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+%%
+%% This is file `Graphics_Guidelines.tex'
+%%
+%% Copyright 2017 American Mathematical Society.
+%%
+%% This file is part of the collection comprising the AMS Author Handbooks.
+%% For details and license information, see the file README-AH.txt.
+%%
+%% The Current Maintainer of this work is the American Mathematical
+%% Society.
+%%
+%% ========================================================================
+%%
+
+\chapter{Graphics}\label{ch:graphics}
+
+\section{Getting started}
+
+\noindent \textbf{Please take a moment to review the material in this
+ chapter.} Problems with graphics in production can lead to significant
+ delays in processing and publishing your work. Graphics are critically
+ important in conveying large amounts of complex information and by
+ observing a few relatively simple guidelines, you can assist in the
+ efficiency of the publishing process.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Use a standard \TeX\ graphics inclusion macro package.
+ The recommended graphics inclusion package for \latexe/ is \pkg{graphicx}.
+ Be sure that commands used to include graphics in \TeX\ are compatible
+ with Radical Eye Software's dvips.
+\item Do not place graphics for use in \TeX\ files in subdirectories.
+\item Number figures consistently throughout the paper.
+\item Use an in-text reference.
+\item Set figure captions in \TeX.
+\item Set figure captions below the figure.
+\item Make sure figures are sized correctly and do not extend into the
+ margins of the page.
+\item Make sure that labels overlaid on a figure using a separate
+ package do not extend beyond the space allotted to the figure.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[ss:electronicgraphics]{File format}%
+{The preferred file format for graphics is EPS (Encapsulated PostScript).\\
+Other formats will be converted to EPS at the AMS.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Characteristics of EPS files can be checked by an automated
+ procedure. Individual features, e.g., the thickness of a rule, cannot
+ be evaluated independently in a PDF graphic.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[sec:resreq]{Resolution requirements for bitmap graphics}%
+{Line art: 600 pixels per inch (PPI) at 100\%.\\
+Halftone: 300 PPI at 100\%.\\
+Combination halftone: 600 PPI at 100\%.}
+
+\secwnote[sec:grsize]{Size of graphics}%
+{Create graphics at 100\% of the size at which they will be printed.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item If the figure is too large, resize the figure in a graphics program,
+ not in \TeX.
+\item This applies also to photographs (see section~\ref{sec:photo}).
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[sec:namef]{Naming files}%
+{File names should be no longer than 20 alphanumeric characters. Do
+ not use accented alphabetic characters. Avoid overly generic file
+ names such as \fn{fig01.eps}.}
+
+\secwnote[sec:placing]{Placing graphics in your document}%
+{Use a standard \TeX\ graphics inclusion macro package.
+We recommend \pkg{graphicx}.}
+
+\secwnote[sec:rules]{Lines and rules}%
+{Do not use a line/rule weight less than half a point (.5 point) at 100\%.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item % Do not use a line/rule weight less than half a point (.5 point) at 100\%.
+ If you must scale your figure, be sure that you compensate by making line
+ weights thicker. A .5 point line scaled at 50\% becomes a .25 point line.
+ Lines with weights less than half a point \emph{may} disappear during the
+ printing process.
+\item Increase graded lines in half-point increments
+ (i.e., .5 point, 1 point, 1.5 points). Otherwise, the lines will not
+ appear as distinctly different lines.
+\item Give lines that are a shade of gray (screened) or colored a line
+ weight of at least 1 point at 100\%. Gray and colored lines with weights
+ less than 1 point look broken and jagged because of the small dot pattern
+ used to simulate a shade of gray or color tone.
+%\item For best results with graphics intended for online display, do not use a line/rule thinner than 1 point (1 pixel at 72 PPI) at 100\%.
+%Although a .5 point line is acceptable for print, screen resolution is 72 PPI and a .5 point line will disappear online.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[sec:gray]{Shades of gray (screens)}%
+ {Screens (a pattern of small black and white dots used to simulate shades
+ of gray) should not be lower than 10\% or higher than 85\%.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Screens outside the range 10\% to 85\% are either too light or too
+ dark to print correctly.
+\item Screen density should increase in increments of no less than 10\%.
+ Screen variations of less than 10\% are not distinguishable.
+\item Do not put (black or colored) type on a screen darker than 35\%.
+ Type on a screen that is above 35\% is not legible.
+\item White type can be used only on 100\% black.
+ White type on a gray background looks broken and jagged because a small
+ dot pattern is used to simulate shades of gray.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[sec:fontu]{Font usage}%
+{Fonts should be fully embedded in your graphics.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Whenever possible, fonts used in graphics should match those used in text.
+\item Fonts should be fully embedded in your graphics.
+ If the fonts are not embedded in a graphic, it is possible that the font
+ will be replaced with a default font such as Courier and the characters
+ will not print properly. If you are unable to embed the fonts in your
+ graphic, convert the fonts to paths (or outlines) prior to exporting the
+ file to EPS\@. The fonts can be converted in the program you used to create
+ the graphics. (For assistance, consult your graphics program's
+ documentation.)
