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+fc.rme version 1.4b of 1-JUN-2004
+(c) Copyright 1992--2004 by J"org Knappen
+
+This is the documentation of the fc-Fonts for African languages
+
+Contents:
+
+I) Introduction
+
+II) About the FC-Scheme
+ a) The language base
+ b) Technical points
+ c) Copiing conditions
+
+III) How to generate the fonts with METAFONT
+
+IV) How to use the FC-Fonts with LaTeX2e
+
+V) Availability
+
+VI) Acknowledgements
+
+Appendix A) The FC encoding scheme (codes 128 -- 255)
+Appendix B) Removed -- see file fc.bug
+Appendix C) Shortcomings and known bugs of the first release
+Appendix D) T4-to-UCS correspondence
+
+ I. Introduction
+
+ TeX is a typesetting system for high quality typesetting. It is available
+ free due to the generosity of its developper, Prof D. E. Knuth. It is
+ available for many different platforms, from microcomputers (PC, Atari, Mac)
+ to mainframes and even supercomputers. TeX files can be interchanged between
+ different systems and will produce identical output. TeX is well documented
+ in D. E. Knuth, Computers and typesetting, Vol. A -- The Texbook.
+
+ The release of TeX Version 3 stimulated lots of work in the area of adapting
+ TeX to the needs of other languages than english. One outstanding project was
+ the creation of a font encoding scheme with 256 characters for international
+ use. It soon turned out, that with 256 code points only the needs of european
+ languages could be satisfied (the EC scheme proceeds this way), and there had
+ to be other fonts for non-european languages. The FC (aFrican Computer)
+ scheme fits the needs of african languages with latin writing. This scheme
+ comes together with an implementation of the fonts in METAFONT. The fonts
+ created by METAFONT can also be used by other system than TeX.
+
+ II. About the FC-Scheme
+
+ a) The language base
+
+ There is a great diversity of languages spoken in africa, and it was
+ impossible to check all of them for their alphabets. This work is based on
+ the examination of the ``critical languages'' according to a definition of
+ the US department of education in 1985. They include all those languages
+ with more than 1 mio speakers.
+
+ Only orthographical writing is considered. Transscription systems devolopped
+ by linguists are outside the scope of this work. Obsolete orthographies are
+ also not included (for example the obsolete uppercase form of hooktop B in
+ Xhosa and Zulu or the obsolete (catholic) orthography of \d{I}gb\d{o}).
+
+ Even these constraints showed the lack of code space. Therefore some accented
+ letters did not enter the fc scheme. Generally, accented letters were omitted,
+ if the accent denotes a tonal mark. This is in consistency with the current
+ trend in orthography to suppress tonal marks, except if ambiguities occur.
+ Also omitted are consonants with tilde to denote nasalisation. The mentioned
+ letters can be created in TeX by the use of macros (e.g. \~y).
+
+ The following languages are supported:
+
+ Akan, Bamileke, Basa (Kru), Bemba, Ciokwe, Dinka, Dholuo (Luo), Efik,
+ Ewe-Fon, Fulani (Fulful), G\~a, Gbaya, Hausa, Igbo, Kanuri, Kikuyu,
+ Kikongo, Kpelle, Krio, Luba, Mandekan (Bambara), Mende, More, Ngala,
+ Nyanja, Oromo, Rundi, Kinya Rwanda, Sango, Serer, Shona, Somali, Songhai,
+ Sotho (two different writing systems), Suaheli, Tiv, Yao, Yoruba, Xhosa
+ and Zulu.
+
+ I decided to support two european languages, which are not covered by the
+ EC-scheme, namely Maltese and Sami.
+
+ Currency symbols (Like Naira and Cedi) aren't part of the fc fonts. They
+ are available from the tc (Text companion symbols) fonts distributed
+ together with the ec (European Computer Modern) fonts.
+
+ b) Technical points
+
+ The fc encoding scheme will not be changed anymore. Every font, which begins
+ with the two characters fc should be encoded according to the fc scheme.
+
+ The fonts named fcr etc. contain what you expect from TeX naming conventions.
+ They are currently maintained by the author.
+
+ The code points are choosen from scratch, according to the following rules:
+
+ * The lower 128 codes are identical to the Cork (ec) scheme
+
+ * A glyph also occurring in the Cork scheme is placed on the same code point
+ as in the Cork scheme
+
+ * Each letter from TeX's original cm-fonts is saved. Thus, you can print
+ polish L, skandinavian crossed O and some other letters with the fc fonts.
+
+ * The difference between uppercase and corresponding lowercase letter is
+ a constant.
