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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c5d3a86f724 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info @@ -0,0 +1,7503 @@ +This is latex2e.info, produced by texi2any version 4.13.90+dev from +latex2e.texi. + +This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document +preparation system, version of May 2012. + + This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the +VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. +Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The LaTeX 2.09 version was +written by Stephen Gilmore. The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this +by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, +and gratefully acknowledges using 'Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by +Sheldon Green, and the 'LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as +'TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (no text was directly +copied). + + Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry. +Copyright (C) 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. +Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the +entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified +versions. +INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* LaTeX2e: (latex2e). Unofficial LaTeX reference manual. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: About this document, Up: (dir) + +LaTeX2e +******* + +This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document +preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is intended to cover +LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. + +* Menu: + +* About this document:: Bug reporting, etc. +* Overview:: What is LaTeX? +* Starting & ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document. +* Document classes:: Some of the various classes available. +* Typefaces:: And fonts, such as bold, italics etc. +* Layout:: Controlling the page layout. +* Sectioning:: How to section properly. +* Cross references:: Automatic referencing. +* Environments:: Such as enumerate & itemize. +* Line breaking:: Influencing line breaks. +* Page breaking:: Influencing page breaks. +* Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes. +* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc. +* Counters:: Internal counters used by LaTeX. +* Lengths:: The length commands. +* Making paragraphs:: Paragraph commands. +* Math formulas:: How to create mathematical formulas. +* Modes:: Paragraph, Math or LR modes. +* Page styles:: Various styles of page layout. +* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space. +* Boxes:: Making boxes. +* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. +* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. +* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. +* Letters:: The letter class. +* Terminal input/output:: User interaction. +* Command line:: System-independent command-line behavior. +* Document templates:: Starter templates for various document classes. +* Concept Index:: General index. +* Command Index:: Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: About this document, Next: Overview, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 About this document +********************* + +The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package +for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally +created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers +('http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by the +LaTeX project is available from their web site. + + The present document is completely unofficial and has not been +reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything +else about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>. + + The home page for this document is 'http://home.gna.org/latexrefman'. +That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources, +mailing lists, and other infrastructure. + + Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about +LaTeX. Here are a few: + + Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation. + + Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. + + The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there + are several others. + + Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Overview, Next: Starting & ending, Prev: About this document, Up: Top + +2 Overview of LaTeX +******************* + +What is LaTeX? + + LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX +"macro package" for TeX. That is, it processes an input file containing +the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the +text should be formatted. LaTeX files are plain text that can be +written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as +output: + + 1. The main output file, which is one of: + + '.dvi' + If invoked as 'latex', a "Device Independent" ('.dvi') file is + produced. This contains commands that can be translated into + commands for virtually any output device. You can view such + '.dvi' output of LaTeX by using a program such as 'xdvi' + (display directly), 'dvips' (convert to PostScript), or + 'dvipdfmx' (convert to PDF). + + '.pdf' + If invoked as 'pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" + ('.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with + all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but + it does make the output much larger than the '.dvi' produced + from the same document. + + If invoked as 'lualatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the + LuaTeX engine ('http://luatex.org'). + + If invoked as 'xelatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the + XeTeX engine ('http://tug.org/xetex'). + + Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can + produce HTML, XML, and other things. + + 2. The "transcript" or '.log' file that contains summary information + and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input + file. + + 3. An "auxiliary" or '.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for + things such as cross-references. + + An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to +list them all. Xxx components? + + In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\', followed +by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments +contained in square brackets, '[]', are optional while arguments +contained in braces, '{}', are required. + + LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting & ending, Next: Document classes, Prev: Overview, Up: Top + +3 Starting & ending +******************* + +A minimal input file looks like the following: + + \documentclass{CLASS} + \begin{document} + YOUR TEXT + \end{document} + +where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document +classes::, for details of the various document classes available +locally. + + You may include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and +the '\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble"). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Typefaces, Prev: Starting & ending, Up: Top + +4 Document classes +****************** + +The class of a given document is defined with the command: + + \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} + +The '\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX source +file. + + Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes +are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): + + article report book letter slides + + Standard OPTIONS are described below. + +* Menu: + +* Document class options:: Global options. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Up: Document classes + +4.1 Document class options +========================== + +You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the +'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. +To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma: + + \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS} + + Here is the list of the standard class options. + + All of the standard classes except 'slides' accept the following +options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'): + + 10pt 11pt 12pt + + All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the +paper size (default is 'letterpaper'): + + a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper + + Miscellaneous other options: + +'draft, final' + mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is + 'final'. +'fleqn' + Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +'landscape' + Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +'leqno' + Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the + right side. +'openbib' + Use "open" bibliography format. +'titlepage, notitlepage' + Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on + the class. + + These options are not available with the slides class: + +'onecolumn' +'twocolumn' + Typeset in one or two columns; default is 'onecolumn'. + +'oneside' +'twoside' + Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except for + the 'book' class. + + The '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the + distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the + page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper + size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For + one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, + '\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' and + '\textwidth', with '\evensidemargin' the remainder. + +'openright' +'openany' + Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default + is 'openright' for book. + + The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at +the bottom of each note. + + Additional packages are loaded like this: + + \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG} + + To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or +use multiple '\usepackage' commands. + + Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by +the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with +'\usepackage'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Typefaces, Next: Layout, Prev: Document classes, Up: Top + +5 Typefaces +*********** + +Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a +style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. + +* Menu: + +* Font styles:: Select roman, italics etc. +* Font sizes:: Select point size. +* Low-level font commands:: Select encoding, family, series, shape. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Font styles, Next: Font sizes, Up: Typefaces + +5.1 Font styles +=============== + +The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. + + This first group of commands is typically used like '\textit{italic +text}'. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration +form", which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form +lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. + + The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either +'\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif. + + You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; +for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. + + These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the +'\textrm (\rmfamily)' + Roman. + +'\textit (\itshape)' + Italics. + +'\emph' + Emphasis (switches between '\textit' and '\textrm'). + +'\textmd (\mdseries)' + Medium weight (default). + +'\textbf (\bfseries)' + Boldface. +'\textup (\upshape)' + Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. +'\textsl (\slshape)' + Slanted. +'\textsf (\sffamily)' + Sans serif. +'\textsc (\scshape)' + Small caps. +'\texttt (\ttfamily)' + Typewriter. +'\textnormal (\normalfont)' + Main document font. +'\mathrm' + Roman, for use in math mode. +'\mathbf' + Boldface, for use in math mode. +'\mathsf' + Sans serif, for use in math mode. +'\mathtt' + Typewriter, for use in math mode. + +'\mathit' +'(\mit)' + Italics, for use in math mode. + +'\mathnormal' + For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. +'\mathcal' + 'Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. + + In addition, the command '\mathversion{bold}' can be used for +switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. +'\mathversion{normal}' restores the default. + + LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to +the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used +differently than the above commands, too: '{\CMD ...}' instead of +'\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things. + +'\bf' + Switch to bold face. + +'\cal' + Switch to calligraphic letters for math. + +'\em' + Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). + +'\it' + Italics. + +'\rm' + Roman. + +'\sc' + Small caps. + +'\sf' + Sans serif. + +'\sl' + Slanted (oblique). + +'\tt' + Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Font sizes, Next: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font styles, Up: Typefaces + +5.2 Font sizes +============== + +The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The +table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used +(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options, +respectively (*note Document class options::). + +Command '10pt' '11pt' '12pt' +-------------------------------------------------- +'\tiny' 5 6 6 +'\scriptsize' 7 8 8 +'\footnotesize' 8 9 10 +'\small' 9 10 10.95 +'\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12 +'\large' 12 12 14.4 +'\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28 +'\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74 +'\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88 +'\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88 + + The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of +the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end +of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these +commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font sizes, Up: Typefaces + +5.3 Low-level font commands +=========================== + +These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and +packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available +ones. + +'\fontencoding{enc}' + Select font encoding. Valid encodings include 'OT1' and 'T1'. + +'\fontfamily{family}' + Select font family. Valid families include: + + * 'cmr' for Computer Modern Roman + * 'cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif + * 'cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter + + and numerous others. + +'\fontseries{series}' + Select font series. Valid series include: + + * 'm' Medium (normal) + * 'b' Bold + * 'c' Condensed + * 'bc' Bold condensed + * 'bx' Bold extended + + and various other combinations. + +'\fontshape{shape}' + Select font shape. Valid shapes are: + + * 'n' Upright (normal) + * 'it' Italic + * 'sl' Slanted (oblique) + * 'sc' Small caps + * 'ui' Upright italics + * 'ol' Outline + + The two last shapes are not available for most font families. + +'\fontsize{size}{skip}' + Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to + and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a + parameter named '\baselineskip'. The unit of both parameters + defaults to pt. The default '\baselineskip' for the Computer + Modern typeface is 1.2 times the '\fontsize'. + + The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the + '\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the + default is 1. However, the best way to "double space" a document, + if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use + the 'setspace' package; see + 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace'. + +'\linespread{FACTOR}' + Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and + therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect. + Best specified in the preamble, or use the 'setspace' package, as + described just above. + + The changes made by calling the font commands described above do + not come into effect until '\selectfont' is called. + +'\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}' + The same as invoking '\fontencoding', '\fontfamily', '\fontseries' + and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by + '\selectfont'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Layout, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Typefaces, Up: Top + +6 Layout +******** + +Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. + +* Menu: + +* \onecolumn:: Use one-column layout. +* \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout. +* \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height. +* \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height. +* Page layout parameters:: \headheight \footskip. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Up: Layout + +6.1 '\onecolumn' +================ + +The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces +single-column output. This is the default. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \twocolumn, Next: \flushbottom, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Layout + +6.2 '\twocolumn' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \twocolumn[TEXT1COL] + + The '\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces +two-column output. If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is +typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. + + These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: + +'\columnsep' + The distance between columns (35pt by default). + +'\columnseprule' + The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there + is no rule. + +'\columnwidth' + The width of the current column; this is equal to '\textwidth' in + single-column text. + + These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: + +'\dbltopfraction' + Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be + occupied by floats. Default '.7', can be usefully redefined to + (say) '.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon. + +'\dblfloatpagefraction' + The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by + floats, for a two-column float page. Default '.5'. + +'\dblfloatsep' + Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float + page. Default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt' + documents, '14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for '12pt'. + +'\dbltextfloatsep' + Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a + page and the main text. Default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \twocolumn, Up: Layout + +6.3 '\flushbottom' +================== + +The '\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height, +adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. + + This is the default if 'twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document +class options::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: Page layout parameters, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout + +6.4 '\raggedbottom' +=================== + +The '\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of +the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Page layout parameters, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Layout + +6.5 Page layout parameters +========================== + +'\headheight' + Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is + '30pt', except in the 'book' class, where it varies with the type + size. + +'\headsep' + Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top + of the main text. Default is '25pt', except in the 'book' class, + where it varies with the type size. + +'\footskip' + Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline + of the page footer. Default is '30pt', except in the 'book' class, + where it varies with the type size. + +'\linewidth' + Width of the current line, decreased for each nested 'list' (*note + list::). Specifically, it is smaller than '\textwidth' by the sum + of '\leftmargin' and '\rightmargin' (*note itemize::). The default + varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For + an 'article' document in '10pt', it's set to '345pt'; in two-column + mode, that becomes '229.5pt'. + +'\textheight' + The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies + with the font size, document class, etc. For an 'article' or + 'report' document in '10pt', it's set to '43\baselineskip'; for + 'book', it's '41\baselineskip'. For '11pt', it's '38\baselineskip' + and for '12pt', '36\baselineskip'. + +'\textwidth' + The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default + varies as usual. For an 'article' or 'report' document, it's + '345pt' at '10pt', '360pt' at '11pt', and '390pt' at '12pt'. For a + 'book' document, it's '4.5in' at '10pt', and '5in' at '11pt' or + '12pt'. + + In multi-column output, '\textwidth' remains the width of the + entire page body, while '\columnwidth' is the width of one column + (*note \twocolumn::). + + In lists (*note list::), '\textwidth' remains the width of the + entire page body (and '\columnwidth' the width of the entire + column), while '\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists. + + Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or '\parbox' (*note + \parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the + specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of + the 'minipage' or '\parbox'. + + For completeness: '\hsize' is the TeX primitive parameter used when + text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal LaTeX + documents. + +'\topmargin' + Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the + paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is + computed based on many other parameters: '\paperheight - 2in - + \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided + by two. + +'\topskip' + Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline + of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is + the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Cross references, Prev: Layout, Up: Top + +7 Sectioning +************ + +Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: + +'\part' +'\chapter' + (report and book class only) +'\section' +'\subsection' +'\subsubsection' +'\paragraph' +'\subparagraph' + + All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., + + \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE} + + In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the +section title can appear in two other places: + + 1. The table of contents. + 2. The running head at the top of the page. + + You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. +To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument +TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. + + Also, all sectioning commands have '*'-forms that print TITLE as +usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table +of contents. For instance: + + \section*{Preamble} + + The '\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units are +numbered. The '\appendix' command itself generates no text and does not +affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is +something like + + \chapter{A Chapter} + ... + \appendix + \chapter{The First Appendix} + + The 'secnumdepth' counter controls printing of section numbers. The +setting + + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL} + +suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is +level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.) + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Cross references, Next: Environments, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Top + +8 Cross references +****************** + +One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." + +* Menu: + +* \label:: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. +* \pageref:: Refer to a page number. +* \ref:: Refer to a section, figure or similar. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Up: Cross references + +8.1 '\label' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \label{KEY} + + A '\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the +number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered +environment assigns that number to KEY. + + A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. + + To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is +common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a +colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: + +'ch' + for chapters +'sec' + for lower-level sectioning commands +'fig' + for figures +'tab' + for tables +'eq' + for equations + + Thus, a label for a figure would look like 'fig:snark' or +'fig.snark'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross references + +8.2 '\pageref{KEY}' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \pageref{KEY} + + The '\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in +the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross references + +8.3 '\ref{KEY}' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \ref{KEY} + + The '\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit, +equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command +(*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word +'Section' or 'Figure', just the bare number itself. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Environments, Next: Line breaking, Prev: Cross references, Up: Top + +9 Environments +************** + +LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each +environment begins and ends in the same manner: + + \begin{ENVNAME} + ... + \end{ENVNAME} + +* Menu: + +* abstract:: Produce an abstract. +* array:: Math arrays. +* center:: Centered lines. +* description:: Labelled lists. +* displaymath:: Formulas that appear on their own line. +* document:: Enclose the whole document. +* enumerate:: Numbered lists. +* eqnarray:: Sequences of aligned equations. +* equation:: Displayed equation. +* figure:: Floating figures. +* flushleft:: Flushed left lines. +* flushright:: Flushed right lines. +* itemize:: Bulleted lists. +* letter:: Letters. +* list:: Generic list environment. +* math:: In-line math. +* minipage:: Miniature page. +* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. +* quotation:: Indented environment with paragraph indentation. +* quote:: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. +* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily. +* table:: Floating tables. +* tabular:: Align text in columns. +* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list. +* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc. +* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages. +* verbatim:: Simulating typed input. +* verse:: For poetry and other things. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: abstract, Next: array, Up: Environments + +9.1 'abstract' +============== + +Synopsis: + \begin{abstract} + ... + \end{abstract} + + Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple +paragraphs. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: abstract, Up: Environments + +9.2 'array' +=========== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{array}{TEMPLATE} + COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\ + ... + \end{array} + + Math arrays are produced with the 'array' environment, normally +within an 'equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single +mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the +alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter +that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: + +'c' + centered +'l' + flush left +'r' + flush right + + Column entries are separated by '&'. Column entries may include +other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with '\\'. + + In the template, the construct '@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns in +each row. + + Here's an example: + + \begin{equation} + \begin{array}{lrc} + left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ + left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ + \end{array} + \end{equation} + + The '\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space +separating columns; the default is '5pt'. *Note tabular::, for other +parameters which affect formatting in 'array' environments, namely +'\arrayrulewidth' and '\arraystretch'. + + The 'array' environment can only be used in math mode. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments + +9.3 'center' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{center} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + \end{center} + + The 'center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting +of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the +current page. Each line is terminated with the string '\\'. + +* Menu: + +* \centering:: Declaration form of the 'center' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \centering, Up: center + +9.3.1 '\centering' +------------------ + +The '\centering' declaration corresponds to the 'center' environment. +This declaration can be used inside an environment such as 'quote' or in +a 'parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the +page by putting a '\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or +table environment. + + Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not +start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command (of an +environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. + + Here's an example: + + \begin{quote} + \centering + first line \\ + second line \\ + \end{quote} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: description, Next: displaymath, Prev: center, Up: Environments + +9.4 'description' +================= + +Synopsis: + + \begin{description} + \item [LABEL1] ITEM1 + \item [LABEL2] ITEM2 + ... + \end{description} + + The 'description' environment is used to make labelled lists. Each +LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right. The ITEM text may contain +multiple paragraphs. + + Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if +you typeset a label in typewriter using '\texttt', you'll get bold +typewriter: '\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'. This may be too +bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use '\tt', which +resets all other style variations: '\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'. + + For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up: Environments + +9.5 'displaymath' +================= + +Synopsis: + + \begin{displaymath} + MATH + \end{displaymath} + +or + + \[MATH\] + + The 'displaymath' environment ('\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the +MATH text on its own line, centered by default. The global 'fleqn' +option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::. + + No equation number is added to 'displaymath' text; to get an equation +number, use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: document, Next: enumerate, Prev: displaymath, Up: Environments + +9.6 'document' +============== + +The 'document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is +required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: document, Up: Environments + +9.7 'enumerate' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{enumerate} + \item ITEM1 + \item ITEM2 + ... + \end{enumerate} + + The 'enumerate' environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations +can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also +be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as 'itemize' +(*note itemize::) and 'description' (*note description::). + + Each item of an enumerated list begins with an '\item' command. +There must be at least one '\item' command within the environment. + + By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: + + 1. 1., 2., ... + 2. (a), (b), ... + 3. i., ii., ... + 4. A., B., ... + + The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through +'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If the optional argument to +'\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item. + + The 'enumerate' environment uses the commands '\labelenumi' through +'\labelenumiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use +'\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand & +\renewcommand::). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase +letters: + + \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments + +9.8 'eqnarray' +============== + +First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which +cannot be overcome; the article "Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen +describes them in detail +('http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf'). The bottom line is +that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the +'amsmath' package. + + Nevertheless, here is a description of 'eqnarray': + + \begin{eqnarray} (or 'eqnarray*') + FORMULA1 \\ + FORMULA2 \\ + ... + \end{eqnarray} + + The 'eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations +or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column 'array' +environment, with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive +items within a row separated by an '&'. + + '\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning +of not allowing a page break at that line. + + An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a +'\nonumber' command. Alternatively, The '*'-form of the environment +('\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering +entirely, while otherwise being the same as 'eqnarray'. + + The command '\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across +lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of +zero width. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments + +9.9 'equation' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{equation} + MATH + \end{equation} + + The 'equation' environment starts a 'displaymath' environment (*note +displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also +places an equation number in the right margin. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: figure, Next: flushleft, Prev: equation, Up: Environments + +9.10 'figure' +============= + + \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT] + FIGBODY + \label{LABEL} + \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT} + \end{figure} + + Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. +Figures will not be split between two pages. + + When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a +full-width figure (across both columns). + + The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try +to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly +put a float: + +'t' + (Top)--at the top of a text page. + +'b' + (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page. However, 'b' is not + allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column + output. To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix' + package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ: + 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat'. + +'h' + (Here)--at the position in the text where the figure environment + appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; 't' is + automatically added. + + To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can + '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines. + For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at + 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere'. + +'p' + (Page of floats)--on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + +'!' + Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX + ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can + appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the + page. The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see + above. + + The standard report and article classes use the default placement +'tbp'. + + The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, +etc. you wish. + + The '\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure. The +caption is numbered by default. If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in +the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). + + Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and +non-float text: + + The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at + the bottom; default '.3'. + +'\floatpagefraction' + The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by + floats; default '.5'. + +'\textfraction' + Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too + much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a + different page. The default is '.2'. + +'\topfraction' + Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before + floats; default '.7'. + + Parameters relating to vertical space around floats: + +'\floatsep' + Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default '12pt + plus2pt minus2pt'. + +'\intextsep' + Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; + default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt' styles, '14pt + plus4pt minus4pt' for '12pt'. + +'\textfloatsep' + Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; + default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. + + Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: + +'\bottomnumber' + Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text + page; default 1. + +'\topnumber' + Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; + default 2. + +'\totalnumber' + Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. + + The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats: +'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: flushleft, Next: flushright, Prev: figure, Up: Environments + +9.11 'flushleft' +================ + + \begin{flushleft} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + ... + \end{flushleft} + + The 'flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged +right Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'. + +* Menu: + +* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the 'flushleft' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedright, Up: flushleft + +9.11.1 '\raggedright' +--------------------- + +The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft' +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as +'quote' or in a 'parbox'. + + Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does +not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the +paragraph unit. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments + +9.12 'flushright' +================= + + \begin{flushright} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + ... + \end{flushright} + + The 'flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged +left. Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'. + +* Menu: + +* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the 'flushright' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedleft, Up: flushright + +9.12.1 '\raggedleft' +-------------------- + +The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright' +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as +'quote' or in a 'parbox'. + + Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does +not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the +paragraph unit. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments + +9.13 'itemize' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{itemize} + \item ITEM1 + \item ITEM2 + ... + \end{itemize} + + The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. +Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such +as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). + + Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command. There +must be at least one '\item' command within the environment. + + By default, the marks at each level look like this: + + 1. * (bullet) + 2. -- (bold en-dash) + 3. * (asterisk) + 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + + The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through +'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use +'\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first +level use diamonds: + + \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} + + The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the +distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the +left margin of the list. By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the +appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered. + + The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em' +(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example +greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: + + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em + + Some parameters that affect list formatting: + +'\itemindent' + Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. + +'\labelsep' + Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'. + +'\labelwidth' + Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode. + +'\listparindent' + Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within + a list item; default '0pt'. + +'\rightmargin' + Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the + enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote', + 'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to + '\leftmargin'. + + Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather +loose, by default). + +'\itemsep' + Vertical space between items. The default is '2pt plus1pt + minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt', + and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'. + +'\parsep' + Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. + Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'. + +'\topsep' + Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. + For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for + '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt + plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'. These are reduced for nested lists. + +'\partopsep' + Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a + paragraph. The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt' + documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt + minus2pt' for '12pt'. + + Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide +space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*' +environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs +within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note +\parskip::): + + \newenvironment{itemize*}% + {\begin{itemize}% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% + \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% + {\end{itemize}} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: letter, Next: list, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments + +9.14 'letter' environment: writing letters +========================================== + +This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: list, Next: math, Prev: letter, Up: Environments + +9.15 'list' +=========== + +The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for +defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in +documents, but often in macros. + + \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING} + \item ITEM1 + \item ITEM2 + ... + \end{list} + + The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be +labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item'). This +argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. +It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. + + The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the +spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be +empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing. + + The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by +'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: math, Next: minipage, Prev: list, Up: Environments + +9.16 'math' +=========== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{math} + MATH + \end{math} + + The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running +text. '\(...\))' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: math, Up: Environments + +9.17 'minipage' +=============== + + \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH} + TEXT + \end{minipage} + + The 'minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that +will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the '\parbox' +command (*note \parbox::), but unlike '\parbox', other paragraph-making +environments can be used inside a minipage. + + The arguments are the same as for '\parbox' (*note \parbox::). + + By default, paragraphs are not indented in the 'minipage' +environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as +'\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command. + + Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is +particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A +'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom +of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the +'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note +Counters::). + + However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using +footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments + +9.18 'picture' +============== + + \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) + ... PICTURE COMMANDS ... + \end{picture} + + The 'picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind of +picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell +LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their +coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and +a minus sign--a number like '5', '0.3' or '-3.1416'. A coordinate +specifies a length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if +'\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies +a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of +'\unitlength', using the '\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture' +environment. + + A position is a pair of coordinates, such as '(2.4,-5)', specifying +the point with x-coordinate '2.4' and y-coordinate '-5'. Coordinates +are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is +normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a +position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the +parentheses serve to delimit the argument. + + The 'picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a +'position'. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment +produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this +argument's x- and y-coordinates. + + The 'picture' environment also has an optional 'position' argument, +following the 'size' argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike +ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square +brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at +the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). +For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command + + \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) + +produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, +whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right +corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, +you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the +lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting +everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument. + + The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of +the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really +is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or +even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in +determining how much room to leave for it. + + Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the '\put' command. +The command + + \put (11.3,-.3){...} + +puts the object specified by '...' in the picture, with its reference +point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various +objects will be described below. + + The '\put' command creates an "LR box". You can put anything that +can go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the '\put' +command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left +corner of the box. + + The 'picture' commands are described in the following sections. + +* Menu: + +* \circle:: Draw a circle. +* \makebox (picture):: Draw a box of the specified size. +* \framebox (picture):: Draw a box with a frame around it. +* \dashbox:: Draw a dashed box. +* \frame:: Draw a frame around an object. +* \line:: Draw a straight line. +* \linethickness:: Set the line thickness. +* \thicklines:: A heavier line thickness. +* \thinlines:: The default line thickness. +* \multiput:: Draw multiple instances of an object. +* \oval:: Draw an ellipse. +* \put:: Place an object at a specified place. +* \shortstack:: Make a pile of objects. +* \vector:: Draw a line with an arrow. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \circle, Next: \makebox (picture), Up: picture + +9.18.1 '\circle' +---------------- + + \circle[*]{DIAMETER} + + The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to +the specified one as possible. The '*'-form of the command draws a +solid circle. + + Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \circle, Up: picture + +9.18.2 '\makebox' +----------------- + +'\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}' + + The '\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the +normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a 'width' and +'height' in multiples of '\unitlength'. + + The optional argument, '[position]', specifies the quadrant that your +text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + +'t' + Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. + +'b' + Moves the item to the bottom. + +'l' + Moves the item to the left. + +'r' + Moves the item to the right. + + *Note \makebox::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \dashbox, Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture + +9.18.3 '\framebox' +------------------ + +Synopsis: + + \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...} + + The '\framebox' command is like '\makebox' (see previous section), +except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it +creates. + + The '\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness '\fboxrule', and +leaves a space '\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \dashbox, Next: \frame, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture + +9.18.4 '\dashbox' +----------------- + +Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: + + \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT} + + '\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a 'picture' +environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall +width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional +POS. + + A dashed box looks best when the 'rwidth' and 'rheight' are multiples +of the 'dlen'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \frame, Next: \line, Prev: \dashbox, Up: picture + +9.18.5 '\frame' +--------------- + +Synopsis: + + \frame{TEXT} + + The '\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT. The +reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space +is put between the frame and the object. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \line, Next: \linethickness, Prev: \frame, Up: picture + +9.18.6 '\line' +-------------- + +Synopsis: + + \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH} + + The '\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope +XSLOPE/YSLOPE. + + Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y +have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to +mention other shapes, see the 'curve2e' and many many other packages on +CTAN. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \linethickness, Next: \thicklines, Prev: \line, Up: picture + +9.18.7 '\linethickness' +----------------------- + +The '\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal +and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a +positive length. + + '\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, +circles, or the quarter circles drawn by '\oval'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thicklines, Next: \thinlines, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture + +9.18.8 '\thicklines' +-------------------- + +The '\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal +and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: +and *note \thinlines::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinlines, Next: \multiput, Prev: \thicklines, Up: picture + +9.18.9 '\thinlines' +------------------- + +The '\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal +and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: +and *note \thicklines::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \multiput, Next: \oval, Prev: \thinlines, Up: picture + +9.18.10 '\multiput' +------------------- + +Synopsis: + \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ} + + The '\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern +across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at +(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \oval, Next: \put, Prev: \multiput, Up: picture + +9.18.11 '\oval' +--------------- + +Synopsis: + + \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION] + + The '\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The +optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the +following: + +'t' + selects the top portion; +'b' + selects the bottom portion; +'r' + selects the right portion; +'l' + selects the left portion. + + The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a +maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with +rounded corners. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \put, Next: \shortstack, Prev: \oval, Up: picture + +9.18.12 '\put' +-------------- + +'\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }' + + The '\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory +argument at the given coordinates. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \put, Up: picture + +9.18.13 '\shortstack' +--------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...} + + The '\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects. The valid +positions are: + +'r' + Move the objects to the right of the stack. +'l' + Move the objects to the left of the stack +'c' + Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) + + Objects are separated with '\\'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vector, Prev: \shortstack, Up: picture + +9.18.14 '\vector' +----------------- + +Synopsis: + + \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH} + + The '\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified +length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, +inclusive. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments + +9.19 'quotation' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{quotation} + TEXT + \end{quotation} + + The margins of the 'quotation' environment are indented on both the +left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a +blank line between text produces a new paragraph. + + Unlike the 'quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments + +9.20 'quote' +============ + +Snyopsis: + + \begin{quote} + TEXT + \end{quote} + + The margins of the 'quote' environment are indented on both the left +and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank +line between text produces a new paragraph. + + Unlike the 'quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments + +9.21 'tabbing' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{tabbing} + ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\ + ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\ + ... + \end{tabbing} + + The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. +It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an +ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of +each column is constant and known in advance. + + This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular' +environment. + + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' enviroment: + +'\\ (tabbing)' + End a line. + +'\= (tabbing)' + Sets a tab stop at the current position. + +'\> (tabbing)' + Advances to the next tab stop. + +'\<' + Put following text to the left of the local margin (without + changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. + +'\+' + Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands + one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. + +'\-' + Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands + one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. + +'\' (tabbing)' + Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, + i.e. everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or + '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against + the current column's tab stop. + +'\` (tabbing)' + Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including + tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last + column because there's no tab stop there. The '\`' command moves + all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing + environment. There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the + '\`' and the command that ends the line. + +'\a (tabbing)' + In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not + produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the commands + '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used. + +'\kill' + Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like '\\' except + that it throws away the current line instead of producing output + for it. The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line + remain in effect. + +'\poptabs' + Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'. + +'\pushtabs' + Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily + changing tab stop positions in the middle of a 'tabbing' + environment. + +'\tabbingsep' + Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''. + + This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: + + \begin{tabbing} + function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ + \> begin \= \+ \\ + \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ + else \+ \\ + fact := 1; \-\- \\ + end;\\ + \end{tabbing} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments + +9.22 'table' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{table}[placement] + + body of the table + + \caption{table title} + \end{table} + + Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables +will not be split between two pages. + + The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try +to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put +a float; these are the same as that used with the 'figure' environment, +and described there (*note figure::). + + The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement +'[tbp]'. + + The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, +etc., you wish. The '\caption' command allows you to title your table. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments + +9.23 'tabular' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + ... + \end{tabular} + +or + + \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + ... + \end{tabular*} + + These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +items, aligned vertically in columns. + + '\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except +for the last, where it is optional--unless an '\hline' command (to put a +rule below the table) follows. + + The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: + +'width' + Specifies the width of the 'tabular*' environment. There must be + rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the + specified width. + +'pos' + Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre + of the environment. + + 't' + align on top row + + 'b' + align on bottom row + +'cols' + Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the + following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and + intercolumn material. + + 'l' + A column of left-aligned items. + + 'r' + A column of right-aligned items. + + 'c' + A column of centered items. + + '|' + A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. + + '@{TEXT}' + This inserts TEXT in every row. An @-expression suppresses + the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any + desired space before the adjacent item must be included in + TEXT. + + To insert commands that are automatically executed before a + given column, you have to load the 'array' package and use the + '>{...}' specifier. + + An '\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an + extra space of width 'wd' to appear to the left of all + subsequent columns, until countermanded by another + '\extracolsep' command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, + this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An + '\extracolsep' command can be used only in an @-expression in + the 'cols' argument. + + 'p{WD}' + Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width + WD, as if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{WD}' command. + However, a '\\' may not appear in the item, except in the + following situations: + + 1. inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or + 'tabular'. + 2. inside an explicit '\parbox'. + 3. in the scope of a '\centering', '\raggedright', or + '\raggedleft' declaration. The latter declarations must + appear inside braces or an environment when used in a + 'p'-column element. + + '*{NUM}{COLS}' + Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive + integer and COLS is any list of column-specifiers, which may + contain another '*-expression'. + + Parameters that control formatting: + +'\arrayrulewidth' + Thickness of the rule created by '|', '\hline', and '\vline' in the + 'tabular' and 'array' environments; the default is '.4pt'. + +'\arraystretch' + Scaling of spacing between rows in the 'tabular' and 'array' + environments; default is '1', for no scaling. + +'\doublerulesep' + Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by '||' in + the 'tabular' and 'array' environments; default is '2pt'. + +'\tabcolsep' + Half the width of the space between columns; default is '6pt'. + + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabular' environment: + +* Menu: + +* \multicolumn:: Make an item spanning several columns. +* \cline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. +* \hline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. +* \vline:: Draw a vertical line. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \cline, Up: tabular + +9.23.1 '\multicolumn' +--------------------- + +Synopsis: + \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT} + + The '\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several columns. +The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of columns to +span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the formatting of +the entry; 'c' for centered, 'l' for flushleft, 'r' for flushright. The +third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry. + + Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; +'\multicolumn' is used for the heading: + + \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} + \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr + 0x80&0x7FF \cr + 0x800&0xFFFF \cr + 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr + \end{tabular} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular + +9.23.2 '\cline' +--------------- + +Synopsis: + + \cline{I-J} + + The '\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns +specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are +specified in the mandatory argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hline, Next: \vline, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular + +9.23.3 '\hline' +--------------- + +The '\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing +'tabular' or 'array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a +line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular + +9.23.4 '\vline' +--------------- + +The '\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height +and depth of its row. An '\hfill' command can be used to move the line +to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments + +9.24 'thebibliography' +====================== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL} + \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} + ... + \end{thebibliography} + + The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or +reference list. + + In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References"; +in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". You can change +the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command +'\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: + + \renewcommand{\refname}{} + + The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as +wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. It +is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10 +references, '99' for ones with less than 100, etc. + +* Menu: + +* \bibitem:: Specify a bibliography item. +* \cite:: Refer to a bibliography item. +* \nocite:: Include an item in the bibliography. +* Using BibTeX:: Automatic generation of bibliographies. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography + +9.24.1 '\bibitem' +----------------- + +Synopsis: + \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} + + The '\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the +LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the +'enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and +punctuation symbols not containing a comma. + + This command writes an entry to the '.aux' file containing the item's +CITE_KEY and label. When the '.aux' file is read by the +'\begin{document}' command, the item's 'label' is associated with +'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (see +next section) to produce the associated label. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography + +9.24.2 '\cite' +-------------- + +Synopsis: + + \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS + + The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated +by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references +associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux' file. + + The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation. +For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography + +9.24.3 '\nocite' +---------------- + +'\nocite{key_list}' + + The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes 'key_list', which +is a list of one or more citation keys, on the '.aux' file. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Using BibTeX, Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography + +9.24.4 Using BibTeX +------------------- + +If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if +you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain +your bibliography, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment +(*note thebibliography::). Instead, you include the lines + + \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE} + \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2} + + The '\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its +own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be +produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE'.bst', which defines how +your citations will look. The standard STYLE names distributed with +BibTeX are: + +'alpha' + Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and + year of publication. +'plain' + Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. +'unsrt' + Like 'plain', but entries are in order of citation. +'abbrv' + Like 'plain', but more compact labels. + + In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the +demands of various publications. See +'http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib'. + + The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the +bibliography. The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named +'BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format. +Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' will be listed in +the bibliography. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments + +9.25 'theorem' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{theorem} + THEOREM-TEXT + \end{theorem} + + The 'theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed +by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described +under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments + +9.26 'titlepage' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{titlepage} + TEXT + \end{titlepage} + + The 'titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with +no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to +be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The +'\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::). + + You can use the '\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce +a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments + +9.27 'verbatim' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{verbatim} + LITERAL-TEXT + \end{verbatim} + + The 'verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which +LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the '\' character +produces a printed '\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage +returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a +typewriter. + + The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt'). + +* Menu: + +* \verb:: The macro form of the 'verbatim' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim + +9.27.1 '\verb' +-------------- + +Synopsis: + + \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR + \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR + + The '\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including +special characters and spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font. No +spaces are allowed between '\verb' or '\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR, +which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear +in LITERAL-TEXT. + + The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible +space" character. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments + +9.28 'verse' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{verse} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + ... + \end{verse} + + The 'verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find +other uses for it. + + The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are +not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each +stanza with '\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the +stanzas. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Line breaking, Next: Page breaking, Prev: Environments, Up: Top + +10 Line breaking +**************** + +The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate +your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a +printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these +lines must be broken into pages). + + LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some +environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the '\\' command, +and you can always manually force breaks. + +* Menu: + +* \\:: Start a new line. +* \obeycr & \restorecr:: Make each input line start a new output line. +* \newline:: Break the line +* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation. +* \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking. +* \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking. +* \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word. +* \linebreak & \nolinebreak:: Forcing & avoiding line breaks. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \\, Next: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking + +10.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE] +======================= + +The '\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional +argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to +be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. + + The '\\*' command is the same as the ordinary '\\' command except +that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \obeycr & \restorecr, Next: \newline, Prev: \\, Up: Line breaking + +10.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' +============================= + +The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M', +internally) the same as '\\' (followed by '\relax'). So each new line +in the input will also be a new line in the output. + + '\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newline, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking + +10.3 '\newline' +=============== + +The '\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no +stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph +mode. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \fussy, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking + +10.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) +================================ + +The '\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that +point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most +of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect +one. The '\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. + + When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be +hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that +LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking + +10.5 '\fussy' +============= + +The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about +line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the +cost of an occasional overfull box. + + This command cancels the effect of a previous '\sloppy' command +(*note \sloppy::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \sloppy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line breaking + +10.6 '\sloppy' +============== + +The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. +This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. + + Lasts until a '\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \sloppy, Up: Line breaking + +10.7 '\hyphenation' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO} + + The '\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with a +'-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. +TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are +tried. Multiple '\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples (the +default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these +words): + + \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking + +10.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' +================================== + +Synopses: + + \linebreak[PRIORITY] + \nolinebreak[PRIORITY] + + By default, the '\linebreak' ('\nolinebreak') command forces +(prevents) a line break at the current position. For '\linebreak', the +spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right +margin as usual. + + With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command from +a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. The +higher the number, the more insistent the request. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Page breaking, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Line breaking, Up: Top + +11 Page breaking +**************** + +LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has +accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but +sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. + +* Menu: + +* \cleardoublepage:: Start a new right-hand page. +* \clearpage:: Start a new page. +* \newpage:: Start a new page. +* \enlargethispage:: Enlarge the current page a bit. +* \pagebreak & \nopagebreak:: Forcing & avoiding page breaks. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking + +11.1 '\cleardoublepage' +======================= + +The '\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \newpage, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Page breaking + +11.2 '\clearpage' +================= + +The '\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures +and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking + +11.3 '\newpage' +=============== + +The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats +(see '\clearpage' above). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Page breaking + +11.4 '\enlargethispage' +======================= + +'\enlargethispage{size}' + + '\enlargethispage*{size}' + + Enlarge the '\textheight' for the current page by the specified +amount; e.g. '\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one +additional line. + + The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page +as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit +'\pagebreak'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Page breaking + +11.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' +================================== + +Synopses: + + \pagebreak[PRIORITY] + \nopagebreak[PRIORITY] + + By default, the '\pagebreak' ('\nopagebreak') command forces +(prevents) a page break at the current position. With '\pagebreak', the +vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it +extends to the normal bottom margin. + + With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the '\pagebreak' +command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 +to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Definitions, Prev: Page breaking, Up: Top + +12 Footnotes +************ + +Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with +one command, the '\footnote' command. They can also be produced with +two commands, the '\footnotemark' and the '\footnotetext' commands. + +* Menu: + +* \footnote:: Insert a footnote. +* \footnotemark:: Insert footnote mark only. +* \footnotetext:: Insert footnote text only. +* Symbolic footnotes:: Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes. +* Footnote parameters:: Parameters for footnote formatting. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes + +12.1 '\footnote' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT} + + The '\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the +bottom of the current page. The optional argument NUMBER changes the +default footnote number. + + This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you +cannot use it in sectioning commands like '\chapter', in figures, tables +or in a 'tabular' environment. (See following sections.) + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes + +12.2 '\footnotemark' +==================== + +With no optional argument, the '\footnotemark' command puts the current +footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner +paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the +'\footnotetext' command. + + This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote +markers referring to the same footnote with + + \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] + +after the first '\footnote' command. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotetext, Next: Symbolic footnotes, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes + +12.3 '\footnotetext' +==================== + +Synopsis: + + \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT} + + The '\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as +a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the '\footnotemark' +command. The '\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph +mode. + + The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbolic footnotes, Next: Footnote parameters, Prev: \footnotetext, Up: Footnotes + +12.4 Symbolic footnotes +======================= + +If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing +numbers, redefine '\thefootnote' like this: + + \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} + + The '\fnsymbol' command produces a predefined series of symbols +(*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::). If you want to +use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also +redefine '\@fnsymbol'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnote parameters, Prev: Symbolic footnotes, Up: Footnotes + +12.5 Footnote parameters +======================== + +'\footnoterule' + Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the + page's footnotes. Default dimensions: '0.4pt' thick (or wide), and + '0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except + slides, where it does not appear). + +'\footnotesep' + The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. + By default, this is set to the normal strut for '\footnotesize' + fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space + between footnotes. This is '6.65pt' for '10pt', '7.7pt' for + '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Counters, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Top + +13 Definitions +************** + +LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. + +* Menu: + +* \newcommand & \renewcommand:: (Re)define a new command. +* \newcounter:: Define a new counter. +* \newlength:: Define a new length. +* \newsavebox:: Define a new box. +* \newenvironment & \renewenvironment:: Define a new environment. +* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment. +* \newfont:: Define a new font name. +* \protect:: Using tricky commands. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \newcounter, Up: Definitions + +13.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' +==================================== + +'\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, +respectively. Synopses: + + \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} + \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} + +CMD + The command name beginning with '\'. For '\newcommand', it must + not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'; for + '\renewcommand', it must already be defined. + +NARGS + An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments + that the command will take. The default is for the command to have + no arguments. + +DEFAULT + If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's + first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the + default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not + specified in the call) is the string 'def'. + +DEFN + The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a + construct of the form '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the + Nth argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \newlength, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions + +13.2 '\newcounter' +================== + +Synopsis: + + \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME] + + The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new +counter is initialized to zero. + + Given the optional argument '[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset +whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented. + + *Note Counters::, for more information about counters. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Definitions + +13.3 '\newlength' +================= + +Synopsis: + + \newlength{\ARG} + + The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a 'length' +command with a value of '0in'. The argument must be a control sequence, +as in '\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if '\foo' is already defined. + + *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, +and for more information about lengths in general. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Prev: \newlength, Up: Definitions + +13.4 '\newsavebox' +================== + +Synopsis: + + \newsavebox{CMD} + + Defines '\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to +refer to a new bin for storing boxes. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Definitions + +13.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' +============================================ + +Synopses: + + \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + + These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is, +'\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'. + +ENV + The name of the environment. For '\newenvironment', ENV must not + be an existing environment, and the command '\ENV' must be + undefined. For '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an + existing environment. + +NARGS + An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the + newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. + +DEFAULT + If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT + gives the default value for that argument. + +BEGDEF + The text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'; a construct + of the form '#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the Nth + argument. + +ENDDEF + The text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'. It may not + contain any argument parameters. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Up: Definitions + +13.6 '\newtheorem' +================== + + \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN] + \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL} + + This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: + +NEWENV + The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of + an existing environment or otherwise defined. + +LABEL + The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the + number. For example, 'Theorem'. + +NUMBERED_LIKE + (Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like + environment; the new environment will be numbered just like + NUMBERED_LIKE. + +WITHIN + (Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional + unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as + the WITHIN counter. + + At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newfont, Next: \protect, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions + +13.7 '\newfont' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME} + + Defines a control sequence '\CMD', which must not already be defined, +to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on the system +is named 'FONTNAME.tfm'. + + This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through '.fd' files. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions + +13.8 '\protect' +=============== + +Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and +many more are so-called "fragile" commands. When a fragile command is +used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be preceded +by '\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments +must have their own '\protect'. + + Some examples of moving arguments are '\caption' (*note figure::), +'\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in 'tabular' and 'array' +environments (*note tabular::). + + Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not be +preceded by '\protect'. + + See also: + +'http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html' +'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect' + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top + +14 Counters +*********** + +Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The +name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or +command that produces the number, except with no '\'. ('enumi'-'enumiv' +are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the +counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. + + part paragraph figure enumi + chapter subparagraph table enumii + section page footnote enumiii + subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv + subsubsection + +* Menu: + +* \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter. +* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment. +* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression. +* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter. +* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter. +* \refstepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +* \stepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +* \day \month \year:: Numeric date values. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Next: \usecounter, Up: Counters + +14.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters +===================================================================== + +All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for +instance, '\alph{enumi}'. + +'\alph' + prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ... + +'\Alph' + uses uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ... + +'\arabic' + uses Arabic numbers: '1', '2', ... + +'\roman' + uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ... + +'\roman' + uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ... + +'\fnsymbol' + prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols + (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of COUNTER + must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. + + The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the + names: + asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel + double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Up: Counters + +14.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' +=========================== + +Synopsis: + + \usecounter{COUNTER} + + The '\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the +'list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list +items. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \value, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters + +14.3 '\value{COUNTER}' +====================== + +Synopsis: + + \value{COUNTER} + + The '\value' command produces the value of COUNTER. It can be used +anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: + + \setcounter{myctr}{3} + \addtocounter{myctr}{1} + \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \addtocounter, Prev: \value, Up: Counters + +14.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +================================== + +Synopsis: + + \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE} + + The '\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE +argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters + +14.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +==================================== + +The '\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified +by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters + +14.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' +=============================== + +The '\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as '\stepcounter' +*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current '\ref' value to +be the result of '\thecounter'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \stepcounter, Next: \day \month \year, Prev: \refstepcounter, Up: Counters + +14.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}' +============================ + +The '\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary +counters. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \day \month \year, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Counters + +14.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters +============================================= + +LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month ('\day', 1-31), month of +the year ('\month', 1-12), and year ('\year', Common Era). When TeX +starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is +running. They are not updated as the job progresses. + + The related command '\today' produces a string representing the +current day (*note \today::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Making paragraphs, Prev: Counters, Up: Top + +15 Lengths +********** + +A 'length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length +as an argument. + +* Menu: + +* \setlength:: Set the value of a length. +* \addtolength:: Add a quantity to a length. +* \settodepth:: Set a length to the depth of something. +* \settoheight:: Set a length to the height of something. +* \settowidth:: Set a length to the width of something. +* Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Up: Lengths + +15.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' +============================== + +The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can +be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches ('in'), +millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths + +15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} +=============================== + +The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the +amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths + +15.3 '\settodepth' +================== + +'\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' + + The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal +to the depth of the 'text' argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths + +15.4 '\settoheight' +=================== + +'\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' + + The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal +to the height of the 'text' argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths + +15.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' +============================== + +The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the +width of the TEXT argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths + +15.6 Predefined lengths +======================= + +'\width' + + '\height' + + '\depth' + + '\totalheight' + + These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the +box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width, +etc., of the text in the box. '\totalheight' equals '\height' + +'\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural +size, e.g., say + + '\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}' + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Making paragraphs, Next: Math formulas, Prev: Lengths, Up: Top + +16 Making paragraphs +******************** + +A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not +containing even a '%'. A blank line should not appear where a new +paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of +a sectioning command. + +* Menu: + +* \indent:: Indent this paragraph. +* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph. +* \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs. +* Marginal notes:: Putting remarks in the margin. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs + +16.1 '\indent' +============== + +'\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of +the '\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used +to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. + + The default value for '\parindent' is '1em' in two-column mode, +otherwise '15pt' for '10pt' documents, '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em' +for '12pt'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \parskip, Prev: \indent, Up: Making paragraphs + +16.2 '\noindent' +================ + +When used at the beginning of the paragraph, '\noindent' suppresses any +paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a +paragraph. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \parskip, Next: Marginal notes, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs + +16.3 '\parskip' +=============== + +'\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before +each paragraph. The default is '0pt plus1pt'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Marginal notes, Prev: \parskip, Up: Making paragraphs + +16.4 Marginal notes +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT} + + The '\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin. The first +line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text +where the '\marginpar' occurs. + + When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be +placed + + * in the right margin for one-sided layout; + * in the outside margin for two-sided layout; + * in the nearest margin for two-column layout. + + The command '\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in +the opposite (inside) margin. '\normalmarginpar' places them in the +default position. + + When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin, +and RIGHT is used for the right margin. + + The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable +hyphenation there by beginning the node with '\hspace{0pt}'. + + These parameters affect the formatting of the note: + +'\marginparpush' + Minimum vertical space between notes; default '7pt' for '12pt' + documents, '5pt' else. + +'\marginparsep' + Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default '11pt' + for '10pt' documents, '10pt' else. + +'\marginparwidth' + Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided '10pt' document + is '90pt', '83pt' for '11pt', and '68pt' for '12pt'; '17pt' more in + each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the + default is '48pt'. + + The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes +from falling off the bottom of the page. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math formulas, Next: Modes, Prev: Making paragraphs, Up: Top + +17 Math formulas +**************** + +There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: + +'math' + For formulas that appear right in the text. +'displaymath' + For formulas that appear on their own line. +'equation' + The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an + equation number in the right margin. + + The 'math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but +the 'displaymath' and 'equation' environments can be used only in +paragraph mode. The 'math' and 'displaymath' environments are used so +often that they have the following short forms: + + \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} + \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} + + In fact, the 'math' environment is so common that it has an even +shorter form: + + $ ... $ instead of \(...\) + + The '\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a +bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the +'\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too +is used _outside_ of math mode. + + The '\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the +formula to be that of 'displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below +summations. For example + $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ + +* Menu: + +* Subscripts & superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index. +* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles. +* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp. +* Math accents:: Accents in math. +* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. +* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Subscripts & superscripts, Next: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas + +17.1 Subscripts & superscripts +============================== + +To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type +'_{'exp'}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type '^{'exp'}'. +LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the +natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a +subscript and a superscript. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math symbols, Next: Math functions, Prev: Subscripts & superscripts, Up: Math formulas + +17.2 Math symbols +================= + +LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. +The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For +example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi +symbol (\pi) in your output. + +'\|' + \| + +'\aleph' + \aleph + +'\alpha' + \alpha + +'\amalg' + \amalg (binary operation) + +'\angle' + \angle + +'\approx' + \approx (relation) + +'\ast' + \ast (binary operation) + +'\asymp' + \asymp (relation) + +'\backslash' + \ (delimiter) + +'\beta' + \beta + +'\bigcap' + \bigcap + +'\bigcirc' + \bigcirc (binary operation) + +'\bigcup' + \bigcup + +'\bigodot' + \bigodot + +'\bigoplus' + \bigoplus + +'\bigotimes' + \bigotimes + +'\bigtriangledown' + \bigtriangledown (binary operation) + +'\bigtriangleup' + \bigtriangleup (binary operation) + +'\bigsqcup' + \bigsqcup + +'\biguplus' + \biguplus + +'\bigcap' + \bigvee + +'\bigwedge' + \bigwedge + +'\bot' + \bot + +'\bowtie' + \bowtie (relation) + +'\Box' + (square open box symbol) + +'\bullet' + \bullet (binary operation) + +'\cap' + \cap (binary operation) + +'\cdot' + \cdot (binary operation) + +'\chi' + \chi + +'\circ' + \circ (binary operation) + +'\clubsuit' + \clubsuit + +'\cong' + \cong (relation) + +'\coprod' + \coprod + +'\cup' + \cup (binary operation) + +'\dagger' + \dagger (binary operation) + +'\dashv' + \dashv (relation) + +'\ddagger' + \dagger (binary operation) + +'\Delta' + \Delta + +'\delta' + \delta + +'\Diamond' + bigger \diamond + +'\diamond' + \diamond (binary operation) + +'\diamondsuit' + \diamondsuit + +'\div' + \div (binary operation) + +'\doteq' + \doteq (relation) + +'\downarrow' + \downarrow (delimiter) + +'\Downarrow' + \Downarrow (delimiter) + +'\ell' + \ell + +'\emptyset' + \emptyset + +'\epsilon' + \epsilon + +'\equiv' + \equiv (relation) + +'\eta' + \eta + +'\exists' + \exists + +'\flat' + \flat + +'\forall' + \forall + +'\frown' + \frown (relation) + +'\Gamma' + \Gamma + +'\gamma' + \gamma + +'\ge' + \ge + +'\geq' + \geq (relation) + +'\gets' + \gets + +'\gg' + \gg (relation) + +'\hbar' + \hbar + +'\heartsuit' + \heartsuit + +'\hookleftarrow' + \hookleftarrow + +'\hookrightarrow' + \hookrightarrow + +'\iff' + \iff + +'\Im' + \Im + +'\in' + \in (relation) + +'\infty' + \infty + +'\int' + \int + +'\iota' + \iota + +'\Join' + condensed bowtie symbol (relation) + +'\kappa' + \kappa + +'\Lambda' + \Lambda + +'\lambda' + \lambda + +'\land' + \land + +'\langle' + \langle (delimiter) + +'\lbrace' + \lbrace (delimiter) + +'\lbrack' + \lbrack (delimiter) + +'\lceil' + \lceil (delimiter) + +'\le' + \le + +'\leadsto' + +'\Leftarrow' + \Leftarrow + +'\leftarrow' + \leftarrow + +'\leftharpoondown' + \leftharpoondown + +'\leftharpoonup' + \leftharpoonup + +'\Leftrightarrow' + \Leftrightarrow + +'\leftrightarrow' + \leftrightarrow + +'\leq' + \leq (relation) + +'\lfloor' + \lfloor (delimiter) + +'\lhd' + (left-pointing arrow head) + +'\ll' + \ll (relation) + +'\lnot' + \lnot + +'\longleftarrow' + \longleftarrow + +'\longleftrightarrow' + \longleftrightarrow + +'\longmapsto' + \longmapsto + +'\longrightarrow' + \longrightarrow + +'\lor' + \lor + +'\mapsto' + \mapsto + +'\mho' + +'\mid' + \mid (relation) + +'\models' + \models (relation) + +'\mp' + \mp (binary operation) + +'\mu' + \mu + +'\nabla' + \nabla + +'\natural' + \natural + +'\ne' + \ne + +'\nearrow' + \nearrow + +'\neg' + \neg + +'\neq' + \neq (relation) + +'\ni' + \ni (relation) + +'\not' + Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. + +'\notin' + \ni + +'\nu' + \nu + +'\nwarrow' + \nwarrow + +'\odot' + \odot (binary operation) + +'\oint' + \oint + +'\Omega' + \Omega + +'\omega' + \omega + +'\ominus' + \ominus (binary operation) + +'\oplus' + \oplus (binary operation) + +'\oslash' + \oslash (binary operation) + +'\otimes' + \otimes (binary operation) + +'\owns' + \owns + +'\parallel' + \parallel (relation) + +'\partial' + \partial + +'\perp' + \perp (relation) + +'\phi' + \phi + +'\Pi' + \Pi + +'\pi' + \pi + +'\pm' + \pm (binary operation) + +'\prec' + \prec (relation) + +'\preceq' + \preceq (relation) + +'\prime' + \prime + +'\prod' + \prod + +'\propto' + \propto (relation) + +'\Psi' + \Psi + +'\psi' + \psi + +'\rangle' + \rangle (delimiter) + +'\rbrace' + \rbrace (delimiter) + +'\rbrack' + \rbrack (delimiter) + +'\rceil' + \rceil (delimiter) + +'\Re' + \Re + +'\rfloor' + \rfloor + +'\rhd' + (binary operation) + +'\rho' + \rho + +'\Rightarrow' + \Rightarrow + +'\rightarrow' + \rightarrow + +'\rightharpoondown' + \rightharpoondown + +'\rightharpoonup' + \rightharpoonup + +'\rightleftharpoons' + \rightleftharpoons + +'\searrow' + \searrow + +'\setminus' + \setminus (binary operation) + +'\sharp' + \sharp + +'\Sigma' + \Sigma + +'\sigma' + \sigma + +'\sim' + \sim (relation) + +'\simeq' + \simeq (relation) + +'\smallint' + \smallint + +'\smile' + \smile (relation) + +'\spadesuit' + \spadesuit + +'\sqcap' + \sqcap (binary operation) + +'\sqcup' + \sqcup (binary operation) + +'\sqsubset' + (relation) + +'\sqsubseteq' + \sqsubseteq (relation) + +'\sqsupset' + (relation) + +'\sqsupseteq' + \sqsupseteq (relation) + +'\star' + \star (binary operation) + +'\subset' + \subset (relation) + +'\subseteq' + \subseteq (relation) + +'\succ' + \succ (relation) + +'\succeq' + \succeq (relation) + +'\sum' + \sum + +'\supset' + \supset (relation) + +'\supseteq' + \supseteq (relation) + +'\surd' + \surd + +'\swarrow' + \swarrow + +'\tau' + \tau + +'\theta' + \theta + +'\times' + \times (binary operation) + +'\to' + \to + +'\top' + \top + +'\triangle' + \triangle + +'\triangleleft' + \triangleleft (binary operation) + +'\triangleright' + \triangleright (binary operation) + +'\unlhd' + left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) + +'\unrhd' + right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) + +'\Uparrow' + \Uparrow (delimiter) + +'\uparrow' + \uparrow (delimiter) + +'\Updownarrow' + \Updownarrow (delimiter) + +'\updownarrow' + \updownarrow (delimiter) + +'\uplus' + \uplus (binary operation) + +'\Upsilon' + \Upsilon + +'\upsilon' + \upsilon + +'\varepsilon' + \varepsilon + +'\varphi' + \varphi + +'\varpi' + \varpi + +'\varrho' + \varrho + +'\varsigma' + \varsigma + +'\vartheta' + \vartheta + +'\vdash' + \vdash (relation) + +'\vee' + \vee (binary operation) + +'\Vert' + \Vert (delimiter) + +'\vert' + \vert (delimiter) + +'\wedge' + \wedge (binary operation) + +'\wp' + \wp + +'\wr' + \wr (binary operation) + +'\Xi' + \Xi + +'\xi' + \xi + +'\zeta' + \zeta + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math functions, Next: Math accents, Prev: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas + +17.3 Math functions +=================== + +These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper +spacing. + +'\arccos' + \arccos + +'\arcsin' + \arcsin + +'\arctan' + \arctan + +'\arg' + \arg + +'\bmod' + Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) + +'\cos' + \cos + +'\cosh' + \cosh + +'\cot' + \cos + +'\coth' + \cosh + +'\csc' + \csc + +'\deg' + \deg + +'\det' + \deg + +'\dim' + \dim + +'\exp' + \exp + +'\gcd' + \gcd + +'\hom' + \hom + +'\inf' + \inf + +'\ker' + \ker + +'\lg' + \lg + +'\lim' + \lim + +'\liminf' + \liminf + +'\limsup' + \limsup + +'\ln' + \ln + +'\log' + \log + +'\max' + \max + +'\min' + \min + +'\pmod' + parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) + +'\Pr' + \Pr + +'\sec' + \sec + +'\sin' + \sin + +'\sinh' + \sinh + +'\sup' + \sup + +'\tan' + \tan + +'\tanh' + \tanh + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas + +17.4 Math accents +================= + +LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in +math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note +Accents::). + +'\acute' + Math acute accent: \acute{x}. + +'\bar' + Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}. + +'\breve' + Math breve accent: \breve{x}. + +'\check' + Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \check{x}. + +'\ddot' + Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}. + +'\dot' + Math dot accent: \dot{x}. + +'\grave' + Math grave accent: \grave{x}. + +'\hat' + Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}. + +'\imath' + Math dotless i. + +'\jmath' + Math dotless j. + +'\mathring' + Math ring accent: x*. + +'\tilde' + Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}. + +'\vec' + Math vector symbol: \vec{x}. + +'\widehat' + Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}. + +'\widehat' + Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas + +17.5 Spacing in math mode +========================= + +In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in +the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you +want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in +math mode: + +'\;' + A thick space (5\over18\,quad). +'\:' +'\>' + Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). +'\,' + A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. +'\!' + A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas + +17.6 Math miscellany +==================== + +'\*' + A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is + allowed. + +'\cdots' + A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the + line. + +'\ddots' + A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. + +'\frac{num}{den}' + Produces the fraction 'num' divided by 'den'. + +'\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2' + The two delimiters need not match; '.' acts as a null delimiter, + producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the + math in between. Example: '\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'. + +'\overbrace{TEXT}' + Generates a brace over TEXT. For example, + \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. + +'\overline{TEXT}' + Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overline{x+y}. + +'\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}' + Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The + optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce. For + example, the cube root of 'x+y' would be typed as + '$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'. + +'\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}' + Puts TEXT above RELATION. For example, + '\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'. + +'\underbrace{math}' + Generates MATH with a brace underneath. + +'\underline{text}' + Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be + underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of + descenders. + +'\vdots' + Produces a vertical ellipsis. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page styles, Prev: Math formulas, Up: Top + +18 Modes +******** + +When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three +modes: + + * Paragraph mode + * Math mode + * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short + + LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. +Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. + + "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when +processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into +lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when +it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph +mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of +words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX +keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. +Even if you put a hundred words into an '\mbox', LaTeX would keep +typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. + + LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an '\mbox' +command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for +example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. +There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of +these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'. When LaTeX is +in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner +paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is +called "outer paragraph mode". + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Page styles, Next: Spaces, Prev: Modes, Up: Top + +19 Page styles +************** + +The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the +page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. + +* Menu: + +* \maketitle:: Generate a title page. +* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers. +* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style. +* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles + +19.1 '\maketitle' +================= + +The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title +page--except in the 'article' class, where the title is placed at the +top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is +obtained from the following declarations: + +'\author{NAME \and NAME2}' + The '\author' command declares the document author(s), where the + argument is a list of authors separated by '\and' commands. Use + '\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example, + to give the author's institution or address. + +'\date{TEXT}' + The '\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With + no '\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used. + +'\thanks{TEXT}' + The '\thanks' command produces a '\footnote' to the title, usually + used for credit acknowledgements. + +'\title{TEXT}' + The '\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document. + Use '\\' to force a line break, as usual. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page styles + +19.2 '\pagenumbering' +===================== + +Synopsis: + + \pagenumbering{STYLE} + + Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE: + +'arabic' + arabic numerals +'roman' + lowercase Roman numerals +'Roman' + uppercase Roman numerals +'alph' + lowercase letters +'Alph' + uppercase letters + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles + +19.3 '\pagestyle' +================= + +Synopsis: + + \pagestyle{STYLE} + + The '\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are +typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: + +'plain' + Just a plain page number. + +'empty' + Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. + +'headings' + Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies + what goes in the headers. + +'myheadings' + Custom headers, specified via the '\markboth' or the '\markright' + commands. + + Here are the descriptions of '\markboth' and '\markright': + +'\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}' + Sets both the left and the right heading. A "left-hand heading" + (LEFT) is generated by the last '\markboth' command before the end + of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT is generated by + the first '\markboth' or '\markright' that comes on the page if + there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. + +'\markright{RIGHT}' + Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page styles + +19.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}' +============================ + +The '\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the +'\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to +STYLE for the current page only. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Spaces, Next: Boxes, Prev: Page styles, Up: Top + +20 Spaces +********* + +LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. + + Another space-producing command is '\,' to produce a "thin" space +(usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often +useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::). + +* Menu: + +Horizontal space +* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. +* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. +* \SPACE:: Normal interword space. +* \AT:: Ending a sentence. +* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em. +* \/:: Per-character italic correction. +* \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule. +* \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots. + +Vertical space +* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. +* \bigskip \medskip \smallskip:: Fixed vertical spaces. +* \vfill:: Infinitely stretchable vertical space. +* \vspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \hfill, Up: Spaces + +20.1 '\hspace' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \hspace[*]{LENGTH} + + The '\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument can +be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc. +It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive space +with an '\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing. + + LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning +or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional '*' form. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \SPACE, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces + +20.2 '\hfill' +============= + +The '\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no +natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. + + The '\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the +glue value '0pt plus1fill'); thus, '\hspace\fill' is equivalent to +'\hfill'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \SPACE, Next: \AT, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces + +20.3 '\SPACE' +============= + +The '\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful +after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example 'Knuth's +article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is also often +used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.' + + In normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to +'\ '. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \AT, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \SPACE, Up: Spaces + +20.4 '\@' +========= + +The '\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a +sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a +capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without '\@': + + ... in C\@. Pascal, though ... + ... in C. Pascal, though ... + +produces + + ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \AT, Up: Spaces + +20.5 '\thinspace' +================= + +'\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 +of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '". + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces + +20.6 '\/' +========= + +The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space +defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the +character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character +typically has a large italic correction value. + + If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary +to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a +very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as +normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's +are nicely separated) with f: f;. + + Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic +correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space +after the 'f') with pdfTeX. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \dotfill, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces + +20.7 '\hrulefill' +================= + +The '\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can +stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal +rule. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces + +20.8 '\dotfill' +=============== + +The '\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots +instead of just white space. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces + +20.9 '\addvspace' +================= + +'\addvspace{length}' + + The '\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height +length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same +point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command, then this +command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length +of the total vertical space equal to 'length'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces + +20.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +==================================== + +These commands produce a given amount of space. + +'\bigskip' + The same as '\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line + space (with stretch and shrink). + +'\medskip' + The same as '\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a + line space (with stretch and shrink). + +'\smallskip' + The same as '\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter + of a line space (with stretch and shrink). + + The '\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces + +20.11 '\vfill' +============== + +The '\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can +stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to +'\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces + +20.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' +========================== + +Synopsis: + + \vspace[*]{LENGTH} + + The '\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber +length. LENGTH can be negative or positive. + + Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by '\vspace' at the +top or bottom of a page. With the optional '*' argument, the space is +not removed. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top + +21 Boxes +******** + +All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be +used in the arguments of the box-making commands. + +* Menu: + +* \mbox:: Horizontal boxes. +* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box. +* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox. +* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position. +* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode. +* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text. +* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. +* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +* \usebox:: Print saved text. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes + +21.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' +================== + +The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text +created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can +be used to prevent hyphenation. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox and \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Boxes + +21.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' +============================ + +Synopses: + + \fbox{TEXT} + \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} + + The '\fbox' and '\framebox' commands are like '\mbox', except that +they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. + + In addition, the '\framebox' command allows for explicit +specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a +dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. + + Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default +'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the +rule and the contents of the box. + + *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the +'picture' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes + +21.3 'lrbox' +============ + +'\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' + + This is the environment form of '\sbox'. + + The text inside the environment is saved in the box 'cmd', which must +have been declared with '\newsavebox'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes + +21.4 '\makebox' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} + + The '\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the +TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional WIDTH +argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the +optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: + +'c' + Centered (default). +'l' + Flush left. +'r' + Flush right. +'s' + Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain + stretchable space for this to work. + + '\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox +(picture)::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Boxes + +21.5 '\parbox' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT} + + The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in +'paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, +with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any +paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument. For larger +pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making +environment, you should use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::). + + '\parbox' has two mandatory arguments: + +WIDTH + the width of the parbox; +TEXT + the text that goes inside the parbox. + + The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or +bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text +(default is top). + + The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box. + + The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the +box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used. + +'t' + text is placed at the top of the box. +'c' + text is centered in the box. +'b' + text is placed at the bottom of the box. +'s' + stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable + space for this to work. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxes + +21.6 '\raisebox' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text} + + The '\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory +argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a +negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode. + + The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are +specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the +baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and +depth. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Boxes + +21.7 '\savebox' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT} + + This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with '\makebox' (*note +\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves +it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with +'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Boxes + +21.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' +=========================== + +Synopsis: + + \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT} + + '\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with '\mbox' (*note \mbox::) +except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal +output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been +previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: \sbox, Up: Boxes + +21.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD' +====================== + +Synopsis: + + \usebox{\BOXCMD} + + '\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a +'\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top + +22 Special insertions +********************* + +LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special +meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. + +* Menu: + +* Reserved characters:: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. +* Accents:: Inserting accents. +* Non-English characters:: Inserting other non-English characters. +* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles. +* \today:: Inserting today's date. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions + +22.1 Reserved characters +======================== + +The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called +"reserved characters" or "special characters". + + # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } + + Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will +do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as +itself, include a '\' in front of the character. For example, '\$' will +produce '$' in your output. + + One exception to this rule is '\' itself, because '\\' has its own +special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing +'$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter '\' is produced by using +'\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::). + + Also, '\~' and '\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the +following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone +'~' or '^', you can again use a verbatim command. + + Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you +know its number by using the '\symbol' command. For example, the +visible space character used in the '\verb*' command has the code +decimal 32, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'. + + You can also specify octal numbers with ''' or hexadecimal numbers +with '"', so the previous example could also be written as +'\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions + +22.2 Text symbols +================= + +LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in +running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not +available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. + +'\copyright' +'\textcopyright' + The copyright symbol, (C). + +'\dag' + The dagger symbol (in text). + +'\ddag' + The double dagger symbol (in text). + +'\LaTeX' + The LaTeX logo. + +'\guillemotleft (<<)' +'\guillemotright (>>)' +'\guilsinglleft (<)' +'\guilsinglright (>)' + Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: + <<, >>, <, >. + +'\ldots' +'\dots' +'\textellipsis' + An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): '...'. '\ldots' and + '\dots' also work in math mode. + +'\lq' + Left (opening) quote: '. + +'\P' +'\textparagraph' + Paragraph sign (pilcrow). + +'\pounds' +'\textsterling' + English pounds sterling: #. + +'\quotedblbase (,,)' +'\quotesinglbase (,)' + Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: ,, and ,. + +'\rq' + Right (closing) quote: '. + +'\S' + Section symbol. + +'\TeX' + The TeX logo. + +'\textasciicircum' + ASCII circumflex: ^. + +'\textasciitilde' + ASCII tilde: ~. + +'\textasteriskcentered' + Centered asterisk: *. + +'\textbackslash' + Backslash: \. + +'\textbar' + Vertical bar: |. + +'\textbardbl' + Double vertical bar. + +'\textbigcircle' + Big circle symbol. + +'\textbraceleft' + Left brace: {. + +'\textbraceright' + Right brace: }. + +'\textbullet' + Bullet: *. + +'\textcircled{LETTER}' + LETTER in a circle, as in (R). + +'\textcompwordmark' +'\textcapitalwordmark' +'\textascenderwordmark' + Composite word mark (invisible). The '\textcapital...' form has + the cap height of the font, while the '\textascender...' form has + the ascender height. + +'\textdagger' + Dagger: \dag. + +'\textdaggerdbl' + Double dagger: \ddag. + +'\textdollar (or '$')' + Dollar sign: $. + +'\textemdash (or '---')' + Em-dash: -- (for punctuation). + +'\textendash (or '--')' + En-dash: -- (for ranges). + +'\texteuro' + The Euro symbol: Euro. + +'\textexclamdown (or '!`')' + Upside down exclamation point: !. + +'\textgreater' + Greater than: >. + +'\textless' + Less than: <. + +'\textleftarrow' + Left arrow. + +'\textordfeminine' +'\textordmasculine' + Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: a, o. + +'\textperiodcentered' + Centered period: \cdot. + +'\textquestiondown (or '?`')' + Upside down questionation point: ?. + +'\textquotedblleft (or '``')' + Double left quote: ". + +'\textquotedblright (or ''')' + Double right quote: ". + +'\textquoteleft (or '`')' + Single left quote: '. + +'\textquoteright (or ''')' + Single right quote: '. + +'\textquotestraightbase' +'\textquotestraightdblbase' + Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. + +'\textregistered' + Registered symbol: (R). + +'\textrightarrow' + Right arrow. + +'\textthreequartersemdash' + "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. + +'\texttrademark' + Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. + +'\texttwelveudash' + "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. + +'\textunderscore' + Underscore: _. + +'\textvisiblespace' + Visible space symbol. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Non-English characters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions + +22.3 Accents +============ + +LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, +through the 'babel' package and related support. This section does not +attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists the core LaTeX +commands for creating accented characters. + + The '\capital...' commands produce alternative forms for use with +capital letters. These are not available with OT1. + +'\"' +'\capitaldieresis' + Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o". + +'\'' +'\capitalacute' + Produces an acute accent, as in o'. In the 'tabbing' environment, + pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note + tabbing::). + +'\.' + Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. + +'\=' +'\capitalmacron' + Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=. + +'\^' +'\capitalcircumflex' + Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^. + +'\`' +'\capitalgrave' + Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`. In the + 'tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin + (*note tabbing::). + +'\~' +'\capitaltilde' + Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~. + +'\b' + Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. + +'\c' +'\capitalcedilla' + Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c,. + +'\d' +'\capitaldotaccent' + Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. + +'\H' +'\capitalhungarumlaut' + Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in + o''. + +'\i' + Produces a dotless i, as in 'i'. + +'\j' + Produces a dotless j, as in 'j'. + +'\k' +'\capitalogonek' + Produces a letter with ogonek, as in 'o;'. Not available in the + OT1 encoding. + +'\r' +'\capitalring' + Produces a ring accent, as in 'o*'. + +'\t' +'\capitaltie' +'\newtie' +'\capitalnewtie' + Produces a tie-after accent, as in 'oo['. The '\newtie' form is + centered in its box. + +'\u' +'\capitalbreve' + Produces a breve accent, as in 'o('. + +'\underbar' + Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. + The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is + always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through + descenders. See also '\underline' in *note Math miscellany::. + +'\v' +'\capitalcaron' + Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in 'o<'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Non-English characters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions + +22.4 Non-English characters +=========================== + +Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used +in languages other than English. + +'\aa' +'\AA' + aa and AA. + +'\ae' +'\AE' + ae and AE. + +'\dh' +'\DH' + Icelandic letter eth: d and D. + +'\dj' +'\DJ' + xxxx + +'\ij' +'\IJ' + ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). + +'\l' +'\L' + /l and /L. + +'\ng' +'\NG' + xxxx + +'\o' +'\O' + /o and /O. + +'\oe' +'\OE' + oe and OE. + +'\ss' +'\SS' + ss and SS. + +'\th' +'\TH' + Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Non-English characters, Up: Special insertions + +22.5 '\rule' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS} + + The '\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles. +The arguments are: + +RAISE + How high to raise the rule (optional). + +WIDTH + The length of the rule (mandatory). + +THICKNESS + The thickness of the rule (mandatory). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions + +22.6 '\today' +============= + +The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD, +YYYY'; for example, 'July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters +'\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this. +It is not updated as the program runs. + + The 'datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of +other date formats. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top + +23 Splitting the input +********************** + +A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into +several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, +there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type +when you run LaTeX. + +* Menu: + +* \include:: Conditionally include a file. +* \includeonly:: Determine which files are included. +* \input:: Unconditionally include a file. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input + +23.1 '\include' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \include{FILE} + + If no '\includeonly' command is present, the '\include' command +executes '\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then +reads FILE, then does another '\clearpage'. + + Given an '\includeonly' command, the '\include' actions are only run +if FILE is listed as an argument to '\includeonly'. See the next +section. + + The '\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file +read by another '\include' command. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input + +23.2 \'includeonly' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...} + + The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by +subsequent '\include' commands. The list of filenames is +comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a +'\include' command for the selection to be effective. + + This command can only appear in the preamble. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input + +23.3 \input +=========== + +Synopsis: + + \input{FILE} + + The '\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and +processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at +that point. + + If FILE does not end in '.tex' (e.g., 'foo' or 'foo.bar'), it is +first tried with that extension ('foo.tex' or 'foo.bar.tex'). If that +is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar'). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top + +24 Front/back matter +******************** + +* Menu: + +* Tables of contents:: +* Glossaries:: +* Indexes:: + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter + +24.1 Tables of contents +======================= + +A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command. +You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; +LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must have generated a +'.toc' file. + + The '\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not +automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table +of contents, write a '\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents' +command. + + The analogous commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a +list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works +exactly the same as for the table of contents. + + The command '\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any +of these lists from being generated. + +* Menu: + +* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc. +* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents + +24.1.1 \addcontentsline +----------------------- + +The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the +specified list or table where: + +EXT + The extension of the file on which information is to be written, + typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of + figures), or 'lot' (list of tables). + +UNIT + The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the + following, matching the value of the EXT argument: + + 'toc' + The name of the sectional unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section', + 'subsection', 'subsubsection'. + 'lof' + For the list of figures. + 'lot' + For the list of tables. + +ENTRY + The actual text of the entry. + + What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command +'\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents + +24.1.2 \addtocontents +--------------------- + +The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting +commands) directly to the '.EXT' file that generates the table of +contents or lists of figures or tables. + +EXT + The extension of the file on which information is to be written: + 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of figures), or 'lot' (list + of tables). + +TEXT + The text to be written. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter + +24.2 Glossaries +=============== + +The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. + + The command '\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an +auxiliary file with the '.glo' extension. + + Specifically, what gets written is the command +'\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage' +value. + + The 'glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier +glossaries. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter + +24.3 Indexes +============ + +The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the +preamble. + + The command '\index{TEXT}' writes an index entry for TEXT to an +auxiliary file with the '.idx' extension. + + Specifically, what gets written is the command +'\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage' +value. + + To generate a index entry for 'bar' that says 'See foo', use a +vertical bar: '\index{bar|see{foo}}'. Use 'seealso' instead of 'see' to +make a 'See also' entry. + + The text 'See' is defined by the macro '\seename', and 'See also' by +the macro '\alsoname'. These can be redefined for other languages. + + The generated '.idx' file is then sorted with an external command, +usually either 'makeindex' ('http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex') +or (the multi-lingual) 'xindy' ('http://xindy.sourceforge.net'). This +results in a '.ind' file, which can then be read to typeset the index. + + The index is usually generated with the '\printindex' command. This +is defined in the 'makeidx' package, so '\usepackage{makeidx}' needs to +be in the preamble. + + The rubber length '\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter in +the printed index; its default value is '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'. + + The 'showidx' package causes each index entries to be shown in the +margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing +the index. + + The 'multind' package supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX +FAQ entry on this topic, +'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal input/output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top + +25 Letters +********** + +You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +'letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, +although you can make just one if you so desire. + + Your '.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other +document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a +minimum: + + \documentclass{letter} + \begin{document} + ... letters ... + \end{document} + + Each letter is a 'letter' environment, whose argument is the name and +address of the recipient. For example, you might have: + + \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. + \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} + ... + \end{letter} + + The letter itself begins with the '\opening' command. The text of +the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that +make no sense in a letter, like '\chapter', do not work. The letter +closes with a '\closing' command. + + After the 'closing', you can have additional material. The '\cc' +command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar '\encl' +command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use '\\' to +separate the items. + + These commands are used with the 'letter' class. + +* Menu: + +* \address:: Your return address. +* \cc:: Cc list. +* \closing:: Saying goodbye. +* \encl:: List of enclosed material. +* \location:: Your organisation's address. +* \makelabels:: Making address labels. +* \name:: Your name, for the return address. +* \opening:: Saying hello. +* \ps:: Adding a postscript. +* \signature:: Your signature. +* \startbreaks:: Allow page breaks. +* \stopbreaks:: Disallow page breaks. +* \telephone:: Your phone number. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters + +25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} +============================= + +The '\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should +appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address +should be separated by '\\' commands. + + If you do not make an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be +formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. +(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you +give an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a +personal letter. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters + +25.2 '\cc' +========== + +Synopsis: + + \cc{NAME1\\NAME2} + + Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to. Each name is +printed on a separate line. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters + +25.3 '\closing' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \closing{text} + + A letter closes with a '\closing' command, for example, + \closing{Best Regards,} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters + +25.4 '\encl' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \encl{LINE1\\LINE2} + + Declare a list of one more enclosures. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters + +25.5 '\location' +================ + +'\location{address}' + + This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only +appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters + +25.6 '\makelabels' +================== + +'\makelabels{number}' + + If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet +of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters + +25.7 '\name' +============ + +'\name{June Davenport}' + + Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return +address. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters + +25.8 '\opening{TEXT}' +===================== + +Synopsis: + + \opening{TEXT} + + A letter begins with the '\opening' command. The mandatory argument, +TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance: + + \opening{Dear Joe,} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters + +25.9 '\ps' +========== + +Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after +'\closing'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \startbreaks, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters + +25.10 '\signature{TEXT}' +======================== + +Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the +space for your signature. '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters + +25.11 '\startbreaks' +==================== + +'\startbreaks' + + Used after a '\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, Up: Letters + +25.12 '\stopbreaks' +=================== + +'\stopbreaks' + + Inhibit page breaks until a '\startbreaks' command occurs. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \stopbreaks, Up: Letters + +25.13 '\telephone' +================== + +'\telephone{number}' + + This is your telephone number. This only appears if the 'firstpage' +pagestyle is selected. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top + +26 Terminal input/output +************************ + +* Menu: + +* \typein:: Read text from the terminal. +* \typeout:: Write text to the terminal. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output + +26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +======================== + +Synopsis: + + \typein[\CMD]{MSG} + + '\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and +wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the +optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it +had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein' command. +If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. This +command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output + +26.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +==================== + +Synopsis: + + \typeout{MSG} + + Prints 'msg' on the terminal and in the 'log' file. Commands in +'msg' that are defined with '\newcommand' or '\renewcommand' (among +others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed. + + LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space +and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'. A '\space' +command in 'msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of +surrounding spaces. A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal input/output, Up: Top + +27 Command line +*************** + +The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX +uses '.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file +entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command +options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. + + latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' + +will process 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error. + + If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a '*' +prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type '\stop' (and return) and +it will prematurely end the document. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Document templates, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Command line, Up: Top + +Appendix A Document templates +***************************** + +Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will +be useful. Additional template resources are listed +'http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates'. + +* Menu: + +* book template:: +* beamer template:: +* tugboat template:: + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: book template, Next: beamer template, Up: Document templates + +A.1 'book' template +=================== + +\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: beamer template, Next: tugboat template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates + +A.2 'beamer' template +===================== + +The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations. + +\documentclass{beamer} + +\title{Beamer Class template} +\author{Alex Author} +\date{July 31, 2007} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors. +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{First Slide} + +\begin{verbatim} + This is \verbatim! +\end{verbatim} + +\end{frame} + +\end{document} + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: tugboat template, Prev: beamer template, Up: Document templates + +A.3 'tugboat' template +====================== + +'TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group, +'http://tug.org/TUGboat'. + +\documentclass{ltugboat} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{ifpdf} +\ifpdf +\usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black, + urlcolor=black]{hyperref} +\else +\usepackage{url} +\fi + +\title{Example \TUB\ article} + +% repeat info for each author. +\author{First Last} +\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country} +\netaddress{user (at) example dot org} +\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +This is an example article for \TUB{}. +\end{abstract} + +\section{Introduction} + +This is an example article for \TUB, from +\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. + +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the +hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. + +The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: + +% verbatim blocks are often better in \small +\begin{verbatim}[\small] +\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW +\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX +\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP +\TUB \TUG \tug +\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE + +\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag +\careof \thinskip + +\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use! +\cs{fred} -> \fred +\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} +\meta{fred} -> <fred> +\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... +\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 +\booktitle{Book of Fred} +\end{verbatim} + +For more information, see the ltubguid document at: +\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat} +(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references). + +Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. + +\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style +\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty +\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX + +\makesignature +\end{document} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Command Index, Prev: Document templates, Up: Top + +Concept Index +************* + + +* Menu: + +* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 15) +* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31) +* '.glo' file: Glossaries. (line 8) +* '.idx' file: Indexes. (line 9) +* '.ind' file: Indexes. (line 23) +* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 16) +* abstracts: abstract. (line 6) +* accents: Accents. (line 6) +* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6) +* accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters. (line 25) +* acute accent: Accents. (line 20) +* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 11) +* ae ligature: Non-English characters. + (line 15) +* align environment, from 'amsmath': eqnarray. (line 6) +* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6) +* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6) +* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray. (line 6) +* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 37) +* aring: Non-English characters. + (line 11) +* arrays, math: array. (line 6) +* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 128) +* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 160) +* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 96) +* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 61) +* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 64) +* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) +* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12) +* auxiliary file: Overview. (line 45) +* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 70) +* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) +* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) +* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 29) +* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 14) +* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 46) +* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 8) +* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6) +* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) +* black boxes, omitting: Document class options. + (line 27) +* bold font: Font styles. (line 74) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 18) +* boxes: Boxes. (line 6) +* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) +* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) +* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6) +* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6) +* breve accent: Accents. (line 85) +* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 17) +* bug reporting: About this document. (line 13) +* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 87) +* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) +* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6) +* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 77) +* cap height: Text symbols. (line 96) +* caron accent: Accents. (line 95) +* case sensitivity of LaTeX: Overview. (line 57) +* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6) +* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 50) +* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) +* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 135) +* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6) +* centering text, environment for: center. (line 6) +* characters, accented: Accents. (line 6) +* characters, non-English: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* characters, reserved: Reserved characters. (line 6) +* check accent: Accents. (line 95) +* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 20) +* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) +* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 91) +* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 33) +* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 32) +* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 61) +* class options: Document class options. + (line 6) +* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 6) +* closing letters: \closing. (line 6) +* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 52) +* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* command line: Command line. (line 6) +* commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 96) +* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 12) +* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6) +* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 6) +* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 6) +* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 6) +* creating letters: Letters. (line 6) +* creating pictures: picture. (line 6) +* creating tables: table. (line 6) +* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 22) +* cross references: Cross references. (line 6) +* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 6) +* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 6) +* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 107) +* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 116) +* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 104) +* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 15) +* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 101) +* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18) +* 'datetime' package: \today. (line 11) +* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 6) +* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 6) +* definitions: Definitions. (line 6) +* description lists, creating: description. (line 6) +* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 16) +* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 7) +* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation. + (line 6) +* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote. + (line 6) +* document class options: Document class options. + (line 6) +* document classes: Document classes. (line 6) +* document templates: Document templates. (line 6) +* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 107) +* dot accent: Accents. (line 25) +* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 26) +* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 25) +* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 54) +* dotless i: Accents. (line 62) +* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 35) +* dotless j: Accents. (line 65) +* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 38) +* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) +* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 18) +* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 104) +* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 23) +* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 27) +* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 141) +* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 49) +* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 154) +* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 144) +* double spacing: Low-level font commands. + (line 52) +* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) +* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 113) +* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 33) +* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 110) +* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 163) +* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 169) +* emphasis: Font styles. (line 27) +* emphasis <1>: Font styles. (line 80) +* enclosure list: \encl. (line 6) +* ending & starting: Starting & ending. (line 6) +* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6) +* environments: Environments. (line 6) +* environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 29) +* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6) +* equations, environment for: equation. (line 6) +* es-zet German letter: Non-English characters. + (line 47) +* eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters. + (line 19) +* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 116) +* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 119) +* exponent: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 6) +* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 132) +* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21) +* figures, inserting: figure. (line 6) +* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 98) +* 'float' package: figure. (line 34) +* 'float' package <1>: figure. (line 38) +* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 6) +* font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. + (line 6) +* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) +* font styles: Font styles. (line 6) +* fonts: Typefaces. (line 6) +* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 6) +* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. (line 6) +* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 21) +* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6) +* footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes. + (line 6) +* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 6) +* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 6) +* fragile commands: \protect. (line 6) +* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) +* functions, math: Math functions. (line 6) +* global options: Document class options. + (line 6) +* global options <1>: Document class options. + (line 76) +* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6) +* grave accent: Accents. (line 37) +* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29) +* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 122) +* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 6) +* ha'c<ek accent, math: Math accents. (line 20) +* hacek accent: Accents. (line 95) +* hat accent: Accents. (line 33) +* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 32) +* header style: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* header, parameters for: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* here, putting floats: figure. (line 38) +* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 58) +* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6) +* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6) +* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox. (line 6) +* Icelandic eth: Non-English characters. + (line 19) +* Icelandic thorn: Non-English characters. + (line 51) +* ij letter, Dutch: Non-English characters. + (line 27) +* in-line formulas: math. (line 6) +* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6) +* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6) +* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 17) +* indexes: Indexes. (line 6) +* input file: Splitting the input. (line 6) +* input/output: Terminal input/output. + (line 6) +* inserting figures: figure. (line 6) +* italic font: Font styles. (line 83) +* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6) +* Knuth, Donald E.: About this document. (line 6) +* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 6) +* Lamport, Leslie: About this document. (line 6) +* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 21) +* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 8) +* LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 6) +* layout commands: Layout. (line 6) +* layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) +* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 128) +* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) +* left quote: Text symbols. (line 37) +* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 141) +* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 147) +* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6) +* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) +* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6) +* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6) +* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 6) +* lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6) +* lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 6) +* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 6) +* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125) +* letters: Letters. (line 6) +* letters, accented: Accents. (line 6) +* letters, ending: \closing. (line 6) +* letters, non-English: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* letters, starting: \opening. (line 6) +* line break, forcing: \\. (line 6) +* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 6) +* line breaks, forcing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* lines in tables: tabular. (line 6) +* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6) +* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6) +* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) +* lists of items: itemize. (line 6) +* lists of items, generic: list. (line 6) +* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6) +* loading additional packages: Document class options. + (line 69) +* log file: Overview. (line 41) +* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 21) +* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 58) +* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 49) +* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands. + (line 6) +* lR mode: Modes. (line 6) +* LuaTeX: Overview. (line 32) +* macron accent: Accents. (line 29) +* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 14) +* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 6) +* 'makeidx' package: Indexes. (line 28) +* 'makeindex' program: Indexes. (line 