+\item Use Type 1 outline fonts instead of bitmap fonts.
+ Type 1 outline fonts are vector based. These fonts do not lose quality
+ when they are output to high-resolution printers.
+\item Do not subset fonts included in your graphics.
+ It is imperative that the full font set be included in every graphic. If
+ only a subset of a font is included, a font error can occur, which may
+ cause characters to disappear in both the graphic and the DVI file.
+\item Avoid using fonts with city names such as Chicago, Monaco, Geneva, etc.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\needspace{4.5\baselineskip}
+
+\secwnote[sec:multip]{Multiple-part figures}%
+ {Multiple-part figures should be configured as one figure in a graphics
+ program, not in \TeX.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Aligning multiple-part figures is very difficult in \TeX. It is
+ easier and more cost-effective to do so in a graphics program.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[sec:crop]{Cropping and bounding boxes}%
+{Do not crop by pasting areas of white over portions of the graphic.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item When using a smaller area of a larger graphic, clip or crop within
+ the graphics application to delete all but the desired portion.
+\item Do not crop by pasting areas of white over portions of the graphic.
+ Doing this will make the bounding box larger than it should be and will
+ cause problems when the graphic is included in \TeX.
+\item If possible, verify that bounding box information is correct.
+ If the bounding box is not correct, graphics might be clipped off in
+ unexpected ways.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\ifmonograph
+ \section{Color graphics}\label{sec:color}
+\else
+ \secwnote[sec:color]{Color graphics}%
+ {Graphics submitted in color will appear in color in the online version of
+ \ifmemoirs \Memos.
+ \else dual products.
+ \fi
+ The print version will normally appear in black and white, except in
+ special circumstances, when the
+ \ifjournal Managing \fi
+ Editor and Publisher mutually agree that color graphics are
+ warranted. The AMS offers color to authors who are willing to pay for
+ four-color graphics that aren't deemed essential to the mathematics
+ by the Editor and Publisher.}
+\fi
+
+\subsection{Color spaces and gamuts}
+
+\noindent There are two main color spaces in use: RGB (Red-Green-Blue)
+and CMYK (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black). The former is used for
+light-emitting displays (computer monitors, for instance) while the
+latter is used for printing.
+
+\marginpar{\noindent\lower1.25in\hbox{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{rgb-cmyk}}}
+
+One of the characteristics of a color space, such as RGB or CMYK, is
+its \emph{gamut}, the range of colors that it can reproduce. The RGB
+color space has a much larger color gamut than the CMYK color space,
+as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:gamuts} (page~\pageref{fig:gamuts}, left).
+Colors in the RGB color space that lie outside the gamut of the CMYK
+color space must be approximated by the CMYK color space, with varying
+degrees of success: Figure~\ref{fig:gamuts} (page~\pageref{fig:gamuts},
+right) compares the color output from various color technologies. CMYK
+colors can generally appear more muted when compared to their RGB
+counterparts. All RGB color graphics have to be converted to CMYK for
+printing. All color graphics, both RGB and CMYK, are subjected to analysis
+here at the AMS and optimized for printed publication.
+
+\textbf{\emph{Above all, bear in mind that color graphics viewed on a
+ monitor or printed on a personal printer will not necessarily be an
+ accurate rendering of how colors will look when printed on a press.}}
+ Our Graphic Arts group has years of experience in bringing out the best
+ from a wide variety of graphics, particularly color graphics.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\noindent\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{gamuts}\qquad\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{spectrum}
+\caption{\emph{Left:} A comparison of the colors available in various color
+ spaces. \emph{Right:} A comparison of the colors available with various
+ display technologies.}\label{fig:gamuts}
+\end{figure}
+%% websupport1.citytech.cuny.edu/faculty/phenry/gamuts.html. Currently 'Not found'.
+
+%Dual product (print and electronic) or print-only journals: CMYK format.
+%Electronic-only journals: RGB format.
+%Books: CMYK format.
+
+\subsection{Requirements for graphics to be published in color}
+
+\textbf{Graphics intended to be printed in color should be submitted in
+ CMYK format. If you submit RGB files they will be converted to CMYK\@.}
+ The AMS cannot guarantee that color reproduction in the print product will
+ match the RGB file.
+
+\ifjournal
+ For electronic-only journals \emph{only}, RGB files are preferred.