+
+ c) Copying conditions
+
+ The fc fonts are copyrighted but free according to the conditions of the GNU
+ licence, version 2. You should receive a copy of the file licence.gnu
+ containing this licence. If not, complain to the person from which you
+ received these fonts. Read the licence carefully.
+
+
+ III) How to generate the fonts with METAFONT
+
+ Besides the files of the fc package, you need the following:
+
+ * plain.mf (or a METAFONT with plain preloaded)
+ * cmbase.mf (or a METAFONT with cmbase preloaded)
+
+ * The files romand.mf, itald.mf, and olddig.mf (the original digits from the
+ cm fonts)
+
+ * The Sauter tools. These are a bunch of files, named like c-cmr.mf and so on.
+ They are available from the CTAN archive sites and their mirros. The CTAN
+ sites are ftp.dante.de and ftp.tex.ac.uk.
+ The Sauter tools are located there under tex-archive/fonts/cm/sauter.
+
+ Make sure, that all files are in appropriate directories, where METAFONT
+ finds them.
+
+ Now you are ready to create the fc fonts at any size you want, for example to
+ create the font fcr10 do the following:
+
+ mf "\mode=localfont; design_size:=10; input b-fcr"
+ gftopk b-fcr.300gf fcr10.pk
+ rename b-fcr.tfm fcr10.tfm
+
+ and move the .pk and .tfm-files to their directories. The exact form of the
+ calls depends a little on your operating system.
+
+ You might find it helpful to make yourself little mf-files of the type
+
+ % fcr10.mf
+ design_size:=10;
+ input b-fcr;
+ endinput;
+ % end of fcr10.mf
+
+ These files are especially usefull, if you have an automagic procedure
+ invoking METAFONT. Note, that for the sizes 11pt and >12pt, the design_size
+ is not identical to the last digits of the fontname. It is
+
+ fcr11 design_size:=10.95;
+ fcr14 design_size:=14.4;
+ fcr17 design_size:=17.28;
+ fcr20 design_size:=20.74;
+ fcr24 design_size:=24.88;
+
+ Note that there is only one fc italic font, called fci. It is not planned to
+ add fc math fonts to the distribution. Use the cm math fonts (or the not yet
+ released ec math fonts).
+
+ IV) How to use the FC-Fonts with LaTeX2e
+
+ The LaTeX3 team has assigned the encoding T4 to fc encoded fonts. So you
+ can use the fc fonts in LaTeX2e simply by saying
+ \usepackage[T4]{fontenc}
+
+ This call loads the following files, which must be located in the search
+ path of LaTeX2e:
+
+ t4enc.def, t4cmr.fd, t4cmss.fd, t4cmtt.fd.
+
+ There is another option which aemulates the behaviour of the previous
+ LaTeX209 with NFSS1 implementation. It gives you easy access to the
+ sans serif typerwriter font included in this package by simply typing
+ \ss\tt or \tt\ss. This option is called by
+
+ \usepackage{fclfont}
+
+ and requires the four abovementioned file plus
+
+ fclfont.sty and t4fcr.fd.
+
+ The files fclfont.sty_old and fontdef.fc_old from the previous release
+ are obsolete and now frozen. They have been renamed to make this notion
+ clear.
+
+ fcuse.sty shows you how to make the input easy by employing active
+ characters. It is an example rather than a standard package. Its use is
+ only recomended, if you want to use the complete fc character set. Usually
+ you only want to typeset text in one or two languages, and a language
+ specific style option will be more appropriate. Look into existing language
+ dependent style options (e.g. german.sty) or into the babel system by
+ J. Braams to figure out how to create a new one.
+
+ V) Availability
+
+ The fc package is available per anonymous ftp or e-mail from the DANTE-server
+ at Heidelberg, which is the primary site of its distribution. Since the main
+ TeX archives cooperate, it will be available from other sites, too.
+
+ The address of the DANTE-Server is:
+ (ftp:) ftp.dante.de
+ (e-mail:) mailserver@rusinfo.rus.uni-stuttgart.de
+
+ Update notices are distributed via the mailing list CTAN-Ann@shsu.edu.
+
+
+ VI) Acknowledgements
+
+ Without the work of other authors on META-fonts, these fonts would surely
+ never have come out. I took deliberately from all available free metafont
+ sources ideas, macros, and even whole characters. All bugs and mistakes in
+ this code are mine, noone of the acknowledged authors should be blamed for
+ them.
+
+ The first acknoledgement goes to Donald E. Knuth, the author of the TeX and
+ METAFONT programs and also of the computer modern (cm) family of fonts.
