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</head><body>
<h3>How does hyphenation work in TeX?</h3>
<p/>Everyone knows what hyphenation is: we see it in most books we read,
-and (if we&rsquo;re alert) will spot occasional ridiculous mis-hyphenation
+and (if we&#8217;re alert) will spot occasional ridiculous mis-hyphenation
(at one time, British newspapers were a fertile source).
<p/>Hyphenation styles are culturally-determined, and the same language
-may be hyphenated differently in different countries &mdash; for example,
+may be hyphenated differently in different countries &#8212; for example,
British and American styles of hyphenation of English are very
different. As a result, a typesetting system that is not restricted
to a single language at a single locale needs to be able to change its
hyphenation rules from time to time.
<p/>TeX uses a pretty good system for hyphenation (originally designed
-by Frank Liang &mdash; you may view his
+by Frank Liang &#8212; you may view his
<a href="http://tug.org/docs/liang/">Ph.D. thesis</a> online), and while
-it&rsquo;s capable of missing &ldquo;sensible&rdquo; hyphenation points, it seldom
+it&#8217;s capable of missing &#8220;sensible&#8221; hyphenation points, it seldom
selects grossly wrong ones. The
algorithm matches candidates for hyphenation against a set of
-&ldquo;hyphenation patterns&rdquo;. The candidates for hyphenation must be
+&#8220;hyphenation patterns&#8221;. The candidates for hyphenation must be
sequences of letters (or other single characters that TeX may be
-persuaded to think of as letters) &mdash; things such as TeX&rsquo;s
+persuaded to think of as letters) &#8212; things such as TeX&#8217;s
<code>\</code><code>accent</code> primitive interrupt hyphenation.
<p/>Sets of hyphenation patterns are usually derived from analysis of
a list of valid hyphenations (the process of derivation, using a tool
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ called <i>patgen</i>, is not ordinarily a participatory sport).
<p/>The patterns for the languages a TeX system is going to deal with
may only be loaded when the system is installed. To change the set of
languages, a <a href="FAQ-newlang.html">partial reinstallation</a> is necessary.
-<p/>TeX provides two &ldquo;user-level&rdquo; commands for control of
+<p/>TeX provides two &#8220;user-level&#8221; commands for control of
hyphenation: <code>\</code><code>language</code> (which selects a hyphenation style), and
<code>\</code><code>hyphenation</code> (which gives explicit instructions to the hyphenation
engine, overriding the effect of the patterns).