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+This is latex2e.info, produced by texi2any version 4.13.90+dev from
+latex2e.texi.
+
+This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
+preparation system, version of May 2012.
+
+ This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the
+VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D.
+Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The LaTeX 2.09 version was
+written by Stephen Gilmore. The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this
+by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions,
+and gratefully acknowledges using 'Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by
+Sheldon Green, and the 'LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by
+L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as
+'TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (no text was directly
+copied).
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Karl Berry.
+Copyright (C) 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
+Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
+
+ Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
+manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
+preserved on all copies.
+
+ Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
+this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+
+ Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
+manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
+versions.
+INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* LaTeX2e: (latex2e). Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: About this document, Up: (dir)
+
+LaTeX2e
+*******
+
+This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
+preparation system, version as of May 2012. It is intended to cover
+LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* About this document:: Bug reporting, etc.
+* Overview:: What is LaTeX?
+* Starting & ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document.
+* Document classes:: Some of the various classes available.
+* Typefaces:: And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.
+* Layout:: Controlling the page layout.
+* Sectioning:: How to section properly.
+* Cross references:: Automatic referencing.
+* Environments:: Such as enumerate & itemize.
+* Line breaking:: Influencing line breaks.
+* Page breaking:: Influencing page breaks.
+* Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes.
+* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc.
+* Counters:: Internal counters used by LaTeX.
+* Lengths:: The length commands.
+* Making paragraphs:: Paragraph commands.
+* Math formulas:: How to create mathematical formulas.
+* Modes:: Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
+* Page styles:: Various styles of page layout.
+* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space.
+* Boxes:: Making boxes.
+* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters.
+* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
+* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
+* Letters:: The letter class.
+* Terminal input/output:: User interaction.
+* Command line:: System-independent command-line behavior.
+* Document templates:: Starter templates for various document classes.
+* Concept Index:: General index.
+* Command Index:: Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: About this document, Next: Overview, Prev: Top, Up: Top
+
+1 About this document
+*********************
+
+The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package
+for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally
+created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers
+('http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by the
+LaTeX project is available from their web site.
+
+ The present document is completely unofficial and has not been
+reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything
+else about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
+<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>.
+
+ The home page for this document is 'http://home.gna.org/latexrefman'.
+That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources,
+mailing lists, and other infrastructure.
+
+ Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about
+LaTeX. Here are a few:
+
+ Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
+
+ Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
+
+ The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there
+ are several others.
+
+ Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Overview, Next: Starting & ending, Prev: About this document, Up: Top
+
+2 Overview of LaTeX
+*******************
+
+What is LaTeX?
+
+ LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX
+"macro package" for TeX. That is, it processes an input file containing
+the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the
+text should be formatted. LaTeX files are plain text that can be
+written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as
+output:
+
+ 1. The main output file, which is one of:
+
+ '.dvi'
+ If invoked as 'latex', a "Device Independent" ('.dvi') file is
+ produced. This contains commands that can be translated into
+ commands for virtually any output device. You can view such
+ '.dvi' output of LaTeX by using a program such as 'xdvi'
+ (display directly), 'dvips' (convert to PostScript), or
+ 'dvipdfmx' (convert to PDF).
+
+ '.pdf'
+ If invoked as 'pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format"
+ ('.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
+ all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but
+ it does make the output much larger than the '.dvi' produced
+ from the same document.
+
+ If invoked as 'lualatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the
+ LuaTeX engine ('http://luatex.org').
+
+ If invoked as 'xelatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the
+ XeTeX engine ('http://tug.org/xetex').
+
+ Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can
+ produce HTML, XML, and other things.
+
+ 2. The "transcript" or '.log' file that contains summary information
+ and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input
+ file.
+
+ 3. An "auxiliary" or '.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for
+ things such as cross-references.
+
+ An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to
+list them all. Xxx components?
+
+ In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\', followed
+by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments
+contained in square brackets, '[]', are optional while arguments
+contained in braces, '{}', are required.
+
+ LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
+explicitly directed to do otherwise.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting & ending, Next: Document classes, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
+
+3 Starting & ending
+*******************
+
+A minimal input file looks like the following:
+
+ \documentclass{CLASS}
+ \begin{document}
+ YOUR TEXT
+ \end{document}
+
+where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document
+classes::, for details of the various document classes available
+locally.
+
+ You may include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and
+the '\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble").
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Typefaces, Prev: Starting & ending, Up: Top
+
+4 Document classes
+******************
+
+The class of a given document is defined with the command:
+
+ \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}
+
+The '\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX source
+file.
+
+ Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes
+are available as add-ons; *note Overview::):
+
+ article report book letter slides
+
+ Standard OPTIONS are described below.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Document class options:: Global options.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Up: Document classes
+
+4.1 Document class options
+==========================
+
+You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the
+'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual.
+To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma:
+
+ \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}
+
+ Here is the list of the standard class options.
+
+ All of the standard classes except 'slides' accept the following
+options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'):
+
+ 10pt 11pt 12pt
+
+ All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
+paper size (default is 'letterpaper'):
+
+ a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
+
+ Miscellaneous other options:
+
+'draft, final'
+ mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is
+ 'final'.
+'fleqn'
+ Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
+'landscape'
+ Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
+'leqno'
+ Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the
+ right side.
+'openbib'
+ Use "open" bibliography format.
+'titlepage, notitlepage'
+ Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on
+ the class.
+
+ These options are not available with the slides class:
+
+'onecolumn'
+'twocolumn'
+ Typeset in one or two columns; default is 'onecolumn'.
+
+'oneside'
+'twoside'
+ Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except for
+ the 'book' class.
+
+ The '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the
+ distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
+ page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
+ size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For
+ one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided,
+ '\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' and
+ '\textwidth', with '\evensidemargin' the remainder.
+
+'openright'
+'openany'
+ Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default
+ is 'openright' for book.
+
+ The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at
+the bottom of each note.
+
+ Additional packages are loaded like this:
+
+ \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}
+
+ To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or
+use multiple '\usepackage' commands.
+
+ Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by
+the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
+'\usepackage'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Typefaces, Next: Layout, Prev: Document classes, Up: Top
+
+5 Typefaces
+***********
+
+Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a
+style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Font styles:: Select roman, italics etc.
+* Font sizes:: Select point size.
+* Low-level font commands:: Select encoding, family, series, shape.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Font styles, Next: Font sizes, Up: Typefaces
+
+5.1 Font styles
+===============
+
+The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+ This first group of commands is typically used like '\textit{italic
+text}'. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration
+form", which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form
+lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.
+
+ The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
+'\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif.
+
+ You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations;
+for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'.
+
+ These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the
+'\textrm (\rmfamily)'
+ Roman.
+
+'\textit (\itshape)'
+ Italics.
+
+'\emph'
+ Emphasis (switches between '\textit' and '\textrm').
+
+'\textmd (\mdseries)'
+ Medium weight (default).
+
+'\textbf (\bfseries)'
+ Boldface.
+'\textup (\upshape)'
+ Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
+'\textsl (\slshape)'
+ Slanted.
+'\textsf (\sffamily)'
+ Sans serif.
+'\textsc (\scshape)'
+ Small caps.
+'\texttt (\ttfamily)'
+ Typewriter.
+'\textnormal (\normalfont)'
+ Main document font.
+'\mathrm'
+ Roman, for use in math mode.
+'\mathbf'
+ Boldface, for use in math mode.
+'\mathsf'
+ Sans serif, for use in math mode.
+'\mathtt'
+ Typewriter, for use in math mode.
+
+'\mathit'
+'(\mit)'
+ Italics, for use in math mode.
+
+'\mathnormal'
+ For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
+'\mathcal'
+ 'Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.
+
+ In addition, the command '\mathversion{bold}' can be used for
+switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
+'\mathversion{normal}' restores the default.
+
+ LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
+the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used
+differently than the above commands, too: '{\CMD ...}' instead of
+'\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things.
+
+'\bf'
+ Switch to bold face.
+
+'\cal'
+ Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
+
+'\em'
+ Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
+
+'\it'
+ Italics.
+
+'\rm'
+ Roman.
+
+'\sc'
+ Small caps.
+
+'\sf'
+ Sans serif.
+
+'\sl'
+ Slanted (oblique).
+
+'\tt'
+ Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Font sizes, Next: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font styles, Up: Typefaces
+
+5.2 Font sizes
+==============
+
+The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The
+table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used
+(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options,
+respectively (*note Document class options::).
+
+Command '10pt' '11pt' '12pt'
+--------------------------------------------------
+'\tiny' 5 6 6
+'\scriptsize' 7 8 8
+'\footnotesize' 8 9 10
+'\small' 9 10 10.95
+'\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12
+'\large' 12 12 14.4
+'\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28
+'\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74
+'\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88
+'\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88
+
+ The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of
+the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
+of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these
+commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font sizes, Up: Typefaces
+
+5.3 Low-level font commands
+===========================
+
+These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
+packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
+ones.
+
+'\fontencoding{enc}'
+ Select font encoding. Valid encodings include 'OT1' and 'T1'.
+
+'\fontfamily{family}'
+ Select font family. Valid families include:
+
+ * 'cmr' for Computer Modern Roman
+ * 'cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif
+ * 'cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter
+
+ and numerous others.
+
+'\fontseries{series}'
+ Select font series. Valid series include:
+
+ * 'm' Medium (normal)
+ * 'b' Bold
+ * 'c' Condensed
+ * 'bc' Bold condensed
+ * 'bx' Bold extended
+
+ and various other combinations.
+
+'\fontshape{shape}'
+ Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+
+ * 'n' Upright (normal)
+ * 'it' Italic
+ * 'sl' Slanted (oblique)
+ * 'sc' Small caps
+ * 'ui' Upright italics
+ * 'ol' Outline
+
+ The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
+
+'\fontsize{size}{skip}'
+ Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to
+ and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a
+ parameter named '\baselineskip'. The unit of both parameters
+ defaults to pt. The default '\baselineskip' for the Computer
+ Modern typeface is 1.2 times the '\fontsize'.
+
+ The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
+ '\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the
+ default is 1. However, the best way to "double space" a document,
+ if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use
+ the 'setspace' package; see
+ 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace'.
+
+'\linespread{FACTOR}'
+ Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and
+ therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect.
+ Best specified in the preamble, or use the 'setspace' package, as
+ described just above.
+
+ The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
+ not come into effect until '\selectfont' is called.
+
+'\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}'
+ The same as invoking '\fontencoding', '\fontfamily', '\fontseries'
+ and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by
+ '\selectfont'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Layout, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Typefaces, Up: Top
+
+6 Layout
+********
+
+Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \onecolumn:: Use one-column layout.
+* \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout.
+* \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height.
+* \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height.
+* Page layout parameters:: \headheight \footskip.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Up: Layout
+
+6.1 '\onecolumn'
+================
+
+The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
+single-column output. This is the default.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \twocolumn, Next: \flushbottom, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Layout
+
+6.2 '\twocolumn'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \twocolumn[TEXT1COL]
+
+ The '\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
+two-column output. If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is
+typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts.
+
+ These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
+
+'\columnsep'
+ The distance between columns (35pt by default).
+
+'\columnseprule'
+ The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there
+ is no rule.
+
+'\columnwidth'
+ The width of the current column; this is equal to '\textwidth' in
+ single-column text.
+
+ These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
+
+'\dbltopfraction'
+ Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
+ occupied by floats. Default '.7', can be usefully redefined to
+ (say) '.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon.
+
+'\dblfloatpagefraction'
+ The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
+ floats, for a two-column float page. Default '.5'.
+
+'\dblfloatsep'
+ Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
+ page. Default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt'
+ documents, '14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.
+
+'\dbltextfloatsep'
+ Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a
+ page and the main text. Default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \twocolumn, Up: Layout
+
+6.3 '\flushbottom'
+==================
+
+The '\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height,
+adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page.
+
+ This is the default if 'twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document
+class options::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: Page layout parameters, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout
+
+6.4 '\raggedbottom'
+===================
+
+The '\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of
+the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Page layout parameters, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Layout
+
+6.5 Page layout parameters
+==========================
+
+'\headheight'
+ Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
+ '30pt', except in the 'book' class, where it varies with the type
+ size.
+
+'\headsep'
+ Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top
+ of the main text. Default is '25pt', except in the 'book' class,
+ where it varies with the type size.
+
+'\footskip'
+ Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline
+ of the page footer. Default is '30pt', except in the 'book' class,
+ where it varies with the type size.
+
+'\linewidth'
+ Width of the current line, decreased for each nested 'list' (*note
+ list::). Specifically, it is smaller than '\textwidth' by the sum
+ of '\leftmargin' and '\rightmargin' (*note itemize::). The default
+ varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For
+ an 'article' document in '10pt', it's set to '345pt'; in two-column
+ mode, that becomes '229.5pt'.
+
+'\textheight'
+ The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies
+ with the font size, document class, etc. For an 'article' or
+ 'report' document in '10pt', it's set to '43\baselineskip'; for
+ 'book', it's '41\baselineskip'. For '11pt', it's '38\baselineskip'
+ and for '12pt', '36\baselineskip'.
+
+'\textwidth'
+ The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default
+ varies as usual. For an 'article' or 'report' document, it's
+ '345pt' at '10pt', '360pt' at '11pt', and '390pt' at '12pt'. For a
+ 'book' document, it's '4.5in' at '10pt', and '5in' at '11pt' or
+ '12pt'.
+
+ In multi-column output, '\textwidth' remains the width of the
+ entire page body, while '\columnwidth' is the width of one column
+ (*note \twocolumn::).
+
+ In lists (*note list::), '\textwidth' remains the width of the
+ entire page body (and '\columnwidth' the width of the entire
+ column), while '\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists.
+
+ Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or '\parbox' (*note
+ \parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the
+ specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of
+ the 'minipage' or '\parbox'.
+
+ For completeness: '\hsize' is the TeX primitive parameter used when
+ text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal LaTeX
+ documents.
+
+'\topmargin'
+ Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
+ paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is
+ computed based on many other parameters: '\paperheight - 2in -
+ \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided
+ by two.
+
+'\topskip'
+ Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline
+ of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is
+ the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Cross references, Prev: Layout, Up: Top
+
+7 Sectioning
+************
+
+Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
+
+'\part'
+'\chapter'
+ (report and book class only)
+'\section'
+'\subsection'
+'\subsubsection'
+'\paragraph'
+'\subparagraph'
+
+ All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
+
+ \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}
+
+ In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the
+section title can appear in two other places:
+
+ 1. The table of contents.
+ 2. The running head at the top of the page.
+
+ You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
+To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
+TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places.
+
+ Also, all sectioning commands have '*'-forms that print TITLE as
+usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table
+of contents. For instance:
+
+ \section*{Preamble}
+
+ The '\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units are
+numbered. The '\appendix' command itself generates no text and does not
+affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is
+something like
+
+ \chapter{A Chapter}
+ ...
+ \appendix
+ \chapter{The First Appendix}
+
+ The 'secnumdepth' counter controls printing of section numbers. The
+setting
+
+ \setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}
+
+suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is
+level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.)
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Cross references, Next: Environments, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Top
+
+8 Cross references
+******************
+
+One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
+the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \label:: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
+* \pageref:: Refer to a page number.
+* \ref:: Refer to a section, figure or similar.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Up: Cross references
+
+8.1 '\label'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \label{KEY}
+
+ A '\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the
+number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
+environment assigns that number to KEY.
+
+ A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
+punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.
+
+ To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
+common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
+colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
+
+'ch'
+ for chapters
+'sec'
+ for lower-level sectioning commands
+'fig'
+ for figures
+'tab'
+ for tables
+'eq'
+ for equations
+
+ Thus, a label for a figure would look like 'fig:snark' or
+'fig.snark'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross references
+
+8.2 '\pageref{KEY}'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \pageref{KEY}
+
+ The '\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in
+the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross references
+
+8.3 '\ref{KEY}'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ref{KEY}
+
+ The '\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit,
+equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command
+(*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word
+'Section' or 'Figure', just the bare number itself.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Environments, Next: Line breaking, Prev: Cross references, Up: Top
+
+9 Environments
+**************
+
+LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each
+environment begins and ends in the same manner:
+
+ \begin{ENVNAME}
+ ...
+ \end{ENVNAME}
+
+* Menu:
+
+* abstract:: Produce an abstract.
+* array:: Math arrays.
+* center:: Centered lines.
+* description:: Labelled lists.
+* displaymath:: Formulas that appear on their own line.
+* document:: Enclose the whole document.
+* enumerate:: Numbered lists.
+* eqnarray:: Sequences of aligned equations.
+* equation:: Displayed equation.