+ His work is the base of this one.
+
+ I also want to acknowledge the following persons:
+
+ Julian Bradfield, who made the cmoe old english font.
+ Malcolm Clark, editor of the newsletter TeXline.
+ Nana Glonti and Aleksander Samarin, who made the cmcyr cyrillic fonts.
+ Yannis Haralambous, who created of the 128-char greek fonts (and many others)
+ Emma Pease, who made the cmph phonetic fonts (Her work is used in the
+ Hausa--English dictionary by Rosanna Ma Newman)
+ J"orgen Pind, who made icelandic TeX and fonts for it.
+ Tom Ridgeway of the University of Washington, who made the wncyr cyrillic
+ fonts and experiments with a new ipa font.
+ Norbert Schwarz, who made the dc-fonts, a first implementation of the
+ ec- (Cork-) scheme.
+ Janene Winter, who made the wsuipa international phonetic fonts, from which
+ I learned much.
+
+ For help in the africanist part of the work, I want to thank Prof. Norbert
+ Ciffer, Institut f"ur Ethnologie und Afrikastudien Mainz, for pointing me to
+ the critical languages and help in finding references. I thank Prof. Fiona
+ McLaughlin, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, for good references on
+ Serer and Prof Michael MacMahon, University of Glasgow for sending samples
+ of african letters.
+
+
+ Appendix A: The fc encoding scheme (octal 200 -- 377)
+
+octal code description input
+
+200 uppercase hooktop B \m B
+201 uppercase hooktop D \m D
+202 uppercase open E (\varepsilon-like) \m E
+203 uppercase reversed E (like \exists) \M E
+204 uppercase long F \m F
+205 uppercase E with ha\v{c}ek \v E
+206 uppercase ipa Gamma \m G
+207 uppercase double barred H \B H
+
+210 uppercase hooktop K \m K
+211 uppercase Enj \m J
+212 uppercase open O (revesed C) \m O
+213 uppercase N with acute \'N
+214 uppercase Esh \m S
+215 uppercase Eng \m N
+216 uppercase variant U (\upsilon-like) \m U or \m V
+217 uppercase hooktop Y \m Y
+
+220 uppercase hooktop C \m C
+221 uppercase hooktop P \m P
+222 uppercase S with ha\v{c}ek \v S
+223 uppercase N with dot above \.N
+224 uppercase N with line below \b N
+225 uppercase S with dot below \d S
+226 uppercase Ezh \m Z
+227 uppercase crossed T \B T
+
+230 uppercase E with dot above \.E
+231 uppercase E with dot below \d E
+232 uppercase hooktop T \m T
+233 uppercase T with tail \M T
+234 ligature t-esh \tsh
+235 ligature fj fj
+236 lowercase crossed d \B d
+237 double grave accent \G
+
+240 lowercase hooktop b \m b
+241 lowercase hooktop d \m d
+242 lowercase open e \m e
+243 lowercase inverted e \M e
+244 lowercase long f \m f
+245 lowercase e with ha\v{c]ek \v e
+246 lowercase ipa gamma \m g
+247 lowercase crossed h \B h
+
+250 lowercase hooktop k \m k
+251 lowercase enj \m j
+252 lowercase open o \m o
+253 lowercase n with acute \'n
+254 lowercase esh \m s
+255 lowercase eng \m n
+256 lowercase variant u \m u or \m v
+257 lowercase hooktop y \m y
+
+260 lowercase hooktop c \m c
+261 lowercase hooktop p \m p
+262 lowercase s with ha\v{c}ek \v s
+263 lowercase n with dot above \.n
+264 lowercase n with line below \b n
+265 lowercase s with dot below \d s
+266 lowercase ezh \m z
+267 lowercase crossed t \B t
+
+270 lowercase e with dot above \.e
+271 lowercase e with dot below \d e
+272 lowercase hooktop t \m t
+273 lowercase t with tail \M t
+274 double universal accent \U
+275 inverted exclamation mark !`
+276 inverted question mark ?`
+277 unversal accent \I
+
+300 uppercase latin Iota \m I
+301 uppercase I with dot below \d I
+302 uppercase open E with tilde \T E
+303 uppercase A with tilde \~A
+304 uppercase M with acute \'M
+305 uppercase Open O with tilde \T O
+306 uppercase ligature AE \AE
+307 uppercase C with cedilla \c C
+
+310 uppercase E with grave \`E
+311 uppercase E with acute \'E
+312 uppercase E with circumflex \^E
+313 uppercase E with diaresis \"E
+314 uppercase E with line below \b E
+315 uppercase E with macron \=E
+316 uppercase E with tilde \~E
+317 uppercase I with tilde \~I
+
+320 uppercase crossed D \B D
+ uppercase D with tail \M D