23) +* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6) +* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6) +* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 132) +* math accents: Math accents. (line 6) +* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 6) +* math functions: Math functions. (line 6) +* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 6) +* math mode: Modes. (line 6) +* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 6) +* math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode. + (line 6) +* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6) +* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6) +* modes: Modes. (line 6) +* monospace font: Font styles. (line 98) +* moving arguments: \protect. (line 6) +* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 6) +* 'multind' package: Indexes. (line 39) +* multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany. + (line 7) +* nested '\include', not allowed: \include. (line 18) +* new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 6) +* new line, starting: \\. (line 6) +* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6) +* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6) +* non-English characters: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 21) +* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) +* oblique font: Font styles. (line 95) +* oe ligature: Non-English characters. + (line 43) +* ogonek: Accents. (line 69) +* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 6) +* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 37) +* options, document class: Document class options. + (line 6) +* options, global: Document class options. + (line 76) +* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 132) +* oslash: Non-English characters. + (line 39) +* overbar accent: Accents. (line 29) +* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 26) +* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 8) +* packages, loading: Document class options. + (line 69) +* page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 6) +* page layout parameters: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 6) +* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6) +* page styles: Page styles. (line 6) +* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 17) +* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation. (line 6) +* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote. (line 6) +* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6) +* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 41) +* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6) +* parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6) +* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* pdfTeX: Overview. (line 26) +* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 135) +* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6) +* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 41) +* placement of floats: figure. (line 19) +* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6) +* polish l: Non-English characters. + (line 31) +* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6) +* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 45) +* preamble, defined: Starting & ending. (line 17) +* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 6) +* prompt, '*': Command line. (line 15) +* questionation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 138) +* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 27) +* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 154) +* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation. + (line 6) +* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote. + (line 6) +* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 6) +* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 6) +* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) +* redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 157) +* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 13) +* reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6) +* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) +* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 160) +* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) +* right quote: Text symbols. (line 52) +* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 144) +* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 150) +* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6) +* ring accent: Accents. (line 74) +* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 41) +* robust commands: \protect. (line 16) +* roman font: Font styles. (line 86) +* running header and footer: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 92) +* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 77) +* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 47) +* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 55) +* sectioning: Sectioning. (line 6) +* 'setspace' package: Low-level font commands. + (line 52) +* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6) +* sharp S letters: Non-English characters. + (line 47) +* 'showidx' package: Indexes. (line 35) +* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6) +* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) +* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 27) +* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 147) +* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 49) +* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 150) +* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6) +* slanted font: Font styles. (line 95) +* small caps font: Font styles. (line 89) +* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6) +* spaces: Spaces. (line 6) +* spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. + (line 6) +* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 132) +* special characters: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* specifier, float placement: figure. (line 19) +* splitting the input file: Splitting the input. (line 6) +* starting & ending: Starting & ending. (line 6) +* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6) +* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 6) +* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 6) +* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 45) +* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 154) +* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 154) +* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6) +* styles of text: Font styles. (line 6) +* styles, page: Page styles. (line 6) +* subscript: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 6) +* superscript: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 6) +* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 6) +* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6) +* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. (line 6) +* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 6) +* tables, creating: table. (line 6) +* terminal input/output: Terminal input/output. + (line 6) +* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 58) +* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6) +* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22) +* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6) +* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6) +* thorn, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters. + (line 51) +* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 163) +* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 80) +* tilde accent: Accents. (line 43) +* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 44) +* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 64) +* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6) +* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26) +* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6) +* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 166) +* transcript file: Overview. (line 41) +* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6) +* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 169) +* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6) +* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) +* typeface styles: Font styles. (line 6) +* typefaces: Typefaces. (line 6) +* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 98) +* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 18) +* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 16) +* underbar: Accents. (line 88) +* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 172) +* unordered lists: itemize. (line 6) +* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 6) +* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 47) +* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6) +* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6) +* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) +* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) +* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 6) +* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 6) +* visible space: \verb. (line 17) +* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 175) +* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 50) +* wide tile accent, math: Math accents. (line 53) +* XeTeX: Overview. (line 35) +* 'xindy' program: Indexes. (line 23) + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Command Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top + +Command Index +************* + + +* Menu: + +* $: Math formulas. (line 24) +* .aux file: Overview. (line 45) +* .dvi file: Overview. (line 18) +* .log file: Overview. (line 41) +* .pdf file: Overview. (line 26) +* .toc file: Tables of contents. (line 6) +* 10pt option: Document class options. + (line 14) +* 11pt option: Document class options. + (line 14) +* 12pt option: Document class options. + (line 14) +* @{...}: array. (line 29) +* [...] for optional arguments: Overview. (line 51) +* \ character starting commands: Overview. (line 51) +* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 16) +* \#: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \$: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \%: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \&: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 45) +* \(: Math formulas. (line 16) +* \): Math formulas. (line 16) +* \*: Math miscellany. (line 6) +* \+: tabbing. (line 37) +* \,: Spacing in math mode. + (line 17) +* \-: tabbing. (line 41) +* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6) +* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 25) +* \/: \/. (line 6) +* \:: Spacing in math mode. + (line 15) +* \;: Spacing in math mode. + (line 12) +* \<: tabbing. (line 33) +* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 29) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 27) +* \>: tabbing. (line 31) +* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. + (line 15) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 30) +* \@: \AT. (line 6) +* \@fnsymbol: Symbolic footnotes. (line 11) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 60) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \aa (aa): Non-English characters. + (line 11) +* \AA (AA): Non-English characters. + (line 11) +* \acute: Math accents. (line 10) +* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: \addcontentsline. (line 6) +* \address: \address. (line 6) +* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 6) +* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 6) +* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 6) +* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 6) +* \ae (ae): Non-English characters. + (line 15) +* \AE (AE): Non-English characters. + (line 15) +* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 14) +* \alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 9) +* \Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 12) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 39) +* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 17) +* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 20) +* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 20) +* \and for '\author': \maketitle. (line 12) +* \angle: Math symbols. (line 23) +* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 37) +* \approx: Math symbols. (line 26) +* \arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 15) +* \arccos: Math functions. (line 9) +* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 12) +* \arctan: Math functions. (line 15) +* \arg: Math functions. (line 18) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 41) +* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 100) +* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 104) +* \ast: Math symbols. (line 29) +* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 32) +* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46) +* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 35) +* \backslash <1>: Reserved characters. (line 16) +* \bar: Math accents. (line 13) +* \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. + (line 46) +* \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands. + (line 52) +* \begin: Environments. (line 6) +* \beta: Math symbols. (line 38) +* \bf: Font styles. (line 73) +* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 33) +* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6) +* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 41) +* \bigcap <1>: Math symbols. (line 71) +* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 44) +* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 47) +* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 50) +* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 53) +* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 56) +* \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 9) +* \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 9) +* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 65) +* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 59) +* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 62) +* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 68) +* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 74) +* \bmod: Math functions. (line 21) +* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 29) +* \bot: Math symbols. (line 77) +* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 67) +* \bottomnumber: figure. (line 100) +* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 80) +* \Box: Math symbols. (line 83) +* \breve: Math accents. (line 16) +* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 86) +* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 50) +* \cal: Font styles. (line 76) +* \cap: Math symbols. (line 89) +* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 20) +* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 85) +* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 95) +* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 50) +* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 33) +* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 16) +* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 54) +* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 37) +* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 58) +* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 29) +* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 80) +* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 69) +* \capitalring: Accents. (line 74) +* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 80) +* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 43) +* \caption: figure. (line 60) +* \cc: \cc. (line 6) +* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 92) +* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 10) +* \centering: \centering. (line 6) +* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 9) +* \check: Math accents. (line 19) +* \chi: Math symbols. (line 95) +* \circ: Math symbols. (line 98) +* \circle: \circle. (line 6) +* \cite: \cite. (line 6) +* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 6) +* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 6) +* \cline: \cline. (line 6) +* \closing: \closing. (line 6) +* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 101) +* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 16) +* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 19) +* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 23) +* \cong: Math symbols. (line 104) +* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 29) +* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 107) +* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 10) +* \cos: Math functions. (line 24) +* \cosh: Math functions. (line 27) +* \cot: Math functions. (line 30) +* \coth: Math functions. (line 33) +* \csc: Math functions. (line 36) +* \cup: Math symbols. (line 110) +* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 54) +* \dag: Text symbols. (line 14) +* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 113) +* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6) +* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 116) +* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 17) +* \day: \day \month \year. (line 6) +* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 34) +* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 38) +* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 43) +* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 29) +* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 17) +* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 119) +* \ddot: Math accents. (line 22) +* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 14) +* \deg: Math functions. (line 39) +* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 122) +* \delta: Math symbols. (line 125) +* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 10) +* \det: Math functions. (line 42) +* \dh (ae): Non-English characters. + (line 19) +* \DH (AE): Non-English characters. + (line 19) +* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 128) +* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 131) +* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 134) +* \dim: Math functions. (line 45) +* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 34) +* \div: Math symbols. (line 137) +* \dj: Non-English characters. + (line 23) +* \DJ: Non-English characters. + (line 23) +* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6) +* \dot: Math accents. (line 25) +* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 140) +* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 6) +* \dots: Text symbols. (line 31) +* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 108) +* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 143) +* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 146) +* \ell: Math symbols. (line 149) +* \em: Font styles. (line 79) +* \emph: Font styles. (line 27) +* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 152) +* \encl: \encl. (line 6) +* \end: Environments. (line 6) +* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 29) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 29) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 29) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 29) +* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 155) +* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 158) +* \eta: Math symbols. (line 161) +* \evensidemargin: Document class options. + (line 50) +* \exists: Math symbols. (line 164) +* \exp: Math functions. (line 48) +* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 71) +* \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6) +* \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). (line 14) +* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18) +* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 14) +* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18) +* \fill: \hfill. (line 9) +* \flat: Math symbols. (line 167) +* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 70) +* \floatsep: figure. (line 85) +* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 6) +* \fnsymbol: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 24) +* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: Symbolic footnotes. (line 11) +* \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. + (line 11) +* \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. + (line 14) +* \fontseries: Low-level font commands. + (line 23) +* \fontshape: Low-level font commands. + (line 34) +* \fontsize: Low-level font commands. + (line 46) +* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6) +* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6) +* \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. (line 6) +* \footnotesep: Footnote parameters. (line 12) +* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 6) +* \footskip: Page layout parameters. + (line 16) +* \forall: Math symbols. (line 170) +* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 18) +* \frac{num}{den}: Math miscellany. (line 17) +* \frame: \frame. (line 6) +* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6) +* \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6) +* \frown: Math symbols. (line 173) +* \fussy: \fussy. (line 6) +* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 176) +* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 179) +* \gcd: Math functions. (line 51) +* \ge: Math symbols. (line 182) +* \geq: Math symbols. (line 185) +* \gets: Math symbols. (line 188) +* \gg: Math symbols. (line 191) +* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8) +* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11) +* \grave: Math accents. (line 28) +* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 23) +* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 24) +* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 25) +* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 26) +* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 58) +* \hat: Math accents. (line 31) +* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 194) +* \headheight: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* \headsep: Page layout parameters. + (line 11) +* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 197) +* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 8) +* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6) +* \hline: \hline. (line 6) +* \hom: Math functions. (line 54) +* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 200) +* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 203) +* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 6) +* \hsize: Page layout parameters. + (line 56) +* \hspace: \hspace. (line 6) +* \huge: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6) +* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 62) +* \iff: Math symbols. (line 206) +* \ij (ij): Non-English characters. + (line 27) +* \IJ (IJ): Non-English characters. + (line 27) +* \Im: Math symbols. (line 209) +* \imath: Math accents. (line 34) +* \in: Math symbols. (line 212) +* \include: \include. (line 6) +* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6) +* \indent: \indent. (line 6) +* \index: Indexes. (line 9) +* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 12) +* \inf: Math functions. (line 57) +* \infty: Math symbols. (line 215) +* \input: \input. (line 6) +* \int: Math symbols. (line 218) +* \intextsep: figure. (line 89) +* \iota: Math symbols. (line 221) +* \it: Font styles. (line 82) +* \item: description. (line 14) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 19) +* \item <2>: itemize. (line 6) +* \itemindent: itemize. (line 49) +* \itemsep: itemize. (line 71) +* \itshape: Font styles. (line 24) +* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 65) +* \jmath: Math accents. (line 37) +* \Join: Math symbols. (line 224) +* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 69) +* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 227) +* \ker: Math functions. (line 60) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 65) +* \l (/l): Non-English characters. + (line 31) +* \L (/L): Non-English characters. + (line 31) +* \label: \label. (line 6) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 33) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 33) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 33) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 33) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 29) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 29) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 29) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 29) +* \labelsep: itemize. (line 52) +* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 55) +* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 230) +* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 233) +* \land: Math symbols. (line 236) +* \langle: Math symbols. (line 239) +* \large: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \Large: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 20) +* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 242) +* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 245) +* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 248) +* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 30) +* \le: Math symbols. (line 251) +* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 254) +* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 20) +* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 256) +* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 259) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 34) +* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 262) +* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 265) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 36) +* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 268) +* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 271) +* \leq: Math symbols. (line 274) +* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 277) +* \lg: Math functions. (line 63) +* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 280) +* \lim: Math functions. (line 66) +* \liminf: Math functions. (line 69) +* \limsup: Math functions. (line 72) +* \line: \line. (line 6) +* \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* \linespread: Low-level font commands. + (line 59) +* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 6) +* \linewidth: Page layout parameters. + (line 21) +* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16) +* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16) +* \listparindent: itemize. (line 58) +* \ll: Math symbols. (line 283) +* \ln: Math functions. (line 75) +* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 286) +* \location: \location. (line 6) +* \log: Math functions. (line 78) +* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 289) +* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 292) +* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 295) +* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 298) +* \lor: Math symbols. (line 301) +* \lq: Text symbols. (line 36) +* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6) +* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6) +* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6) +* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6) +* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6) +* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6) +* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 