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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/babel/usage.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/babel/usage.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1c3573bdb0f --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/babel/usage.tex @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +% \iffalse meta-comment +% +% Copyright 1989-2005 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors +% listed elsewhere in this file. All rights reserved. +% +% This file is part of the Babel system. +% -------------------------------------- +% +% It may be distributed and/or modified under the +% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 +% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +% The latest version of this license is in +% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +% version 2003/12/01 or later. +% +% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained". +% +% The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams. +% +% The list of all files belonging to the Babel system is +% given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional +% information. +% +% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution +% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with +% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution. +% \fi +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\usepackage[american,greek]{babel} +\languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko} +\usepackage{athnum,grmath} +\newcommand{\sg}{\selectlanguage{greek}} +\newcommand{\sa}{\selectlanguage{american}} +\begin{document} +\show\extrasgreek +%\show\extraspolutonikogreek +\selectlanguage{american} + +\title{Writing Greek with the \ttfamily greek\rmfamily\ option of the +\ttfamily babel\rmfamily\ package} +\author{Apostolos Syropoulos\\ + 366, 28th October Str.\\ + GR-671 00 Xanthi, GREECE\\ + e-mail: \texttt{apostolo@platon.ee.duth.gr}} +\date{October 15, 1997} +\maketitle +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Overview} +The \texttt{greek} option of the \texttt{babel} package is an attempt to +make it possible for someone to write Greek text with \LaTeX. The current +version of the \texttt{greek} option supports the \sg polutonik'o \sa\ +accentual system of the Greek language. +Moreover, there is now support for Greek numerals. One can produce easily +valid Greek numerals both in uppercase and lowercase forms, e.g, +\textgreek{\greeknumeral{1997}}\ and \textgreek{\Greeknumeral{1997}}. The +labels in second and fourth level enumerations are lowercase +and uppercase Greek numerals correspondingly. +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Typing Greek Text} +\TeX\ understands only the basic ASCII characters, so it is not possible +to enter directly Greek letters. Instead, someone enters Latin letters +which are mapped to their Greek ``counterparts'' by \TeX. The following +table shows the transliteration employed: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|lllllllllllll|}\hline +\textgreek{a}& +\textgreek{b}& +\textgreek{g}& +\textgreek{d}& +\textgreek{e}& +\textgreek{z}& +\textgreek{h}& +\textgreek{j}& +\textgreek{i}& +\textgreek{k}& +\textgreek{l}& +\textgreek{m}& +\textgreek{n}\\ +a& b& g& d& e& z& h& j& i& k& l& m& n\\ +\hline +\textgreek{x}& +\textgreek{o}& +\textgreek{p}& +\textgreek{r}& +\textgreek{sv}& +\textgreek{t}& +\textgreek{u}& +\textgreek{f}& +\textgreek{q}& +\textgreek{y}& +\textgreek{w}& +\textgreek{c}& \hbox{ } \\ +x& o& p& r& s& +t& u& f& q& y& w& c& \hbox{ }\\ \hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +Please, note that in order to produce the letter \textgreek{sv} in isolation +on has to type \texttt{sv}. This feature is due to the strong ligature +that \TeX\ employs. +In the ``modern'' \textgreek{monotonik'o} accentual system only one accent is +used---\textgreek{oxe'ia} (acute). In the traditional \textgreek{polutonik'o} +accentual system we +need more accents and breathing signs. We can produce an accented letter by +prefixing the letter with he symbol that denotes the accent, e.g., +\texttt{>a'erac} produces the word \sg >a'erac.\sa\footnote{For the +technically inclined reader, we must say that \TeX\ uses the ligature table of +the font in order to determine the character that corresponds to the +input character sequence.} Here are the symbols that are recognized: + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cccc}\hline +Accent & Symbol & Example & Output\\ \hline +acute & \texttt{'} & \texttt{g'ata} & \textgreek{g'ata}\\ +grave & \texttt{`} & \texttt{dad`i} & \textgreek{dad`i}\\ +circumflex & \verb+~+ & \verb+ful~hc+ & \sg\textgreek{ful~hc}\sa\\ +rough breathing & \verb+<+ & \verb+<'otan+ & \sg\textgreek{<'otan}\sa\\ +smooth breathing & \verb+>+ & \verb+>'aneu+ & \sg\textgreek{>'aneu}\sa\\ +subscript & \texttt{|} & \verb+>anate'ilh|+ & \sg\textgreek{>anate'ilh|}\\ +dieresis & \texttt{"}& \texttt{qa"ide'uh|c} & \sg\textgreek{qa"ide'uh|c}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +Note that the subscript symbol is placed \textbf{after} the letter. +The last thing someone must know in order to be able to write normal Greek +text is the punctuation marks used in the language: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{ccc}\hline +Punctuation Sign & Symbol & Output\\ \hline +period & \texttt{.