+* figure:: Floating figures.
+* flushleft:: Flushed left lines.
+* flushright:: Flushed right lines.
+* itemize:: Bulleted lists.
+* letter:: Letters.
+* list:: Generic list environment.
+* math:: In-line math.
+* minipage:: Miniature page.
+* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
+* quotation:: Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
+* quote:: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
+* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
+* table:: Floating tables.
+* tabular:: Align text in columns.
+* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
+* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
+* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
+* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
+* verse:: For poetry and other things.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: abstract, Next: array, Up: Environments
+
+9.1 'abstract'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+ \begin{abstract}
+ ...
+ \end{abstract}
+
+ Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple
+paragraphs.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: abstract, Up: Environments
+
+9.2 'array'
+===========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{array}{TEMPLATE}
+ COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\
+ ...
+ \end{array}
+
+ Math arrays are produced with the 'array' environment, normally
+within an 'equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single
+mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the
+alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter
+that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows:
+
+'c'
+ centered
+'l'
+ flush left
+'r'
+ flush right
+
+ Column entries are separated by '&'. Column entries may include
+other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with '\\'.
+
+ In the template, the construct '@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns in
+each row.
+
+ Here's an example:
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ \begin{array}{lrc}
+ left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
+ left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
+ \end{array}
+ \end{equation}
+
+ The '\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space
+separating columns; the default is '5pt'. *Note tabular::, for other
+parameters which affect formatting in 'array' environments, namely
+'\arrayrulewidth' and '\arraystretch'.
+
+ The 'array' environment can only be used in math mode.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments
+
+9.3 'center'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ \end{center}
+
+ The 'center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
+current page. Each line is terminated with the string '\\'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \centering:: Declaration form of the 'center' environment.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \centering, Up: center
+
+9.3.1 '\centering'
+------------------
+
+The '\centering' declaration corresponds to the 'center' environment.
+This declaration can be used inside an environment such as 'quote' or in
+a 'parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the
+page by putting a '\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or
+table environment.
+
+ Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not
+start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command (of an
+environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+ Here's an example:
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ \centering
+ first line \\
+ second line \\
+ \end{quote}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: description, Next: displaymath, Prev: center, Up: Environments
+
+9.4 'description'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{description}
+ \item [LABEL1] ITEM1
+ \item [LABEL2] ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{description}
+
+ The 'description' environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
+LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right. The ITEM text may contain
+multiple paragraphs.
+
+ Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
+you typeset a label in typewriter using '\texttt', you'll get bold
+typewriter: '\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'. This may be too
+bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use '\tt', which
+resets all other style variations: '\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'.
+
+ For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up: Environments
+
+9.5 'displaymath'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{displaymath}
+ MATH
+ \end{displaymath}
+
+or
+
+ \[MATH\]
+
+ The 'displaymath' environment ('\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the
+MATH text on its own line, centered by default. The global 'fleqn'
+option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::.
+
+ No equation number is added to 'displaymath' text; to get an equation
+number, use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: document, Next: enumerate, Prev: displaymath, Up: Environments
+
+9.6 'document'
+==============
+
+The 'document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is
+required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: document, Up: Environments
+
+9.7 'enumerate'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item ITEM1
+ \item ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ The 'enumerate' environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
+can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
+be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as 'itemize'
+(*note itemize::) and 'description' (*note description::).
+
+ Each item of an enumerated list begins with an '\item' command.
+There must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.
+
+ By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
+
+ 1. 1., 2., ...
+ 2. (a), (b), ...
+ 3. i., ii., ...
+ 4. A., B., ...
+
+ The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through
+'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If the optional argument to
+'\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item.
+
+ The 'enumerate' environment uses the commands '\labelenumi' through
+'\labelenumiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use
+'\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand &
+\renewcommand::). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
+letters:
+
+ \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments
+
+9.8 'eqnarray'
+==============
+
+First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which
+cannot be overcome; the article "Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
+describes them in detail
+('http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf'). The bottom line is
+that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the
+'amsmath' package.
+
+ Nevertheless, here is a description of 'eqnarray':
+
+ \begin{eqnarray} (or 'eqnarray*')
+ FORMULA1 \\
+ FORMULA2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{eqnarray}
+
+ The 'eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations
+or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column 'array'
+environment, with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive
+items within a row separated by an '&'.
+
+ '\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning
+of not allowing a page break at that line.
+
+ An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
+'\nonumber' command. Alternatively, The '*'-form of the environment
+('\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering
+entirely, while otherwise being the same as 'eqnarray'.
+
+ The command '\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across
+lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
+zero width.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments
+
+9.9 'equation'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ MATH
+ \end{equation}
+
+ The 'equation' environment starts a 'displaymath' environment (*note
+displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also
+places an equation number in the right margin.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: figure, Next: flushleft, Prev: equation, Up: Environments
+
+9.10 'figure'
+=============
+
+ \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT]
+ FIGBODY
+ \label{LABEL}
+ \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
+Figures will not be split between two pages.
+
+ When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
+full-width figure (across both columns).
+
+ The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
+to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
+put a float:
+
+'t'
+ (Top)--at the top of a text page.
+
+'b'
+ (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page. However, 'b' is not
+ allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column
+ output. To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix'
+ package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:
+ 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat'.
+
+'h'
+ (Here)--at the position in the text where the figure environment
+ appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; 't' is
+ automatically added.
+
+ To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can
+ '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines.
+ For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
+ 'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere'.
+
+'p'
+ (Page of floats)--on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+'!'
+ Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
+ ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can
+ appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the
+ page. The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see
+ above.
+
+ The standard report and article classes use the default placement
+'tbp'.
+
+ The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+etc. you wish.
+
+ The '\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure. The
+caption is numbered by default. If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in
+the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::).
+
+ Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
+non-float text:
+
+ The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
+ the bottom; default '.3'.
+
+'\floatpagefraction'
+ The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
+ floats; default '.5'.
+
+'\textfraction'
+ Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+ much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
+ different page. The default is '.2'.
+
+'\topfraction'
+ Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+ floats; default '.7'.
+
+ Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:
+
+'\floatsep'
+ Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default '12pt
+ plus2pt minus2pt'.
+
+'\intextsep'
+ Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text;
+ default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt' styles, '14pt
+ plus4pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.
+
+'\textfloatsep'
+ Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+ default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.
+
+ Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page:
+
+'\bottomnumber'
+ Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text
+ page; default 1.
+
+'\topnumber'
+ Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
+ default 2.
+
+'\totalnumber'
+ Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
+
+ The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats:
+'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: flushleft, Next: flushright, Prev: figure, Up: Environments
+
+9.11 'flushleft'
+================
+
+ \begin{flushleft}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{flushleft}
+
+ The 'flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph
+consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
+right Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the 'flushleft' environment.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedright, Up: flushleft
+
+9.11.1 '\raggedright'
+---------------------
+
+The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft'
+environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
+'quote' or in a 'parbox'.
+
+ Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does
+not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
+paragraph unit.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments
+
+9.12 'flushright'
+=================
+
+ \begin{flushright}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{flushright}
+
+ The 'flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph
+consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
+left. Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the 'flushright' environment.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedleft, Up: flushright
+
+9.12.1 '\raggedleft'
+--------------------
+
+The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright'
+environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
+'quote' or in a 'parbox'.
+
+ Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does
+not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
+paragraph unit.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments
+
+9.13 'itemize'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item ITEM1
+ \item ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list.
+Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
+as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::).
+
+ Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command. There
+must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.
+
+ By default, the marks at each level look like this:
+
+ 1. * (bullet)
+ 2. -- (bold en-dash)
+ 3. * (asterisk)
+ 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
+
+ The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through
+'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use
+'\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first
+level use diamonds:
+
+ \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
+
+ The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the
+distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the
+left margin of the list. By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the
+appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered.
+
+ The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em'
+(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example
+greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
+
+ \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
+
+ Some parameters that affect list formatting:
+
+'\itemindent'
+ Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
+
+'\labelsep'
+ Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'.
+
+'\labelwidth'
+ Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode.
+
+'\listparindent'
+ Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within
+ a list item; default '0pt'.
+
+'\rightmargin'
+ Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
+ enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote',
+ 'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to
+ '\leftmargin'.
+
+ Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
+loose, by default).
+
+'\itemsep'
+ Vertical space between items. The default is '2pt plus1pt
+ minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt',
+ and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'.
+
+'\parsep'
+ Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.
+ Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'.
+
+'\topsep'
+ Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
+ For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for
+ '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt
+ plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'. These are reduced for nested lists.
+
+'\partopsep'
+ Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a
+ paragraph. The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt'
+ documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt
+ minus2pt' for '12pt'.
+
+ Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
+space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*'
+environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
+within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note
+\parskip::):
+
+ \newenvironment{itemize*}%
+ {\begin{itemize}%
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ {\end{itemize}}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: letter, Next: list, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments
+
+9.14 'letter' environment: writing letters
+==========================================
+
+This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: list, Next: math, Prev: letter, Up: Environments
+
+9.15 'list'
+===========
+
+The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for
+defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
+documents, but often in macros.
+
+ \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING}
+ \item ITEM1
+ \item ITEM2
+ ...
+ \end{list}
+
+ The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be
+labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item'). This
+argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.
+It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
+
+ The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the
+spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
+empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing.
+
+ The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
+'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: math, Next: minipage, Prev: list, Up: Environments
+
+9.16 'math'
+===========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{math}
+ MATH
+ \end{math}
+
+ The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running
+text. '\(...\))' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: math, Up: Environments
+
+9.17 'minipage'
+===============
+
+ \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}
+ TEXT
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ The 'minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that
+will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the '\parbox'
+command (*note \parbox::), but unlike '\parbox', other paragraph-making
+environments can be used inside a minipage.
+
+ The arguments are the same as for '\parbox' (*note \parbox::).
+
+ By default, paragraphs are not indented in the 'minipage'
+environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
+'\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command.
+
+ Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
+particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
+'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
+of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
+'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note
+Counters::).
+
+ However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
+footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments
+
+9.18 'picture'
+==============
+
+ \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+ ... PICTURE COMMANDS ...
+ \end{picture}
+
+ The 'picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind of
+picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell
+LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
+coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
+a minus sign--a number like '5', '0.3' or '-3.1416'. A coordinate
+specifies a length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if
+'\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies
+a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of
+'\unitlength', using the '\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture'
+environment.
+
+ A position is a pair of coordinates, such as '(2.4,-5)', specifying
+the point with x-coordinate '2.4' and y-coordinate '-5'. Coordinates
+are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
+normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
+position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
+parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+
+ The 'picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
+'position'. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
+produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
+argument's x- and y-coordinates.
+
+ The 'picture' environment also has an optional 'position' argument,
+following the 'size' argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike
+ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
+brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
+the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
+For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command
+
+ \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+
+produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters,
+whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right
+corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture,
+you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the
+lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting
+everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument.
+
+ The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
+the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really
+is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or
+even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in
+determining how much room to leave for it.
+
+ Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the '\put' command.
+The command
+
+ \put (11.3,-.3){...}
+
+puts the object specified by '...' in the picture, with its reference
+point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
+objects will be described below.
+
+ The '\put' command creates an "LR box". You can put anything that
+can go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the '\put'
+command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left
+corner of the box.
+
+ The 'picture' commands are described in the following sections.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \circle:: Draw a circle.
+* \makebox (picture):: Draw a box of the specified size.
+* \framebox (picture):: Draw a box with a frame around it.
+* \dashbox:: Draw a dashed box.
+* \frame:: Draw a frame around an object.
+* \line:: Draw a straight line.
+* \linethickness:: Set the line thickness.
+* \thicklines:: A heavier line thickness.
+* \thinlines:: The default line thickness.
+* \multiput:: Draw multiple instances of an object.
+* \oval:: Draw an ellipse.
+* \put:: Place an object at a specified place.
+* \shortstack:: Make a pile of objects.
+* \vector:: Draw a line with an arrow.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \circle, Next: \makebox (picture), Up: picture
+
+9.18.1 '\circle'
+----------------
+
+ \circle[*]{DIAMETER}
+
+ The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
+the specified one as possible. The '*'-form of the command draws a
+solid circle.
+
+ Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \circle, Up: picture
+
+9.18.2 '\makebox'
+-----------------
+
+'\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}'
+
+ The '\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the
+normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a 'width' and
+'height' in multiples of '\unitlength'.
+
+ The optional argument, '[position]', specifies the quadrant that your
+text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
+
+'t'
+ Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
+
+'b'
+ Moves the item to the bottom.
+
+'l'
+ Moves the item to the left.
+
+'r'
+ Moves the item to the right.
+
+ *Note \makebox::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \dashbox, Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture
+
+9.18.3 '\framebox'
+------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...}
+
+ The '\framebox' command is like '\makebox' (see previous section),
+except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
+creates.
+
+ The '\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness '\fboxrule', and
+leaves a space '\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \dashbox, Next: \frame, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture
+
+9.18.4 '\dashbox'
+-----------------
+
+Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
+
+ \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT}
+
+ '\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a 'picture'
+environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall
+width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional
+POS.
+
+ A dashed box looks best when the 'rwidth' and 'rheight' are multiples
+of the 'dlen'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \frame, Next: \line, Prev: \dashbox, Up: picture
+
+9.18.5 '\frame'
+---------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \frame{TEXT}
+
+ The '\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT. The
+reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space
+is put between the frame and the object.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \line, Next: \linethickness, Prev: \frame, Up: picture
+
+9.18.6 '\line'
+--------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH}
+
+ The '\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope
+XSLOPE/YSLOPE.
+
+ Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y
+have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to
+mention other shapes, see the 'curve2e' and many many other packages on
+CTAN.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \linethickness, Next: \thicklines, Prev: \line, Up: picture
+
+9.18.7 '\linethickness'
+-----------------------
+
+The '\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal
+and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a
+positive length.
+
+ '\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
+circles, or the quarter circles drawn by '\oval'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \thicklines, Next: \thinlines, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture
+
+9.18.8 '\thicklines'
+--------------------
+
+The '\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal
+and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
+and *note \thinlines::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinlines, Next: \multiput, Prev: \thicklines, Up: picture
+
+9.18.9 '\thinlines'
+-------------------
+
+The '\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal
+and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
+and *note \thicklines::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \multiput, Next: \oval, Prev: \thinlines, Up: picture
+
+9.18.10 '\multiput'
+-------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+ \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ}
+
+ The '\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern
+across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at
+(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \oval, Next: \put, Prev: \multiput, Up: picture
+
+9.18.11 '\oval'
+---------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION]
+
+ The '\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
+optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the
+following:
+
+'t'
+ selects the top portion;
+'b'
+ selects the bottom portion;
+'r'
+ selects the right portion;
+'l'
+ selects the left portion.
+
+ The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
+maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with
+rounded corners.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \put, Next: \shortstack, Prev: \oval, Up: picture
+
+9.18.12 '\put'
+--------------
+
+'\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }'
+
+ The '\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory
+argument at the given coordinates.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \put, Up: picture
+
+9.18.13 '\shortstack'
+---------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...}
+
+ The '\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+positions are:
+
+'r'
+ Move the objects to the right of the stack.
+'l'
+ Move the objects to the left of the stack
+'c'
+ Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
+
+ Objects are separated with '\\'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \vector, Prev: \shortstack, Up: picture
+
+9.18.14 '\vector'
+-----------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH}
+
+ The '\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
+length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4,
+inclusive.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments
+
+9.19 'quotation'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{quotation}
+ TEXT
+ \end{quotation}
+
+ The margins of the 'quotation' environment are indented on both the
+left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a
+blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
+
+ Unlike the 'quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments
+
+9.20 'quote'
+============
+
+Snyopsis:
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ TEXT
+ \end{quote}
+
+ The margins of the 'quote' environment are indented on both the left
+and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank
+line between text produces a new paragraph.
+
+ Unlike the 'quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments
+
+9.21 'tabbing'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{tabbing}
+ ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\
+ ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\
+ ...
+ \end{tabbing}
+
+ The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns.
+It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an
+ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of
+each column is constant and known in advance.
+
+ This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular'
+environment.
+
+ The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' enviroment:
+
+'\\ (tabbing)'
+ End a line.
+
+'\= (tabbing)'
+ Sets a tab stop at the current position.
+
+'\> (tabbing)'
+ Advances to the next tab stop.
+
+'\<'
+ Put following text to the left of the local margin (without
+ changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
+
+'\+'
+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
+ one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary.
+
+'\-'
+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
+ one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary.