304) +* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* \marginparpush: Marginal notes. (line 33) +* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 37) +* \marginparwidth: Marginal notes. (line 41) +* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 29) +* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 36) +* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 49) +* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 62) +* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 60) +* \mathring: Math accents. (line 40) +* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 47) +* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 51) +* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 53) +* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 64) +* \max: Math functions. (line 81) +* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6) +* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 30) +* \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 13) +* \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 13) +* \mho: Math symbols. (line 307) +* \mid: Math symbols. (line 309) +* \min: Math functions. (line 84) +* \models: Math symbols. (line 312) +* \month: \day \month \year. (line 6) +* \mp: Math symbols. (line 315) +* \mu: Math symbols. (line 318) +* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6) +* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6) +* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 321) +* \name: \name. (line 6) +* \natural: Math symbols. (line 324) +* \ne: Math symbols. (line 327) +* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 330) +* \neg: Math symbols. (line 333) +* \neq: Math symbols. (line 336) +* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6) +* \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* \newfont: \newfont. (line 6) +* \newlength: \newlength. (line 6) +* \newline: \newline. (line 6) +* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 6) +* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6) +* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6) +* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6) +* \newtie: Accents. (line 80) +* \ng: Non-English characters. + (line 35) +* \NG: Non-English characters. + (line 35) +* \ni: Math symbols. (line 339) +* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6) +* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 20) +* \noindent: \noindent. (line 6) +* \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 29) +* \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 45) +* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 21) +* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \not: Math symbols. (line 342) +* \notin: Math symbols. (line 345) +* \nu: Math symbols. (line 348) +* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 351) +* \o (/o): Non-English characters. + (line 39) +* \O (/O): Non-English characters. + (line 39) +* \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 6) +* \oddsidemargin: Document class options. + (line 50) +* \odot: Math symbols. (line 354) +* \oe (oe): Non-English characters. + (line 43) +* \OE (OE): Non-English characters. + (line 43) +* \oint: Math symbols. (line 357) +* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 360) +* \omega: Math symbols. (line 363) +* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 366) +* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6) +* \opening: \opening. (line 6) +* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 369) +* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 372) +* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 375) +* \oval: \oval. (line 6) +* \overbrace{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 25) +* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 29) +* \owns: Math symbols. (line 378) +* \P: Text symbols. (line 39) +* \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6) +* \pageref: \pageref. (line 6) +* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 14) +* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 381) +* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6) +* \parindent: minipage. (line 17) +* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6) +* \parsep: itemize. (line 76) +* \parskip: \parskip. (line 6) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 92) +* \part: Sectioning. (line 8) +* \partial: Math symbols. (line 384) +* \partopsep: itemize. (line 86) +* \perp: Math symbols. (line 387) +* \phi: Math symbols. (line 390) +* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 393) +* \pi: Math symbols. (line 396) +* \pm: Math symbols. (line 399) +* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 71) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 72) +* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 43) +* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90) +* \prec: Math symbols. (line 402) +* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 405) +* \prime: Math symbols. (line 408) +* \prod: Math symbols. (line 411) +* \propto: Math symbols. (line 414) +* \protect: \protect. (line 6) +* \ps: \ps. (line 6) +* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 417) +* \psi: Math symbols. (line 420) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 74) +* \put: \put. (line 6) +* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 47) +* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 48) +* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 74) +* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 6) +* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6) +* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6) +* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 423) +* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 426) +* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 429) +* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 432) +* \Re: Math symbols. (line 435) +* \ref: \ref. (line 6) +* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6) +* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 6) +* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 21) +* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 438) +* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 441) +* \rho: Math symbols. (line 444) +* \right: Math miscellany. (line 21) +* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 447) +* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 450) +* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 453) +* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 456) +* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 459) +* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 62) +* \rm: Font styles. (line 85) +* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 21) +* \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 18) +* \roman <1>: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 21) +* \rq: Text symbols. (line 51) +* \rule: \rule. (line 6) +* \S: Text symbols. (line 54) +* \savebox: \savebox. (line 6) +* \sbox: \sbox. (line 6) +* \sc: Font styles. (line 88) +* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \scshape: Font styles. (line 41) +* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 462) +* \sec: Math functions. (line 93) +* \section: Sectioning. (line 11) +* \seename: Indexes. (line 20) +* \selectfont: Low-level font commands. + (line 65) +* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6) +* \setlength: \setlength. (line 6) +* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 465) +* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6) +* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6) +* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6) +* \sf: Font styles. (line 91) +* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 39) +* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 468) +* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6) +* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 471) +* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 474) +* \signature: \signature. (line 6) +* \sim: Math symbols. (line 477) +* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 480) +* \sin: Math functions. (line 96) +* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99) +* \sl: Font styles. (line 94) +* \slshape: Font styles. (line 37) +* \small: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 483) +* \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 17) +* \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 17) +* \smile: Math symbols. (line 486) +* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 6) +* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 489) +* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 492) +* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 495) +* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: Math miscellany. (line 32) +* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 498) +* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 501) +* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 504) +* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 507) +* \ss (ss): Non-English characters. + (line 47) +* \SS (SS): Non-English characters. + (line 47) +* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 38) +* \star: Math symbols. (line 510) +* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 6) +* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6) +* \stop: Command line. (line 15) +* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 6) +* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 15) +* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 12) +* \subset: Math symbols. (line 513) +* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 516) +* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 13) +* \succ: Math symbols. (line 519) +* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 522) +* \sum: Math symbols. (line 525) +* \sup: Math functions. (line 102) +* \supset: Math symbols. (line 528) +* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 531) +* \surd: Math symbols. (line 534) +* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 537) +* \symbol: Reserved characters. (line 25) +* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 80) +* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 6) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 79) +* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 112) +* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6) +* \tan: Math functions. (line 105) +* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108) +* \tau: Math symbols. (line 540) +* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6) +* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 57) +* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 95) +* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 60) +* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 63) +* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 66) +* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 69) +* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 72) +* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 75) +* \textbf: Font styles. (line 33) +* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 78) +* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 81) +* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 84) +* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 87) +* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 94) +* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 90) +* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 93) +* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 11) +* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 100) +* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 103) +* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 106) +* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 32) +* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 109) +* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 112) +* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 115) +* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 118) +* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 94) +* \textfraction: figure. (line 74) +* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 121) +* \textheight: Page layout parameters. + (line 29) +* \textit: Font styles. (line 24) +* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 127) +* \textless: Text symbols. (line 124) +* \textmd: Font styles. (line 30) +* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 45) +* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 130) +* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 131) +* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 40) +* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 134) +* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 137) +* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 140) +* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 143) +* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 146) +* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 149) +* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 152) +* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 153) +* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 156) +* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 159) +* \textrm: Font styles. (line 21) +* \textsc: Font styles. (line 41) +* \textsf: Font styles. (line 39) +* \textsl: Font styles. (line 37) +* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 44) +* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 162) +* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 165) +* \texttt: Font styles. (line 43) +* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 168) +* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 171) +* \textup: Font styles. (line 35) +* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 174) +* \textwidth: Page layout parameters. + (line 36) +* \th (th): Non-English characters. + (line 51) +* \TH (TH): Non-English characters. + (line 51) +* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 21) +* \theta: Math symbols. (line 543) +* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6) +* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 6) +* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 6) +* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6) +* \tilde: Math accents. (line 43) +* \times: Math symbols. (line 546) +* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 25) +* \to: Math symbols. (line 549) +* \today: \today. (line 6) +* \top: Math symbols. (line 552) +* \topfraction: figure. (line 79) +* \topmargin: Page layout parameters. + (line 60) +* \topnumber: figure. (line 104) +* \topsep: itemize. (line 80) +* \topskip: Page layout parameters. + (line 67) +* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12) +* \totalnumber: figure. (line 108) +* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 555) +* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 558) +* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 561) +* \tt: Font styles. (line 97) +* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 43) +* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6) +* \typein: \typein. (line 6) +* \typeout: \typeout. (line 6) +* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 85) +* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 29) +* \underbar: Accents. (line 88) +* \underbrace{math}: Math miscellany. (line 42) +* \underline{text}: Math miscellany. (line 45) +* \unitlength: picture. (line 10) +* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 564) +* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 567) +* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 570) +* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 573) +* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 576) +* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 579) +* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 582) +* \upshape: Font styles. (line 35) +* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 585) +* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 588) +* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6) +* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6) +* \usefont: Low-level font commands. + (line 69) +* \usepackage: Document class options. + (line 69) +* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 95) +* \value: \value. (line 6) +* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 591) +* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 594) +* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 597) +* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 600) +* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 603) +* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 606) +* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 609) +* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 50) +* \vdots <1>: Math miscellany. (line 51) +* \vec: Math accents. (line 46) +* \vector: \vector. (line 6) +* \vee: Math symbols. (line 612) +* \verb: \verb. (line 6) +* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 615) +* \vert: Math symbols. (line 618) +* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6) +* \vline: \vline. (line 6) +* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6) +* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 621) +* \widehat: Math accents. (line 49) +* \widehat <1>: Math accents. (line 52) +* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 6) +* \wp: Math symbols. (line 624) +* \wr: Math symbols. (line 627) +* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 630) +* \xi: Math symbols. (line 633) +* \year: \day \month \year. (line 6) +* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 636) +* \[: Math formulas. (line 16) +* \\ (for 'array'): array. (line 26) +* \\ (for 'center'): center. (line 13) +* \\ (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 21) +* \\ (for 'flushright'): flushright. (line 12) +* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects): \shortstack. (line 20) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 24) +* \\ for 'flushleft': flushleft. (line 12) +* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 32) +* \\ for 'tabular': tabular. (line 23) +* \\ for 'verse': verse. (line 17) +* \\ for '\author': \maketitle. (line 12) +* \\ for '\title': \maketitle. (line 26) +* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6) +* \\* (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 26) +* \]: Math formulas. (line 16) +* \^: Reserved characters. (line 21) +* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33) +* \_: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 51) +* \{: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \|: Math symbols. (line 11) +* \}: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \~: Reserved characters. (line 21) +* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 43) +* ^: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 6) +* _: Subscripts & superscripts. + (line 6) +* {...} for required arguments: Overview. (line 51) +* a4paper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* a5paper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* abstract environment: abstract. (line 6) +* array environment: array. (line 6) +* article class: Document classes. (line 13) +* b5paper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* book class: Document classes. (line 13) +* center environment: center. (line 6) +* description environment: description. (line 6) +* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 6) +* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) +* document environment: document. (line 6) +* draft option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6) +* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 6) +* equation environment: equation. (line 6) +* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) +* executivepaper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* figure: figure. (line 6) +* final option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* fleqn option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6) +* flushright environment: flushright. (line 6) +* indexspace: Indexes. (line 32) +* itemize environment: itemize. (line 6) +* landscape option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* latex command: Overview. (line 18) +* <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document. + (line 13) +* legalpaper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* leqno option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* letter: letter. (line 6) +* letter class: Document classes. (line 13) +* letterpaper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* list: list. (line 6) +* lR box: picture. (line 64) +* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6) +* lualatex command: Overview. (line 32) +* math environment: math. (line 6) +* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) +* minipage environment: minipage. (line 6) +* notitlepage option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* onecolumn option: Document class options. + (line 44) +* oneside option: Document class options. + (line 44) +* openany option: Document class options. + (line 44) +* openbib option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* openright option: Document class options. + (line 44) +* pdflatex command: Overview. (line 26) +* picture: picture. (line 6) +* printindex: Indexes. (line 28) +* quotation: quotation. (line 6) +* quote: quote. (line 6) +* report class: Document classes. (line 13) +* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 47) +* slides class: Document classes. (line 13) +* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6) +* table: table. (line 6) +* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6) +* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 6) +* thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6) +* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6) +* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6) +* titlepage option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* twocolumn option: Document class options. + (line 44) +* twoside option: Document class options. + (line 44) +* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6) +* verse environment: verse. (line 6) +* xelatex command: Overview. (line 35) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1688 +Node: About this document3542 +Node: Overview4822 +Node: Starting & ending7194 +Node: Document classes7756 +Node: Document class options8332 +Node: Typefaces10920 +Node: Font styles11362 +Node: Font sizes13773 +Node: Low-level font commands15008 +Node: Layout17462 +Node: \onecolumn17931 +Node: \twocolumn18144 +Node: \flushbottom19648 +Node: \raggedbottom20010 +Node: Page layout parameters20296 +Node: Sectioning23327 +Node: Cross references24868 +Node: \label25299 +Node: \pageref26161 +Node: \ref26460 +Node: Environments26850 +Node: abstract28306 +Node: array28547 +Node: center29876 +Node: \centering30353 +Node: description31193 +Node: displaymath32007 +Node: document32575 +Node: enumerate32832 +Node: eqnarray34121 +Node: equation35511 +Node: figure35884 +Node: flushleft39705 +Node: \raggedright40190 +Node: flushright40749 +Node: \raggedleft41237 +Node: itemize41794 +Node: letter45425 +Node: list45663 +Node: math46600 +Node: minipage46902 +Node: picture48094 +Node: \circle52093 +Node: \makebox (picture)52426 +Node: \framebox (picture)53121 +Node: \dashbox53611 +Node: \frame54140 +Node: \line54466 +Node: \linethickness54935 +Node: \thicklines55356 +Node: \thinlines55666 +Node: \multiput55968 +Node: \oval56334 +Node: \put56948 +Node: \shortstack57195 +Node: \vector57669 +Node: quotation57975 +Node: quote58431 +Node: tabbing58863 +Node: table62029 +Node: tabular62919 +Node: \multicolumn67008 +Node: \cline67805 +Node: \hline68125 +Node: \vline68439 +Node: thebibliography68752 +Node: \bibitem69894 +Node: \cite70625 +Node: \nocite71124 +Node: Using BibTeX71408 +Node: theorem72900 +Node: titlepage73286 +Node: verbatim73888 +Node: \verb74515 +Node: verse75065 +Node: Line breaking75559 +Node: \\76617 +Node: \obeycr & \restorecr77087 +Node: \newline77491 +Node: \- (hyphenation)77781 +Node: \fussy78391 +Node: \sloppy78784 +Node: \hyphenation79113 +Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak79740 +Node: Page breaking80394 +Node: \cleardoublepage81002 +Node: \clearpage81409 +Node: \newpage81685 +Node: \enlargethispage81920 +Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak82447 +Node: Footnotes83141 +Node: \footnote83759 +Node: \footnotemark84277 +Node: \footnotetext84843 +Node: Symbolic footnotes85328 +Node: Footnote parameters85885 +Node: Definitions86620 +Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand87335 +Node: \newcounter88549 +Node: \newlength89017 +Node: \newsavebox89529 +Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment89836 +Node: \newtheorem91102 +Node: \newfont92068 +Node: \protect92548 +Node: Counters93411 +Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol94655 +Node: \usecounter95699 +Node: \value96061 +Node: \setcounter96446 +Node: \addtocounter96737 +Node: \refstepcounter97033 +Node: \stepcounter97378 +Node: \day \month \year97629 +Node: Lengths98174 +Node: \setlength98743 +Node: \addtolength99085 +Node: \settodepth99380 +Node: \settoheight99655 +Node: \settowidth99934 +Node: Predefined lengths100198 +Node: Making paragraphs100713 +Node: \indent101285 +Node: \noindent101757 +Node: \parskip102043 +Node: Marginal notes102301 +Node: Math formulas103931 +Node: Subscripts & superscripts105713 +Node: Math symbols106180 +Node: Math functions112993 +Node: Math accents113936 +Node: Spacing in math mode114906 +Node: Math miscellany115537 +Node: Modes117035 +Node: Page styles118866 +Node: \maketitle119360 +Node: \pagenumbering120430 +Node: \pagestyle120843 +Node: \thispagestyle121983 +Node: Spaces122289 +Node: \hspace123348 +Node: \hfill123907 +Node: \SPACE124304 +Node: \AT124770 +Node: \thinspace125227 +Node: \/125486 +Node: \hrulefill126323 +Node: \dotfill126585 +Node: \addvspace126809 +Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip127301 +Node: \vfill127979 +Node: \vspace128284 +Node: Boxes128714 +Node: \mbox129433 +Node: \fbox and \framebox129720 +Node: lrbox130523 +Node: \makebox130840 +Node: \parbox131553 +Node: \raisebox132882 +Node: \savebox133479 +Node: \sbox133894 +Node: \usebox134343 +Node: Special insertions134601 +Node: Reserved characters135245 +Node: Text symbols136648 +Node: Accents139955 +Node: Non-English characters142428 +Node: \rule143099 +Node: \today143526 +Node: Splitting the input143971 +Node: \include144612 +Node: \includeonly145199 +Node: \input145691 +Node: Front/back matter146182 +Node: Tables of contents146387 +Node: \addcontentsline147415 +Node: \addtocontents148315 +Node: Glossaries148826 +Node: Indexes149345 +Node: Letters150972 +Node: \address152913 +Node: \cc153518 +Node: \closing153754 +Node: \encl153987 +Node: \location154179 +Node: \makelabels154441 +Node: \name154730 +Node: \opening154952 +Node: \ps155277 +Node: \signature155460 +Node: \startbreaks155743 +Node: \stopbreaks155965 +Node: \telephone156180 +Node: Terminal input/output156412 +Node: \typein156677 +Node: \typeout157258 +Node: Command line157881 +Node: Document templates158576 +Node: book template158980 +Node: beamer template159323 +Node: tugboat template159862 +Node: Concept Index162012 +Node: Command Index198773 + +End Tag Table |