+ uppercase Edh \DH
+321 uppercase N with tilde \~N
+322 uppercase O with grave \`O
+323 uppercase O with dot above \.O
+324 uppercase O with circumflex \^O
+325 uppercase O with tilde \~O
+326 uppercase O with diaresis \"O
+327 uppercase ligature OE \OE
+
+330 uppercase crossed O (skandinavian) \O
+331 uppercase O with dot below \d O
+332 uppercase O with line below \b O
+333 uppercase O with macron \= O
+334 uppercase O with ha\v{c}ek \v O
+335 uppercase U with dot below \d U
+336 uppercase U with tilde \~U
+337 cross piece for polish L and l \char'337
+Macro uppercase polish L with crossbar \L
+Macro lowercase polish l with crossbar \l
+
+340 lowercase latin iota \m i
+341 lowercase i with dot below \d i
+342 lowercase open e with tilde \T e
+343 lowercase a with tilde \~a
+344 lowercase m with acute \'m
+345 lowercase open o with tilde \T o
+346 lowercase ligature ae \ae
+347 lowercase c with cedilla \c c
+
+350 lowercase e with grave \`e
+351 lowercase e with acute \'e
+352 lowercase e with circumflex \^e
+353 lowercase e with diaresis \"e
+354 lowercase e with line below \b e
+355 lowercase e with macron \=e
+356 lowercase e with tilde \~e
+357 lowercase i with tilde \~i
+
+360 lowercase d with tail (note: not edh!) \M d
+361 lowercase n with tilde \~n
+362 lowercase o with grave \`o
+363 lowercase o with dot above \.o
+364 lowercase o with circumflex \^o
+365 lowercase o with tilde \~o
+366 lowercase o with diaresis \"o
+367 lowercase ligature oe \oe
+
+370 lowercase crossed o (skandinavian) \o
+371 lowercase o with dot below \d o
+372 lowercase o with line below \b o
+373 lowercase o with macron \= o
+374 lowercase o with ha\v{c}ek \v o
+375 lowercase u with dot below \d u
+376 lowercase u with tilde \~u
+377 lowercase scharfes s \ss
+
+Macro Copyleft sign (circled open o) \copyleft
+
+ Appendix B: List of files
+
+Please find the list of files together with the current version number
+and date in fc.bug.
+
+ Appendix C: Bugs
+
+ Unfortunately, one has to expect bugs (sigh!) in this package, allthough
+ I'm trying to get rid of them. For a list of already known (and maybe
+ fixed) bugs, see the file fc.bug.
+
+ The fonts were developped on a 300dpi write white device, and
+ probably even a bit optimised to it. They are also tested on a 300dpi
+ write black engine and a 600dpi write black engine. Some times
+ strange path error messages occurred, but they did not seem to cause visible
+ harm. There might be visible errors, too, which I did not discover.
+
+ If you find an bug or mistake, send it to me, including the following
+ information:
+
+ Which parameters caused the error/bug?
+ (e.g. design_size=6; b-fctt)
+
+ Which mode did you use?
+ (Please don't say ``localfont', this tells nothing to me...
+ e.g. lowres from cmbase,
+ ricoh from Karl Berry's modes.mf)
+
+ Which character contains the bug?
+ (e.g. [162] open_e)
+
+ Is the damage visible in the printout? What does it look like?
+ (e.g. Nothing at all is printed, or some part of the letter is missing)
+
+ Send bug reports to:
+
+ J\"org Knappen
+ Dieselstra\ss{}e 13
+ 66123 Saarbr\"ucken
+ R.F.A.
+
+ e-mail joerg.knappen@uni-mainz.de.
+
+ P.S if you know a fix, it is greatly appreciated...
+
+ Appendix D: T4-to-UCS correspondence
+
+This appendix contains a correspondence between the characters encoded in
+the T4 encoding and the Universal Character Set (UCS) as defined in the ISO
+Standard ISO-10646. The UCS is also popularly known as UNicode.
+
+The following characters are not part of the UCS:
+
+ latin small ligature fj
+ latin [small|capital] letter e with line below
+ latin [small|capital] letter o with line below
+ latin [small|capital] letter open e with tilde
+ latin [small|capital] letter open o with tilde
+
+The ligature character of the fj ligature is ignored here and it is
+mapped to the two characters f j. The remaining 8 characters are coded using
+combining diacritics. There are two digraphs added at the end of the list
+for the polish l with stroke.