+
+'\' (tabbing)'
+ Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
+ i.e. everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or
+ '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against
+ the current column's tab stop.
+
+'\` (tabbing)'
+ Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
+ tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last
+ column because there's no tab stop there. The '\`' command moves
+ all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}'
+ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
+ environment. There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the
+ '\`' and the command that ends the line.
+
+'\a (tabbing)'
+ In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not
+ produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the commands
+ '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used.
+
+'\kill'
+ Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like '\\' except
+ that it throws away the current line instead of producing output
+ for it. The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line
+ remain in effect.
+
+'\poptabs'
+ Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'.
+
+'\pushtabs'
+ Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily
+ changing tab stop positions in the middle of a 'tabbing'
+ environment.
+
+'\tabbingsep'
+ Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''.
+
+ This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
+
+ \begin{tabbing}
+ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
+ \> begin \= \+ \\
+ \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
+ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
+ else \+ \\
+ fact := 1; \-\- \\
+ end;\\
+ \end{tabbing}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments
+
+9.22 'table'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{table}[placement]
+
+ body of the table
+
+ \caption{table title}
+ \end{table}
+
+ Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables
+will not be split between two pages.
+
+ The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
+to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
+a float; these are the same as that used with the 'figure' environment,
+and described there (*note figure::).
+
+ The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement
+'[tbp]'.
+
+ The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+etc., you wish. The '\caption' command allows you to title your table.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments
+
+9.23 'tabular'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ ...
+ \end{tabular}
+
+or
+
+ \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ ...
+ \end{tabular*}
+
+ These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+items, aligned vertically in columns.
+
+ '\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except
+for the last, where it is optional--unless an '\hline' command (to put a
+rule below the table) follows.
+
+ The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
+
+'width'
+ Specifies the width of the 'tabular*' environment. There must be
+ rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the
+ specified width.
+
+'pos'
+ Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre
+ of the environment.
+
+ 't'
+ align on top row
+
+ 'b'
+ align on bottom row
+
+'cols'
+ Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
+ following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
+ intercolumn material.
+
+ 'l'
+ A column of left-aligned items.
+
+ 'r'
+ A column of right-aligned items.
+
+ 'c'
+ A column of centered items.
+
+ '|'
+ A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
+
+ '@{TEXT}'
+ This inserts TEXT in every row. An @-expression suppresses
+ the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
+ desired space before the adjacent item must be included in
+ TEXT.
+
+ To insert commands that are automatically executed before a
+ given column, you have to load the 'array' package and use the
+ '>{...}' specifier.
+
+ An '\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an
+ extra space of width 'wd' to appear to the left of all
+ subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
+ '\extracolsep' command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space,
+ this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An
+ '\extracolsep' command can be used only in an @-expression in
+ the 'cols' argument.
+
+ 'p{WD}'
+ Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
+ WD, as if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{WD}' command.
+ However, a '\\' may not appear in the item, except in the
+ following situations:
+
+ 1. inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or
+ 'tabular'.
+ 2. inside an explicit '\parbox'.
+ 3. in the scope of a '\centering', '\raggedright', or
+ '\raggedleft' declaration. The latter declarations must
+ appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
+ 'p'-column element.
+
+ '*{NUM}{COLS}'
+ Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive
+ integer and COLS is any list of column-specifiers, which may
+ contain another '*-expression'.
+
+ Parameters that control formatting:
+
+'\arrayrulewidth'
+ Thickness of the rule created by '|', '\hline', and '\vline' in the
+ 'tabular' and 'array' environments; the default is '.4pt'.
+
+'\arraystretch'
+ Scaling of spacing between rows in the 'tabular' and 'array'
+ environments; default is '1', for no scaling.
+
+'\doublerulesep'
+ Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by '||' in
+ the 'tabular' and 'array' environments; default is '2pt'.
+
+'\tabcolsep'
+ Half the width of the space between columns; default is '6pt'.
+
+ The following commands can be used inside a 'tabular' environment:
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \multicolumn:: Make an item spanning several columns.
+* \cline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
+* \hline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
+* \vline:: Draw a vertical line.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \cline, Up: tabular
+
+9.23.1 '\multicolumn'
+---------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+ \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT}
+
+ The '\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several columns.
+The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of columns to
+span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the formatting of
+the entry; 'c' for centered, 'l' for flushleft, 'r' for flushright. The
+third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry.
+
+ Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
+'\multicolumn' is used for the heading:
+
+ \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
+ \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
+ 0x80&0x7FF \cr
+ 0x800&0xFFFF \cr
+ 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
+ \end{tabular}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular
+
+9.23.2 '\cline'
+---------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \cline{I-J}
+
+ The '\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns
+specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are
+specified in the mandatory argument.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hline, Next: \vline, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular
+
+9.23.3 '\hline'
+---------------
+
+The '\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing
+'tabular' or 'array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a
+line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular
+
+9.23.4 '\vline'
+---------------
+
+The '\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
+and depth of its row. An '\hfill' command can be used to move the line
+to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments
+
+9.24 'thebibliography'
+======================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL}
+ \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
+ ...
+ \end{thebibliography}
+
+ The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or
+reference list.
+
+ In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References";
+in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". You can change
+the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command
+'\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely:
+
+ \renewcommand{\refname}{}
+
+ The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as
+wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. It
+is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10
+references, '99' for ones with less than 100, etc.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \bibitem:: Specify a bibliography item.
+* \cite:: Refer to a bibliography item.
+* \nocite:: Include an item in the bibliography.
+* Using BibTeX:: Automatic generation of bibliographies.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography
+
+9.24.1 '\bibitem'
+-----------------
+
+Synopsis:
+ \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
+
+ The '\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the
+LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the
+'enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
+punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
+
+ This command writes an entry to the '.aux' file containing the item's
+CITE_KEY and label. When the '.aux' file is read by the
+'\begin{document}' command, the item's 'label' is associated with
+'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (see
+next section) to produce the associated label.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography
+
+9.24.2 '\cite'
+--------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS
+
+ The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated
+by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references
+associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux' file.
+
+ The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation.
+For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography
+
+9.24.3 '\nocite'
+----------------
+
+'\nocite{key_list}'
+
+ The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes 'key_list', which
+is a list of one or more citation keys, on the '.aux' file.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Using BibTeX, Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography
+
+9.24.4 Using BibTeX
+-------------------
+
+If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if
+you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain
+your bibliography, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment
+(*note thebibliography::). Instead, you include the lines
+
+ \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
+ \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2}
+
+ The '\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its
+own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be
+produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE'.bst', which defines how
+your citations will look. The standard STYLE names distributed with
+BibTeX are:
+
+'alpha'
+ Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and
+ year of publication.
+'plain'
+ Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
+'unsrt'
+ Like 'plain', but entries are in order of citation.
+'abbrv'
+ Like 'plain', but more compact labels.
+
+ In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the
+demands of various publications. See
+'http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib'.
+
+ The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the
+bibliography. The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named
+'BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format.
+Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' will be listed in
+the bibliography.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments
+
+9.25 'theorem'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ THEOREM-TEXT
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ The 'theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed
+by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described
+under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments
+
+9.26 'titlepage'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{titlepage}
+ TEXT
+ \end{titlepage}
+
+ The 'titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with
+no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to
+be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
+'\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::).
+
+ You can use the '\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce
+a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments
+
+9.27 'verbatim'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{verbatim}
+ LITERAL-TEXT
+ \end{verbatim}
+
+ The 'verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which
+LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the '\' character
+produces a printed '\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage
+returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
+typewriter.
+
+ The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt').
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \verb:: The macro form of the 'verbatim' environment.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim
+
+9.27.1 '\verb'
+--------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
+ \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
+
+ The '\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including
+special characters and spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font. No
+spaces are allowed between '\verb' or '\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR,
+which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear
+in LITERAL-TEXT.
+
+ The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible
+space" character.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments
+
+9.28 'verse'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{verse}
+ LINE1 \\
+ LINE2 \\
+ ...
+ \end{verse}
+
+ The 'verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
+other uses for it.
+
+ The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are
+not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
+stanza with '\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the
+stanzas.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Line breaking, Next: Page breaking, Prev: Environments, Up: Top
+
+10 Line breaking
+****************
+
+The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate
+your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a
+printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these
+lines must be broken into pages).
+
+ LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some
+environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the '\\' command,
+and you can always manually force breaks.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \\:: Start a new line.
+* \obeycr & \restorecr:: Make each input line start a new output line.
+* \newline:: Break the line
+* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation.
+* \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking.
+* \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking.
+* \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
+* \linebreak & \nolinebreak:: Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \\, Next: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking
+
+10.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE]
+=======================
+
+The '\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional
+argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to
+be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.
+
+ The '\\*' command is the same as the ordinary '\\' command except
+that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \obeycr & \restorecr, Next: \newline, Prev: \\, Up: Line breaking
+
+10.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
+=============================
+
+The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M',
+internally) the same as '\\' (followed by '\relax'). So each new line
+in the input will also be a new line in the output.
+
+ '\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newline, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking
+
+10.3 '\newline'
+===============
+
+The '\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no
+stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
+mode.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \fussy, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking
+
+10.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
+================================
+
+The '\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
+point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most
+of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect
+one. The '\-' command is used for the exceptional cases.
+
+ When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be
+hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that
+LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking
+
+10.5 '\fussy'
+=============
+
+The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about
+line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the
+cost of an occasional overfull box.
+
+ This command cancels the effect of a previous '\sloppy' command
+(*note \sloppy::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \sloppy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line breaking
+
+10.6 '\sloppy'
+==============
+
+The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking.
+This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.
+
+ Lasts until a '\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \sloppy, Up: Line breaking
+
+10.7 '\hyphenation'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO}
+
+ The '\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with a
+'-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces.
+TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are
+tried. Multiple '\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples (the
+default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these
+words):
+
+ \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking
+
+10.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
+==================================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \linebreak[PRIORITY]
+ \nolinebreak[PRIORITY]
+
+ By default, the '\linebreak' ('\nolinebreak') command forces
+(prevents) a line break at the current position. For '\linebreak', the
+spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right
+margin as usual.
+
+ With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command from
+a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. The
+higher the number, the more insistent the request.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Page breaking, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Line breaking, Up: Top
+
+11 Page breaking
+****************
+
+LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
+accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but
+sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \cleardoublepage:: Start a new right-hand page.
+* \clearpage:: Start a new page.
+* \newpage:: Start a new page.
+* \enlargethispage:: Enlarge the current page a bit.
+* \pagebreak & \nopagebreak:: Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking
+
+11.1 '\cleardoublepage'
+=======================
+
+The '\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \newpage, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Page breaking
+
+11.2 '\clearpage'
+=================
+
+The '\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures
+and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking
+
+11.3 '\newpage'
+===============
+
+The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats
+(see '\clearpage' above).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Page breaking
+
+11.4 '\enlargethispage'
+=======================
+
+'\enlargethispage{size}'
+
+ '\enlargethispage*{size}'
+
+ Enlarge the '\textheight' for the current page by the specified
+amount; e.g. '\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one
+additional line.
+
+ The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page
+as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
+'\pagebreak'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Page breaking
+
+11.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
+==================================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \pagebreak[PRIORITY]
+ \nopagebreak[PRIORITY]
+
+ By default, the '\pagebreak' ('\nopagebreak') command forces
+(prevents) a page break at the current position. With '\pagebreak', the
+vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it
+extends to the normal bottom margin.
+
+ With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the '\pagebreak'
+command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0
+to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Definitions, Prev: Page breaking, Up: Top
+
+12 Footnotes
+************
+
+Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with
+one command, the '\footnote' command. They can also be produced with
+two commands, the '\footnotemark' and the '\footnotetext' commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \footnote:: Insert a footnote.
+* \footnotemark:: Insert footnote mark only.
+* \footnotetext:: Insert footnote text only.
+* Symbolic footnotes:: Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.
+* Footnote parameters:: Parameters for footnote formatting.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
+
+12.1 '\footnote'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT}
+
+ The '\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the
+bottom of the current page. The optional argument NUMBER changes the
+default footnote number.
+
+ This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
+cannot use it in sectioning commands like '\chapter', in figures, tables
+or in a 'tabular' environment. (See following sections.)
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes
+
+12.2 '\footnotemark'
+====================
+
+With no optional argument, the '\footnotemark' command puts the current
+footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner
+paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the
+'\footnotetext' command.
+
+ This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
+markers referring to the same footnote with
+
+ \footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
+
+after the first '\footnote' command.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotetext, Next: Symbolic footnotes, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
+
+12.3 '\footnotetext'
+====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT}
+
+ The '\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as
+a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the '\footnotemark'
+command. The '\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph
+mode.
+
+ The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbolic footnotes, Next: Footnote parameters, Prev: \footnotetext, Up: Footnotes
+
+12.4 Symbolic footnotes
+=======================
+
+If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
+numbers, redefine '\thefootnote' like this:
+
+ \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
+
+ The '\fnsymbol' command produces a predefined series of symbols
+(*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::). If you want to
+use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also
+redefine '\@fnsymbol'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnote parameters, Prev: Symbolic footnotes, Up: Footnotes
+
+12.5 Footnote parameters
+========================
+
+'\footnoterule'
+ Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
+ page's footnotes. Default dimensions: '0.4pt' thick (or wide), and
+ '0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except
+ slides, where it does not appear).
+
+'\footnotesep'
+ The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.
+ By default, this is set to the normal strut for '\footnotesize'
+ fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space
+ between footnotes. This is '6.65pt' for '10pt', '7.7pt' for
+ '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Counters, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Top
+
+13 Definitions
+**************
+
+LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \newcommand & \renewcommand:: (Re)define a new command.
+* \newcounter:: Define a new counter.
+* \newlength:: Define a new length.
+* \newsavebox:: Define a new box.
+* \newenvironment & \renewenvironment:: Define a new environment.
+* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment.
+* \newfont:: Define a new font name.
+* \protect:: Using tricky commands.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \newcounter, Up: Definitions
+
+13.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
+====================================
+
+'\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command,
+respectively. Synopses:
+
+ \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
+ \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN}
+ \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN}
+ \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN}
+
+CMD
+ The command name beginning with '\'. For '\newcommand', it must
+ not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'; for
+ '\renewcommand', it must already be defined.
+
+NARGS
+ An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
+ that the command will take. The default is for the command to have
+ no arguments.
+
+DEFAULT
+ If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
+ first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the
+ default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not
+ specified in the call) is the string 'def'.
+
+DEFN
+ The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a
+ construct of the form '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the
+ Nth argument.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \newlength, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions
+
+13.2 '\newcounter'
+==================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME]
+
+ The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new
+counter is initialized to zero.
+
+ Given the optional argument '[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset
+whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented.
+
+ *Note Counters::, for more information about counters.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Definitions
+
+13.3 '\newlength'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newlength{\ARG}
+
+ The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a 'length'
+command with a value of '0in'. The argument must be a control sequence,
+as in '\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if '\foo' is already defined.
+
+ *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value,
+and for more information about lengths in general.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Prev: \newlength, Up: Definitions
+
+13.4 '\newsavebox'
+==================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newsavebox{CMD}
+
+ Defines '\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to
+refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Definitions
+
+13.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
+============================================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
+ \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
+ \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
+
+ These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is,
+'\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'.
+
+ENV
+ The name of the environment. For '\newenvironment', ENV must not
+ be an existing environment, and the command '\ENV' must be
+ undefined. For '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an
+ existing environment.
+
+NARGS
+ An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
+ newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
+
+DEFAULT
+ If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT
+ gives the default value for that argument.
+
+BEGDEF
+ The text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'; a construct
+ of the form '#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the Nth
+ argument.
+
+ENDDEF
+ The text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'. It may not
+ contain any argument parameters.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Up: Definitions
+
+13.6 '\newtheorem'
+==================
+
+ \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN]
+ \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL}
+
+ This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:
+
+NEWENV
+ The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of
+ an existing environment or otherwise defined.
+
+LABEL
+ The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
+ number. For example, 'Theorem'.
+
+NUMBERED_LIKE
+ (Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like
+ environment; the new environment will be numbered just like
+ NUMBERED_LIKE.
+
+WITHIN
+ (Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional
+ unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as
+ the WITHIN counter.
+
+ At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \newfont, Next: \protect, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions
+
+13.7 '\newfont'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME}
+
+ Defines a control sequence '\CMD', which must not already be defined,
+to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on the system
+is named 'FONTNAME.tfm'.
