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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/musixtex/musixdoc/writingnotes.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/musixtex/musixdoc/writingnotes.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7c52700cb7c --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/musixtex/musixdoc/writingnotes.tex @@ -0,0 +1,283 @@ + \chapter{Writing Notes}\label{autostemdirections} +There are two major kinds of note macros, those that include a space (of +length \keyindex{noteskip}) after +the printed symbol, and those that don't cause any space. A single-line melody would be +written using the first type. All notes of a chord except the last would +use the second. + +Another distinction concerns stemmed notes. Some macros explicitly set the +stem direction with either ``\verb|u|'' or ``\verb|l|'' contained in the name of +the macro. On the other hand, an ``\verb|a|'' in the macro's name usually signifies +\ital{automatic} stem direction selection. In this case notes below the middle +staff line will get up stems, otherwise down. + +Note pitches can be specified either by letters or numbers. If no transposition +or octaviation is in effect, letters ranging +from \verb|a| to \verb|z| represent notes starting with the A below +middle C. Upper case letters from \verb|A| to \verb|N| represent pitches +two octaves lower than their lower case counterparts. Any letter can be used in +any clef, but some users may +prefer to use the lower case letters in treble clef, and the upper case ones +in bass clef. + +Alternatively, a one- or two-digit, positive or negative integer can always be used. +The number represents +the vertical position on the staff, with \verb|0| for the lowest line and +\verb|1| for the space right above, \ital{regardless of the clef}. +Unlike with letters, the +associated pitch will depend on the clef, and notes entered this way are +immune to transposition and octaviation. + +Notes lower than \verb|A| and higher than \verb|z| can be entered, with +either numbers as just described, or with octaviation as will be explained in +Chapter~\ref{octaviation}. + + \section{Normal (unbeamed) spacing notes}\label{NormalNotes} +In the following, \verb|{|$p$\verb|}| signifies a pitch specification as +described above. However it +is understood that if the pitch is a single character, the brackets are +not necessary, provided that if it is a letter, a space separates the +macro from the letter. + + +\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} + \item[\keyindex{breve}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]breve (\hbox to 8pt{\zbreve1\hss}) . + \item[\keyindex{longa}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]longa (\hbox to8pt{\zlonga1\hss}) . + \item[\keyindex{longaa}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]longa with automatic stem direction\footnote{Editor's note: Evidently there is no explicit up-stemmed longa} . + \item[\keyindex{zmaxima}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]maxima(\hbox to16pt{\zmaxima1\hss}) . + \item[\keyindex{wq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]arbitrary duration note (\hbox to8pt{\zwq1\hss}) +(also used as alternate representation of a \ital{breve}). + \item[\keyindex{wqq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]long arbitrary duration note +(\hbox to8pt{\zwqq1\hss}) (also used as alternate +representation of a \ital{longa}). + \item[\keyindex{wh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]whole note. + \item[\keyindex{hu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note with stem up. + \item[\keyindex{hl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note with stem down. + \item[\keyindex{ha}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note with automatic stem direction + \item[\keyindex{qu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note with stem up. + \item[\keyindex{ql}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note with stem down. + \item[\keyindex{qa}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note with automatic stem direction. + \item[\keyindex{cu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]eighth note\footnote{The ``{\tt c}'' +within this macro name stands for the equivalent British term ``crotchet''} with stem up. + \item[\keyindex{cl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]eighth note with stem down. + \item[\keyindex{ca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]eighth note with automatic stem direction. + \item[\keyindex{ccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]sixteenth note with stem up. + \item[\keyindex{ccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]sixteenth note with stem down. + \item[\keyindex{cca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]sixteenth note with automatic stem direction. + \item[\keyindex{cccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$32$nd note with stem up. + \item[\keyindex{cccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$32$nd note with stem