded}\yes\no\no + This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot shaded|, + only for subsubsections. + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}} + works like the corresponding option for sections. + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsubsection in sidebar}\yes\yes\yes + This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar|, only for + subsubsections. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsubsection in sidebar shaded}\yes\no\no + This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar shaded|, + only for subsubsections. +\end{element} + +By clicking on the document title in a navigation bar (not all themes +show it), you will jump to the first slide of your presentation +(usually the title page) \emph{except} if you are already at the first +slide. On the first slide, clicking on the document title will jump to +the end of the presentation, if there is one. Thus by \emph{double} +clicking the document title in a navigation bar, you can jump to the end. + + + +\subsubsection{The Navigation Symbols} +\label{section-navigation-symbols} + + +Navigation symbols are small icons that are shown on every slide +by default. The following symbols are shown: +\begin{enumerate} +\item + A slide icon, which is depicted as a single rectangle. To the left and + right of this symbol, a left and right arrow are shown. +\item + A frame icon, which is depicted as three slide icons ``stacked on top of + each other''. This symbol is framed by arrows. +\item + A subsection icon, which is depicted as a highlighted subsection + entry in a table of contents. This symbols is framed by arrows. +\item + A section icon, which is depicted as a highlighted section entry + (together with all subsections) in a table of contents. This symbol + is framed by arrows. +\item + A presentation icon, which is depicted as a completely highlighted + table of contents. +\item + An appendix icon, which is depicted as a completely highlighted + table of contents consisting of only one section. (This icon is only + shown if there is an appendix.) +\item + Back and forward icons, depicted as circular arrows. +\item + A ``search'' or ``find'' icon, depicted as a detective's + magnifying glass. +\end{enumerate} + +Clicking on the left arrow next to an icon always jumps to (the +last slide of) the previous slide, frame, subsection, or +section. Clicking on the right arrow next to an icon always jump to +(the first slide of) the next slide, frame, subsection, or section. + +Clicking \emph{on} any of these icons has different effects: +\begin{enumerate} +\item + If supported by the viewer application, clicking on a slide icon + pops up a window that allows you to enter a slide number to which + you wish to jump. +\item + Clicking on the left side of a frame icon will jump to the first + slide of the frame, clicking on the right side will jump to the last + slide of the frame (this can be useful for skipping overlays). +\item + Clicking on the left side of a subsection icon will jump to the + first slide of the subsection, clicking on the right side will jump + to the last slide of the subsection. +\item + Clicking on the left side of a section icon will jump to the + first slide of the section, clicking on the right side will jump + to the last slide of the section. +\item + Clicking on the left side of the presentation icon will jump to the + first slide, clicking on the right side will jump to the last slide + of the presentation. However, this does \emph{not} include the + appendix. +\item + Clicking on the left side of the appendix icon will jump to the + first slide of the appendix, clicking on the right side will jump to + the last slide of the appendix. +\item + If supported by the viewer application, clicking on the back and + forward symbols jumps to the previously visited slides. +\item + If supported by the viewer application, clicking on the search icon + pops up a window that allows you to enter a search string. If found, + the viewer application will jump to this string. +\end{enumerate} + +You can reduce the number of icons that are shown or their layout by +adjusting the |navigation symbols| template. + +\begin{element}{navigation symbols}\yes\yes\yes + This template is invoked in ``three-star-mode'' by themes + at the place where the navigation symbols should be + shown. ``Three-star-mode'' means that the command + |\usebeamertemplate***| is used. + + Note that, although it may \emph{look} like that the symbols are part of + the footline, they are more often part of an invisible right + sidebar. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + Organizes the navigation symbols horizontally. + \itemoption{horizontal}{} + This is an alias for the default. + \itemoption{vertical}{} + Organizes the navigation symbols vertically. + \itemoption{only frame symbol}{} + Shows only the navigational symbol for navigating frames. + \end{templateoptions} + + \example The following command suppresses all navigation symbols: +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} +\end{verbatim} + + Inside this template, the following inserts are useful: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertslidenavigationsymbol} + Inserts the slide navigation symbols, that is, the slide symbols + (a rectangle) together with arrows to the left and right that are + hyperlinked. + + \iteminsert{\insertframenavigationsymbol} + Inserts