+
+ This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
+More commonly, fonts are defined in families through '.fd' files.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions
+
+13.8 '\protect'
+===============
+
+Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
+many more are so-called "fragile" commands. When a fragile command is
+used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be preceded
+by '\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments
+must have their own '\protect'.
+
+ Some examples of moving arguments are '\caption' (*note figure::),
+'\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in 'tabular' and 'array'
+environments (*note tabular::).
+
+ Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not be
+preceded by '\protect'.
+
+ See also:
+
+'http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html'
+'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect'
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top
+
+14 Counters
+***********
+
+Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
+name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
+command that produces the number, except with no '\'. ('enumi'-'enumiv'
+are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the
+counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.
+
+ part paragraph figure enumi
+ chapter subparagraph table enumii
+ section page footnote enumiii
+ subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
+ subsubsection
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter.
+* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment.
+* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression.
+* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter.
+* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter.
+* \refstepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+* \stepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+* \day \month \year:: Numeric date values.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Next: \usecounter, Up: Counters
+
+14.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
+=====================================================================
+
+All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
+instance, '\alph{enumi}'.
+
+'\alph'
+ prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ...
+
+'\Alph'
+ uses uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ...
+
+'\arabic'
+ uses Arabic numbers: '1', '2', ...
+
+'\roman'
+ uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ...
+
+'\roman'
+ uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ...
+
+'\fnsymbol'
+ prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols
+ (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of COUNTER
+ must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.
+
+ The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the
+ names:
+ asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
+ double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Up: Counters
+
+14.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}'
+===========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \usecounter{COUNTER}
+
+ The '\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the
+'list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list
+items.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \value, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters
+
+14.3 '\value{COUNTER}'
+======================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \value{COUNTER}
+
+ The '\value' command produces the value of COUNTER. It can be used
+anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example:
+
+ \setcounter{myctr}{3}
+ \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
+ \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \addtocounter, Prev: \value, Up: Counters
+
+14.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
+==================================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE}
+
+ The '\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE
+argument.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters
+
+14.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
+====================================
+
+The '\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified
+by the VALUE argument, which may be negative.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters
+
+14.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
+===============================
+
+The '\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as '\stepcounter'
+*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current '\ref' value to
+be the result of '\thecounter'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \stepcounter, Next: \day \month \year, Prev: \refstepcounter, Up: Counters
+
+14.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
+============================
+
+The '\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary
+counters.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \day \month \year, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Counters
+
+14.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters
+=============================================
+
+LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month ('\day', 1-31), month of
+the year ('\month', 1-12), and year ('\year', Common Era). When TeX
+starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is
+running. They are not updated as the job progresses.
+
+ The related command '\today' produces a string representing the
+current day (*note \today::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Making paragraphs, Prev: Counters, Up: Top
+
+15 Lengths
+**********
+
+A 'length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length
+as an argument.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \setlength:: Set the value of a length.
+* \addtolength:: Add a quantity to a length.
+* \settodepth:: Set a length to the depth of something.
+* \settoheight:: Set a length to the height of something.
+* \settowidth:: Set a length to the width of something.
+* Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Up: Lengths
+
+15.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
+==============================
+
+The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can
+be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches ('in'),
+millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths
+
+15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
+===============================
+
+The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the
+amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths
+
+15.3 '\settodepth'
+==================
+
+'\settodepth{\gnat}{text}'
+
+ The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
+to the depth of the 'text' argument.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths
+
+15.4 '\settoheight'
+===================
+
+'\settoheight{\gnat}{text}'
+
+ The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
+to the height of the 'text' argument.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths
+
+15.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
+==============================
+
+The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the
+width of the TEXT argument.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths
+
+15.6 Predefined lengths
+=======================
+
+'\width'
+
+ '\height'
+
+ '\depth'
+
+ '\totalheight'
+
+ These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
+box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width,
+etc., of the text in the box. '\totalheight' equals '\height' +
+'\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
+size, e.g., say
+
+ '\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Making paragraphs, Next: Math formulas, Prev: Lengths, Up: Top
+
+16 Making paragraphs
+********************
+
+A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not
+containing even a '%'. A blank line should not appear where a new
+paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
+a sectioning command.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \indent:: Indent this paragraph.
+* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph.
+* \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs.
+* Marginal notes:: Putting remarks in the margin.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
+
+16.1 '\indent'
+==============
+
+'\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of
+the '\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
+to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
+
+ The default value for '\parindent' is '1em' in two-column mode,
+otherwise '15pt' for '10pt' documents, '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em'
+for '12pt'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \parskip, Prev: \indent, Up: Making paragraphs
+
+16.2 '\noindent'
+================
+
+When used at the beginning of the paragraph, '\noindent' suppresses any
+paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a
+paragraph.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \parskip, Next: Marginal notes, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs
+
+16.3 '\parskip'
+===============
+
+'\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before
+each paragraph. The default is '0pt plus1pt'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Marginal notes, Prev: \parskip, Up: Making paragraphs
+
+16.4 Marginal notes
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT}
+
+ The '\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin. The first
+line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
+where the '\marginpar' occurs.
+
+ When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be
+placed
+
+ * in the right margin for one-sided layout;
+ * in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
+ * in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
+
+ The command '\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in
+the opposite (inside) margin. '\normalmarginpar' places them in the
+default position.
+
+ When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin,
+and RIGHT is used for the right margin.
+
+ The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
+hyphenation there by beginning the node with '\hspace{0pt}'.
+
+ These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
+
+'\marginparpush'
+ Minimum vertical space between notes; default '7pt' for '12pt'
+ documents, '5pt' else.
+
+'\marginparsep'
+ Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default '11pt'
+ for '10pt' documents, '10pt' else.
+
+'\marginparwidth'
+ Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided '10pt' document
+ is '90pt', '83pt' for '11pt', and '68pt' for '12pt'; '17pt' more in
+ each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the
+ default is '48pt'.
+
+ The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes
+from falling off the bottom of the page.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Math formulas, Next: Modes, Prev: Making paragraphs, Up: Top
+
+17 Math formulas
+****************
+
+There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
+
+'math'
+ For formulas that appear right in the text.
+'displaymath'
+ For formulas that appear on their own line.
+'equation'
+ The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
+ equation number in the right margin.
+
+ The 'math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but
+the 'displaymath' and 'equation' environments can be used only in
+paragraph mode. The 'math' and 'displaymath' environments are used so
+often that they have the following short forms:
+
+ \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
+ \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
+
+ In fact, the 'math' environment is so common that it has an even
+shorter form:
+
+ $ ... $ instead of \(...\)
+
+ The '\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a
+bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the
+'\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too
+is used _outside_ of math mode.
+
+ The '\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the
+formula to be that of 'displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below
+summations. For example
+ $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Subscripts & superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index.
+* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
+* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp.
+* Math accents:: Accents in math.
+* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
+* Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Subscripts & superscripts, Next: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas
+
+17.1 Subscripts & superscripts
+==============================
+
+To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
+'_{'exp'}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type '^{'exp'}'.
+LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the
+natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a
+subscript and a superscript.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Math symbols, Next: Math functions, Prev: Subscripts & superscripts, Up: Math formulas
+
+17.2 Math symbols
+=================
+
+LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
+The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
+example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi
+symbol (\pi) in your output.
+
+'\|'
+ \|
+
+'\aleph'
+ \aleph
+
+'\alpha'
+ \alpha
+
+'\amalg'
+ \amalg (binary operation)
+
+'\angle'
+ \angle
+
+'\approx'
+ \approx (relation)
+
+'\ast'
+ \ast (binary operation)
+
+'\asymp'
+ \asymp (relation)
+
+'\backslash'
+ \ (delimiter)
+
+'\beta'
+ \beta
+
+'\bigcap'
+ \bigcap
+
+'\bigcirc'
+ \bigcirc (binary operation)
+
+'\bigcup'
+ \bigcup
+
+'\bigodot'
+ \bigodot
+
+'\bigoplus'
+ \bigoplus
+
+'\bigotimes'
+ \bigotimes
+
+'\bigtriangledown'
+ \bigtriangledown (binary operation)
+
+'\bigtriangleup'
+ \bigtriangleup (binary operation)
+
+'\bigsqcup'
+ \bigsqcup
+
+'\biguplus'
+ \biguplus
+
+'\bigcap'
+ \bigvee
+
+'\bigwedge'
+ \bigwedge
+
+'\bot'
+ \bot
+
+'\bowtie'
+ \bowtie (relation)
+
+'\Box'
+ (square open box symbol)
+
+'\bullet'
+ \bullet (binary operation)
+
+'\cap'
+ \cap (binary operation)
+
+'\cdot'
+ \cdot (binary operation)
+
+'\chi'
+ \chi
+
+'\circ'
+ \circ (binary operation)
+
+'\clubsuit'
+ \clubsuit
+
+'\cong'
+ \cong (relation)
+
+'\coprod'
+ \coprod
+
+'\cup'
+ \cup (binary operation)
+
+'\dagger'
+ \dagger (binary operation)
+
+'\dashv'
+ \dashv (relation)
+
+'\ddagger'
+ \dagger (binary operation)
+
+'\Delta'
+ \Delta
+
+'\delta'
+ \delta
+
+'\Diamond'
+ bigger \diamond
+
+'\diamond'
+ \diamond (binary operation)
+
+'\diamondsuit'
+ \diamondsuit
+
+'\div'
+ \div (binary operation)
+
+'\doteq'
+ \doteq (relation)
+
+'\downarrow'
+ \downarrow (delimiter)
+
+'\Downarrow'
+ \Downarrow (delimiter)
+
+'\ell'
+ \ell
+
+'\emptyset'
+ \emptyset
+
+'\epsilon'
+ \epsilon
+
+'\equiv'
+ \equiv (relation)
+
+'\eta'
+ \eta
+
+'\exists'
+ \exists
+
+'\flat'
+ \flat
+
+'\forall'
+ \forall
+
+'\frown'
+ \frown (relation)
+
+'\Gamma'
+ \Gamma
+
+'\gamma'
+ \gamma
+
+'\ge'
+ \ge
+
+'\geq'
+ \geq (relation)
+
+'\gets'
+ \gets
+
+'\gg'
+ \gg (relation)
+
+'\hbar'
+ \hbar
+
+'\heartsuit'
+ \heartsuit
+
+'\hookleftarrow'
+ \hookleftarrow
+
+'\hookrightarrow'
+ \hookrightarrow
+
+'\iff'
+ \iff
+
+'\Im'
+ \Im
+
+'\in'
+ \in (relation)
+
+'\infty'
+ \infty
+
+'\int'
+ \int
+
+'\iota'
+ \iota
+
+'\Join'
+ condensed bowtie symbol (relation)
+
+'\kappa'
+ \kappa
+
+'\Lambda'
+ \Lambda
+
+'\lambda'
+ \lambda
+
+'\land'
+ \land
+
+'\langle'
+ \langle (delimiter)
+
+'\lbrace'
+ \lbrace (delimiter)
+
+'\lbrack'
+ \lbrack (delimiter)
+
+'\lceil'
+ \lceil (delimiter)
+
+'\le'
+ \le
+
+'\leadsto'
+
+'\Leftarrow'
+ \Leftarrow
+
+'\leftarrow'
+ \leftarrow
+
+'\leftharpoondown'
+ \leftharpoondown
+
+'\leftharpoonup'
+ \leftharpoonup
+
+'\Leftrightarrow'
+ \Leftrightarrow
+
+'\leftrightarrow'
+ \leftrightarrow
+
+'\leq'
+ \leq (relation)
+
+'\lfloor'
+ \lfloor (delimiter)
+
+'\lhd'
+ (left-pointing arrow head)
+
+'\ll'
+ \ll (relation)
+
+'\lnot'
+ \lnot
+
+'\longleftarrow'
+ \longleftarrow
+
+'\longleftrightarrow'
+ \longleftrightarrow
+
+'\longmapsto'
+ \longmapsto
+
+'\longrightarrow'
+ \longrightarrow
+
+'\lor'
+ \lor
+
+'\mapsto'
+ \mapsto
+
+'\mho'
+
+'\mid'
+ \mid (relation)
+
+'\models'
+ \models (relation)
+
+'\mp'
+ \mp (binary operation)
+
+'\mu'
+ \mu
+
+'\nabla'
+ \nabla
+
+'\natural'
+ \natural
+
+'\ne'
+ \ne
+
+'\nearrow'
+ \nearrow
+
+'\neg'
+ \neg
+
+'\neq'
+ \neq (relation)
+
+'\ni'
+ \ni (relation)
+
+'\not'
+ Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.
+
+'\notin'
+ \ni
+
+'\nu'
+ \nu
+
+'\nwarrow'
+ \nwarrow
+
+'\odot'
+ \odot (binary operation)
+
+'\oint'
+ \oint
+
+'\Omega'
+ \Omega
+
+'\omega'
+ \omega
+
+'\ominus'
+ \ominus (binary operation)
+
+'\oplus'
+ \oplus (binary operation)
+
+'\oslash'
+ \oslash (binary operation)
+
+'\otimes'
+ \otimes (binary operation)
+
+'\owns'
+ \owns
+
+'\parallel'
+ \parallel (relation)
+
+'\partial'
+ \partial
+
+'\perp'
+ \perp (relation)
+
+'\phi'
+ \phi
+
+'\Pi'
+ \Pi
+
+'\pi'
+ \pi
+
+'\pm'
+ \pm (binary operation)
+
+'\prec'
+ \prec (relation)
+
+'\preceq'
+ \preceq (relation)
+
+'\prime'
+ \prime
+
+'\prod'
+ \prod
+
+'\propto'
+ \propto (relation)
+
+'\Psi'
+ \Psi
+
+'\psi'
+ \psi
+
+'\rangle'
+ \rangle (delimiter)
+
+'\rbrace'
+ \rbrace (delimiter)
+
+'\rbrack'
+ \rbrack (delimiter)
+
+'\rceil'
+ \rceil (delimiter)
+
+'\Re'
+ \Re
+
+'\rfloor'
+ \rfloor
+
+'\rhd'
+ (binary operation)
+
+'\rho'
+ \rho
+
+'\Rightarrow'
+ \Rightarrow
+
+'\rightarrow'
+ \rightarrow
+
+'\rightharpoondown'
+ \rightharpoondown
+
+'\rightharpoonup'
+ \rightharpoonup
+
+'\rightleftharpoons'
+ \rightleftharpoons
+
+'\searrow'
+ \searrow
+
+'\setminus'
+ \setminus (binary operation)
+
+'\sharp'
+ \sharp
+
+'\Sigma'
+ \Sigma
+
+'\sigma'
+ \sigma
+
+'\sim'
+ \sim (relation)
+
+'\simeq'
+ \simeq (relation)
+
+'\smallint'
+ \smallint
+
+'\smile'
+ \smile (relation)
+
+'\spadesuit'
+ \spadesuit
+
+'\sqcap'
+ \sqcap (binary operation)
+
+'\sqcup'
+ \sqcup (binary operation)
+
+'\sqsubset'
+ (relation)
+
+'\sqsubseteq'
+ \sqsubseteq (relation)
+
+'\sqsupset'
+ (relation)
+
+'\sqsupseteq'
+ \sqsupseteq (relation)
+
+'\star'
+ \star (binary operation)
+
+'\subset'
+ \subset (relation)
+
+'\subseteq'
+ \subseteq (relation)
+
+'\succ'
+ \succ (relation)
+
+'\succeq'
+ \succeq (relation)
+
+'\sum'
+ \sum
+
+'\supset'
+ \supset (relation)
+
+'\supseteq'
+ \supseteq (relation)
+
+'\surd'
+ \surd
+
+'\swarrow'
+ \swarrow
+
+'\tau'
+ \tau
+
+'\theta'
+ \theta
+
+'\times'
+ \times (binary operation)
+
+'\to'
+ \to
+
+'\top'
+ \top
+
+'\triangle'
+ \triangle
+
+'\triangleleft'
+ \triangleleft (binary operation)
+
+'\triangleright'
+ \triangleright (binary operation)
+
+'\unlhd'
+ left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
+
+'\unrhd'
+ right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
+
+'\Uparrow'
+ \Uparrow (delimiter)
+
+'\uparrow'
+ \uparrow (delimiter)
+
+'\Updownarrow'
+ \Updownarrow (delimiter)
+
+'\updownarrow'
+ \updownarrow (delimiter)
+
+'\uplus'
+ \uplus (binary operation)
+
+'\Upsilon'
+ \Upsilon
+
+'\upsilon'
+ \upsilon
+
+'\varepsilon'
+ \varepsilon
+
+'\varphi'
+ \varphi
+
+'\varpi'
+ \varpi
+
+'\varrho'
+ \varrho
+
+'\varsigma'
+ \varsigma
+
+'\vartheta'
+ \vartheta
+
+'\vdash'
+ \vdash (relation)
+
+'\vee'
+ \vee (binary operation)
+
+'\Vert'
+ \Vert (delimiter)
+
+'\vert'
+ \vert (delimiter)
+
+'\wedge'
+ \wedge (binary operation)
+
+'\wp'
+ \wp
+
+'\wr'
+ \wr (binary operation)
+
+'\Xi'
+ \Xi
+
+'\xi'
+ \xi
+
+'\zeta'
+ \zeta
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Math functions, Next: Math accents, Prev: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas
+
+17.3 Math functions
+===================
+
+These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
+spacing.