down. + \item[\keyindex{ccca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$32$nd note with automatic stem direction. + \item[\keyindex{ccccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$64$th note with stem up. + \item[\keyindex{ccccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$64$th note with stem down. + \item[\keyindex{cccca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$64$th note with automatic stem direction. + \item[\keyindex{cccccu}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$128$th note with stem up. + \item[\keyindex{cccccl}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$128$th note with stem down. + \item[\keyindex{ccccca}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]$128$th note with automatic stem direction. +\end{description}\end{quote} + As an example, the sequence + + %\check +\begin{music}\nostartrule +\startextract +\Notes\cu c\cl j\en\bar +\Notes\ccu c\ccl j\en\bar +\Notes\cccu c\cccl j\en\bar +\Notes\ccccu c\ccccl j\en\bar +\Notes\cccccu c\cccccl j\en +\zendextract +\end{music} + \noindent was coded as +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +\Notes\cu c\cl j\en\bar +\Notes\ccu c\ccl j\en\bar +\Notes\cccu c\cccl j\en\bar +\Notes\ccccu c\ccccl j\en\bar +\Notes\cccccu c\cccccl j\en +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} + + + +For \keyindex{breve} there is a possibility of +confusion with a command in \TeX's math mode that has exactly the same name. +However, there will generally be no problem, because inside +\verb|\startpiece...\endpiece|, +\verb|\breve| will take the musical meaning, while outside, it will have the +mathematical one. +If for some reason you need the math \verb|\breve| inside, you can use +\verb|\endcatcodesmusic...\breve...\catcodesmusic|. + + \section{Non-spacing note heads} +These macros are used to create chords. Any number of them can be entered +in sequence, followed by a spacing note. All of the note heads will be +joined to the spacing note and the stem length will automatically be adjusted +as needed. + +\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} + \item[\keyindex{zq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter (or shorter) note head. + \item[\keyindex{zh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note head. +\end{description}\end{quote} +%das ??? +% \begin{remark} Notes of duration longer than whole notes are +%always non-spacing. This saves one useless definition, since these notes are +%always longer than other simultaneous ones. If needed they can be followed by +%\keyindex{sk} to force spacing. +%\end{remark} + + \section{Shifted non-spacing note heads} +These symbols are used mainly +in chords containing an interval of a \ital{second}. They provide note +heads shifted either to the left or right of the default position by +the width of one note head. + +\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} +\item[\keyindex{rw}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]whole note head shifted right. +\item[\keyindex{lw}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]whole note head shifted left. +\item[\keyindex{rh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note head shifted right\footnote{Some may not +have realized that half and whole note heads have different shapes}. +\item[\keyindex{lh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]half note head shifted left. +\item[\keyindex{rq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note head shifted right. +\item[\keyindex{lq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]quarter note head shifted left. +\end{description}\end{quote} + + \section{Non-spacing notes} +These macros provide normal notes, with stems if applicable, but without any +following space. +\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} + \item[\keyindex{zhu}\pitchp~:]half note with stem up but no spacing. It acts like +\verb|\hu| for chord building, i.e., it will join together any immediately +preceding non-spacing note heads. + \item[\keyindex{zhl}\pitchp~:]half note with stem down but no spacing. It acts like +\keyindex{hl} for chord building. + \item[\keyindex{zqu}\pitchp~:]quarter note with stem up but no spacing. It acts like +\verb|\qu| for chord building. + \item[\keyindex{zql}\pitchp~:]quarter note with stem down but no spacing. It acts +like \verb|\ql| for chord building. + \item[\keyindex{zcu}\pitchp, \keyindex{zccu}, \keyindex{zcccu}, + \keyindex{zccccu}, \keyindex{zcccccu} +:]eighth, ..., note with stem up but no spacing. They act like +\verb|\cu| for chord building. + \item[\keyindex{zcl}\pitchp, \keyindex{zccl}, \keyindex{zcccl}, + \keyindex{zccccl}, \keyindex{zcccccl} +:]eighth, ..., note with stem down but no spacing. They act +like \verb|\cl| for chord building. + \item[\keyindex{rhu}\pitchp, \keyindex{rhl}, \keyindex{rqu}, \keyindex{rql}, + \keyindex{rcu}, \keyindex{rcl} :] \verb|\rhu| acts like \verb|\zhu|, + but the note is shifted one note width to the right; others analogous. + \item[\keyindex{lhu}\pitchp, \keyindex{lhl}, \keyindex{lqu}, \keyindex{lql}, + \keyindex{lcu}, \keyindex{lcl} :]same + as above, but the note is shifted one note width to the left. + \item[\keyindex{zw}\pitchp~:]whole note with no following space. + \item[\keyindex{zwq}\pitchp~:]arbitrary duration note + (\hbox to8pt{\zwq1\hss}) with no following space. + \item[\keyindex{zbreve}\pitchp~:]breve + (\hbox to8pt{\zbreve1\hss}) with no following space. + \item[\keyindex{zlonga}\pitchp~:]longa + (\hbox to8pt{\zlonga1\hss}) with no following space. + \item[\keyindex{zmaxima}\pitchp~:]maxima + (\hbox to16pt{\zmaxima1\hss}) with no following space. +\end{description}\end{quote} + %\check + +\section{Spacing note heads} + +Although not needed in normal music scores, these may be useful in +very special cases. + +\begin{quote}\begin{description}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} +\item[\keyindex{nh}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]spacing half note head. +\item[\keyindex{nq}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} :]spacing quarter note head. +\end{description}\end{quote} + +\noindent As an example, the sequence + +\begin{music}\nostartrule + \startextract +\notes\nq c\nq j\en\barre +\Notes\nh c\nh j\en\barre +\notes\nq {cdef}\en +\zendextract +\end{music} + +\noindent was coded as + +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +\notes\nq c\nq j\en\barre +\Notes\nh c\nh j\en\barre +\notes\nq {cdef}\en +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} + +Non spacing variants are also provided, namely +\keyindex{znh} and \keyindex{znq}. +% DAS: why??? + + \section{Dotted notes}\label{dots} + +By appending one or two \verb|p|'s (for ``pointed'') to the name, many of the +macros just introduced provide one or two dots after the notehead: +\keyindex{whp}\pitchp, \keyindex{whpp}, +\keyindex{zwp}, \keyindex{zwpp}, +\keyindex{hup}, \keyindex{hupp}, +\keyindex{hlp}, \keyindex{hlpp}, +\keyindex{zhp}, \keyindex{zhpp}, +\keyindex{qup}, \keyindex{qupp}, +\keyindex{qlp}, \keyindex{qlpp}, +\keyindex{zqp}, \keyindex{zqpp}, +\keyindex{cup}, \keyindex{cupp}, +\keyindex{clp}, \keyindex{clpp}, +\keyindex{qbp} and \keyindex{qbpp}. +Naturally, the ones that start with ``\verb|z|'' are used in chords. +The dot(s) will be raised if the note is on a line. + +A more explicit way uses one of the macros \keyindex{pt}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125}, +\keyindex{ppt}, or \keyindex{pppt} right +before any note macro to place one to three dots after the normal note +head at pitch $p$. Again they will be raised if on a line. In fact this is the only +way to get a triple-dotted note. +For example a +quarter note with one dot could be coded \verb|\pt h\qu h|, with two dots +as \keyindex{ppt}\verb| h\qu h| and with three as +\keyindex{pppt}\verb| h\qu h|. + +Yet another method for posting a dot is to insert a \ital{period} before +the letter representing the pitch. Thus \verb|\qu{.a}| is equivalent to +either \verb|\pt a\qu a| or \verb|\qup a| . This may be useful when +using \ital{collective coding}, which will be discussed in the next +section. + +Non-spacing dotted notes can be produced using +\keyindex{zhup}, \keyindex{zhlp}, \keyindex{zqup}, \keyindex{zqlp}, +\keyindex{zcup}, \keyindex{zclp}, \keyindex{zqbp}, +and similarly with two \verb|p|'s for +double-dotted notes. + +As a matter of style, if two voices share one staff, the dots in +the lower voice should be lowered if the note is on a line. For +this you can use \keyindex{lpt}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125} and +\keyindex{lppt}{\tt\char123}$p${\tt\char125}. + +\section{Sequences of equally spaced notes; collective coding} +\label{CollectiveCoding} + +It isn't necessary to write a separate macro +sequence \verb|\notes...\en| for every individual column of notes. +Rather, a single such macro can contain all the notes in all staves +over an extended horizontal range, as long as all spacings are equal or +multiples of a unique value of \keyindex{noteskip}. +The notes in each staff could be entered one after another as normal +spacing notes as already described in Section~\ref{NormalNotes}. Then +each spacing note will cause the insertion point to advance horizontally by the +operative value of \verb|\noteskip| defined by the choice of +\verb|\notes|, \verb|\Notes|, \verb|\NOtes|, etc. Of course in such sequences +non-spacing chord notes can be entered right before their associated +spacing note. If you need to skip forward by one \verb|\noteskip|, for +example after a quarter note when there are two eighth notes in +another staff, you can use \keyindex{sk}. + +If there are only spacing notes in such a sequence, a further +simplification is available, called \ital{collective coding}. For instance +\verb|\qu{cdefghij}| writes the C major scale in quarters with +up stems. Similarly \verb|\cl{abcdef^gh}| writes the +\ital{A-minor} scale in non-beamed eighths. (Here ``\verb|^|'' represents +a sharp). If necessary a void can be inserted in a collective coding sequence +by using~\verb|*|\index{*}. Not all note-generating macros can be +used to perform collective coding, but most of them can. |