the frame navigation symbol. + + \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionnavigationsymbol} + Inserts the subsection navigation symbol. + + \iteminsert{\insertsectionnavigationsymbol} + Inserts the section navigation symbol. + + \iteminsert{\insertdocnavigationsymbol} + Inserts the presentation navigation symbol and (if necessary) the + appendix navigation symbol. + + \iteminsert{\insertbackfindforwardnavigationsymbol} + Inserts a back, a find, and a forward navigation symbol. + \end{itemize} +\end{element} + + + + + + +\subsubsection{The Logo} + +To install a logo, use the following command: + +\begin{command}{\logo\marg{logo text}} + The \meta{logo text} is usually a command for including a graphic, + but it can be any text. The position where the logo is inserted is + determined by the current theme, you cannot (currently) specify this + position directly. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.5cm]{logo}{tu-logo} +\logo{\pgfuseimage{logo}} +\end{verbatim} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\logo{\includegraphics[height=0.5cm]{logo.pdf}} +\end{verbatim} + + Currently, the effect of this command is just to setup the |logo| + template. However, a more sophisticated effect might be implemented + in the future. + + \articlenote This command has no effect. + + \begin{element}{logo}\yes\yes\yes + This template is used to render the logo. + \end{element} + + The following insert can be used to insert a logo somewhere: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertlogo} + inserts the logo at the current position. This command has the + same effect as |\usebeamertemplate*{logo}|. + \end{itemize} +\end{command} + + +\subsubsection{The Frame Title} + +The frame title is shown prominently at the top of the frame and can +be specified with the following command: + +\begin{command}{\frametitle\sarg{overlay specification}\oarg{short + frame title}\marg{frame title text}} + You should end the \meta{frame title text} with a period, if the title is a + proper sentence. Otherwise, there should not be a period. The + \meta{short frame title} is normally not shown, but its available + via the |\insertshortframetitle| command. The \meta{overlay + specification} is mostly useful for suppressing the frame title in + |article| mode. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{A Frame Title is Important.} + \framesubtitle{Subtitles are not so important.} + + Frame contents. +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + + If you are using the |allowframebreaks| option with the current frame, + a continuation text (like ``(cont.)'' or something similar, + depending on the template |frametitle continuation|) is + automatically added to the \meta{frame title text} at the end, + separated with a space. + + \beamernote + The frame title is not typeset immediately when the command + |\frametitle| is encountered. Rather, the argument of the command is + stored internally and the frame title is only typeset when the + complete frame has been read. This gives you access to both the + \meta{frame title text} and to the \meta{subframe title text} that + is possibly introduced using the |\framesubtitle| command. + + \articlenote + By default, this command creates a new paragraph in |article| mode, + entitled \meta{frame title text}. Using the \meta{overlay + specification} makes it easy to suppress the a frame title once in + a while. If you generally wish to suppress \emph{all} frame + titles in |article| mode, say |\setbeamertemplate<article>{frametitle}{}|. + + \lyxnote + The frame title is the text that follows on the line of the + ``BeginFrame'' style. + + \begin{element}{frametitle}\yes\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{titlelike} + + When the frame title and subtitle are to be typeset, this template + is invoked with the \beamer-color and -font |frametitle| set. This + template is \emph{not} invoked when the commands |\frametitle| or + |\framesubtitle| are called. Rather, it is invoked when the whole + frame has been completely read. Till then, the frame title and frame + subtitle text are stored in a special place. This way, when the + template is invoked, both inserts are setup correctly. The resulting + \TeX-box is then magically put back to the top of the frame. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{\oarg{alignment}} + The frame is typeset using the \beamer-color |frametitle| and the + \beamer-font |frametitle|. The subtitle is put below using the + color and font |framesubtitle|. If the color |frametitle| has a + background, a background bar stretching the whole frame width is put + behind the title. A background color of the subtitle is ignored. The + \meta{alignment} is passed on to the |beamercolorbox| + environment. In particular, useful options are |left|, |center|, and + |right|. As a special case, the |right| option causes the left + border of the frame title to be somewhat larger than normal so that + the frame title is more in the middle of the frame. + + \itemoption{shadow theme}{} + This option is available if the outer theme |shadow| is + loaded. It draws the frame title on top of a horizontal shading + between the background colors of |frametitle| and + |frametitle right|. A subtitle is, if present, also put on this + bar. Below the bar, a ``shadow'' is drawn. + + \itemoption{sidebar theme}{} + This option is available if the outer theme |sidebar| is