+
+'\arccos'
+ \arccos
+
+'\arcsin'
+ \arcsin
+
+'\arctan'
+ \arctan
+
+'\arg'
+ \arg
+
+'\bmod'
+ Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)
+
+'\cos'
+ \cos
+
+'\cosh'
+ \cosh
+
+'\cot'
+ \cos
+
+'\coth'
+ \cosh
+
+'\csc'
+ \csc
+
+'\deg'
+ \deg
+
+'\det'
+ \deg
+
+'\dim'
+ \dim
+
+'\exp'
+ \exp
+
+'\gcd'
+ \gcd
+
+'\hom'
+ \hom
+
+'\inf'
+ \inf
+
+'\ker'
+ \ker
+
+'\lg'
+ \lg
+
+'\lim'
+ \lim
+
+'\liminf'
+ \liminf
+
+'\limsup'
+ \limsup
+
+'\ln'
+ \ln
+
+'\log'
+ \log
+
+'\max'
+ \max
+
+'\min'
+ \min
+
+'\pmod'
+ parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)
+
+'\Pr'
+ \Pr
+
+'\sec'
+ \sec
+
+'\sin'
+ \sin
+
+'\sinh'
+ \sinh
+
+'\sup'
+ \sup
+
+'\tan'
+ \tan
+
+'\tanh'
+ \tanh
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas
+
+17.4 Math accents
+=================
+
+LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in
+math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note
+Accents::).
+
+'\acute'
+ Math acute accent: \acute{x}.
+
+'\bar'
+ Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.
+
+'\breve'
+ Math breve accent: \breve{x}.
+
+'\check'
+ Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \check{x}.
+
+'\ddot'
+ Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.
+
+'\dot'
+ Math dot accent: \dot{x}.
+
+'\grave'
+ Math grave accent: \grave{x}.
+
+'\hat'
+ Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.
+
+'\imath'
+ Math dotless i.
+
+'\jmath'
+ Math dotless j.
+
+'\mathring'
+ Math ring accent: x*.
+
+'\tilde'
+ Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.
+
+'\vec'
+ Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.
+
+'\widehat'
+ Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.
+
+'\widehat'
+ Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas
+
+17.5 Spacing in math mode
+=========================
+
+In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in
+the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you
+want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in
+math mode:
+
+'\;'
+ A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
+'\:'
+'\>'
+ Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
+'\,'
+ A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
+'\!'
+ A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas
+
+17.6 Math miscellany
+====================
+
+'\*'
+ A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
+ allowed.
+
+'\cdots'
+ A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the
+ line.
+
+'\ddots'
+ A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
+
+'\frac{num}{den}'
+ Produces the fraction 'num' divided by 'den'.
+
+'\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2'
+ The two delimiters need not match; '.' acts as a null delimiter,
+ producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the
+ math in between. Example: '\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'.
+
+'\overbrace{TEXT}'
+ Generates a brace over TEXT. For example,
+ \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.
+
+'\overline{TEXT}'
+ Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overline{x+y}.
+
+'\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}'
+ Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The
+ optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce. For
+ example, the cube root of 'x+y' would be typed as
+ '$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'.
+
+'\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}'
+ Puts TEXT above RELATION. For example,
+ '\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'.
+
+'\underbrace{math}'
+ Generates MATH with a brace underneath.
+
+'\underline{text}'
+ Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be
+ underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
+ descenders.
+
+'\vdots'
+ Produces a vertical ellipsis.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page styles, Prev: Math formulas, Up: Top
+
+18 Modes
+********
+
+When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
+modes:
+
+ * Paragraph mode
+ * Math mode
+ * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+
+ LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
+different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
+Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
+LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
+
+ "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
+processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
+lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when
+it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph
+mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
+words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX
+keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.
+Even if you put a hundred words into an '\mbox', LaTeX would keep
+typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then
+complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
+
+ LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an '\mbox'
+command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
+example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
+There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
+making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
+these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'. When LaTeX is
+in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
+paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is
+called "outer paragraph mode".
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Page styles, Next: Spaces, Prev: Modes, Up: Top
+
+19 Page styles
+**************
+
+The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the
+page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \maketitle:: Generate a title page.
+* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers.
+* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style.
+* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles
+
+19.1 '\maketitle'
+=================
+
+The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title
+page--except in the 'article' class, where the title is placed at the
+top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is
+obtained from the following declarations:
+
+'\author{NAME \and NAME2}'
+ The '\author' command declares the document author(s), where the
+ argument is a list of authors separated by '\and' commands. Use
+ '\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example,
+ to give the author's institution or address.
+
+'\date{TEXT}'
+ The '\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With
+ no '\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used.
+
+'\thanks{TEXT}'
+ The '\thanks' command produces a '\footnote' to the title, usually
+ used for credit acknowledgements.
+
+'\title{TEXT}'
+ The '\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document.
+ Use '\\' to force a line break, as usual.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page styles
+
+19.2 '\pagenumbering'
+=====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \pagenumbering{STYLE}
+
+ Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE:
+
+'arabic'
+ arabic numerals
+'roman'
+ lowercase Roman numerals
+'Roman'
+ uppercase Roman numerals
+'alph'
+ lowercase letters
+'Alph'
+ uppercase letters
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles
+
+19.3 '\pagestyle'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \pagestyle{STYLE}
+
+ The '\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are
+typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE:
+
+'plain'
+ Just a plain page number.
+
+'empty'
+ Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.
+
+'headings'
+ Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies
+ what goes in the headers.
+
+'myheadings'
+ Custom headers, specified via the '\markboth' or the '\markright'
+ commands.
+
+ Here are the descriptions of '\markboth' and '\markright':
+
+'\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}'
+ Sets both the left and the right heading. A "left-hand heading"
+ (LEFT) is generated by the last '\markboth' command before the end
+ of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT is generated by
+ the first '\markboth' or '\markright' that comes on the page if
+ there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.
+
+'\markright{RIGHT}'
+ Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page styles
+
+19.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
+============================
+
+The '\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the
+'\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to
+STYLE for the current page only.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Spaces, Next: Boxes, Prev: Page styles, Up: Top
+
+20 Spaces
+*********
+
+LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
+
+ Another space-producing command is '\,' to produce a "thin" space
+(usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often
+useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::).
+
+* Menu:
+
+Horizontal space
+* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space.
+* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
+* \SPACE:: Normal interword space.
+* \AT:: Ending a sentence.
+* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em.
+* \/:: Per-character italic correction.
+* \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule.
+* \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots.
+
+Vertical space
+* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+* \bigskip \medskip \smallskip:: Fixed vertical spaces.
+* \vfill:: Infinitely stretchable vertical space.
+* \vspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \hfill, Up: Spaces
+
+20.1 '\hspace'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \hspace[*]{LENGTH}
+
+ The '\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument can
+be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc.
+It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive space
+with an '\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing.
+
+ LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
+or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional '*' form.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \SPACE, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces
+
+20.2 '\hfill'
+=============
+
+The '\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no
+natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed.
+
+ The '\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the
+glue value '0pt plus1fill'); thus, '\hspace\fill' is equivalent to
+'\hfill'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \SPACE, Next: \AT, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces
+
+20.3 '\SPACE'
+=============
+
+The '\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful
+after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example 'Knuth's
+article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is also often
+used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.'
+
+ In normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to
+'\ '.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \AT, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \SPACE, Up: Spaces
+
+20.4 '\@'
+=========
+
+The '\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a
+sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a
+capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without '\@':
+
+ ... in C\@. Pascal, though ...
+ ... in C. Pascal, though ...
+
+produces
+
+ ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ...
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \AT, Up: Spaces
+
+20.5 '\thinspace'
+=================
+
+'\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6
+of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '".
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces
+
+20.6 '\/'
+=========
+
+The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space
+defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the
+character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character
+typically has a large italic correction value.
+
+ If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary
+to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
+very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
+normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's
+are nicely separated) with f: f;.
+
+ Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
+correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space
+after the 'f') with pdfTeX.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \dotfill, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces
+
+20.7 '\hrulefill'
+=================
+
+The '\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
+stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
+rule.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces
+
+20.8 '\dotfill'
+===============
+
+The '\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots
+instead of just white space.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces
+
+20.9 '\addvspace'
+=================
+
+'\addvspace{length}'
+
+ The '\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height
+length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
+point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command, then this
+command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
+of the total vertical space equal to 'length'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces
+
+20.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
+====================================
+
+These commands produce a given amount of space.
+
+'\bigskip'
+ The same as '\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line
+ space (with stretch and shrink).
+
+'\medskip'
+ The same as '\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a
+ line space (with stretch and shrink).
+
+'\smallskip'
+ The same as '\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter
+ of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
+
+ The '\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces
+
+20.11 '\vfill'
+==============
+
+The '\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can
+stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to
+'\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces
+
+20.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
+==========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \vspace[*]{LENGTH}
+
+ The '\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber
+length. LENGTH can be negative or positive.
+
+ Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by '\vspace' at the
+top or bottom of a page. With the optional '*' argument, the space is
+not removed.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top
+
+21 Boxes
+********
+
+All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be
+used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \mbox:: Horizontal boxes.
+* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box.
+* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox.
+* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position.
+* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
+* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
+* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
+* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
+* \usebox:: Print saved text.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
+==================
+
+The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
+created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can
+be used to prevent hyphenation.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox and \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
+============================
+
+Synopses:
+
+ \fbox{TEXT}
+ \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
+
+ The '\fbox' and '\framebox' commands are like '\mbox', except that
+they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.
+
+ In addition, the '\framebox' command allows for explicit
+specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a
+dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument.
+
+ Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default
+'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the
+rule and the contents of the box.
+
+ *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the
+'picture' environment.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.3 'lrbox'
+============
+
+'\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}'
+
+ This is the environment form of '\sbox'.
+
+ The text inside the environment is saved in the box 'cmd', which must
+have been declared with '\newsavebox'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.4 '\makebox'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
+
+ The '\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the
+TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional WIDTH
+argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the
+optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values:
+
+'c'
+ Centered (default).
+'l'
+ Flush left.
+'r'
+ Flush right.
+'s'
+ Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain
+ stretchable space for this to work.
+
+ '\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox
+(picture)::.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.5 '\parbox'
+==============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT}
+
+ The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in
+'paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text,
+with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
+paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument. For larger
+pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
+environment, you should use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::).
+
+ '\parbox' has two mandatory arguments:
+
+WIDTH
+ the width of the parbox;
+TEXT
+ the text that goes inside the parbox.
+
+ The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or
+bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text
+(default is top).
+
+ The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box.
+
+ The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the
+box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used.
+
+'t'
+ text is placed at the top of the box.
+'c'
+ text is centered in the box.
+'b'
+ text is placed at the bottom of the box.
+'s'
+ stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
+ space for this to work.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.6 '\raisebox'
+================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text}
+
+ The '\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory
+argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a
+negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode.
+
+ The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are
+specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the
+baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and
+depth.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.7 '\savebox'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT}
+
+ This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with '\makebox' (*note
+\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves
+it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with
+'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
+===========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}
+
+ '\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with '\mbox' (*note \mbox::)
+except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal
+output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been
+previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: \sbox, Up: Boxes
+
+21.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD'
+======================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \usebox{\BOXCMD}
+
+ '\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a
+'\savebox' command (*note \savebox::).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top
+
+22 Special insertions
+*********************
+
+LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special
+meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Reserved characters:: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
+* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
+* Accents:: Inserting accents.
+* Non-English characters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
+* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles.
+* \today:: Inserting today's date.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions
+
+22.1 Reserved characters
+========================
+
+The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
+"reserved characters" or "special characters".
+
+ # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
+
+ Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will
+do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as
+itself, include a '\' in front of the character. For example, '\$' will
+produce '$' in your output.
+
+ One exception to this rule is '\' itself, because '\\' has its own
+special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing
+'$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter '\' is produced by using
+'\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::).
+
+ Also, '\~' and '\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the
+following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone
+'~' or '^', you can again use a verbatim command.
+
+ Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
+know its number by using the '\symbol' command. For example, the
+visible space character used in the '\verb*' command has the code
+decimal 32, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'.
+
+ You can also specify octal numbers with ''' or hexadecimal numbers
+with '"', so the previous example could also be written as
+'\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions
+
+22.2 Text symbols
+=================
+
+LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
+running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
+available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
+
+'\copyright'
+'\textcopyright'
+ The copyright symbol, (C).
+
+'\dag'
+ The dagger symbol (in text).
+
+'\ddag'
+ The double dagger symbol (in text).
+
+'\LaTeX'
+ The LaTeX logo.
+
+'\guillemotleft (<<)'
+'\guillemotright (>>)'
+'\guilsinglleft (<)'
+'\guilsinglright (>)'
+ Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
+ <<, >>, <, >.
+
+'\ldots'
+'\dots'
+'\textellipsis'
+ An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): '...'. '\ldots' and
+ '\dots' also work in math mode.
+
+'\lq'
+ Left (opening) quote: '.
+
+'\P'
+'\textparagraph'
+ Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
+
+'\pounds'
+'\textsterling'
+ English pounds sterling: #.
+
+'\quotedblbase (,,)'
+'\quotesinglbase (,)'
+ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: ,, and ,.
+
+'\rq'
+ Right (closing) quote: '.
+
+'\S'
+ Section symbol.
+
+'\TeX'
+ The TeX logo.
+
+'\textasciicircum'
+ ASCII circumflex: ^.
+
+'\textasciitilde'
+ ASCII tilde: ~.
+
+'\textasteriskcentered'
+ Centered asterisk: *.
+
+'\textbackslash'
+ Backslash: \.
+
+'\textbar'
+ Vertical bar: |.
+
+'\textbardbl'
+ Double vertical bar.
+
+'\textbigcircle'
+ Big circle symbol.
+
+'\textbraceleft'
+ Left brace: {.
+
+'\textbraceright'
+ Right brace: }.
+
+'\textbullet'
+ Bullet: *.
+
+'\textcircled{LETTER}'
+ LETTER in a circle, as in (R).
+
+'\textcompwordmark'
+'\textcapitalwordmark'
+'\textascenderwordmark'
+ Composite word mark (invisible). The '\textcapital...' form has
+ the cap height of the font, while the '\textascender...' form has
+ the ascender height.
+
+'\textdagger'
+ Dagger: \dag.
+
+'\textdaggerdbl'
+ Double dagger: \ddag.
+
+'\textdollar (or '$')'
+ Dollar sign: $.
+
+'\textemdash (or '---')'
+ Em-dash: -- (for punctuation).
+
+'\textendash (or '--')'
+ En-dash: -- (for ranges).
+
+'\texteuro'
+ The Euro symbol: Euro.
+
+'\textexclamdown (or '!`')'
+ Upside down exclamation point: !.
+
+'\textgreater'
+ Greater than: >.
+
+'\textless'
+ Less than: <.
+
+'\textleftarrow'
+ Left arrow.
+
+'\textordfeminine'
+'\textordmasculine'
+ Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: a, o.
+
+'\textperiodcentered'
+ Centered period: \cdot.
+
+'\textquestiondown (or '?`')'
+ Upside down questionation point: ?.
+
+'\textquotedblleft (or '``')'
+ Double left quote: ".
+
+'\textquotedblright (or ''')'
+ Double right quote: ".
+
+'\textquoteleft (or '`')'
+ Single left quote: '.
+
+'\textquoteright (or ''')'
+ Single right quote: '.
+
+'\textquotestraightbase'
+'\textquotestraightdblbase'
+ Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
+
+'\textregistered'
+ Registered symbol: (R).
+
+'\textrightarrow'
+ Right arrow.
+
+'\textthreequartersemdash'
+ "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+
+'\texttrademark'
+ Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.