} & \sg\textgreek{.}\sa\\ +semicolon & \texttt{;} & \sg\textgreek{;}\sa\\ +exclamation mark & \texttt{!} & \sg\textgreek{!}\sa\\ +comma & \texttt{,} & \sg\textgreek{,}\sa\\ +colon & \texttt{:} & \sg\textgreek{:}\sa\\ +question mark & \texttt{?} & \sg\textgreek{?}\sa\\ +left apostrophe & \texttt{``} & \sg\textgreek{``}\sa\\ +right apostrophe & \texttt{''} & \sg\textgreek{''}\sa\\ +left quotation mark & \texttt{((} & \sg\textgreek{))}\sa\\ +right quotation mark & \texttt{))} & \sg\textgreek{))}\sa\\ \hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +Using these conventions it is a straightforward exercise to write Greek +\textgreek{polutoniko} text. For example the following excerpt from +\textgreek{D'uskoloc} of \textgreek{M'enandroc} +\sg +\begin{quote} +T'i f'hic? <Id`wn >enj'ede pa~id'' >eleuj'eran\\ +t`ac plhs'ion N'umfac stefano~usan, S'wstrate,\\ +>er~wn 'ap~hljec e>uj'uc? +\end{quote} +\sa can be produced by the following \LaTeX\ code: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{l} +\verb+T'i f'hic? <Id`wn >enj'ede pa~id'' >eleuj'eran+\\ +\verb+t`ac plhs'ion N'umfac stefano~usan, S'wstrate,+\\ +\verb+>er~wn 'ap~hljec e>uj'uc?+ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Producing Greek Text} +Once the Greek language is selected with the command +\begin{center} +\verb+\selectlanguage{greek}+ +\end{center} +whatever we type will be typeset with the Greek fonts. The command +\verb+\textlatin+ can be used for short passages in some language that +uses the Latin alphabet, while the the command \verb+\latintext+ changes +the base fonts to the ones used by languages that use the Latin alphabet. +However, all words will be hyphenated by following the Greek hyphenation +rules! Similar commands are available once someone has selected some +other language. The commands \verb+\textgreek+ and \verb+\greektext+ +behave exactly like their ``latin'' counterparts. For example, the +word \textgreek{M'imhc} has been produced with the command +\verb+\textgreek{M'imhc}+. Please note that certain symbols cannot have +their expected result for Greek text, unless someone has selected the Greek +language, e.g., \verb+~+ is such a symbol. + +As we have mentioned above this version of the \texttt{greek} option of the +\texttt{babel} package supports the use of Greek numerals. The commands +\verb+\greeknumeral+ and \verb+\Greeknumeral+ produce the lowercase and +the uppercase Greek numeral, e.g., +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline +Command & Output\\ \hline +\verb+\Greeknumeral{9999}+ & \sg\textgreek{\Greeknumeral{9999}}\\ +\verb+\greeknumeral{9999}+ & \sg\textgreek{\greeknumeral{9999}}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +In order to correctly typeset the greek numerals the greek option file +provides the following commands: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline +Command & Output\\ \hline +\verb+\qoppa+ & \textgreek{\qoppa}\\ +\verb+\sampi+ & \textgreek{\sampi}\\ +\verb+\stigma+ & \textgreek{\stigma}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +In traditional Greek typography the first paragraph after a header is +always indented, contrary to the habit of, say, American typography. This +effect can be achieved by using the package \verb+indentfirst+. + +Additional greek symbols are available: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline +Command & Output\\ \hline +\verb+\Digamma+ & \sg\textgreek{\Digamma}\\ +\verb+\ddigamma+ & \sg\textgreek{\ddigamma}\\ +%\verb+\tao+ & \sg\textgreek{\tao}\\ +%\verb+\Qoppa+ & \sg\textgreek{\Qoppa}\\ +%\verb|\VarQoppa| & \sg\textgreek{\VarQoppa}\\ +%\verb+\varqoppa+ & \sg\textgreek{\varqoppa}\\ +%\verb+\Sampi+ & \sg\textgreek{\Sampi}\\ +%\verb|\Stigma| & \sg\textgreek{\Stigma}\\ +\verb|\euro| & \sg\textgreek{\euro}\\ +\verb|\permill| & \sg\textgreek{\permill}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +The package \verb|athnum| provides the command \verb|\athnum|, with which +one can produce the so called \textit{Athenian numerals}: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline +Command & Output\\ \hline +\verb|\athnum{1997}| & \sg\textgreek{\athnum{1997}}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +The package \verb|grmath| renames the basic log-like functions with their +greek counterparts: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline +Command & Output\\ \hline +\verb|$\sin^{2}x+\cos^{2}x=1$| & $\sin^{2}x+\cos^{2}y=1$\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\end{document} |