loaded + and if the headline height is not set to 0pt (which can be done + using and option of the |sidebar| theme). With this option, the + frame title is put inside a rectangular area that is part of the + headline (some ``negative space'' is used to raise the frame title + into this area). The background of the color |frametitle| is not + used, this is the job of the headline template in this case. + + \itemoption{smoothbars theme}{} + This option is available if the outer theme |smoothbars| is + loaded. It typesets the frametitle on a colored bar with the + background color of |frametitle|. The top and bottom of the bar + smoothly blend over to backgrounds above and below. + + \itemoption{smoothtree theme}{} + Like |smoothbars theme|, only for the |smoothtree| theme. + \end{templateoptions} + + The following commands are useful for this template: + \begin{templateinserts} + \iteminsert{\insertframetitle} yields the frame title. + \iteminsert{\insertframesubtitle} yields the frame subtitle. + \end{templateinserts} + \end{element} +\end{command} + + +\begin{command}{\framesubtitle\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{frame + subtitle text}} + If present, a subtitle will be shown in a smaller font below the + main title. Like the |\frametitle| command, this command can be + given anywhere in the frame, since the frame title is actually + typeset only when everything else has already been typeset. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle<presentation>{Frame Title Should Be in Uppercase.} + \framesubtitle{Subtitles can be in lowercase if they are full sentences.} + + Frame contents. +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + + \articlenote + By default, the subtitle is not shown in any way in |article| mode. + + \begin{element}{framesubtitle}\no\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{frametitle} + This element provides a color and a font for the subtitle, but no + template. It is the job of the |frametitle| template to also + typeset the subtitle. + \end{element} +\end{command} + +Be default, all material for a slide is vertically centered. You can +change this using the following class options: + +\begin{classoption}{t} + Place text of slides at the (vertical) top of the slides. This + corresponds to a vertical ``flush.'' You can override this for + individual frames using the |c| or |b| option. +\end{classoption} + +\begin{classoption}{c} + Place text of slides at the (vertical) center of the slides. This is + the default. You can override this for + individual frames using the |t| or |b| option. +\end{classoption} + + +\subsubsection{The Background} +\label{section-canvas} +\label{section-background} + +Each frame has a \emph{background}, which---as the name suggests---is +``behind everything.'' The background is a surprisingly complex +object: in \beamer, it consists of a \emph{background canvas} and the +\emph{main background}. + +The background canvas can be imagined as a large area on which +everything (the main background and everything else) is painted on. By +default, this canvas is a big rectangle filling the whole frame whose +color is the background of the \beamer-color +|background canvas|. Since this color inherits from |normal text|, by +changing the background color of the normal text, you can change this +color of the canvas. + +\example The following command changes the background color to a light +red. +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=red!20} +\end{verbatim} + +The canvas need not be monochrome. Instead, you can install a shading +or even make it transparent. Making it transparent is a good idea if +you wish to include your slides in some other document. + +\example The following command makes the background canvas transparent: +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=} +\end{verbatim} + +\begin{element}{background canvas}\yes\yes\yes + \colorparents{normal text} + The template is inserted ``behind everything.'' The template should + typically be some \TeX\ commands that produce a rectangle of height + |\paperheight| and width |\paperwidth|. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + installs a large rectangle with the background color. If the + background is empty, the canvas is ``transparent.'' Since + |background canvas| inherits from |normal text|, you can change the + background of the \beamer-color |normal text| to change the + color of the default canvas. However, to make the canvas + transparent, only set the background of the canvas empty; leave + the background of normal text white. + + \itemoption{vertical shading}{\oarg{color options}} + installs a vertically shaded background. \emph{Use with care: + Background shadings are often distracting!