+
+'\texttwelveudash'
+ "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+
+'\textunderscore'
+ Underscore: _.
+
+'\textvisiblespace'
+ Visible space symbol.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Non-English characters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions
+
+22.3 Accents
+============
+
+LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
+through the 'babel' package and related support. This section does not
+attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists the core LaTeX
+commands for creating accented characters.
+
+ The '\capital...' commands produce alternative forms for use with
+capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
+
+'\"'
+'\capitaldieresis'
+ Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o".
+
+'\''
+'\capitalacute'
+ Produces an acute accent, as in o'. In the 'tabbing' environment,
+ pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note
+ tabbing::).
+
+'\.'
+ Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..
+
+'\='
+'\capitalmacron'
+ Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=.
+
+'\^'
+'\capitalcircumflex'
+ Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^.
+
+'\`'
+'\capitalgrave'
+ Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`. In the
+ 'tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin
+ (*note tabbing::).
+
+'\~'
+'\capitaltilde'
+ Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~.
+
+'\b'
+ Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.
+
+'\c'
+'\capitalcedilla'
+ Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c,.
+
+'\d'
+'\capitaldotaccent'
+ Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.
+
+'\H'
+'\capitalhungarumlaut'
+ Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in
+ o''.
+
+'\i'
+ Produces a dotless i, as in 'i'.
+
+'\j'
+ Produces a dotless j, as in 'j'.
+
+'\k'
+'\capitalogonek'
+ Produces a letter with ogonek, as in 'o;'. Not available in the
+ OT1 encoding.
+
+'\r'
+'\capitalring'
+ Produces a ring accent, as in 'o*'.
+
+'\t'
+'\capitaltie'
+'\newtie'
+'\capitalnewtie'
+ Produces a tie-after accent, as in 'oo['. The '\newtie' form is
+ centered in its box.
+
+'\u'
+'\capitalbreve'
+ Produces a breve accent, as in 'o('.
+
+'\underbar'
+ Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
+ The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is
+ always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
+ descenders. See also '\underline' in *note Math miscellany::.
+
+'\v'
+'\capitalcaron'
+ Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in 'o<'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Non-English characters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions
+
+22.4 Non-English characters
+===========================
+
+Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used
+in languages other than English.
+
+'\aa'
+'\AA'
+ aa and AA.
+
+'\ae'
+'\AE'
+ ae and AE.
+
+'\dh'
+'\DH'
+ Icelandic letter eth: d and D.
+
+'\dj'
+'\DJ'
+ xxxx
+
+'\ij'
+'\IJ'
+ ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
+
+'\l'
+'\L'
+ /l and /L.
+
+'\ng'
+'\NG'
+ xxxx
+
+'\o'
+'\O'
+ /o and /O.
+
+'\oe'
+'\OE'
+ oe and OE.
+
+'\ss'
+'\SS'
+ ss and SS.
+
+'\th'
+'\TH'
+ Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Non-English characters, Up: Special insertions
+
+22.5 '\rule'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS}
+
+ The '\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles.
+The arguments are:
+
+RAISE
+ How high to raise the rule (optional).
+
+WIDTH
+ The length of the rule (mandatory).
+
+THICKNESS
+ The thickness of the rule (mandatory).
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions
+
+22.6 '\today'
+=============
+
+The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD,
+YYYY'; for example, 'July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters
+'\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this.
+It is not updated as the program runs.
+
+ The 'datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of
+other date formats.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top
+
+23 Splitting the input
+**********************
+
+A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
+input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
+several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
+there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+when you run LaTeX.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \include:: Conditionally include a file.
+* \includeonly:: Determine which files are included.
+* \input:: Unconditionally include a file.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input
+
+23.1 '\include'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \include{FILE}
+
+ If no '\includeonly' command is present, the '\include' command
+executes '\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then
+reads FILE, then does another '\clearpage'.
+
+ Given an '\includeonly' command, the '\include' actions are only run
+if FILE is listed as an argument to '\includeonly'. See the next
+section.
+
+ The '\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
+read by another '\include' command.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input
+
+23.2 \'includeonly'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...}
+
+ The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by
+subsequent '\include' commands. The list of filenames is
+comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a
+'\include' command for the selection to be effective.
+
+ This command can only appear in the preamble.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input
+
+23.3 \input
+===========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \input{FILE}
+
+ The '\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and
+processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at
+that point.
+
+ If FILE does not end in '.tex' (e.g., 'foo' or 'foo.bar'), it is
+first tried with that extension ('foo.tex' or 'foo.bar.tex'). If that
+is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar').
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top
+
+24 Front/back matter
+********************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Tables of contents::
+* Glossaries::
+* Indexes::
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter
+
+24.1 Tables of contents
+=======================
+
+A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command.
+You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;
+LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must have generated a
+'.toc' file.
+
+ The '\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not
+automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table
+of contents, write a '\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents'
+command.
+
+ The analogous commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a
+list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works
+exactly the same as for the table of contents.
+
+ The command '\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any
+of these lists from being generated.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc.
+* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents
+
+24.1.1 \addcontentsline
+-----------------------
+
+The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the
+specified list or table where:
+
+EXT
+ The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+ typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of
+ figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).
+
+UNIT
+ The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
+ following, matching the value of the EXT argument:
+
+ 'toc'
+ The name of the sectional unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section',
+ 'subsection', 'subsubsection'.
+ 'lof'
+ For the list of figures.
+ 'lot'
+ For the list of tables.
+
+ENTRY
+ The actual text of the entry.
+
+ What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command
+'\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents
+
+24.1.2 \addtocontents
+---------------------
+
+The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting
+commands) directly to the '.EXT' file that generates the table of
+contents or lists of figures or tables.
+
+EXT
+ The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
+ 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of figures), or 'lot' (list
+ of tables).
+
+TEXT
+ The text to be written.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter
+
+24.2 Glossaries
+===============
+
+The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries.
+
+ The command '\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an
+auxiliary file with the '.glo' extension.
+
+ Specifically, what gets written is the command
+'\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
+value.
+
+ The 'glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier
+glossaries.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter
+
+24.3 Indexes
+============
+
+The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the
+preamble.
+
+ The command '\index{TEXT}' writes an index entry for TEXT to an
+auxiliary file with the '.idx' extension.
+
+ Specifically, what gets written is the command
+'\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
+value.
+
+ To generate a index entry for 'bar' that says 'See foo', use a
+vertical bar: '\index{bar|see{foo}}'. Use 'seealso' instead of 'see' to
+make a 'See also' entry.
+
+ The text 'See' is defined by the macro '\seename', and 'See also' by
+the macro '\alsoname'. These can be redefined for other languages.
+
+ The generated '.idx' file is then sorted with an external command,
+usually either 'makeindex' ('http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex')
+or (the multi-lingual) 'xindy' ('http://xindy.sourceforge.net'). This
+results in a '.ind' file, which can then be read to typeset the index.
+
+ The index is usually generated with the '\printindex' command. This
+is defined in the 'makeidx' package, so '\usepackage{makeidx}' needs to
+be in the preamble.
+
+ The rubber length '\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter in
+the printed index; its default value is '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'.
+
+ The 'showidx' package causes each index entries to be shown in the
+margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing
+the index.
+
+ The 'multind' package supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX
+FAQ entry on this topic,
+'http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal input/output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top
+
+25 Letters
+**********
+
+You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
+'letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at once,
+although you can make just one if you so desire.
+
+ Your '.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other
+document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
+minimum:
+
+ \documentclass{letter}
+ \begin{document}
+ ... letters ...
+ \end{document}
+
+ Each letter is a 'letter' environment, whose argument is the name and
+address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
+
+ \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
+ \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
+ ...
+ \end{letter}
+
+ The letter itself begins with the '\opening' command. The text of
+the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that
+make no sense in a letter, like '\chapter', do not work. The letter
+closes with a '\closing' command.
+
+ After the 'closing', you can have additional material. The '\cc'
+command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar '\encl'
+command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use '\\' to
+separate the items.
+
+ These commands are used with the 'letter' class.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \address:: Your return address.
+* \cc:: Cc list.
+* \closing:: Saying goodbye.
+* \encl:: List of enclosed material.
+* \location:: Your organisation's address.
+* \makelabels:: Making address labels.
+* \name:: Your name, for the return address.
+* \opening:: Saying hello.
+* \ps:: Adding a postscript.
+* \signature:: Your signature.
+* \startbreaks:: Allow page breaks.
+* \stopbreaks:: Disallow page breaks.
+* \telephone:: Your phone number.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters
+
+25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
+=============================
+
+The '\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should
+appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address
+should be separated by '\\' commands.
+
+ If you do not make an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be
+formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead.
+(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you
+give an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
+personal letter.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters
+
+25.2 '\cc'
+==========
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \cc{NAME1\\NAME2}
+
+ Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to. Each name is
+printed on a separate line.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters
+
+25.3 '\closing'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \closing{text}
+
+ A letter closes with a '\closing' command, for example,
+ \closing{Best Regards,}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters
+
+25.4 '\encl'
+============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \encl{LINE1\\LINE2}
+
+ Declare a list of one more enclosures.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters
+
+25.5 '\location'
+================
+
+'\location{address}'
+
+ This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only
+appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters
+
+25.6 '\makelabels'
+==================
+
+'\makelabels{number}'
+
+ If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet
+of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters
+
+25.7 '\name'
+============
+
+'\name{June Davenport}'
+
+ Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
+address.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters
+
+25.8 '\opening{TEXT}'
+=====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \opening{TEXT}
+
+ A letter begins with the '\opening' command. The mandatory argument,
+TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance:
+
+ \opening{Dear Joe,}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters
+
+25.9 '\ps'
+==========
+
+Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after
+'\closing'.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \startbreaks, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters
+
+25.10 '\signature{TEXT}'
+========================
+
+Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
+space for your signature. '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters
+
+25.11 '\startbreaks'
+====================
+
+'\startbreaks'
+
+ Used after a '\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, Up: Letters
+
+25.12 '\stopbreaks'
+===================
+
+'\stopbreaks'
+
+ Inhibit page breaks until a '\startbreaks' command occurs.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \stopbreaks, Up: Letters
+
+25.13 '\telephone'
+==================
+
+'\telephone{number}'
+
+ This is your telephone number. This only appears if the 'firstpage'
+pagestyle is selected.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top
+
+26 Terminal input/output
+************************
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \typein:: Read text from the terminal.
+* \typeout:: Write text to the terminal.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output
+
+26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
+========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \typein[\CMD]{MSG}
+
+ '\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and
+wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the
+optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it
+had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein' command.
+If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. This
+command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output
+
+26.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
+====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \typeout{MSG}
+
+ Prints 'msg' on the terminal and in the 'log' file. Commands in
+'msg' that are defined with '\newcommand' or '\renewcommand' (among
+others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed.
+
+ LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'. A '\space'
+command in 'msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of
+surrounding spaces. A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal input/output, Up: Top
+
+27 Command line
+***************
+
+The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
+uses '.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file
+entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command
+options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.
+
+ latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
+
+will process 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error.
+
+ If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a '*'
+prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type '\stop' (and return) and
+it will prematurely end the document.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Document templates, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Command line, Up: Top
+
+Appendix A Document templates
+*****************************
+
+Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
+be useful. Additional template resources are listed
+'http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates'.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* book template::
+* beamer template::
+* tugboat template::
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: book template, Next: beamer template, Up: Document templates
+
+A.1 'book' template
+===================
+
+\documentclass{book}
+\title{Book Class Template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\chapter{First}
+Some text.
+
+\chapter{Second}
+Some other text.
+
+\section{A subtopic}
+The end.
+\end{document}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: beamer template, Next: tugboat template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates
+
+A.2 'beamer' template
+=====================
+
+The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations.
+
+\documentclass{beamer}
+
+\title{Beamer Class template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+\date{July 31, 2007}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{First Slide}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ This is \verbatim!
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
+
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: tugboat template, Prev: beamer template, Up: Document templates
+
+A.3 'tugboat' template
+======================
+
+'TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
+'http://tug.org/TUGboat'.
+
+\documentclass{ltugboat}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{ifpdf}
+\ifpdf
+\usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
+ urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
+\else
+\usepackage{url}
+\fi
+
+\title{Example \TUB\ article}
+
+% repeat info for each author.
+\author{First Last}
+\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
+\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
+\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+This is an example article for \TUB{}.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+This is an example article for \TUB, from
+\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
+
+We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the
+hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).
+Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
+
+The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:
+
+% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
+\begin{verbatim}[\small]
+\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
+\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
+\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
+\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
+\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
+\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
+\TUB \TUG \tug
+\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
+
+\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
+\careof \thinskip
+
+\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use!
+\cs{fred} -> \fred
+\env{fred} -> \begin{fred}
+\meta{fred} -> <fred>
+\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
+\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
+\booktitle{Book of Fred}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
+\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
+(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).
+
+Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
+
+\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
+\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
+\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
+
+\makesignature
+\end{document}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Command Index, Prev: Document templates, Up: Top
+
+Concept Index
+*************
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 15)
+* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31)
+* '.glo' file: Glossaries. (line 8)
+* '.idx' file: Indexes. (line 9)
+* '.ind' file: Indexes. (line 23)
+* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 16)
+* abstracts: abstract. (line 6)
+* accents: Accents. (line 6)
+* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6)
+* accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters. (line 25)
+* acute accent: Accents. (line 20)
+* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 11)
+* ae ligature: Non-English characters.
+ (line 15)
+* align environment, from 'amsmath': eqnarray. (line 6)
+* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
+* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray. (line 6)
+* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 37)
+* aring: Non-English characters.
+ (line 11)
+* arrays, math: array. (line 6)
+* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 128)
+* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 160)
+* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 96)
+* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 61)
+* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 64)
+* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 67)
+* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12)
+* auxiliary file: Overview. (line 45)
+* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 70)
+* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
+* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 73)
+* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 29)
+* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
+* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 46)
+* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 8)
+* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6)
+* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6)
+* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
+* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 79)
+* black boxes, omitting: Document class options.
+ (line 27)
+* bold font: Font styles. (line 74)
+* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 18)
+* boxes: Boxes. (line 6)
+* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 82)
+* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 85)
+* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6)
+* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6)
+* breve accent: Accents. (line 85)
+* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 17)
+* bug reporting: About this document. (line 13)
+* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 87)
+* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 88)
+* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6)
+* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 77)
+* cap height: Text symbols. (line 96)
+* caron accent: Accents. (line 95)
+* case sensitivity of LaTeX: Overview. (line 57)
+* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6)
+* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 50)
+* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 67)
+* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 135)
+* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6)
+* centering text, environment for: center. (line 6)
+* characters, accented: Accents. (line 6)
+* characters, non-English: Non-English characters.
+ (line 6)
+* characters, reserved: Reserved characters. (line 6)
+* check accent: Accents. (line 95)
+* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
+* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 79)
+* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 91)
+* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 33)
+* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
+* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 61)
+* class options: Document class options.
+ (line 6)
+* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 6)
+* closing letters: \closing. (line 6)
+* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 52)
+* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
+* command line: Command line. (line 6)
+* commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 6)
+* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 96)
+* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
+* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 12)
+* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6)
+* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 6)
+* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 6)
+* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 6)
+* creating letters: Letters. (line 6)
+* creating pictures: picture. (line 6)
+* creating tables: table. (line 6)
+* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 22)
+* cross references: Cross references. (line 6)
+* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 6)
+* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 6)
+* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 107)
+* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 116)
+* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 104)
+* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 15)
+* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 101)
+* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18)
+* 'datetime' package: \today. (line 11)
+* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 6)
+* defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 6)
+* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 6)
+* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 6)
+* definitions: Definitions. (line 6)
+* description lists, creating: description. (line 6)
+* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 16)
+* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 7)
+* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation.
+ (line 6)
+* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote.
+ (line 6)
+* document class options: Document class options.
+ (line 6)
+* document classes: Document classes. (line 6)
+* document templates: Document templates. (line 6)
+* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 107)
+* dot accent: Accents. (line 25)
+* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
+* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 25)
+* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 54)
+* dotless i: Accents. (line 62)
+* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 35)
+* dotless j: Accents. (line 65)
+* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 38)
+* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 18)
+* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 104)
+* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 23)
+* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 141)
+* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 49)
+* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 154)
+* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 144)
+* double spacing: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 52)
+* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
+* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 113)
+* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 33)
+* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 110)
+* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 163)
+* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 169)
+* emphasis: Font styles. (line 27)
+* emphasis <1>: Font styles. (line 80)
+* enclosure list: \encl. (line 6)
+* ending & starting: Starting & ending. (line 6)
+* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
+* environments: Environments. (line 6)
+* environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 6)
+* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
+* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 29)
+* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* equations, environment for: equation. (line 6)
+* es-zet German letter: Non-English characters.