+\fi
+
+\subsection{Color graphics to be printed in black and white or
+ grayscale\texorpdfstring{\nopunct\ \ignorespaces}{}}
+% Color graphics to be printed in black and white or grayscale
+ \textbf{should be converted to black and white or grayscale before
+ being submitted to the AMS\@.}
+ When color graphics are printed in black and white or grayscale, sometimes
+ lighter colors, such as yellow, disappear, or darker colors, such as red
+ and blue, appear to be the same tone. It is preferable that you convert
+ your color graphics to grayscale and check to be sure that all the
+ elements in your graphics print as desired---see
+% Figure~\ref{fig2gray}, page~\pageref{fig2gray}. Check your
+ Figure~\ref{fig2gray}, \vpageref[above]{fig2gray}. Check your color
+ figures on a black and white printer to ensure that the black and white
+ printout of your figure is legible.
+
+\begin{figure}[t]
+\includegraphics{Color2Gray}
+\caption{Colors don't always have the intended effect when converted to grayscale.}
+\label{fig2gray}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Shades of colors} Inherently light colors should be handled
+ carefully when using shades of them. Whereas 50\% red turns out to be a
+ usable pink, a 50\% yellow or cyan may be almost invisible.
+
+\subsection{Colored lines\texorpdfstring{\nopunct}{}} should be no less
+ than .5 point in width. Colored lines in inherently light colors
+ (e.g. yellow and cyan) should always be at or near 100\% in tint.
+
+\needspace{4.5\baselineskip}
+
+\secwnote[sec:tsize]{Using type in graphics}%
+ {Type within graphics requires special attention to reproduce legibly.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Basic type size should be no less than 10 point at 100\%.
+ Although 10-point type is acceptable for print, for graphics intended
+ to be viewed online, screen resolution is 72 PPI and 10-point type
+ will be difficult to read.
+\item Do not put type on a dark background.
+ Dark type on dark colors is not legible.
+\item Check your color figures on a black and white printer to ensure that
+ the black and white printout of your figure is legible.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[sec:tables]{Tables}%
+{Tables can be thought of as a special kind of graphic. They often require
+ a great deal of attention to make them effective.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item Make sure that the width of the table does not exceed the width of
+ the text block.
+
+\item Very wide tables can be rotated using the \pkg{rotating} package
+ together with the \env{sidewaystable} environment. Remember that tables
+ (and figures) should be rotated such that the left-hand side of the table
+ (or figure), after rotation, is at the bottom of the page.
+
+\item Set table captions above the table.
+
+\item For more help on the formatting of tables, see \cite[chapter 5]{MG}
+ and \cite{voss-tbl}.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\secwnote[sec:photo]{Photographs}%
+{Photographs must be at a minimum resolution of 300 dpi at the actual size
+ that the photograph will be printed in the published product.}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Photographs should be at least 300 dpi in resolution at the actual
+ size that the photograph will be printed in the published product. Do
+ not scale photographs in \TeX.
+\item File format can be EPS, TIFF, or JPEG.
+\item Color photographs must be saved in CMYK format. (See Color graphics,
+ section~\ref{sec:color}.)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{\TeX\ graphics}
+
+There are several ways of providing graphics by the use of \TeX\ coding,
+the principal choices being
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[tikz]Based on the PGF (portable graphics format), this is a very
+ flexible environment for creating graphics within a \TeX\ document. Note
+ that it functions equally well in dvips-based \latex/ and \pdfLaTeX/ as
+ well as the newer varieties of \TeX\ such as \XeLaTeX/ and \LuaLaTeX/.
+ The native documentation \cite{tkz} is excellent, though massive. There
+ are two very good primers by Mertz and Slough: \cite{MeSlp} and
+ \cite{MeSlt}. A large set of examples, often generously documented, can be
+ found at \cite{tkz-ex}.
+\item[pstricks]Also a very flexible and useful environment for drawing in
+ \TeX. It is most easily used with dvips-based \TeX, though, with some
+ care, it can be used with \pdfLaTeX/. There is an excellent reference
+ book by Herbert Voss, \emph{PSTricks: Graphics and PostScript for \TeX\
+ and \latex/} \cite{voss-pst}. The use of pstricks is also covered in some
+ detail in \cite[chapters five and six]{GM}.
+\item[xy and xypic]Though generally associated with commutative diagrams,
+ these packages can also serve as a general drawing environment for \TeX.
+\end{description}
+\noindent A great deal of general information about other \latex/ graphics
+packages can be found in \cite{GM}.
+
+\section{Using a package to apply labels to graphics}
+
+Several packages exist whose purpose is to place labels on graphics.
+Use of such a package does ensure consistent fonts. However, labels
+added by such a package do not modify the dimensions of a graphic,
+whether it is an EPS file or a drawing prepared by other means.
+
+If labels are applied outside the edges of the graphic, they can
+extend into the margin on the sides, or above or below the graphic
+into space intended to separate the page content from the running head,
+or the graphic from a caption. In extreme cases, they can overprint
+surrounding material, with no warning being issued. Authors using
+such packages should be alert to this possibility, and carefully check
+the graphics where such labeling has been used.
+
+If it is not possible to position labels within the boundaries of a
+graphic, extra space should be added with \cn{vspace} to compensate.
+
+\endinput