} The following + \meta{color options} may be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item \declare{|top=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the + top of the page. By default, 25\% of the foreground of the + \beamer-color |palette primary| is used. + \item \declare{|bottom=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the + bottom of the page. By default, the background of + |normal text| at the moment of invocation of this command is + used. + \item \declare{|middle=|\meta{color}} specifies the color + for the middle of the page. Thus, if this option is given, the + shading changes from the bottom color to this color and then + to the top color. + \item \declare{|midpoint=|\meta{factor}} specifies at which + point of the page the middle color is used. A factor of |0| is + the bottom of the page, a factor of |1| is the top. The + default, which is |0.5| is in the middle. + \end{itemize} + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + +The main background is drawn on top of the background canvas. It can +be used to add, say, a grid to every frame or a big background picture +or whatever. + +\begin{element}{background}\yes\yes\yes + \colorparents{background canvas} + The template is inserted ``behind everything, but on top of the + background canvas.'' Use it for pictures or grids or anything that + does not necessarily fill the whole background. When this template + is typeset, the \beamer-color and -font |background| will be + setup. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} is empty. + + \itemoption{grid}{\oarg{grid options}} + places a grid on the background. The following + \meta{grid options} may be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item \declare{|step=|\meta{dimension}} specifies the distance + between grid lines. The default is 0.5cm. + \item \declare{|color=|\meta{color}} specifies the color of the + grid lines. The default is 10\% foreground. + \end{itemize} + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + + + + +\subsection{Margin Sizes} + +The ``paper size'' of a \beamer\ presentation is fixed to 128mm times +96mm. The aspect ratio of this size is 4:3, which is exactly what most +beamers offer these days. It is the job of the +presentation program (like |acroread| or |xpdf|) to display the slides +at full screen size. The main advantage of using a small ``paper size'' +is that you can use all your normal fonts at their natural sizes. In +particular, inserting a graphic with 11pt labels will result in +reasonably sized labels during the presentation. + +You should refrain from changing the ``paper size.'' However, you +\emph{can} change the size of the left and right margins, which +default to 1cm. To change them, you should use the following +command: + +\begin{command}{\setbeamersize\marg{options}} + The following \meta{options} can be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item + \declare{|text margin left=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets a new left + margin. This excludes the left sidebar. Thus, it is the distance + between the right edge of the left sidebar and the left edge of + the text. + \item + \declare{|text margin right=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets a new right + margin. + \item + \declare{|sidebar width left=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the + size of the left sidebar. Currently, this command should be given + \emph{before} a shading is installed for the sidebar canvas. + \item + \declare{|sidebar width right=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the + size of the right sidebar. + \item + \declare{|description width=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the + default width of description labels, see + Section~\ref{section-descriptions}. + \item + \declare{|description width of=|\meta{text}} sets the + default width of description labels to the width of the + \meta{text}, see Section~\ref{section-descriptions}. + \item + \declare{|mini frame size=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the size + of mini frames in a navigation bar. When two mini frame icons are + shown alongside each other, their left end points are \meta{\TeX\ + dimension} far apart. + \item + \declare{|mini frame offset=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} set an + additional vertical offset that is added to the mini frame size + when arranging mini frames vertically. + \end{itemize} + + \articlenote + This command has no effect in |article| mode. +\end{command} + + + +\subsection{Restricting the Slides of a Frame} +\label{section-restriction} + +The number of slides in a frame is automatically +calculated. If the largest number mentioned in any +overlay specification inside the frame is 4, four slides are +introduced (despite the fact that a specification like |<4->| +might suggest that more than four slides would be possible). + +You can also specify the number of slides in the frame ``by hand.'' To +do so, you pass an overlay specification the |\frame| command. The +frame will contain only the slides specified in this +argument. Consider the following example. + +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame}<1-2,4-> + This is slide number \only<1>{1}\only<2>{2}\only<3>{3}% + \only<4>{4}\only<5>{5}. +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} +This command will create a frame containing four slides. The first +will contain the text ``This is slide number~1,'' the second ``This is +slide number~2,'' the third ``This is slide number~4,'' and the fourth +``This is slide number~5.'' + +A useful specification is just |<0>|, which causes the frame to +have to no slides at all. For example, |\begin{frame}<handout:0>| causes +the frame to be suppressed in the handout version, but to be shown +normally in all other versions. Another useful specification is +|<beamer>|, which causes the frame to be shown normally in |beamer| +mode, but to be suppressed in all other versions. + + + + + + + + +%%% Local Variables: +%%% mode: latex +%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide" +%%% End: |