+ (line 47)
+* eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters.
+ (line 19)
+* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 116)
+* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 119)
+* exponent: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 6)
+* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 132)
+* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
+* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21)
+* figures, inserting: figure. (line 6)
+* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 98)
+* 'float' package: figure. (line 34)
+* 'float' package <1>: figure. (line 38)
+* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 6)
+* font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 6)
+* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 6)
+* font styles: Font styles. (line 6)
+* fonts: Typefaces. (line 6)
+* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 6)
+* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
+* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
+* footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
+* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 21)
+* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6)
+* footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes.
+ (line 6)
+* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 6)
+* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* fragile commands: \protect. (line 6)
+* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* functions, math: Math functions. (line 6)
+* global options: Document class options.
+ (line 6)
+* global options <1>: Document class options.
+ (line 76)
+* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6)
+* grave accent: Accents. (line 37)
+* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29)
+* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 122)
+* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 6)
+* ha'c<ek accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
+* hacek accent: Accents. (line 95)
+* hat accent: Accents. (line 33)
+* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
+* header style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
+* header, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* here, putting floats: figure. (line 38)
+* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 58)
+* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6)
+* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
+* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox. (line 6)
+* Icelandic eth: Non-English characters.
+ (line 19)
+* Icelandic thorn: Non-English characters.
+ (line 51)
+* ij letter, Dutch: Non-English characters.
+ (line 27)
+* in-line formulas: math. (line 6)
+* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6)
+* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6)
+* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 17)
+* indexes: Indexes. (line 6)
+* input file: Splitting the input. (line 6)
+* input/output: Terminal input/output.
+ (line 6)
+* inserting figures: figure. (line 6)
+* italic font: Font styles. (line 83)
+* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6)
+* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6)
+* Knuth, Donald E.: About this document. (line 6)
+* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 6)
+* Lamport, Leslie: About this document. (line 6)
+* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 21)
+* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 8)
+* LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 6)
+* layout commands: Layout. (line 6)
+* layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 128)
+* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 82)
+* left quote: Text symbols. (line 37)
+* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 141)
+* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 147)
+* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6)
+* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
+* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6)
+* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 6)
+* lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6)
+* lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
+* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 6)
+* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125)
+* letters: Letters. (line 6)
+* letters, accented: Accents. (line 6)
+* letters, ending: \closing. (line 6)
+* letters, non-English: Non-English characters.
+ (line 6)
+* letters, starting: \opening. (line 6)
+* line break, forcing: \\. (line 6)
+* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 6)
+* line breaks, forcing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* lines in tables: tabular. (line 6)
+* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6)
+* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6)
+* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6)
+* lists of items: itemize. (line 6)
+* lists of items, generic: list. (line 6)
+* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6)
+* loading additional packages: Document class options.
+ (line 69)
+* log file: Overview. (line 41)
+* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 21)
+* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 58)
+* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 49)
+* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 6)
+* lR mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* LuaTeX: Overview. (line 32)
+* macron accent: Accents. (line 29)
+* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
+* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* 'makeidx' package: Indexes. (line 28)
+* 'makeindex' program: Indexes. (line 23)
+* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6)
+* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
+* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 6)
+* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 132)
+* math accents: Math accents. (line 6)
+* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* math functions: Math functions. (line 6)
+* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 6)
+* math mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 6)
+* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6)
+* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6)
+* modes: Modes. (line 6)
+* monospace font: Font styles. (line 98)
+* moving arguments: \protect. (line 6)
+* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 6)
+* 'multind' package: Indexes. (line 39)
+* multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany.
+ (line 7)
+* nested '\include', not allowed: \include. (line 18)
+* new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 6)
+* new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr.
+ (line 6)
+* new line, starting: \\. (line 6)
+* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6)
+* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6)
+* non-English characters: Non-English characters.
+ (line 6)
+* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
+* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 21)
+* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6)
+* oblique font: Font styles. (line 95)
+* oe ligature: Non-English characters.
+ (line 43)
+* ogonek: Accents. (line 69)
+* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 6)
+* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 37)
+* options, document class: Document class options.
+ (line 6)
+* options, global: Document class options.
+ (line 76)
+* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 132)
+* oslash: Non-English characters.
+ (line 39)
+* overbar accent: Accents. (line 29)
+* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
+* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 8)
+* packages, loading: Document class options.
+ (line 69)
+* page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 6)
+* page layout parameters: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 6)
+* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
+* page styles: Page styles. (line 6)
+* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 17)
+* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation. (line 6)
+* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote. (line 6)
+* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 41)
+* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
+* parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
+* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* pdfTeX: Overview. (line 26)
+* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 135)
+* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6)
+* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 41)
+* placement of floats: figure. (line 19)
+* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6)
+* polish l: Non-English characters.
+ (line 31)
+* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6)
+* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 45)
+* preamble, defined: Starting & ending. (line 17)
+* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
+* prompt, '*': Command line. (line 15)
+* questionation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 138)
+* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 154)
+* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation.
+ (line 6)
+* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote.
+ (line 6)
+* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
+* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
+* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 6)
+* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
+* redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 6)
+* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 157)
+* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
+* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 13)
+* reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
+* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 160)
+* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 85)
+* right quote: Text symbols. (line 52)
+* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 144)
+* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 150)
+* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
+* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
+* ring accent: Accents. (line 74)
+* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 41)
+* robust commands: \protect. (line 16)
+* roman font: Font styles. (line 86)
+* running header and footer: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
+* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 92)
+* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 77)
+* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
+* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 47)
+* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 55)
+* sectioning: Sectioning. (line 6)
+* 'setspace' package: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 52)
+* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6)
+* sharp S letters: Non-English characters.
+ (line 47)
+* 'showidx' package: Indexes. (line 35)
+* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6)
+* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 27)
+* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 147)
+* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 49)
+* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 150)
+* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6)
+* slanted font: Font styles. (line 95)
+* small caps font: Font styles. (line 89)
+* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6)
+* spaces: Spaces. (line 6)
+* spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 6)
+* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 132)
+* special characters: Non-English characters.
+ (line 6)
+* specifier, float placement: figure. (line 19)
+* splitting the input file: Splitting the input. (line 6)
+* starting & ending: Starting & ending. (line 6)
+* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6)
+* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 6)
+* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 6)
+* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 45)
+* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 154)
+* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 154)
+* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
+* styles of text: Font styles. (line 6)
+* styles, page: Page styles. (line 6)
+* subscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 6)
+* superscript: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 6)
+* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 6)
+* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6)
+* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. (line 6)
+* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 6)
+* tables, creating: table. (line 6)
+* terminal input/output: Terminal input/output.
+ (line 6)
+* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 58)
+* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6)
+* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22)
+* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6)
+* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6)
+* thorn, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters.
+ (line 51)
+* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 163)
+* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 80)
+* tilde accent: Accents. (line 43)
+* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 44)
+* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 64)
+* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6)
+* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26)
+* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6)
+* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 166)
+* transcript file: Overview. (line 41)
+* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6)
+* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 169)
+* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6)
+* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6)
+* typeface styles: Font styles. (line 6)
+* typefaces: Typefaces. (line 6)
+* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 98)
+* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 18)
+* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 16)
+* underbar: Accents. (line 88)
+* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 172)
+* unordered lists: itemize. (line 6)
+* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
+* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 6)
+* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 47)
+* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6)
+* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6)
+* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
+* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 73)
+* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 6)
+* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 6)
+* visible space: \verb. (line 17)
+* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 175)
+* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 50)
+* wide tile accent, math: Math accents. (line 53)
+* XeTeX: Overview. (line 35)
+* 'xindy' program: Indexes. (line 23)
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Command Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
+
+Command Index
+*************
+
+
+* Menu:
+
+* $: Math formulas. (line 24)
+* .aux file: Overview. (line 45)
+* .dvi file: Overview. (line 18)
+* .log file: Overview. (line 41)
+* .pdf file: Overview. (line 26)
+* .toc file: Tables of contents. (line 6)
+* 10pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 14)
+* 11pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 14)
+* 12pt option: Document class options.
+ (line 14)
+* @{...}: array. (line 29)
+* [...] for optional arguments: Overview. (line 51)
+* \ character starting commands: Overview. (line 51)
+* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 16)
+* \#: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \$: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \%: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \&: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20)
+* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 45)
+* \(: Math formulas. (line 16)
+* \): Math formulas. (line 16)
+* \*: Math miscellany. (line 6)
+* \+: tabbing. (line 37)
+* \,: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 17)
+* \-: tabbing. (line 41)
+* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
+* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 25)
+* \/: \/. (line 6)
+* \:: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 15)
+* \;: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 12)
+* \<: tabbing. (line 33)
+* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 29)
+* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 27)
+* \>: tabbing. (line 31)
+* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode.
+ (line 15)
+* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 30)
+* \@: \AT. (line 6)
+* \@fnsymbol: Symbolic footnotes. (line 11)
+* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 60)
+* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61)
+* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61)
+* \aa (aa): Non-English characters.
+ (line 11)
+* \AA (AA): Non-English characters.
+ (line 11)
+* \acute: Math accents. (line 10)
+* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: \addcontentsline. (line 6)
+* \address: \address. (line 6)
+* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 6)
+* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 6)
+* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 6)
+* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 6)
+* \ae (ae): Non-English characters.
+ (line 15)
+* \AE (AE): Non-English characters.
+ (line 15)
+* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 14)
+* \alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 9)
+* \Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 12)
+* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 39)
+* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 17)
+* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 20)
+* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 20)
+* \and for '\author': \maketitle. (line 12)
+* \angle: Math symbols. (line 23)
+* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 37)
+* \approx: Math symbols. (line 26)
+* \arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 15)
+* \arccos: Math functions. (line 9)
+* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 12)
+* \arctan: Math functions. (line 15)
+* \arg: Math functions. (line 18)
+* \arraycolsep: array. (line 41)
+* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 100)
+* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 104)
+* \ast: Math symbols. (line 29)
+* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 32)
+* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11)
+* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61)
+* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46)
+* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 35)
+* \backslash <1>: Reserved characters. (line 16)
+* \bar: Math accents. (line 13)
+* \baselineskip: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 46)
+* \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 52)
+* \begin: Environments. (line 6)
+* \beta: Math symbols. (line 38)
+* \bf: Font styles. (line 73)
+* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 33)
+* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6)
+* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
+* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
+* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 41)
+* \bigcap <1>: Math symbols. (line 71)
+* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 44)
+* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 47)
+* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 50)
+* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 53)
+* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 56)
+* \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
+ (line 9)
+* \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
+ (line 9)
+* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 65)
+* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 59)
+* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 62)
+* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 68)
+* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 74)
+* \bmod: Math functions. (line 21)
+* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 29)
+* \bot: Math symbols. (line 77)
+* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 67)
+* \bottomnumber: figure. (line 100)
+* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 80)
+* \Box: Math symbols. (line 83)
+* \breve: Math accents. (line 16)
+* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 86)
+* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 50)
+* \cal: Font styles. (line 76)
+* \cap: Math symbols. (line 89)
+* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 20)
+* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 85)
+* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 95)
+* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 50)
+* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 33)
+* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 16)
+* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 54)
+* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 37)
+* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 58)
+* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 29)
+* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 80)
+* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 69)
+* \capitalring: Accents. (line 74)
+* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 80)
+* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 43)
+* \caption: figure. (line 60)
+* \cc: \cc. (line 6)
+* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 92)
+* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 10)
+* \centering: \centering. (line 6)
+* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 9)
+* \check: Math accents. (line 19)
+* \chi: Math symbols. (line 95)
+* \circ: Math symbols. (line 98)
+* \circle: \circle. (line 6)
+* \cite: \cite. (line 6)
+* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 6)
+* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 6)
+* \cline: \cline. (line 6)
+* \closing: \closing. (line 6)
+* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 101)
+* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 16)
+* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 19)
+* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 23)
+* \cong: Math symbols. (line 104)
+* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 29)
+* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 107)
+* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 10)
+* \cos: Math functions. (line 24)
+* \cosh: Math functions. (line 27)
+* \cot: Math functions. (line 30)
+* \coth: Math functions. (line 33)
+* \csc: Math functions. (line 36)
+* \cup: Math symbols. (line 110)
+* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 54)
+* \dag: Text symbols. (line 14)
+* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 113)
+* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6)
+* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 116)
+* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 17)
+* \day: \day \month \year. (line 6)
+* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 34)
+* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 38)
+* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 43)
+* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 29)
+* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 17)
+* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 119)
+* \ddot: Math accents. (line 22)
+* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 14)
+* \deg: Math functions. (line 39)
+* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 122)
+* \delta: Math symbols. (line 125)
+* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 10)
+* \det: Math functions. (line 42)
+* \dh (ae): Non-English characters.
+ (line 19)
+* \DH (AE): Non-English characters.
+ (line 19)
+* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 128)
+* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 131)
+* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 134)
+* \dim: Math functions. (line 45)
+* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 34)
+* \div: Math symbols. (line 137)
+* \dj: Non-English characters.
+ (line 23)
+* \DJ: Non-English characters.
+ (line 23)
+* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6)
+* \dot: Math accents. (line 25)
+* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 140)
+* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 6)
+* \dots: Text symbols. (line 31)
+* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 108)
+* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 143)
+* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 146)
+* \ell: Math symbols. (line 149)
+* \em: Font styles. (line 79)
+* \emph: Font styles. (line 27)
+* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 152)
+* \encl: \encl. (line 6)
+* \end: Environments. (line 6)
+* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
+* \enumi: enumerate. (line 29)
+* \enumii: enumerate. (line 29)
+* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 29)
+* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 29)
+* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 155)
+* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 158)
+* \eta: Math symbols. (line 161)
+* \evensidemargin: Document class options.
+ (line 50)
+* \exists: Math symbols. (line 164)
+* \exp: Math functions. (line 48)
+* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 71)
+* \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
+* \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). (line 14)
+* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
+* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 14)
+* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
+* \fill: \hfill. (line 9)
+* \flat: Math symbols. (line 167)
+* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 70)
+* \floatsep: figure. (line 85)
+* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 6)
+* \fnsymbol: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 24)
+* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: Symbolic footnotes. (line 11)
+* \fontencoding: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 11)
+* \fontfamily: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 14)
+* \fontseries: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 23)
+* \fontshape: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 34)
+* \fontsize: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 46)
+* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6)
+* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6)
+* \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
+* \footnotesep: Footnote parameters. (line 12)
+* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 6)
+* \footskip: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 16)
+* \forall: Math symbols. (line 170)
+* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 18)
+* \frac{num}{den}: Math miscellany. (line 17)
+* \frame: \frame. (line 6)
+* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6)
+* \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
+* \frown: Math symbols. (line 173)
+* \fussy: \fussy. (line 6)
+* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 176)
+* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 179)
+* \gcd: Math functions. (line 51)
+* \ge: Math symbols. (line 182)
+* \geq: Math symbols. (line 185)
+* \gets: Math symbols. (line 188)
+* \gg: Math symbols. (line 191)
+* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8)
+* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11)
+* \grave: Math accents. (line 28)
+* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 23)
+* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 24)
+* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 25)
+* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 26)
+* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 58)
+* \hat: Math accents. (line 31)
+* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 194)
+* \headheight: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 6)
+* \headsep: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 11)
+* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 197)
+* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 8)
+* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6)
+* \hline: \hline. (line 6)
+* \hom: Math functions. (line 54)
+* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 200)
+* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 203)
+* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 6)
+* \hsize: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 56)
+* \hspace: \hspace. (line 6)
+* \huge: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6)
+* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 62)
+* \iff: Math symbols. (line 206)
+* \ij (ij): Non-English characters.
+ (line 27)
+* \IJ (IJ): Non-English characters.