+
+
+T4 Unicode latex2e macro
+128 0x0181 \m B
+129 0x018a \m D
+130 0x0190 \m E
+131 0x018e \M E
+132 0x0191 \m F
+133 0x011a \v E
+134 0x0194 \m G
+135 0x0126 \B H
+136 0x0198 \m K
+137 0x019d \m J
+138 0x0186 \m O
+139 0x0134 \'N
+140 0x01a9 \m S
+141 0x014a \NG{}
+142 0x01b2 \m U
+143 0x01b3 \m Y
+144 0x0187 \m C
+145 0x01a4 \m P
+146 0x0160 \v S
+147 0x1e44 \.N
+148 0x1e48 \b N
+149 0x1e62 \d S
+150 0x0167 \m Z
+151 0x0166 \B T
+152 0x0166 \.E
+153 0x1eb8 \d E
+154 0x01ac \m T
+155 0x01ae \M T
+156 0x02a7 \tsh{}
+157 0x0066,0x0069 fj
+158 0x0111 \dj{}
+159 0x030f \G{}
+160 0x0253 \m b
+161 0x0257 \m d
+162 0x0258 \m e
+163 0x01dd \M e
+164 0x0192 \m f
+165 0x011b \v e
+166 0x0263 \m g
+167 0x0127 \B h
+168 0x0199 \m k
+169 0x0272 \m j
+170 0x0254 \m o
+171 0x0144 \'n
+172 0x03a3 \m s
+173 0x028b \ng{}
+174 0x014b \m u
+175 0x01b4 \m y
+176 0x0188 \m c
+177 0x01a5 \m p
+178 0x0161 \v s
+179 0x1e45 \.n
+180 0x1e49 \b n
+181 0x1e63 \d s
+182 0x0292 \m z
+183 0x0167 \B t
+184 0x0117 \.e
+185 0x1eb9 \d e
+186 0x01ad \m t
+187 0x0288 \M t
+188 0x030e \U{}
+189 0x00a1 \textexclamdown{}
+190 0x00bf \textquestiondown{}
+191 0x030d \I{}
+192 0x0196 \m I
+193 0x1eca \d I
+194 0x0190,0x0303 \~{\m E}
+195 0x00c3 \~A
+196 0x1e3e \'M
+197 0x0186,0x0303 \~{\m O}
+198 0x00c6 \AE{}
+199 0x00c7 \c C
+200 0x00c8 \^E
+201 0x00c9 \'E
+202 0x00ca \^E
+203 0x00cb \"E
+204 0x0045,0x0331 \b E
+205 0x0112 \=E
+206 0x1ebc \~E
+207 0x0128 \~I
+208 0x0189 \M D
+209 0x00d1 \~N
+210 0x00d2 \NG{}
+211 0x022e \.O
+212 0x00d4 \^O
+213 0x00d5 \~O
+214 0x00d6 \"O
+215 0x0152 \OE{}
+216 0x00d8 \O{}
+217 0x1ecc \d O
+218 0x004f,0x0331 \b O
+219 0x014c \=O
+220 0x01d1 \v O
+221 0x1ee4 \d U
+222 0x0168 \~U
+223 0x0337 {\fontencoding[T4]\selectfont \char223 }
+224 0x0269 \m i
+225 0x1ecb \d i
+226 0x0258,0x0303 \~{\m e}
+227 0x00e3 \~a
+228 0x1e3f \'m
+229 0x0254,0x0303 \~{\m o}
+230 0x00e6 \ae{}
+231 0x00e7 \c c
+232 0x00e8 \^e
+233 0x00e9 \'e
+234 0x00ea \^e
+235 0x00eb \"e
+236 0x0065,0x0331 \b e
+237 0x0113 \=e
+238 0x1ebd \~e
+239 0x0129 \~\i
+240 0x0256 \M d
+241 0x00f1 \~n
+242 0x00f2 \ng{}
+243 0x022f \.o
+244 0x00f4 \^o
+245 0x00f5 \~o
+246 0x00f6 \"o
+247 0x0153 \oe{}
+248 0x00f8 \o{}
+249 0x1ecd \d o
+250 0x006f,0x0331 \b o
+251 0x014d \=o
+252 0x01d2 \v o
+253 0x1ee5 \.u
+254 0x0169 \~u
+255 0x00df \ss{}
+
+T4 digraph Unicode latex2e macro
+223,76 0x0141 \L{}
+223,108 0x0142 \l{}
+
+ [The End]
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-11-17 17:17:28 +0000