+ (line 27)
+* \Im: Math symbols. (line 209)
+* \imath: Math accents. (line 34)
+* \in: Math symbols. (line 212)
+* \include: \include. (line 6)
+* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6)
+* \indent: \indent. (line 6)
+* \index: Indexes. (line 9)
+* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 12)
+* \inf: Math functions. (line 57)
+* \infty: Math symbols. (line 215)
+* \input: \input. (line 6)
+* \int: Math symbols. (line 218)
+* \intextsep: figure. (line 89)
+* \iota: Math symbols. (line 221)
+* \it: Font styles. (line 82)
+* \item: description. (line 14)
+* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 19)
+* \item <2>: itemize. (line 6)
+* \itemindent: itemize. (line 49)
+* \itemsep: itemize. (line 71)
+* \itshape: Font styles. (line 24)
+* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 65)
+* \jmath: Math accents. (line 37)
+* \Join: Math symbols. (line 224)
+* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 69)
+* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 227)
+* \ker: Math functions. (line 60)
+* \kill: tabbing. (line 65)
+* \l (/l): Non-English characters.
+ (line 31)
+* \L (/L): Non-English characters.
+ (line 31)
+* \label: \label. (line 6)
+* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 33)
+* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 33)
+* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 33)
+* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 33)
+* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 29)
+* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 29)
+* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 29)
+* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 29)
+* \labelsep: itemize. (line 52)
+* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 55)
+* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 230)
+* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 233)
+* \land: Math symbols. (line 236)
+* \langle: Math symbols. (line 239)
+* \large: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \Large: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 20)
+* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 242)
+* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 245)
+* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 248)
+* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 30)
+* \le: Math symbols. (line 251)
+* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 254)
+* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 20)
+* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 256)
+* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 259)
+* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 34)
+* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 262)
+* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 265)
+* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 36)
+* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 36)
+* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 36)
+* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 36)
+* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 36)
+* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 36)
+* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 36)
+* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 268)
+* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 271)
+* \leq: Math symbols. (line 274)
+* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 277)
+* \lg: Math functions. (line 63)
+* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 280)
+* \lim: Math functions. (line 66)
+* \liminf: Math functions. (line 69)
+* \limsup: Math functions. (line 72)
+* \line: \line. (line 6)
+* \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* \linespread: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 59)
+* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 6)
+* \linewidth: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 21)
+* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16)
+* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16)
+* \listparindent: itemize. (line 58)
+* \ll: Math symbols. (line 283)
+* \ln: Math functions. (line 75)
+* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 286)
+* \location: \location. (line 6)
+* \log: Math functions. (line 78)
+* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 289)
+* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 292)
+* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 295)
+* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 298)
+* \lor: Math symbols. (line 301)
+* \lq: Text symbols. (line 36)
+* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6)
+* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
+* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6)
+* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6)
+* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6)
+* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6)
+* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 304)
+* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6)
+* \marginparpush: Marginal notes. (line 33)
+* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 37)
+* \marginparwidth: Marginal notes. (line 41)
+* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 29)
+* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 36)
+* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 49)
+* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 62)
+* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 60)
+* \mathring: Math accents. (line 40)
+* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 47)
+* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 51)
+* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 53)
+* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 64)
+* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
+* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6)
+* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 30)
+* \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
+ (line 13)
+* \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
+ (line 13)
+* \mho: Math symbols. (line 307)
+* \mid: Math symbols. (line 309)
+* \min: Math functions. (line 84)
+* \models: Math symbols. (line 312)
+* \month: \day \month \year. (line 6)
+* \mp: Math symbols. (line 315)
+* \mu: Math symbols. (line 318)
+* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6)
+* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6)
+* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 321)
+* \name: \name. (line 6)
+* \natural: Math symbols. (line 324)
+* \ne: Math symbols. (line 327)
+* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 330)
+* \neg: Math symbols. (line 333)
+* \neq: Math symbols. (line 336)
+* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 6)
+* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6)
+* \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 6)
+* \newfont: \newfont. (line 6)
+* \newlength: \newlength. (line 6)
+* \newline: \newline. (line 6)
+* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 6)
+* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6)
+* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6)
+* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6)
+* \newtie: Accents. (line 80)
+* \ng: Non-English characters.
+ (line 35)
+* \NG: Non-English characters.
+ (line 35)
+* \ni: Math symbols. (line 339)
+* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6)
+* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 20)
+* \noindent: \noindent. (line 6)
+* \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 29)
+* \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 45)
+* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 21)
+* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \not: Math symbols. (line 342)
+* \notin: Math symbols. (line 345)
+* \nu: Math symbols. (line 348)
+* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 351)
+* \o (/o): Non-English characters.
+ (line 39)
+* \O (/O): Non-English characters.
+ (line 39)
+* \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
+ (line 6)
+* \oddsidemargin: Document class options.
+ (line 50)
+* \odot: Math symbols. (line 354)
+* \oe (oe): Non-English characters.
+ (line 43)
+* \OE (OE): Non-English characters.
+ (line 43)
+* \oint: Math symbols. (line 357)
+* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 360)
+* \omega: Math symbols. (line 363)
+* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 366)
+* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6)
+* \opening: \opening. (line 6)
+* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 369)
+* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 372)
+* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 375)
+* \oval: \oval. (line 6)
+* \overbrace{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 25)
+* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 29)
+* \owns: Math symbols. (line 378)
+* \P: Text symbols. (line 39)
+* \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
+ (line 6)
+* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
+* \pageref: \pageref. (line 6)
+* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 6)
+* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 14)
+* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 381)
+* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
+* \parindent: minipage. (line 17)
+* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6)
+* \parsep: itemize. (line 76)
+* \parskip: \parskip. (line 6)
+* \parskip example: itemize. (line 92)
+* \part: Sectioning. (line 8)
+* \partial: Math symbols. (line 384)
+* \partopsep: itemize. (line 86)
+* \perp: Math symbols. (line 387)
+* \phi: Math symbols. (line 390)
+* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 393)
+* \pi: Math symbols. (line 396)
+* \pm: Math symbols. (line 399)
+* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87)
+* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 71)
+* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 72)
+* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 43)
+* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90)
+* \prec: Math symbols. (line 402)
+* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 405)
+* \prime: Math symbols. (line 408)
+* \prod: Math symbols. (line 411)
+* \propto: Math symbols. (line 414)
+* \protect: \protect. (line 6)
+* \ps: \ps. (line 6)
+* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 417)
+* \psi: Math symbols. (line 420)
+* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 74)
+* \put: \put. (line 6)
+* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 47)
+* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 48)
+* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 74)
+* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
+* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6)
+* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6)
+* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6)
+* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 423)
+* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 426)
+* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 429)
+* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 432)
+* \Re: Math symbols. (line 435)
+* \ref: \ref. (line 6)
+* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6)
+* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 6)
+* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
+ (line 6)
+* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 21)
+* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 438)
+* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 441)
+* \rho: Math symbols. (line 444)
+* \right: Math miscellany. (line 21)
+* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 447)
+* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 450)
+* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 453)
+* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 456)
+* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 459)
+* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 62)
+* \rm: Font styles. (line 85)
+* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 21)
+* \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 18)
+* \roman <1>: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 21)
+* \rq: Text symbols. (line 51)
+* \rule: \rule. (line 6)
+* \S: Text symbols. (line 54)
+* \savebox: \savebox. (line 6)
+* \sbox: \sbox. (line 6)
+* \sc: Font styles. (line 88)
+* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \scshape: Font styles. (line 41)
+* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 462)
+* \sec: Math functions. (line 93)
+* \section: Sectioning. (line 11)
+* \seename: Indexes. (line 20)
+* \selectfont: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 65)
+* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6)
+* \setlength: \setlength. (line 6)
+* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 465)
+* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6)
+* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6)
+* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6)
+* \sf: Font styles. (line 91)
+* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 39)
+* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 468)
+* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6)
+* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 471)
+* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 474)
+* \signature: \signature. (line 6)
+* \sim: Math symbols. (line 477)
+* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 480)
+* \sin: Math functions. (line 96)
+* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99)
+* \sl: Font styles. (line 94)
+* \slshape: Font styles. (line 37)
+* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 483)
+* \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
+ (line 17)
+* \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
+ (line 17)
+* \smile: Math symbols. (line 486)
+* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 6)
+* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 489)
+* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 492)
+* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 495)
+* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: Math miscellany. (line 32)
+* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 498)
+* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 501)
+* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 504)
+* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 507)
+* \ss (ss): Non-English characters.
+ (line 47)
+* \SS (SS): Non-English characters.
+ (line 47)
+* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 38)
+* \star: Math symbols. (line 510)
+* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 6)
+* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6)
+* \stop: Command line. (line 15)
+* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 6)
+* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 15)
+* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 12)
+* \subset: Math symbols. (line 513)
+* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 516)
+* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 13)
+* \succ: Math symbols. (line 519)
+* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 522)
+* \sum: Math symbols. (line 525)
+* \sup: Math functions. (line 102)
+* \supset: Math symbols. (line 528)
+* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 531)
+* \surd: Math symbols. (line 534)
+* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 537)
+* \symbol: Reserved characters. (line 25)
+* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 80)
+* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 6)
+* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 79)
+* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 112)
+* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6)
+* \tan: Math functions. (line 105)
+* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108)
+* \tau: Math symbols. (line 540)
+* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6)
+* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 57)
+* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 95)
+* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 60)
+* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 63)
+* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 66)
+* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 69)
+* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 72)
+* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 75)
+* \textbf: Font styles. (line 33)
+* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 78)
+* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 81)
+* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 84)
+* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 87)
+* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 94)
+* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 90)
+* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 93)
+* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 11)
+* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 100)
+* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 103)
+* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 106)
+* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 32)
+* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 109)
+* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 112)
+* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 115)
+* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 118)
+* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 94)
+* \textfraction: figure. (line 74)
+* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 121)
+* \textheight: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 29)
+* \textit: Font styles. (line 24)
+* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 127)
+* \textless: Text symbols. (line 124)
+* \textmd: Font styles. (line 30)
+* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 45)
+* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 130)
+* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 131)
+* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 40)
+* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 134)
+* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 137)
+* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 140)
+* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 143)
+* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 146)
+* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 149)
+* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 152)
+* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 153)
+* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 156)
+* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 159)
+* \textrm: Font styles. (line 21)
+* \textsc: Font styles. (line 41)
+* \textsf: Font styles. (line 39)
+* \textsl: Font styles. (line 37)
+* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 44)
+* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 162)
+* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 165)
+* \texttt: Font styles. (line 43)
+* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 168)
+* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 171)
+* \textup: Font styles. (line 35)
+* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 174)
+* \textwidth: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 36)
+* \th (th): Non-English characters.
+ (line 51)
+* \TH (TH): Non-English characters.
+ (line 51)
+* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 21)
+* \theta: Math symbols. (line 543)
+* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6)
+* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 6)
+* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 6)
+* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
+* \tilde: Math accents. (line 43)
+* \times: Math symbols. (line 546)
+* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11)
+* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 25)
+* \to: Math symbols. (line 549)
+* \today: \today. (line 6)
+* \top: Math symbols. (line 552)
+* \topfraction: figure. (line 79)
+* \topmargin: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 60)
+* \topnumber: figure. (line 104)
+* \topsep: itemize. (line 80)
+* \topskip: Page layout parameters.
+ (line 67)
+* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12)
+* \totalnumber: figure. (line 108)
+* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 555)
+* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 558)
+* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 561)
+* \tt: Font styles. (line 97)
+* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 43)
+* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6)
+* \typein: \typein. (line 6)
+* \typeout: \typeout. (line 6)
+* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 85)
+* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 29)
+* \underbar: Accents. (line 88)
+* \underbrace{math}: Math miscellany. (line 42)
+* \underline{text}: Math miscellany. (line 45)
+* \unitlength: picture. (line 10)
+* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 564)
+* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 567)
+* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 570)
+* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 573)
+* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 576)
+* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 579)
+* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 582)
+* \upshape: Font styles. (line 35)
+* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 585)
+* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 588)
+* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6)
+* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6)
+* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 69)
+* \usepackage: Document class options.
+ (line 69)
+* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 95)
+* \value: \value. (line 6)
+* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 591)
+* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 594)
+* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 597)
+* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 600)
+* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 603)
+* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 606)
+* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 609)
+* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 50)
+* \vdots <1>: Math miscellany. (line 51)
+* \vec: Math accents. (line 46)
+* \vector: \vector. (line 6)
+* \vee: Math symbols. (line 612)
+* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
+* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 615)
+* \vert: Math symbols. (line 618)
+* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
+* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
+* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
+* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 621)
+* \widehat: Math accents. (line 49)
+* \widehat <1>: Math accents. (line 52)
+* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
+* \wp: Math symbols. (line 624)
+* \wr: Math symbols. (line 627)
+* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 630)
+* \xi: Math symbols. (line 633)
+* \year: \day \month \year. (line 6)
+* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 636)
+* \[: Math formulas. (line 16)
+* \\ (for 'array'): array. (line 26)
+* \\ (for 'center'): center. (line 13)
+* \\ (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 21)
+* \\ (for 'flushright'): flushright. (line 12)
+* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects): \shortstack. (line 20)
+* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 24)
+* \\ for 'flushleft': flushleft. (line 12)
+* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 32)
+* \\ for 'tabular': tabular. (line 23)
+* \\ for 'verse': verse. (line 17)
+* \\ for '\author': \maketitle. (line 12)
+* \\ for '\title': \maketitle. (line 26)
+* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6)
+* \\* (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 26)
+* \]: Math formulas. (line 16)
+* \^: Reserved characters. (line 21)
+* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33)
+* \_: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37)
+* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 51)
+* \{: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \|: Math symbols. (line 11)
+* \}: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \~: Reserved characters. (line 21)
+* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 43)
+* ^: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 6)
+* _: Subscripts & superscripts.
+ (line 6)
+* {...} for required arguments: Overview. (line 51)
+* a4paper option: Document class options.
+ (line 19)
+* a5paper option: Document class options.
+ (line 19)
+* abstract environment: abstract. (line 6)
+* array environment: array. (line 6)
+* article class: Document classes. (line 13)
+* b5paper option: Document class options.
+ (line 19)
+* book class: Document classes. (line 13)
+* center environment: center. (line 6)
+* description environment: description. (line 6)
+* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 6)
+* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* document environment: document. (line 6)
+* draft option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6)
+* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* equation environment: equation. (line 6)
+* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* executivepaper option: Document class options.
+ (line 19)
+* figure: figure. (line 6)
+* final option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* fleqn option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6)
+* flushright environment: flushright. (line 6)
+* indexspace: Indexes. (line 32)
+* itemize environment: itemize. (line 6)
+* landscape option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* latex command: Overview. (line 18)
+* <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document.
+ (line 13)
+* legalpaper option: Document class options.
+ (line 19)
+* leqno option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* letter: letter. (line 6)
+* letter class: Document classes. (line 13)
+* letterpaper option: Document class options.
+ (line 19)
+* list: list. (line 6)
+* lR box: picture. (line 64)
+* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6)
+* lualatex command: Overview. (line 32)
+* math environment: math. (line 6)
+* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* minipage environment: minipage. (line 6)
+* notitlepage option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* onecolumn option: Document class options.
+ (line 44)
+* oneside option: Document class options.
+ (line 44)
+* openany option: Document class options.
+ (line 44)
+* openbib option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* openright option: Document class options.
+ (line 44)
+* pdflatex command: Overview. (line 26)
+* picture: picture. (line 6)
+* printindex: Indexes. (line 28)
+* quotation: quotation. (line 6)
+* quote: quote. (line 6)
+* report class: Document classes. (line 13)
+* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 47)
+* slides class: Document classes. (line 13)
+* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6)
+* table: table. (line 6)
+* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6)
+* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 6)
+* thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6)
+* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6)
+* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6)
+* titlepage option: Document class options.
+ (line 24)
+* twocolumn option: Document class options.
+ (line 44)
+* twoside option: Document class options.
+ (line 44)
+* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6)
+* verse environment: verse. (line 6)
+* xelatex command: Overview. (line 35)
+
+
+
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+Node: Document classes7756
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+Node: Typefaces10920
+Node: Font styles11362
+Node: Font sizes13773
+Node: Low-level font commands15008
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+Node: \twocolumn18144
+Node: \flushbottom19648
+Node: \raggedbottom20010
+Node: Page layout parameters20296
+Node: Sectioning23327
+Node: Cross references24868
+Node: \label25299
+Node: \pageref26161
+Node: \ref26460
+Node: Environments26850
+Node: abstract28306
+Node: array28547
+Node: center29876
+Node: \centering30353
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+Node: \includeonly145199
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+Node: Front/back matter146182
+Node: Tables of contents146387
+Node: \addcontentsline147415
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+Node: Indexes149345
+Node: Letters150972
+Node: \address152913
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+Node: Command line157881
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+Node: Command Index198773
+
+End Tag Table